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sqlglot.dialects.tsql

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import datetime
  4import re
  5import typing as t
  6
  7from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  8from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  9    Dialect,
 10    any_value_to_max_sql,
 11    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 12    max_or_greatest,
 13    min_or_least,
 14    parse_date_delta,
 15    rename_func,
 16    timestrtotime_sql,
 17    ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
 18)
 19from sqlglot.expressions import DataType
 20from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 21from sqlglot.time import format_time
 22from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 23
 24if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 25    from sqlglot._typing import E
 26
 27FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
 28    "weekday": "%A",
 29    "dw": "%A",
 30    "w": "%A",
 31    "month": "%B",
 32    "mm": "%B",
 33    "m": "%B",
 34}
 35
 36DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {
 37    "year": "year",
 38    "yyyy": "year",
 39    "yy": "year",
 40    "quarter": "quarter",
 41    "qq": "quarter",
 42    "q": "quarter",
 43    "month": "month",
 44    "mm": "month",
 45    "m": "month",
 46    "week": "week",
 47    "ww": "week",
 48    "wk": "week",
 49    "day": "day",
 50    "dd": "day",
 51    "d": "day",
 52}
 53
 54
 55DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile("([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})")
 56
 57# N = Numeric, C=Currency
 58TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {"N", "C"}
 59
 60DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
 61
 62BIT_TYPES = {exp.EQ, exp.NEQ, exp.Is, exp.In, exp.Select, exp.Alias}
 63
 64
 65def _format_time_lambda(
 66    exp_class: t.Type[E], full_format_mapping: t.Optional[bool] = None
 67) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 68    def _format_time(args: t.List) -> E:
 69        assert len(args) == 2
 70
 71        return exp_class(
 72            this=exp.cast(args[1], "datetime"),
 73            format=exp.Literal.string(
 74                format_time(
 75                    args[0].name.lower(),
 76                    {**TSQL.TIME_MAPPING, **FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING}
 77                    if full_format_mapping
 78                    else TSQL.TIME_MAPPING,
 79                )
 80            ),
 81        )
 82
 83    return _format_time
 84
 85
 86def _parse_format(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 87    this = seq_get(args, 0)
 88    fmt = seq_get(args, 1)
 89    culture = seq_get(args, 2)
 90
 91    number_fmt = fmt and (fmt.name in TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT or not DATE_FMT_RE.search(fmt.name))
 92
 93    if number_fmt:
 94        return exp.NumberToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
 95
 96    if fmt:
 97        fmt = exp.Literal.string(
 98            format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING)
 99            if len(fmt.name) == 1
100            else format_time(fmt.name, TSQL.TIME_MAPPING)
101        )
102
103    return exp.TimeToStr(this=this, format=fmt, culture=culture)
104
105
106def _parse_eomonth(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
107    date = seq_get(args, 0)
108    month_lag = seq_get(args, 1)
109    unit = DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL.get("month")
110
111    if month_lag is None:
112        return exp.LastDateOfMonth(this=date)
113
114    # Remove month lag argument in parser as its compared with the number of arguments of the resulting class
115    args.remove(month_lag)
116
117    return exp.LastDateOfMonth(this=exp.DateAdd(this=date, expression=month_lag, unit=unit))
118
119
120def _parse_hashbytes(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
121    kind, data = args
122    kind = kind.name.upper() if kind.is_string else ""
123
124    if kind == "MD5":
125        args.pop(0)
126        return exp.MD5(this=data)
127    if kind in ("SHA", "SHA1"):
128        args.pop(0)
129        return exp.SHA(this=data)
130    if kind == "SHA2_256":
131        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(256))
132    if kind == "SHA2_512":
133        return exp.SHA2(this=data, length=exp.Literal.number(512))
134
135    return exp.func("HASHBYTES", *args)
136
137
138def generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql(
139    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.DateAdd | exp.DateDiff
140) -> str:
141    func = "DATEADD" if isinstance(expression, exp.DateAdd) else "DATEDIFF"
142    return self.func(func, expression.text("unit"), expression.expression, expression.this)
143
144
145def _format_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.NumberToStr | exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
146    fmt = (
147        expression.args["format"]
148        if isinstance(expression, exp.NumberToStr)
149        else exp.Literal.string(
150            format_time(
151                expression.text("format"),
152                t.cast(t.Dict[str, str], TSQL.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING),
153            )
154        )
155    )
156    return self.func("FORMAT", expression.this, fmt, expression.args.get("culture"))
157
158
159def _string_agg_sql(self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.GroupConcat) -> str:
160    this = expression.this
161    distinct = expression.find(exp.Distinct)
162    if distinct:
163        # exp.Distinct can appear below an exp.Order or an exp.GroupConcat expression
164        self.unsupported("T-SQL STRING_AGG doesn't support DISTINCT.")
165        this = distinct.pop().expressions[0]
166
167    order = ""
168    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Order):
169        if expression.this.this:
170            this = expression.this.this.pop()
171        order = f" WITHIN GROUP ({self.sql(expression.this)[1:]})"  # Order has a leading space
172
173    separator = expression.args.get("separator") or exp.Literal.string(",")
174    return f"STRING_AGG({self.format_args(this, separator)}){order}"
175
176
177def _parse_date_delta(
178    exp_class: t.Type[E], unit_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
179) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
180    def inner_func(args: t.List) -> E:
181        unit = seq_get(args, 0)
182        if unit and unit_mapping:
183            unit = exp.var(unit_mapping.get(unit.name.lower(), unit.name))
184
185        start_date = seq_get(args, 1)
186        if start_date and start_date.is_number:
187            # Numeric types are valid DATETIME values
188            if start_date.is_int:
189                adds = DEFAULT_START_DATE + datetime.timedelta(days=int(start_date.this))
190                start_date = exp.Literal.string(adds.strftime("%F"))
191            else:
192                # We currently don't handle float values, i.e. they're not converted to equivalent DATETIMEs.
193                # This is not a problem when generating T-SQL code, it is when transpiling to other dialects.
194                return exp_class(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=start_date, unit=unit)
195
196        return exp_class(
197            this=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=seq_get(args, 2)),
198            expression=exp.TimeStrToTime(this=start_date),
199            unit=unit,
200        )
201
202    return inner_func
203
204
205class TSQL(Dialect):
206    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE = None
207    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
208    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
209    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
210    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
211    TYPED_DIVISION = True
212
213    TIME_MAPPING = {
214        "year": "%Y",
215        "qq": "%q",
216        "q": "%q",
217        "quarter": "%q",
218        "dayofyear": "%j",
219        "day": "%d",
220        "dy": "%d",
221        "y": "%Y",
222        "week": "%W",
223        "ww": "%W",
224        "wk": "%W",
225        "hour": "%h",
226        "hh": "%I",
227        "minute": "%M",
228        "mi": "%M",
229        "n": "%M",
230        "second": "%S",
231        "ss": "%S",
232        "s": "%-S",
233        "millisecond": "%f",
234        "ms": "%f",
235        "weekday": "%W",
236        "dw": "%W",
237        "month": "%m",
238        "mm": "%M",
239        "m": "%-M",
240        "Y": "%Y",
241        "YYYY": "%Y",
242        "YY": "%y",
243        "MMMM": "%B",
244        "MMM": "%b",
245        "MM": "%m",
246        "M": "%-m",
247        "dddd": "%A",
248        "dd": "%d",
249        "d": "%-d",
250        "HH": "%H",
251        "H": "%-H",
252        "h": "%-I",
253        "S": "%f",
254        "yyyy": "%Y",
255        "yy": "%y",
256    }
257
258    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
259        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
260        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
261        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
262        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
263        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
264        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
265        "6": "%d %b %y",
266        "7": "%b %d, %y",
267        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
268        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
269        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
270        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
271        "12": "yymmdd",
272        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
273        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
274        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
275        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
276        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
277        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
278        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
279        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
280        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
281        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
282        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
283        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
284        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
285        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
286        "106": "%d %b %Y",
287        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
288        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
289        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
290        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
291        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
292        "112": "%Y%m%d",
293        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
294        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
295        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
296        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
297    }
298
299    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
300        "y": "%B %Y",
301        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
302        "H": "%-H",
303        "h": "%-I",
304        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
305        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
306        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
307        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
308        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
309        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
310        "M": "%B %-d",
311        "m": "%B %-d",
312        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
313        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
314        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
315        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
316        "t": "%-I:%M",
317        "Y": "%a %Y",
318    }
319
320    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
321        IDENTIFIERS = ['"', ("[", "]")]
322        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
323        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
324
325        KEYWORDS = {
326            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
327            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
328            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
329            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
330            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
331            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
332            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
333            "NVARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
334            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
335            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
336            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
337            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
338            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
339            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
340            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
341            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
342            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
343            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
344            "VARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
345            "XML": TokenType.XML,
346            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
347            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
348            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
349        }
350
351    class Parser(parser.Parser):
352        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
353
354        FUNCTIONS = {
355            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
356            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
357                this=seq_get(args, 1),
358                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
359                position=seq_get(args, 2),
360            ),
361            "DATEADD": parse_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
362            "DATEDIFF": _parse_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
363            "DATENAME": _format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
364            "DATEPART": _format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr),
365            "EOMONTH": _parse_eomonth,
366            "FORMAT": _parse_format,
367            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
368            "HASHBYTES": _parse_hashbytes,
369            "IIF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
370            "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list,
371            "JSON_VALUE": exp.JSONExtractScalar.from_arg_list,
372            "LEN": exp.Length.from_arg_list,
373            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
374            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
375            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
376            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
377            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
378            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
379        }
380
381        JOIN_HINTS = {
382            "LOOP",
383            "HASH",
384            "MERGE",
385            "REMOTE",
386        }
387
388        VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {
389            DataType.Type.NVARCHAR,
390            DataType.Type.VARCHAR,
391            DataType.Type.CHAR,
392            DataType.Type.NCHAR,
393        }
394
395        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
396            TokenType.TABLE,
397            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
398        }
399
400        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
401            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
402            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(),
403        }
404
405        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
406
407        CONCAT_NULL_OUTPUTS_STRING = True
408
409        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
410
411        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
412            """
413            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
414            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
415
416            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
417            """
418            return [
419                exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
420                if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
421                else projection
422                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
423            ]
424
425        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
426            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
427            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
428                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
429                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
430
431            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
432                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
433                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
434            """
435            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
436
437            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
438            this = self._parse_id_var()
439
440            if rollback:
441                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
442
443            durability = None
444            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
445                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
446                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
447
448                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
449                    durability = False
450                else:
451                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
452                    durability = True
453
454                self._match_r_paren()
455
456            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
457
458        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
459            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
460            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
461            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
462            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
463            ]
464            """
465            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
466                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
467                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
468                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
469
470                return transaction
471
472            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
473
474        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
475            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
476            returns = super()._parse_returns()
477            returns.set("table", table)
478            return returns
479
480        def _parse_convert(
481            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
482        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
483            to = self._parse_types()
484            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
485            this = self._parse_conjunction()
486
487            if not to or not this:
488                return None
489
490            # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified
491            if seq_get(to.expressions, 0) is None and to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
492                to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False)
493
494            # Check whether a conversion with format is applicable
495            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
496                format_val = self._parse_number()
497                format_val_name = format_val.name if format_val else ""
498
499                if format_val_name not in TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING:
500                    raise ValueError(
501                        f"CONVERT function at T-SQL does not support format style {format_val_name}"
502                    )
503
504                format_norm = exp.Literal.string(TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING[format_val_name])
505
506                # Check whether the convert entails a string to date format
507                if to.this == DataType.Type.DATE:
508                    return self.expression(exp.StrToDate, this=this, format=format_norm)
509                # Check whether the convert entails a string to datetime format
510                elif to.this == DataType.Type.DATETIME:
511                    return self.expression(exp.StrToTime, this=this, format=format_norm)
512                # Check whether the convert entails a date to string format
513                elif to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
514                    return self.expression(
515                        exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
516                        to=to,
517                        this=self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm),
518                        safe=safe,
519                    )
520                elif to.this == DataType.Type.TEXT:
521                    return self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm)
522
523            # Entails a simple cast without any format requirement
524            return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
525
526        def _parse_user_defined_function(
527            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
528        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
529            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
530
531            if (
532                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
533                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
534                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
535            ):
536                return this
537
538            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
539            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
540
541        def _parse_id_var(
542            self,
543            any_token: bool = True,
544            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
545        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
546            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
547            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
548
549            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
550            if this:
551                if is_global:
552                    this.set("global", True)
553                elif is_temporary:
554                    this.set("temporary", True)
555
556            return this
557
558        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
559            create = super()._parse_create()
560
561            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
562                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
563                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
564                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
565                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
566
567                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
568
569            return create
570
571        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
572            index = self._index
573
574            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
575                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
576                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
577                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
578                self._retreat(index)
579
580            return super()._parse_if()
581
582        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
583            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
584                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
585            else:
586                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
587
588            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
589
590    class Generator(generator.Generator):
591        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
592        QUERY_HINTS = False
593        RETURNING_END = False
594        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
595        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
596        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
597        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
598        SUPPORTS_NESTED_CTES = False
599        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
600
601        TYPE_MAPPING = {
602            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
603            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
604            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
605            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
606            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
607            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
608            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
609            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
610            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
611            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
612        }
613
614        TRANSFORMS = {
615            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
616            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
617            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
618            exp.DateAdd: generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql,
619            exp.DateDiff: generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql,
620            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
621            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
622            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
623            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
624            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
625            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
626            exp.Length: rename_func("LEN"),
627            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
628            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
629            exp.Min: min_or_least,
630            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
631            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
632                [
633                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
634                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
635                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
636                ]
637            ),
638            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
639            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
640                "HASHBYTES",
641                exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"),
642                e.this,
643            ),
644            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
645            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
646            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
647            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("tsql"),
648        }
649
650        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
651
652        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
653            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
654            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
655        }
656
657        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
658            this = expression.this
659            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
660                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
661                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
662
663            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
664
665        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
666            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
667                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
668
669            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
670
671        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
672            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
673                return self.binary(expression, "=")
674            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
675
676        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
677            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
678            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
679
680            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
681                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
682                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
683            ):
684                sql = f"#{sql}"
685
686            return sql
687
688        def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str:
689            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Column):
690                return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} = 0"
691            return super().not_sql(expression)
692
693        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
694            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind").upper()
695            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
696            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
697
698            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
699
700            if kind == "TABLE" and expression.expression:
701                sql = f"SELECT * INTO {self.sql(table)} FROM ({self.sql(expression.expression)}) AS temp"
702
703            if exists:
704                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
705                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
706                if kind == "SCHEMA":
707                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
708                elif kind == "TABLE":
709                    assert table
710                    where = exp.and_(
711                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
712                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
713                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
714                    )
715                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
716                elif kind == "INDEX":
717                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
718                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
719            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
720                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
721
722            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
723
724        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
725            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
726
727        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
728            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
729            this = f"FOR {name}"
730            expr = expression.expression
731            kind = expression.text("kind")
732            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
733                args = expr.expressions
734                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
735                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
736            else:
737                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
738
739            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
740            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
741
742        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
743            table = expression.args.get("table")
744            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
745            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
746
747        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
748            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
749            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
750            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
751
752        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
753            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
754            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
755            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
756            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
757            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
758
759        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
760            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
761            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
762            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
763            durability = (
764                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
765                if durability is not None
766                else ""
767            )
768            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
769
770        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
771            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
772            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
773            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
774
775        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
776            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
777
778            if expression.args.get("global"):
779                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
780            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
781                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
782
783            return identifier
784
785        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
786            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
787            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
788            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
FULL_FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'weekday': '%A', 'dw': '%A', 'w': '%A', 'month': '%B', 'mm': '%B', 'm': '%B'}
DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL = {'year': 'year', 'yyyy': 'year', 'yy': 'year', 'quarter': 'quarter', 'qq': 'quarter', 'q': 'quarter', 'month': 'month', 'mm': 'month', 'm': 'month', 'week': 'week', 'ww': 'week', 'wk': 'week', 'day': 'day', 'dd': 'day', 'd': 'day'}
DATE_FMT_RE = re.compile('([dD]{1,2})|([mM]{1,2})|([yY]{1,4})|([hH]{1,2})|([sS]{1,2})')
TRANSPILE_SAFE_NUMBER_FMT = {'N', 'C'}
DEFAULT_START_DATE = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
def generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql( self: TSQL.Generator, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd | sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff) -> str:
139def generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql(
140    self: TSQL.Generator, expression: exp.DateAdd | exp.DateDiff
141) -> str:
142    func = "DATEADD" if isinstance(expression, exp.DateAdd) else "DATEDIFF"
143    return self.func(func, expression.text("unit"), expression.expression, expression.this)
class TSQL(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
206class TSQL(Dialect):
207    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE = None
208    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_small"
209    TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
210    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
211    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
212    TYPED_DIVISION = True
213
214    TIME_MAPPING = {
215        "year": "%Y",
216        "qq": "%q",
217        "q": "%q",
218        "quarter": "%q",
219        "dayofyear": "%j",
220        "day": "%d",
221        "dy": "%d",
222        "y": "%Y",
223        "week": "%W",
224        "ww": "%W",
225        "wk": "%W",
226        "hour": "%h",
227        "hh": "%I",
228        "minute": "%M",
229        "mi": "%M",
230        "n": "%M",
231        "second": "%S",
232        "ss": "%S",
233        "s": "%-S",
234        "millisecond": "%f",
235        "ms": "%f",
236        "weekday": "%W",
237        "dw": "%W",
238        "month": "%m",
239        "mm": "%M",
240        "m": "%-M",
241        "Y": "%Y",
242        "YYYY": "%Y",
243        "YY": "%y",
244        "MMMM": "%B",
245        "MMM": "%b",
246        "MM": "%m",
247        "M": "%-m",
248        "dddd": "%A",
249        "dd": "%d",
250        "d": "%-d",
251        "HH": "%H",
252        "H": "%-H",
253        "h": "%-I",
254        "S": "%f",
255        "yyyy": "%Y",
256        "yy": "%y",
257    }
258
259    CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {
260        "0": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
261        "1": "%m/%d/%y",
262        "2": "%y.%m.%d",
263        "3": "%d/%m/%y",
264        "4": "%d.%m.%y",
265        "5": "%d-%m-%y",
266        "6": "%d %b %y",
267        "7": "%b %d, %y",
268        "8": "%H:%M:%S",
269        "9": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
270        "10": "mm-dd-yy",
271        "11": "yy/mm/dd",
272        "12": "yymmdd",
273        "13": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f",
274        "14": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
275        "20": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
276        "21": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
277        "22": "%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p",
278        "23": "%Y-%m-%d",
279        "24": "%H:%M:%S",
280        "25": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
281        "100": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p",
282        "101": "%m/%d/%Y",
283        "102": "%Y.%m.%d",
284        "103": "%d/%m/%Y",
285        "104": "%d.%m.%Y",
286        "105": "%d-%m-%Y",
287        "106": "%d %b %Y",
288        "107": "%b %d, %Y",
289        "108": "%H:%M:%S",
290        "109": "%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p",
291        "110": "%m-%d-%Y",
292        "111": "%Y/%m/%d",
293        "112": "%Y%m%d",
294        "113": "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f",
295        "114": "%H:%M:%S:%f",
296        "120": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
297        "121": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f",
298    }
299
300    FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {
301        "y": "%B %Y",
302        "d": "%m/%d/%Y",
303        "H": "%-H",
304        "h": "%-I",
305        "s": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
306        "D": "%A,%B,%Y",
307        "f": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p",
308        "F": "%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
309        "g": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p",
310        "G": "%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p",
311        "M": "%B %-d",
312        "m": "%B %-d",
313        "O": "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
314        "u": "%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z",
315        "U": "%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z",
316        "T": "%-I:%M:%S %p",
317        "t": "%-I:%M",
318        "Y": "%a %Y",
319    }
320
321    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
322        IDENTIFIERS = ['"', ("[", "]")]
323        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
324        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
325
326        KEYWORDS = {
327            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
328            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
329            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
330            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
331            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
332            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
333            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
334            "NVARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
335            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
336            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
337            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
338            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
339            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
340            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
341            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
342            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
343            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
344            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
345            "VARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
346            "XML": TokenType.XML,
347            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
348            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
349            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
350        }
351
352    class Parser(parser.Parser):
353        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
354
355        FUNCTIONS = {
356            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
357            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
358                this=seq_get(args, 1),
359                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
360                position=seq_get(args, 2),
361            ),
362            "DATEADD": parse_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
363            "DATEDIFF": _parse_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
364            "DATENAME": _format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
365            "DATEPART": _format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr),
366            "EOMONTH": _parse_eomonth,
367            "FORMAT": _parse_format,
368            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
369            "HASHBYTES": _parse_hashbytes,
370            "IIF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
371            "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list,
372            "JSON_VALUE": exp.JSONExtractScalar.from_arg_list,
373            "LEN": exp.Length.from_arg_list,
374            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
375            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
376            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
377            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
378            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
379            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
380        }
381
382        JOIN_HINTS = {
383            "LOOP",
384            "HASH",
385            "MERGE",
386            "REMOTE",
387        }
388
389        VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {
390            DataType.Type.NVARCHAR,
391            DataType.Type.VARCHAR,
392            DataType.Type.CHAR,
393            DataType.Type.NCHAR,
394        }
395
396        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
397            TokenType.TABLE,
398            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
399        }
400
401        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
402            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
403            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(),
404        }
405
406        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
407
408        CONCAT_NULL_OUTPUTS_STRING = True
409
410        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
411
412        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
413            """
414            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
415            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
416
417            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
418            """
419            return [
420                exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
421                if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
422                else projection
423                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
424            ]
425
426        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
427            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
428            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
429                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
430                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
431
432            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
433                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
434                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
435            """
436            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
437
438            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
439            this = self._parse_id_var()
440
441            if rollback:
442                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
443
444            durability = None
445            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
446                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
447                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
448
449                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
450                    durability = False
451                else:
452                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
453                    durability = True
454
455                self._match_r_paren()
456
457            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
458
459        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
460            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
461            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
462            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
463            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
464            ]
465            """
466            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
467                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
468                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
469                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
470
471                return transaction
472
473            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
474
475        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
476            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
477            returns = super()._parse_returns()
478            returns.set("table", table)
479            return returns
480
481        def _parse_convert(
482            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
483        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
484            to = self._parse_types()
485            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
486            this = self._parse_conjunction()
487
488            if not to or not this:
489                return None
490
491            # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified
492            if seq_get(to.expressions, 0) is None and to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
493                to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False)
494
495            # Check whether a conversion with format is applicable
496            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
497                format_val = self._parse_number()
498                format_val_name = format_val.name if format_val else ""
499
500                if format_val_name not in TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING:
501                    raise ValueError(
502                        f"CONVERT function at T-SQL does not support format style {format_val_name}"
503                    )
504
505                format_norm = exp.Literal.string(TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING[format_val_name])
506
507                # Check whether the convert entails a string to date format
508                if to.this == DataType.Type.DATE:
509                    return self.expression(exp.StrToDate, this=this, format=format_norm)
510                # Check whether the convert entails a string to datetime format
511                elif to.this == DataType.Type.DATETIME:
512                    return self.expression(exp.StrToTime, this=this, format=format_norm)
513                # Check whether the convert entails a date to string format
514                elif to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
515                    return self.expression(
516                        exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
517                        to=to,
518                        this=self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm),
519                        safe=safe,
520                    )
521                elif to.this == DataType.Type.TEXT:
522                    return self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm)
523
524            # Entails a simple cast without any format requirement
525            return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
526
527        def _parse_user_defined_function(
528            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
529        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
530            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
531
532            if (
533                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
534                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
535                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
536            ):
537                return this
538
539            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
540            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
541
542        def _parse_id_var(
543            self,
544            any_token: bool = True,
545            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
546        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
547            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
548            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
549
550            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
551            if this:
552                if is_global:
553                    this.set("global", True)
554                elif is_temporary:
555                    this.set("temporary", True)
556
557            return this
558
559        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
560            create = super()._parse_create()
561
562            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
563                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
564                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
565                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
566                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
567
568                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
569
570            return create
571
572        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
573            index = self._index
574
575            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
576                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
577                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
578                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
579                self._retreat(index)
580
581            return super()._parse_if()
582
583        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
584            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
585                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
586            else:
587                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
588
589            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)
590
591    class Generator(generator.Generator):
592        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
593        QUERY_HINTS = False
594        RETURNING_END = False
595        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
596        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
597        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
598        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
599        SUPPORTS_NESTED_CTES = False
600        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
601
602        TYPE_MAPPING = {
603            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
604            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
605            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
606            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
607            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
608            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
609            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
610            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
611            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
612            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
613        }
614
615        TRANSFORMS = {
616            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
617            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
618            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
619            exp.DateAdd: generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql,
620            exp.DateDiff: generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql,
621            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
622            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
623            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
624            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
625            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
626            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
627            exp.Length: rename_func("LEN"),
628            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
629            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
630            exp.Min: min_or_least,
631            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
632            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
633                [
634                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
635                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
636                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
637                ]
638            ),
639            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
640            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
641                "HASHBYTES",
642                exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"),
643                e.this,
644            ),
645            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
646            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
647            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
648            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("tsql"),
649        }
650
651        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
652
653        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
654            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
655            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
656        }
657
658        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
659            this = expression.this
660            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
661                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
662                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
663
664            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
665
666        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
667            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
668                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
669
670            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
671
672        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
673            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
674                return self.binary(expression, "=")
675            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
676
677        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
678            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
679            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
680
681            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
682                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
683                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
684            ):
685                sql = f"#{sql}"
686
687            return sql
688
689        def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str:
690            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Column):
691                return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} = 0"
692            return super().not_sql(expression)
693
694        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
695            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind").upper()
696            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
697            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
698
699            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
700
701            if kind == "TABLE" and expression.expression:
702                sql = f"SELECT * INTO {self.sql(table)} FROM ({self.sql(expression.expression)}) AS temp"
703
704            if exists:
705                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
706                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
707                if kind == "SCHEMA":
708                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
709                elif kind == "TABLE":
710                    assert table
711                    where = exp.and_(
712                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
713                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
714                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
715                    )
716                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
717                elif kind == "INDEX":
718                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
719                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
720            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
721                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
722
723            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
724
725        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
726            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
727
728        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
729            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
730            this = f"FOR {name}"
731            expr = expression.expression
732            kind = expression.text("kind")
733            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
734                args = expr.expressions
735                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
736                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
737            else:
738                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
739
740            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
741            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
742
743        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
744            table = expression.args.get("table")
745            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
746            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
747
748        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
749            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
750            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
751            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
752
753        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
754            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
755            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
756            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
757            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
758            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
759
760        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
761            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
762            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
763            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
764            durability = (
765                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
766                if durability is not None
767                else ""
768            )
769            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
770
771        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
772            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
773            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
774            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
775
776        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
777            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
778
779            if expression.args.get("global"):
780                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
781            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
782                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
783
784            return identifier
785
786        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
787            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
788            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
789            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: Optional[bool] = None
NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'
TIME_FORMAT = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'"
SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
TYPED_DIVISION = True
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'year': '%Y', 'qq': '%q', 'q': '%q', 'quarter': '%q', 'dayofyear': '%j', 'day': '%d', 'dy': '%d', 'y': '%Y', 'week': '%W', 'ww': '%W', 'wk': '%W', 'hour': '%h', 'hh': '%I', 'minute': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'n': '%M', 'second': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 's': '%-S', 'millisecond': '%f', 'ms': '%f', 'weekday': '%W', 'dw': '%W', 'month': '%m', 'mm': '%M', 'm': '%-M', 'Y': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'MMM': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'M': '%-m', 'dddd': '%A', 'dd': '%d', 'd': '%-d', 'HH': '%H', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 'S': '%f', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'yy': '%y'}
CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING = {'0': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '1': '%m/%d/%y', '2': '%y.%m.%d', '3': '%d/%m/%y', '4': '%d.%m.%y', '5': '%d-%m-%y', '6': '%d %b %y', '7': '%b %d, %y', '8': '%H:%M:%S', '9': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '10': 'mm-dd-yy', '11': 'yy/mm/dd', '12': 'yymmdd', '13': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:ss:%f', '14': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '20': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '21': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '22': '%m/%d/%y %-I:%M:%S %p', '23': '%Y-%m-%d', '24': '%H:%M:%S', '25': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f', '100': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M%p', '101': '%m/%d/%Y', '102': '%Y.%m.%d', '103': '%d/%m/%Y', '104': '%d.%m.%Y', '105': '%d-%m-%Y', '106': '%d %b %Y', '107': '%b %d, %Y', '108': '%H:%M:%S', '109': '%b %d %Y %-I:%M:%S:%f%p', '110': '%m-%d-%Y', '111': '%Y/%m/%d', '112': '%Y%m%d', '113': '%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S:%f', '114': '%H:%M:%S:%f', '120': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', '121': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f'}
FORMAT_TIME_MAPPING = {'y': '%B %Y', 'd': '%m/%d/%Y', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 's': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', 'D': '%A,%B,%Y', 'f': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M %p', 'F': '%A,%B,%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'g': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M %p', 'G': '%m/%d/%Y %-I:%M:%S %p', 'M': '%B %-d', 'm': '%B %-d', 'O': '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S', 'u': '%Y-%M-%D %H:%M:%S%z', 'U': '%A, %B %D, %Y %H:%M:%S%z', 'T': '%-I:%M:%S %p', 't': '%-I:%M', 'Y': '%a %Y'}
tokenizer_class = <class 'TSQL.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'TSQL.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'TSQL.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'q': {'q': {0: True}, 0: True, 'u': {'a': {'r': {'t': {'e': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'q': {'q': {0: True}, 0: True, 'u': {'a': {'r': {'t': {'e': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%q': 'quarter', '%j': 'dayofyear', '%d': 'dd', '%W': 'dw', '%h': 'hour', '%I': 'hh', '%M': 'mm', '%S': 'ss', '%-S': 's', '%f': 'S', '%m': 'MM', '%-M': 'm', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'MMMM', '%b': 'MMM', '%-m': 'M', '%A': 'dddd', '%-d': 'd', '%H': 'HH', '%-H': 'H', '%-I': 'h'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'q': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, '-': {'S': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'f': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START = None
BIT_END = None
HEX_START = '0x'
HEX_END = ''
BYTE_START = None
BYTE_END = None
class TSQL.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
321    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
322        IDENTIFIERS = ['"', ("[", "]")]
323        QUOTES = ["'", '"']
324        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
325
326        KEYWORDS = {
327            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
328            "DATETIME2": TokenType.DATETIME,
329            "DATETIMEOFFSET": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
330            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
331            "IMAGE": TokenType.IMAGE,
332            "MONEY": TokenType.MONEY,
333            "NTEXT": TokenType.TEXT,
334            "NVARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
335            "PRINT": TokenType.COMMAND,
336            "PROC": TokenType.PROCEDURE,
337            "REAL": TokenType.FLOAT,
338            "ROWVERSION": TokenType.ROWVERSION,
339            "SMALLDATETIME": TokenType.DATETIME,
340            "SMALLMONEY": TokenType.SMALLMONEY,
341            "SQL_VARIANT": TokenType.VARIANT,
342            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
343            "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER": TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
344            "UPDATE STATISTICS": TokenType.COMMAND,
345            "VARCHAR(MAX)": TokenType.TEXT,
346            "XML": TokenType.XML,
347            "OUTPUT": TokenType.RETURNING,
348            "SYSTEM_USER": TokenType.CURRENT_USER,
349            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
350        }
IDENTIFIERS = ['"', ('[', ']')]
QUOTES = ["'", '"']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'DATETIME2': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'DATETIMEOFFSET': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'IMAGE': <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NTEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'NVARCHAR(MAX)': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'PRINT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PROC': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'ROWVERSION': <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, 'SMALLDATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'SMALLMONEY': <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, 'SQL_VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER': <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, 'UPDATE STATISTICS': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARCHAR(MAX)': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'XML': <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, 'OUTPUT': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>}
class TSQL.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
352    class Parser(parser.Parser):
353        SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
354
355        FUNCTIONS = {
356            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
357            "CHARINDEX": lambda args: exp.StrPosition(
358                this=seq_get(args, 1),
359                substr=seq_get(args, 0),
360                position=seq_get(args, 2),
361            ),
362            "DATEADD": parse_date_delta(exp.DateAdd, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
363            "DATEDIFF": _parse_date_delta(exp.DateDiff, unit_mapping=DATE_DELTA_INTERVAL),
364            "DATENAME": _format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, full_format_mapping=True),
365            "DATEPART": _format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr),
366            "EOMONTH": _parse_eomonth,
367            "FORMAT": _parse_format,
368            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
369            "HASHBYTES": _parse_hashbytes,
370            "IIF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
371            "ISNULL": exp.Coalesce.from_arg_list,
372            "JSON_VALUE": exp.JSONExtractScalar.from_arg_list,
373            "LEN": exp.Length.from_arg_list,
374            "REPLICATE": exp.Repeat.from_arg_list,
375            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
376            "SYSDATETIME": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
377            "SUSER_NAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
378            "SUSER_SNAME": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
379            "SYSTEM_USER": exp.CurrentUser.from_arg_list,
380        }
381
382        JOIN_HINTS = {
383            "LOOP",
384            "HASH",
385            "MERGE",
386            "REMOTE",
387        }
388
389        VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {
390            DataType.Type.NVARCHAR,
391            DataType.Type.VARCHAR,
392            DataType.Type.CHAR,
393            DataType.Type.NCHAR,
394        }
395
396        RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS - {
397            TokenType.TABLE,
398            *parser.Parser.TYPE_TOKENS,
399        }
400
401        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
402            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
403            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_command(),
404        }
405
406        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
407
408        CONCAT_NULL_OUTPUTS_STRING = True
409
410        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
411
412        def _parse_projections(self) -> t.List[exp.Expression]:
413            """
414            T-SQL supports the syntax alias = expression in the SELECT's projection list,
415            so we transform all parsed Selects to convert their EQ projections into Aliases.
416
417            See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/select-clause-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16#syntax
418            """
419            return [
420                exp.alias_(projection.expression, projection.this.this, copy=False)
421                if isinstance(projection, exp.EQ) and isinstance(projection.this, exp.Column)
422                else projection
423                for projection in super()._parse_projections()
424            ]
425
426        def _parse_commit_or_rollback(self) -> exp.Commit | exp.Rollback:
427            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
428            COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
429                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable ] ]
430                [ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ]
431
432            ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
433                [ transaction_name | @tran_name_variable
434                | savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ]
435            """
436            rollback = self._prev.token_type == TokenType.ROLLBACK
437
438            self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION"))
439            this = self._parse_id_var()
440
441            if rollback:
442                return self.expression(exp.Rollback, this=this)
443
444            durability = None
445            if self._match_pair(TokenType.WITH, TokenType.L_PAREN):
446                self._match_text_seq("DELAYED_DURABILITY")
447                self._match(TokenType.EQ)
448
449                if self._match_text_seq("OFF"):
450                    durability = False
451                else:
452                    self._match(TokenType.ON)
453                    durability = True
454
455                self._match_r_paren()
456
457            return self.expression(exp.Commit, this=this, durability=durability)
458
459        def _parse_transaction(self) -> exp.Transaction | exp.Command:
460            """Applies to SQL Server and Azure SQL Database
461            BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
462            [ { transaction_name | @tran_name_variable }
463            [ WITH MARK [ 'description' ] ]
464            ]
465            """
466            if self._match_texts(("TRAN", "TRANSACTION")):
467                transaction = self.expression(exp.Transaction, this=self._parse_id_var())
468                if self._match_text_seq("WITH", "MARK"):
469                    transaction.set("mark", self._parse_string())
470
471                return transaction
472
473            return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
474
475        def _parse_returns(self) -> exp.ReturnsProperty:
476            table = self._parse_id_var(any_token=False, tokens=self.RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS)
477            returns = super()._parse_returns()
478            returns.set("table", table)
479            return returns
480
481        def _parse_convert(
482            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
483        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
484            to = self._parse_types()
485            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
486            this = self._parse_conjunction()
487
488            if not to or not this:
489                return None
490
491            # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified
492            if seq_get(to.expressions, 0) is None and to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
493                to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False)
494
495            # Check whether a conversion with format is applicable
496            if self._match(TokenType.COMMA):
497                format_val = self._parse_number()
498                format_val_name = format_val.name if format_val else ""
499
500                if format_val_name not in TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING:
501                    raise ValueError(
502                        f"CONVERT function at T-SQL does not support format style {format_val_name}"
503                    )
504
505                format_norm = exp.Literal.string(TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING[format_val_name])
506
507                # Check whether the convert entails a string to date format
508                if to.this == DataType.Type.DATE:
509                    return self.expression(exp.StrToDate, this=this, format=format_norm)
510                # Check whether the convert entails a string to datetime format
511                elif to.this == DataType.Type.DATETIME:
512                    return self.expression(exp.StrToTime, this=this, format=format_norm)
513                # Check whether the convert entails a date to string format
514                elif to.this in self.VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES:
515                    return self.expression(
516                        exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast,
517                        to=to,
518                        this=self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm),
519                        safe=safe,
520                    )
521                elif to.this == DataType.Type.TEXT:
522                    return self.expression(exp.TimeToStr, this=this, format=format_norm)
523
524            # Entails a simple cast without any format requirement
525            return self.expression(exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
526
527        def _parse_user_defined_function(
528            self, kind: t.Optional[TokenType] = None
529        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
530            this = super()._parse_user_defined_function(kind=kind)
531
532            if (
533                kind == TokenType.FUNCTION
534                or isinstance(this, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
535                or self._match(TokenType.ALIAS, advance=False)
536            ):
537                return this
538
539            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_function_parameter)
540            return self.expression(exp.UserDefinedFunction, this=this, expressions=expressions)
541
542        def _parse_id_var(
543            self,
544            any_token: bool = True,
545            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
546        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
547            is_temporary = self._match(TokenType.HASH)
548            is_global = is_temporary and self._match(TokenType.HASH)
549
550            this = super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
551            if this:
552                if is_global:
553                    this.set("global", True)
554                elif is_temporary:
555                    this.set("temporary", True)
556
557            return this
558
559        def _parse_create(self) -> exp.Create | exp.Command:
560            create = super()._parse_create()
561
562            if isinstance(create, exp.Create):
563                table = create.this.this if isinstance(create.this, exp.Schema) else create.this
564                if isinstance(table, exp.Table) and table.this.args.get("temporary"):
565                    if not create.args.get("properties"):
566                        create.set("properties", exp.Properties(expressions=[]))
567
568                    create.args["properties"].append("expressions", exp.TemporaryProperty())
569
570            return create
571
572        def _parse_if(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
573            index = self._index
574
575            if self._match_text_seq("OBJECT_ID"):
576                self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_string)
577                if self._match_text_seq("IS", "NOT", "NULL") and self._match(TokenType.DROP):
578                    return self._parse_drop(exists=True)
579                self._retreat(index)
580
581            return super()._parse_if()
582
583        def _parse_unique(self) -> exp.UniqueColumnConstraint:
584            if self._match_texts(("CLUSTERED", "NONCLUSTERED")):
585                this = self.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS[self._prev.text.upper()](self)
586            else:
587                this = self._parse_schema(self._parse_id_var(any_token=False))
588
589            return self.expression(exp.UniqueColumnConstraint, this=this)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: Determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER = False
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayJoin'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _parse_date_delta.<locals>.inner_func>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DATE_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDateOfMonth'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>>, 'LOG10': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log10'>>, 'LOG2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log2'>>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeConcat'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SET_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetAgg'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function parse_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function parse_like>, 'CHARINDEX': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATEADD': <function parse_date_delta.<locals>.inner_func>, 'DATENAME': <function _format_time_lambda.<locals>._format_time>, 'DATEPART': <function _format_time_lambda.<locals>._format_time>, 'EOMONTH': <function _parse_eomonth>, 'FORMAT': <function _parse_format>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'HASHBYTES': <function _parse_hashbytes>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'ISNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'JSON_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>>, 'REPLICATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'SQUARE': <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'SUSER_NAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SUSER_SNAME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'SYSTEM_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>}
JOIN_HINTS = {'MERGE', 'HASH', 'REMOTE', 'LOOP'}
VAR_LENGTH_DATATYPES = {<Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>}
RETURNS_TABLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>: <function TSQL.Parser.<lambda>>}
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
CONCAT_NULL_OUTPUTS_STRING = True
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>}
LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
TYPED_DIVISION = True
TOKENIZER_CLASS: Type[sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer] = <class 'TSQL.Tokenizer'>
NULL_ORDERING: str = 'nulls_are_small'
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'q': {'q': {0: True}, 0: True, 'u': {'a': {'r': {'t': {'e': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'year': '%Y', 'qq': '%q', 'q': '%q', 'quarter': '%q', 'dayofyear': '%j', 'day': '%d', 'dy': '%d', 'y': '%Y', 'week': '%W', 'ww': '%W', 'wk': '%W', 'hour': '%h', 'hh': '%I', 'minute': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'n': '%M', 'second': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 's': '%-S', 'millisecond': '%f', 'ms': '%f', 'weekday': '%W', 'dw': '%W', 'month': '%m', 'mm': '%M', 'm': '%-M', 'Y': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'MMM': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'M': '%-m', 'dddd': '%A', 'dd': '%d', 'd': '%-d', 'HH': '%H', 'H': '%-H', 'h': '%-I', 'S': '%f', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'yy': '%y'}
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}, 0: True, 'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'q': {'q': {0: True}, 0: True, 'u': {'a': {'r': {'t': {'e': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}}, 'd': {'a': {'y': {'o': {'f': {'y': {'e': {'a': {'r': {0: True}}}}}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'd': {'d': {'d': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'w': {'e': {'e': {'k': {0: True, 'd': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}, 'w': {0: True}, 'k': {0: True}}, 'h': {'o': {'u': {'r': {0: True}}}, 'h': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'm': {'i': {'n': {'u': {'t': {'e': {0: True}}}}, 0: True, 'l': {'l': {'i': {'s': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 'o': {'n': {'t': {'h': {0: True}}}}, 'm': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'n': {0: True}, 's': {'e': {'c': {'o': {'n': {'d': {0: True}}}}}, 's': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 0: True}, 'H': {'H': {0: True}, 0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_KEYWORDS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ID_VAR_TOKENS
INTERVAL_VARS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
BITWISE
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
RANGE_PARSERS
PROPERTY_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
FUNCTION_PARSERS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
MODIFIABLES
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
CLONE_KINDS
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
SAFE_DIVISION
INDEX_OFFSET
UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
FORMAT_MAPPING
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class TSQL.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
591    class Generator(generator.Generator):
592        LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
593        QUERY_HINTS = False
594        RETURNING_END = False
595        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
596        ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
597        LIMIT_FETCH = "FETCH"
598        COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
599        SUPPORTS_NESTED_CTES = False
600        CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
601
602        TYPE_MAPPING = {
603            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
604            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BIT",
605            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
606            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "DATETIME2",
607            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT",
608            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
609            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "VARCHAR(MAX)",
610            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME2",
611            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "DATETIMEOFFSET",
612            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "SQL_VARIANT",
613        }
614
615        TRANSFORMS = {
616            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
617            exp.AnyValue: any_value_to_max_sql,
618            exp.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "IDENTITY",
619            exp.DateAdd: generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql,
620            exp.DateDiff: generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql,
621            exp.CurrentDate: rename_func("GETDATE"),
622            exp.CurrentTimestamp: rename_func("GETDATE"),
623            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATEPART"),
624            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
625            exp.GroupConcat: _string_agg_sql,
626            exp.If: rename_func("IIF"),
627            exp.Length: rename_func("LEN"),
628            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
629            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("MD5"), e.this),
630            exp.Min: min_or_least,
631            exp.NumberToStr: _format_sql,
632            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
633                [
634                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
635                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
636                    transforms.eliminate_qualify,
637                ]
638            ),
639            exp.SHA: lambda self, e: self.func("HASHBYTES", exp.Literal.string("SHA1"), e.this),
640            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
641                "HASHBYTES",
642                exp.Literal.string(f"SHA2_{e.args.get('length', 256)}"),
643                e.this,
644            ),
645            exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: "",
646            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
647            exp.TimeToStr: _format_sql,
648            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("tsql"),
649        }
650
651        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ReturnsProperty)
652
653        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
654            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
655            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
656        }
657
658        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
659            this = expression.this
660            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
661                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
662                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
663
664            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
665
666        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
667            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
668                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
669
670            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
671
672        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
673            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
674                return self.binary(expression, "=")
675            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
676
677        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
678            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
679            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
680
681            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
682                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
683                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
684            ):
685                sql = f"#{sql}"
686
687            return sql
688
689        def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str:
690            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Column):
691                return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} = 0"
692            return super().not_sql(expression)
693
694        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
695            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind").upper()
696            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
697            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
698
699            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
700
701            if kind == "TABLE" and expression.expression:
702                sql = f"SELECT * INTO {self.sql(table)} FROM ({self.sql(expression.expression)}) AS temp"
703
704            if exists:
705                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
706                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
707                if kind == "SCHEMA":
708                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
709                elif kind == "TABLE":
710                    assert table
711                    where = exp.and_(
712                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
713                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
714                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
715                    )
716                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
717                elif kind == "INDEX":
718                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
719                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
720            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
721                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
722
723            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
724
725        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
726            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
727
728        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
729            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
730            this = f"FOR {name}"
731            expr = expression.expression
732            kind = expression.text("kind")
733            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
734                args = expr.expressions
735                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
736                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
737            else:
738                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
739
740            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
741            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
742
743        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
744            table = expression.args.get("table")
745            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
746            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
747
748        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
749            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
750            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
751            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
752
753        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
754            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
755            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
756            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
757            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
758            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
759
760        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
761            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
762            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
763            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
764            durability = (
765                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
766                if durability is not None
767                else ""
768            )
769            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
770
771        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
772            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
773            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
774            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
775
776        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
777            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
778
779            if expression.args.get("global"):
780                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
781            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
782                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
783
784            return identifier
785
786        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
787            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
788            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
789            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether or not to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether or not to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: Determines the pad size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
  • indent: Determines the indentation size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: Whether or not to normalize all function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Determines whether or not the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
LIMIT_IS_TOP = True
QUERY_HINTS = False
RETURNING_END = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'FETCH'
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = False
SUPPORTS_NESTED_CTES = False
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = False
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: 'BIT', <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: 'NUMERIC', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'FLOAT', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'VARCHAR(MAX)', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'DATETIME2', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'DATETIMEOFFSET', <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>: 'SQL_VARIANT'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CheckColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function any_value_to_max_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementColumnConstraint'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function generate_date_delta_with_unit_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _string_agg_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function TSQL.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function ts_or_ds_to_date_sql.<locals>._ts_or_ds_to_date_sql>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
def setitem_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SetItem) -> str:
658        def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str:
659            this = expression.this
660            if isinstance(this, exp.EQ) and not isinstance(this.left, exp.Parameter):
661                # T-SQL does not use '=' in SET command, except when the LHS is a variable.
662                return f"{self.sql(this.left)} {self.sql(this.right)}"
663
664            return super().setitem_sql(expression)
def boolean_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Boolean) -> str:
666        def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str:
667            if type(expression.parent) in BIT_TYPES:
668                return "1" if expression.this else "0"
669
670            return "(1 = 1)" if expression.this else "(1 = 0)"
def is_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Is) -> str:
672        def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str:
673            if isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean):
674                return self.binary(expression, "=")
675            return self.binary(expression, "IS")
def createable_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create, locations: DefaultDict) -> str:
677        def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str:
678            sql = self.sql(expression, "this")
679            properties = expression.args.get("properties")
680
681            if sql[:1] != "#" and any(
682                isinstance(prop, exp.TemporaryProperty)
683                for prop in (properties.expressions if properties else [])
684            ):
685                sql = f"#{sql}"
686
687            return sql
def not_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Not) -> str:
689        def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str:
690            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Column):
691                return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} = 0"
692            return super().not_sql(expression)
def create_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Create) -> str:
694        def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
695            kind = self.sql(expression, "kind").upper()
696            exists = expression.args.pop("exists", None)
697            sql = super().create_sql(expression)
698
699            table = expression.find(exp.Table)
700
701            if kind == "TABLE" and expression.expression:
702                sql = f"SELECT * INTO {self.sql(table)} FROM ({self.sql(expression.expression)}) AS temp"
703
704            if exists:
705                identifier = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(exp.table_name(table) if table else ""))
706                sql = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(sql))
707                if kind == "SCHEMA":
708                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.schemata WHERE schema_name = {identifier}) EXEC({sql})"""
709                elif kind == "TABLE":
710                    assert table
711                    where = exp.and_(
712                        exp.column("table_name").eq(table.name),
713                        exp.column("table_schema").eq(table.db) if table.db else None,
714                        exp.column("table_catalog").eq(table.catalog) if table.catalog else None,
715                    )
716                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE {where}) EXEC({sql})"""
717                elif kind == "INDEX":
718                    index = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.this.text("this")))
719                    sql = f"""IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.indexes WHERE object_id = object_id({identifier}) AND name = {index}) EXEC({sql})"""
720            elif expression.args.get("replace"):
721                sql = sql.replace("CREATE OR REPLACE ", "CREATE OR ALTER ", 1)
722
723            return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
def offset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Offset) -> str:
725        def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str:
726            return f"{super().offset_sql(expression)} ROWS"
def version_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Version) -> str:
728        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
729            name = "SYSTEM_TIME" if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP" else expression.name
730            this = f"FOR {name}"
731            expr = expression.expression
732            kind = expression.text("kind")
733            if kind in ("FROM", "BETWEEN"):
734                args = expr.expressions
735                sep = "TO" if kind == "FROM" else "AND"
736                expr_sql = f"{self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))} {sep} {self.sql(seq_get(args, 1))}"
737            else:
738                expr_sql = self.sql(expr)
739
740            expr_sql = f" {expr_sql}" if expr_sql else ""
741            return f"{this} {kind}{expr_sql}"
def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
743        def returnsproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
744            table = expression.args.get("table")
745            table = f"{table} " if table else ""
746            return f"RETURNS {table}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
def returning_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Returning) -> str:
748        def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str:
749            into = self.sql(expression, "into")
750            into = self.seg(f"INTO {into}") if into else ""
751            return f"{self.seg('OUTPUT')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}{into}"
def transaction_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Transaction) -> str:
753        def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str:
754            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
755            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
756            mark = self.sql(expression, "mark")
757            mark = f" WITH MARK {mark}" if mark else ""
758            return f"BEGIN TRANSACTION{this}{mark}"
def commit_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Commit) -> str:
760        def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str:
761            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
762            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
763            durability = expression.args.get("durability")
764            durability = (
765                f" WITH (DELAYED_DURABILITY = {'ON' if durability else 'OFF'})"
766                if durability is not None
767                else ""
768            )
769            return f"COMMIT TRANSACTION{this}{durability}"
def rollback_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Rollback) -> str:
771        def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str:
772            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
773            this = f" {this}" if this else ""
774            return f"ROLLBACK TRANSACTION{this}"
def identifier_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Identifier) -> str:
776        def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str:
777            identifier = super().identifier_sql(expression)
778
779            if expression.args.get("global"):
780                identifier = f"##{identifier}"
781            elif expression.args.get("temporary"):
782                identifier = f"#{identifier}"
783
784            return identifier
def constraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Constraint) -> str:
786        def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str:
787            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
788            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=" ")
789            return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}"
LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TYPED_DIVISION = True
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%q': 'quarter', '%j': 'dayofyear', '%d': 'dd', '%W': 'dw', '%h': 'hour', '%I': 'hh', '%M': 'mm', '%S': 'ss', '%-S': 's', '%f': 'S', '%m': 'MM', '%-M': 'm', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'MMMM', '%b': 'MMM', '%-m': 'M', '%A': 'dddd', '%-d': 'd', '%H': 'HH', '%-H': 'H', '%-I': 'h'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'q': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'W': {0: True}, 'h': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, '-': {'S': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'f': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_small'
@classmethod
def can_identify(text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool:
288    @classmethod
289    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
290        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
291
292        Args:
293            text: The text to check.
294            identify:
295                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
296                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
297
298        Returns:
299            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
300        """
301        if identify is True or identify == "always":
302            return True
303
304        if identify == "safe":
305            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
306
307        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

Arguments:
  • text: The text to check.
  • identify: "always" or True: Always returns true. "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
Returns:

Whether or not the given text can be identified.

QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
TOKENIZER_CLASS = <class 'TSQL.Tokenizer'>
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
EXPLICIT_UNION
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
JOIN_HINTS
TABLE_HINTS
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
VALUES_AS_TABLE
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
SUPPORTS_PARAMETERS
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
SAFE_DIVISION
STAR_MAPPING
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
STRUCT_DELIMITER
PARAMETER_TOKEN
RESERVED_KEYWORDS
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITONS
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
INDEX_OFFSET
UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
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clone_sql
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openjson_sql
in_sql
in_unnest_op
interval_sql
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anonymous_sql
paren_sql
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alias_sql
aliases_sql
attimezone_sql
add_sql
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like_sql
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binary
function_fallback_sql
func
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expressions
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tag_sql
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userdefinedfunction_sql
joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
merge_sql
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dictproperty_sql
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oncluster_sql
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