lensrender op• Data kinds: table → table
• Call: import fullseye as fs; fs.ledger.render_scene_through_lens(system, scene=None, sensor=None, pupil_samples=64, wavelengths=None, exposure_s=0.0001, illuminant=None, seed=0, defocus_mm=0.0, oversample=1, pupil_pattern='halton', pupil_uv=None, pupil_jitter=True, focus_mm=None, add_noise=True, output='float', band_nm=None, source_rings=24) -> 'dict' (to call the implementation directly, import lensrender; lensrender.render_scene_through_lens(system, scene=None, sensor=None, pupil_samples=64, wavelengths=None, exposure_s=0.0001, illuminant=None, seed=0, defocus_mm=0.0, oversample=1, pupil_pattern='halton', pupil_uv=None, pupil_jitter=True, focus_mm=None, add_noise=True, output='float', band_nm=None, source_rings=24) -> 'dict'; from the registry, opsoptics.get("render_scene_through_lens"))
Photograph a lens_scene through the prescription *system*: sensor-side ray tracing -> dict.
For every pixel (and oversample x oversample points inside it) and every wavelength, the exit pupil is sampled at pupil_samples points (Halton or hexapolar, each pixel's pattern turned by a fixed golden-ratio angle when *pupil_jitter* is on, so the noiseless image does not depend on *seed*), each ray is traced backwards through the lens (trace_sensor_rays), shaded in the scene (scene_radiance) and weighted by cos^2(theta) / d^2 times the pupil-sample area: the Monte Carlo estimate of E = integral L cos(theta) d(omega) over the exit pupil (Kolb, Mitchell & Hanrahan 1995), times (n_image / n_object)^2. Point sources of the scene are added by forward ray tracing. The spectral irradiance becomes electrons per wavelength, E dlambda A_pixel t (lambda / hc) QE(lambda), and the sum goes through the shot noise, the dark electrons, the read noise and the quantiser of lensimage._sensor (*add_noise* False returns the expected values). *sensor* is a dict {"pixel_pitch_um", "size": (rows, cols), "qe", "full_well", "read_noise_e", "dark_e", "bits", "center_mm"} (center_mm moves the window to another point of a larger sensor); *wavelengths* default to the F, d, C lines (each band is as wide as the spacing of the list, or *band_nm*); *illuminant* is the relative spectral shape of the scene's lights (pairs (nm, value)); *defocus_mm* moves the sensor along the light (positive = away from the lens) and *focus_mm* puts it at the paraxial image of an object at that distance (default: the system's own image plane); *oversample* subdivides each pixel. The picture is upright (see the module doc). The table has image (float in 0..1, or uint16 DN with output="uint16"), image_noiseless, channels / channels_noiseless (one image per wavelength, own noise), electrons_mean and electrons_per_wavelength, irradiance_W_m2_nm (K, H, W), pupil_transmission (H, W: the share of the pupil that is not vignetted), the wavelengths and the geometry. Geometric optics only: no diffraction.
Every optics op validates its input before computing (nothing slips through silently):
• Units are baked into the argument name — _mm / _um / _deg / _mrad. Confusing mm with µm does not crash; it yields a plausible-looking wrong answer, so the name prevents it. Nothing here guesses the unit from the magnitude.
• Strings raise ValueError — float('50') succeeds, so an unparsed configuration value would slip through as a length (measured: thin_lens('50', '200') returned a plausible 66.667 mm). bool is refused too, as the implicit promotion True == 1.
• complex / masked arrays raise ValueError (real-valued slots only; silently dropping the imaginary part or peeling off the mask is refused). NaN/Inf raises ValueError on every input.
• Division by zero and its relatives are refused by name: focal length 0, radius of curvature 0, refractive index <= 0, a fully opaque aperture (all zeros, so the normalisation is 0/0), a PSF whose sum is <= 0, a Stokes vector with S0 = 0, and an object sitting at the front focal point (the image is at infinity).
• Only two ops return a non-finite value, and both state it as a contract: depth_of_field returns far_mm = inf beyond the hyperfocal distance (that is what the hyperfocal distance means), and gaussian_beam returns wavefront_radius_mm = inf at the waist (the radius of curvature of a plane wavefront). Both also return a finite companion (far_is_infinite / curvature_per_mm). Any other silent NaN/Inf is detected internally and raises ValueError — "float64 overflowed" and "the answer is infinite" are different claims, so the first is never returned wearing the face of the second.
• Size caps: generated grids are capped by optics.MAX_GRID (4096); supplied fields/PSFs/apertures by optics.MAX_FIELD_ELEMENTS (2^24); ABCD element chains by optics.MAX_SYSTEM_ELEMENTS (1024); Zernike by MAX_ZERNIKE_TERMS (512) / MAX_ZERNIKE_ORDER (40) / MAX_ZERNIKE_BASIS (2^25). This closes, fail-closed, the paths where a small argument triggers a huge internal allocation (measured: n_max=40 × 4096² needs 108 GB).
• Physically impossible states are refused too: a Stokes vector with degree of polarisation > 1, negative transmittance, negative intensity, and invalid Zernike indices such as n-|m| odd.
• Sample-data catalog (download URLs / licences) — 2-D uses skimage.data (BSD/public domain) plus synthetic images; 3-D lists download URLs for real data sources (Stanford, PDS, …).
• Operator provenance and references — the sources of the research/methods this op family came from.
• The canonical algorithm (author, year) and its uses are named in the family usage guide above.
• poc_photograph_through_prescription — py -3.11 examples/poc_photograph_through_prescription.py
table as input)abcd_matrix · wavefront_stats · sfr_from_edge · paraxial_trace · seidel_coefficients · spot_stats · tolerance_analysis · wavefront_from_opd
lensrender)lens_scene · exit_pupil_samples · trace_sensor_rays · scene_radiance · bokeh_shape · render_ghost_overlay · render_compare_prescriptions
*Provenance: lensrender.py — OPTICS operator registry. This per-op note is generated by tools/opdocs.py md (do not hand-edit).*
© 2026 Kazufumi Furuse — Fullseye operator documentation. Licensed under Apache-2.0.