design op• 資料種類:無 → table(僅由參數決定的運算子 —— 不接受影像或資料輸入)
• 呼叫: import fullseye as fs; fs.ledger.lens_system(surfaces=None, stop=None, object_mm=inf, wavelength_um=0.58756, index_object=1.0, image_mm=None, field=None, aim='paraxial', vignetting=None)(要直接呼叫實作,import raytrace; raytrace.lens_system(surfaces=None, stop=None, object_mm=inf, wavelength_um=0.58756, index_object=1.0, image_mm=None, field=None, aim='paraxial', vignetting=None);從台帳取用則 opsoptics.get("lens_system"))
建構經過檢驗的逐面處方(其他所有運算子消費的那個 table)。
> 以下的詳細說明為原文 —— 摘要與標題已翻譯。
*surfaces* is a list; each entry is a dict {"R", "t", "n", "k", "ap", "mirror", "decenter", "tilt", "asph"} or a tuple (R, t, n[, k[, ap]]):
• R radius (mm, inf for flat), t thickness to the next surface (mm, the last one is the distance to the image plane when *image_mm* is not given — use None to place the image at the paraxial focus), n medium after the surface (index, (nd, vd) or glass), k conic (default 0), ap semi-aperture in mm (default None = unlimited), mirror bool, decenter (dx, dy) mm, tilt (ax, ay) degrees about x and y, asph even aspheric coefficients (A4, A6, A8, …) in mm⁻³, mm⁻⁵, … (default none = pure conic), f the focal length (mm, negative = diverging) of an ideal paraxial lens.
• An ideal lens surface ({"f": 50.0, "t": …}) has zero thickness, no shape and no glass (R is flat and n is the medium it sits in; both may be left out). It turns every ray by the thin-lens law exactly, tan θ' = tan θ − h/f per transverse axis (h = the ray height), so a collimated beam crosses the axis at f and a point object images at the Gaussian conjugate with m = −s'/s. Its optical path is the stigmatic one (f − √(h² + f²) for a collimated input, which is the quadratic phase −h²/(2f) at small h; a first surface with a finite object uses that object and its Gaussian image instead), so spot, OPD and PSF analyses of an aberration-free lens read zero aberration. It adds no Seidel terms and no dispersion, takes no mirror / conic / asph, and the non-coaxial raytrace3d does not read it.
• *stop*: index of the aperture-stop surface (default: the first surface). The stop's ap is the stop radius (required unless every surface has one, in which case the smallest is used).
• *object_mm*: distance from the first vertex to the object (inf for a collimated object); *index_object*: index of object space.
• *field*: default field for the analysis ops — degrees (infinite object) or object height in mm (finite object). Default 0 (on axis).
• *aim*: how the pupil rays are launched. "paraxial" (the default, and what every earlier version did) aims them at the paraxial entrance pupil, with only the chief ray moved onto the stop centre; in a system with pupil aberration the marginal rays then land outside the stop and are clipped (the stock Cooke triplet loses 48 of 217 rays on axis). "stop" is real-ray aiming: every pupil ray is iterated (Newton, tolerance 1e-11 of the stop radius, ValueError if it does not converge) so that it crosses the stop surface at the requested point, which is what lens-design software reports. See with_aiming.
• *vignetting*: per-field pupil vignetting factors as design software stores them, a list of {"field", "vdx", "vdy", "vcx", "vcy", "van"} (field in the same unit as *field*; missing keys are 0). Definition: the format's user guide (topic "Vignetting Factors") and knowledge-base article KA-01393. The normalised pupil p is first scaled and shifted, p' = (VDX, VDY) + diag(1 - VCX, 1 - VCY) p, and the result is then rotated by van degrees (counter-clockwise, x' = x cos - y sin): q = R(van) p' — the decentre rotates too. It is applied before the rays are aimed (at the stop with aim="stop", at the paraxial entrance pupil otherwise). A field between two records is interpolated linearly, one outside the listed range takes the nearest record. set_vignetting computes them from the apertures.
Default (no *surfaces*): a plano-convex BK7 singlet, f ≈ 100 mm, f/4, stop at the first surface — a sensible starting point for the examples and for the no-argument registry call.
Returns a plain dict (JSON-friendly) — pass it to the other functions.
optics 的每個運算子都先檢驗輸入再計算(不讓任何東西無聲通過):
• 單位寫進參數名 —— _mm / _um / _deg / _mrad。把 mm 和 µm 弄混不會當掉,而是給出「看似合理卻是錯的答案」,所以用命名來防。這裡絕不從數值大小去猜單位。
• 字串一律 ValueError —— float('50') 會成功,於是未解析的設定值會被當成長度混進來(實測:thin_lens('50', '200') 曾回傳看似合理的 66.667 mm)。bool 也按 True == 1 的隱式提升拒絕。
• complex / masked array 一律 ValueError(僅接受實數槽位;拒絕無聲丟棄虛部或剝掉遮罩)。所有輸入中的 NaN/Inf 一律 ValueError。
• 逐項點名拒絕除零及其近親:焦距 0、曲率半徑 0、折射率 <= 0、全不透明光闌(全為 0,正規化變成 0/0)、總和 <= 0 的 PSF、S0 = 0 的 Stokes 向量、物體位於前焦點(像在無窮遠)。
• 只有兩個運算子會回傳非有限值,而且都寫進了契約:depth_of_field 在超焦距以外回傳 far_mm = inf(這正是超焦距的定義),gaussian_beam 在束腰處回傳 wavefront_radius_mm = inf(平面波前的曲率半徑)。兩者都同時回傳一個有限的夥伴(far_is_infinite / curvature_per_mm)。除此之外的無聲 NaN/Inf 都在內部檢出並 ValueError ——「float64 溢位了」和「答案是無窮大」是兩種不同的主張,不能拿後者的臉去交付前者。
• 尺寸上限:生成網格受 optics.MAX_GRID(4096)限制,傳入的場/PSF/光闌受 optics.MAX_FIELD_ELEMENTS(2^24),ABCD 元件序列受 optics.MAX_SYSTEM_ELEMENTS(1024),Zernike 受 MAX_ZERNIKE_TERMS(512)/ MAX_ZERNIKE_ORDER(40)/ MAX_ZERNIKE_BASIS(2^25)。以 fail-closed 堵住「小參數引發巨大內部配置」的路徑(實測:n_max=40 × 4096² 需要 108 GB)。
• 物理上不可能的狀態同樣拒絕:偏振度 > 1 的 Stokes 向量、負穿透率、負強度、n-|m| 為奇數等非法 Zernike 指標。
• 範例資料目錄(下載 URL / 授權) —— 2-D 用 skimage.data(BSD/公有領域)加合成圖,3-D 給出真實資料源(Stanford/PDS 等)的下載 URL。
• 運算子來歷與參考文獻 —— 該運算子族所依據的研究/方法出處。
• 演算法的正典(作者、年份)與用途見上面的族使用指南。
• lens_calibration_loop_demo — py -3.11 examples/lens_calibration_loop_demo.py
• lens_defect_dataset_demo — py -3.11 examples/lens_defect_dataset_demo.py
• lens_design_demo — py -3.11 examples/lens_design_demo.py
• lens_optimize_demo — py -3.11 examples/lens_optimize_demo.py
• optical_design_metrics — py -3.11 examples/optical_design_metrics.py
• poc_chromatic_confocal — py -3.11 examples/poc_chromatic_confocal.py
• poc_lens_file_roundtrip — py -3.11 examples/poc_lens_file_roundtrip.py
• poc_lens_global_search — py -3.11 examples/poc_lens_global_search.py
• poc_material_optical_library — py -3.11 examples/poc_material_optical_library.py
• poc_noncoaxial_optics — py -3.11 examples/poc_noncoaxial_optics.py
• poc_optics_drawings — py -3.11 examples/poc_optics_drawings.py
• poc_tdi_linescan — py -3.11 examples/poc_tdi_linescan.py
• poc_telecentric_metrology — py -3.11 examples/poc_telecentric_metrology.py
• poc_zoom_configurations — py -3.11 examples/poc_zoom_configurations.py
table 作為輸入)abcd_matrix · wavefront_stats · sfr_from_edge · paraxial_trace · seidel_coefficients · spot_stats · tolerance_analysis · wavefront_from_opd
design)thick_lens · glass · example_system · glass_catalog · sellmeier · paraxial_trace · seidel_coefficients · spot_stats
*Provenance: raytrace.py — OPTICS 運算子登記表。本條目由 tools/opdocs.py md 自動產生(請勿手動編輯)。*
© 2026 Kazufumi Furuse — Fullseye operator documentation. Licensed under Apache-2.0.