The following labs and measurements are currently being collected from the All of Us cohort:

| Name of measurement | Concept ID (All of Us) | Category | Lower than baseline (clinical meaning) | Higher than baseline (clinical meaning) |
|:---|---:|:---|:---|:---|
| Body mass index (BMI) [Ratio] | 3038553 | Vitals / anthropometrics | Often indicates underweight or low body fat; may reflect malnutrition, chronic illness, or frailty. | Often indicates overweight/obesity; associated with insulin resistance and higher cardiometabolic risk. |
| Body height | 3036277 | Vitals / anthropometrics | If decreased vs prior: possible measurement error or age-related height loss (vertebral compression/kyphosis). Persistently low stature may reflect childhood growth disorders. | Tall stature can be constitutional; if extreme may suggest connective-tissue disorders (e.g., Marfan) or growth hormone excess (gigantism). |
| Body weight | 3025315 | Vitals / anthropometrics | Weight loss or low weight can reflect malnutrition, cachexia, dehydration, or endocrine/GI disease. | Weight gain/high weight may reflect obesity or fluid retention (edema, heart/renal failure). |
| Systolic blood pressure | 3004249 | Vitals / anthropometrics | Hypotension: possible dehydration, blood loss, sepsis, cardiogenic shock, or antihypertensive effects; may cause dizziness/syncope. | Hypertension: increased risk of stroke, MI, HF, CKD; may reflect primary or secondary hypertension. |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 3012888 | Vitals / anthropometrics | Low DBP may reflect hypotension or widened pulse pressure (e.g., arterial stiffness, aortic regurgitation); can reduce coronary perfusion in some patients. | High DBP suggests hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk, especially in younger adults. |
| Heart rate | 3027018 | Vitals / anthropometrics | Bradycardia: can be physiologic (athletes, sleep) or due to drugs (beta-blockers), conduction disease, or hypothyroidism. | Tachycardia: may reflect fever, pain, anxiety, hypovolemia, anemia, hyperthyroidism, or arrhythmia. |
| Hemoglobin [Mass/volume] in Blood | 3000963 | Hematology | Anemia: blood loss, iron/B12/folate deficiency, chronic disease, hemolysis, marrow suppression. | Polycythemia/hemoconcentration: dehydration, chronic hypoxia/smoking, or myeloproliferative disease. |
| Hematocrit [Volume Fraction] of Blood by Automated count | 3023314 | Hematology | Low hematocrit supports anemia or hemodilution. | High hematocrit suggests hemoconcentration or polycythemia; increases viscosity/thrombosis risk. |
| Erythrocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3020416 | Hematology | Low RBC count supports anemia (production loss, bleeding, hemolysis). | High RBC count suggests polycythemia or chronic hypoxia; may also reflect dehydration. |
| Erythrocyte distribution width [Entitic volume] | 3002888 | Hematology | Low RDW-SD is usually not clinically meaningful (uniform RBC size). | High RDW-SD indicates anisocytosis; seen with iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, mixed anemias, or recent transfusion. |
| MCV [Entitic volume] by Automated count | 3023599 | Hematology | Microcytosis: commonly iron deficiency or thalassemia; can occur in chronic inflammation/lead exposure. | Macrocytosis: B12/folate deficiency, alcohol use, liver disease, hypothyroidism, certain drugs, or reticulocytosis. |
| Platelets [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3024929 | Hematology | Thrombocytopenia: bleeding risk; causes include marrow suppression, immune destruction (ITP), infection, liver disease, or consumption (DIC). | Thrombocytosis: reactive (inflammation, iron deficiency, postsplenectomy) or myeloproliferative; may raise thrombosis risk. |
| Monocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3033575 | Hematology | Low monocytes are often not clinically significant; can be seen with marrow suppression or steroid effect. | Monocytosis: chronic infection/inflammation, recovery phase of neutropenia, autoimmune disease, or myeloid neoplasm. |
| Eosinophils [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3028615 | Hematology | Low eosinophils are usually not clinically significant; may be seen with stress or corticosteroids. | Eosinophilia: allergy/asthma, parasitic infection, drug reaction, adrenal insufficiency, or eosinophilic disorders. |
| Basophils [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3013429 | Hematology | Low basophils are usually not clinically significant. | Basophilia: can occur in allergy/inflammation; classically associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., CML). |
| Basophils [#/volume] in Blood | 3006315 | Hematology | Low basophils are usually not clinically significant. | Basophilia: allergy/inflammation or myeloproliferative neoplasm. |
| Basophils/100 leukocytes in Blood by Automated count | 3013869 | Hematology | Low percent basophils is usually not clinically significant. | High percent basophils (relative basophilia) may reflect allergy/inflammation or myeloproliferative disease. |
| Basophils/100 leukocytes in Blood by Manual count | 3009797 | Hematology | Low percent basophils is usually not clinically significant. | High percent basophils (relative basophilia) may reflect allergy/inflammation or myeloproliferative disease. |
| Basophils/100 leukocytes in Blood | 3013580 | Hematology | Low percent basophils is usually not clinically significant. | High percent basophils (relative basophilia) may reflect allergy/inflammation or myeloproliferative disease. |
| Immature granulocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3013209 | Hematology | Low/absent immature granulocytes is expected in healthy individuals. | Elevated immature granulocytes (left shift): acute infection/inflammation, physiologic stress, or marrow stimulation. |
| Immature granulocytes [#/volume] in Blood | 3033400 | Hematology | Low/absent immature granulocytes is expected in healthy individuals. | Elevated immature granulocytes (left shift): acute infection/inflammation, physiologic stress, or marrow stimulation. |
| Immature granulocytes/100 leukocytes in Blood by Automated count | 42869452 | Hematology | Low/near-zero percentage is typical in health. | High percentage suggests left shift from infection/inflammation, stress response, or marrow stimulation. |
| Immature granulocytes/100 leukocytes in Blood | 3025784 | Hematology | Low/near-zero percentage is typical in health. | High percentage suggests left shift from infection/inflammation, stress response, or marrow stimulation. |
| Nucleated erythrocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3023049 | Hematology | Absent/very low NRBCs is normal in adults. | Presence/elevation suggests marrow stress (severe hypoxia, hemolysis, hemorrhage), severe infection, or marrow infiltration; also normal in neonates. |
| Nucleated erythrocytes/100 leukocytes [Ratio] in Blood by Automated count | 40761514 | Hematology | Absent/very low ratio is normal in adults. | Elevated ratio indicates circulating NRBCs from marrow stress or severe illness (hypoxia, hemolysis, hemorrhage, sepsis). |
| Nucleated erythrocytes/100 leukocytes [Ratio] in Blood | 3007993 | Hematology | Absent/very low ratio is normal in adults. | Elevated ratio indicates circulating NRBCs from marrow stress or severe illness. |
| Leukocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3010813 | Hematology | Leukopenia: viral infection, marrow suppression, autoimmune disease, or chemotherapy; increases infection risk if severe. | Leukocytosis: infection/inflammation, stress/steroids, smoking, or hematologic malignancy. |
| Neutrophils [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3000909 | Hematology | Neutropenia: increased risk for bacterial/fungal infection; causes include chemo, drugs, viral infection, autoimmune disease, marrow failure. | Neutrophilia: bacterial infection, inflammation, stress response, corticosteroids, or myeloproliferative disease. |
| Lymphocytes [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3018974 | Hematology | Lymphopenia: immunosuppression (steroids), severe illness, HIV, autoimmune disease, or malnutrition. | Lymphocytosis: often viral infection; can indicate chronic lymphocytic leukemia or other lymphoproliferative disorders. |
| MCH [Entitic mass] by Automated count | 3000809 | Hematology | Low MCH suggests hypochromic microcytic anemia (often iron deficiency or thalassemia). | High MCH often accompanies macrocytosis (B12/folate deficiency, liver disease, alcohol). |
| MCHC [Mass/volume] by Automated count | 3008526 | Hematology | Low MCHC indicates hypochromia, commonly iron deficiency. | High MCHC may be seen with hereditary spherocytosis or some hemolytic states; can also be analytic artifact (e.g., cold agglutinins). |
| Erythrocyte distribution width [Ratio] by Automated count | 3008499 | Hematology | Low RDW% is usually not clinically meaningful. | High RDW% indicates anisocytosis; associated with iron/B12/folate deficiency, mixed anemia, or recent transfusion. |
| Platelet mean volume [Entitic volume] in Blood by Automated count | 3028132 | Hematology | Low MPV can suggest reduced platelet production (marrow suppression) in context of thrombocytopenia. | High MPV suggests larger/younger platelets (increased turnover, e.g., ITP) or inherited macrothrombocytopenias. |
| Creatinine [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3016723 | Renal / electrolytes | Low creatinine often reflects low muscle mass, frailty, or pregnancy; less commonly severe liver disease. | High creatinine suggests reduced kidney function or acute kidney injury; can also rise with dehydration, high muscle mass, or rhabdomyolysis. |
| Urea nitrogen [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3028287 | Renal / electrolytes | Low BUN can reflect low protein intake, malnutrition, liver dysfunction, or overhydration. | High BUN suggests reduced kidney function, dehydration, high protein catabolism, or GI bleeding. |
| Glomerular filtration rate/1.73 sq M.predicted [Volume Rate/Area] in Serum, Plasma or Blood by Creatinine-based formula (MDRD) | 46236952 | Renal / electrolytes | Lower eGFR indicates reduced kidney function/CKD (or AKI if acute). | Higher eGFR can reflect hyperfiltration (early diabetes), pregnancy, or low creatinine from low muscle mass. |
| Sodium [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3019550 | Renal / electrolytes | Hyponatremia: excess free water (SIADH), heart/liver failure, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency; can cause confusion/seizures if severe. | Hypernatremia: water deficit/dehydration or diabetes insipidus; can cause neurologic symptoms. |
| Potassium [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3023103 | Renal / electrolytes | Hypokalemia: GI loss, diuretics, alkalosis; can cause weakness and arrhythmias. | Hyperkalemia: renal failure, acidosis, tissue breakdown, RAAS-inhibiting drugs; can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. |
| Bicarbonate [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3014576 | Renal / electrolytes | Low bicarbonate suggests metabolic acidosis (e.g., DKA, lactic acidosis, renal failure, diarrhea). | High bicarbonate suggests metabolic alkalosis (vomiting, diuretics) or compensation for chronic respiratory acidosis. |
| Chloride [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3010156 | Renal / electrolytes | Hypochloremia: often with vomiting/NG suction or metabolic alkalosis; can also reflect dilutional states. | Hyperchloremia: metabolic acidosis (non–anion gap), dehydration, renal tubular acidosis, or large-volume normal saline. |
| Calcium [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3006906 | Renal / electrolytes | Hypocalcemia: vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, CKD; can cause paresthesias/tetany/seizures. | Hypercalcemia: primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, granulomatous disease, vitamin D excess; can cause stones, constipation, confusion. |
| Magnesium [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3024328 | Renal / electrolytes | Hypomagnesemia: GI loss, diuretics, alcoholism; can cause arrhythmias and refractory hypokalemia/hypocalcemia. | Hypermagnesemia: usually renal failure or excess supplementation; can cause hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression. |
| Phosphate [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3018920 | Renal / electrolytes | Hypophosphatemia: refeeding syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, insulin therapy; can cause muscle weakness/respiratory failure if severe. | Hyperphosphatemia: CKD, tumor lysis/rhabdomyolysis, hypoparathyroidism; contributes to vascular calcification. |
| Anion gap 3 in Serum or Plasma | 3003708 | Renal / electrolytes | Low anion gap most often reflects hypoalbuminemia; can also be lab artifact or paraproteinemia (e.g., multiple myeloma). | High anion gap indicates anion-gap metabolic acidosis (lactate, ketoacids, toxins, renal failure). |
| Albumin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3002752 | Liver / protein balance | Hypoalbuminemia: chronic liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, malnutrition, or inflammation. | High albumin is uncommon and usually reflects dehydration/hemoconcentration. |
| Protein [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3018302 | Liver / protein balance | Low total protein: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy. | High total protein: dehydration or increased immunoglobulins (chronic inflammation or monoclonal gammopathy). |
| Alanine aminotransferase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3005755 | Liver / protein balance | Low ALT is usually not clinically significant. | High ALT suggests hepatocellular injury (viral hepatitis, NAFLD, ischemia, toxins/drugs). |
| Aspartate aminotransferase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3013721 | Liver / protein balance | Low AST is usually not clinically significant. | High AST suggests hepatocellular injury and can also reflect muscle injury or hemolysis; interpret with ALT/CK. |
| Alkaline phosphatase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3012902 | Liver / protein balance | Low ALP is uncommon; can be seen with malnutrition, hypothyroidism, zinc deficiency, or hypophosphatasia. | High ALP suggests cholestasis/biliary obstruction or bone turnover (e.g., Paget, healing fracture); also rises in pregnancy. |
| Bilirubin.total [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3024128 | Liver / protein balance | Low bilirubin is typically not clinically significant. | High bilirubin: jaundice; can be due to hemolysis, impaired conjugation (e.g., Gilbert), hepatocellular disease, or cholestasis/obstruction. |
| Glucose [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3004501 | Metabolic | Hypoglycemia: excess insulin/sulfonylureas, adrenal insufficiency, severe liver disease, sepsis; can cause neuroglycopenic symptoms. | Hyperglycemia: diabetes, stress response, steroids; severe elevations risk DKA/HHS. |
| Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin.total in Blood | 3004410 | Metabolic | Lower A1c usually reflects lower average glucose; if unexpectedly low, consider shortened RBC lifespan (hemolysis), recent blood loss, or transfusion. | Higher A1c indicates higher average glucose over ~2–3 months; supports diabetes/poor glycemic control. |
| Cholesterol [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3007070 | Metabolic | Low total cholesterol can reflect malnutrition, hyperthyroidism, chronic illness, or liver disease. | High total cholesterol increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk depending on LDL/HDL fractions. |
| Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by calculation | 3048961 | Metabolic | Low LDL is generally associated with lower ASCVD risk; very low levels can be seen with malabsorption, hyperthyroidism, or genetic hypolipidemias. | High LDL is strongly associated with increased ASCVD risk (familial hypercholesterolemia, diet, metabolic disease). |
| Cholesterol in HDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3007215 | Metabolic | Low HDL is associated with higher cardiometabolic/ASCVD risk and often accompanies metabolic syndrome. | Higher HDL is often associated with lower ASCVD risk, though extremely high levels can be genetic and not always protective. |
| Triglyceride [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3022192 | Metabolic | Low triglycerides are usually benign; can reflect low fat intake or malnutrition. | High triglycerides: insulin resistance, alcohol use, hypothyroidism, genetic causes; very high levels increase pancreatitis risk. |
| Thyroxine (T4) free [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3018617 | Metabolic | Low free T4 suggests hypothyroidism (primary or central) depending on TSH context. | High free T4 suggests hyperthyroidism or excess thyroid hormone; interpret with TSH and clinical context. |
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3+25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 40765040 | Metabolic | Low 25(OH)D suggests vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (risk for osteomalacia, fractures). | High 25(OH)D suggests excessive supplementation; can cause hypercalcemia and toxicity. |
| Protein [Mass/volume] in Urine by Test strip | 3033235 | Urine / kidney damage | Negative/low protein is generally normal. | Higher protein on dipstick suggests proteinuria (glomerular disease, diabetic nephropathy) or transient causes (UTI, fever, exercise). |
| Leukocytes [#/area] in Urine sediment by Microscopy high power field | 3013483 | Urine / kidney damage | Low/none is normal. | High urine WBCs (pyuria) suggests UTI, interstitial nephritis, or urinary tract inflammation. |
| Erythrocytes [#/area] in Urine sediment by Microscopy high power field | 3013984 | Urine / kidney damage | Low/none is normal. | High urine RBCs (hematuria) suggests stones, infection, glomerulonephritis, trauma, or urologic malignancy. |
| Epithelial cells.squamous [#/area] in Urine sediment by Microscopy high power field | 3035405 | Urine / kidney damage | Low squamous cells suggests a cleaner (less contaminated) specimen. | High squamous cells often indicates sample contamination (poor clean-catch technique). |
| Albumin/Creatinine [Mass Ratio] in Urine | 3034485 | Urine / kidney damage | Low ACR is normal (minimal albumin excretion). | High ACR indicates albuminuria—kidney damage often from diabetes or hypertension; higher levels predict CKD/CV risk. |
| C reactive protein [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3000968 | Inflammation | Low CRP is expected and suggests absence of significant systemic inflammation. | High CRP indicates acute-phase inflammation (infection, autoimmune flare, tissue injury); persistent elevation can reflect chronic inflammation. |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate by Westergren method | 3007529 | Inflammation | Low ESR is usually not clinically significant; can be seen with polycythemia or some RBC abnormalities. | High ESR is nonspecific for inflammation/infection, autoimmune disease, malignancy, or anemia. |
| Natriuretic peptide B [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3034939 | Cardiac biomarkers | Low BNP is generally reassuring against significant heart failure in the right clinical context. | High BNP suggests myocardial wall stress/heart failure; can also rise with renal dysfunction, older age, and pulmonary hypertension. |
| Natriuretic peptide.B prohormone N-Terminal [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3034840 | Cardiac biomarkers | Low NT-proBNP is generally reassuring against significant heart failure in the right clinical context. | High NT-proBNP suggests heart failure/wall stress; also increases with age and reduced kidney function. |
| Troponin I.cardiac [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3021337 | Cardiac biomarkers | Undetectable/low troponin is expected (no evidence of myocardial injury at that time). | Elevated troponin indicates myocardial injury (MI, myocarditis, demand ischemia); can be chronically elevated in CKD. |
| Creatine kinase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma | 3000959 | Cardiac biomarkers | Low CK is usually not clinically significant; can reflect low muscle mass. | High CK indicates muscle injury (exercise, myositis, rhabdomyolysis) and can rise with MI; interpret with symptoms and troponin. |