Edit on GitHub

sqlglot.dialects.bigquery

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import logging
  4import re
  5import typing as t
  6
  7from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  8from sqlglot._typing import E
  9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
 10    Dialect,
 11    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
 12    binary_from_function,
 13    date_add_interval_sql,
 14    datestrtodate_sql,
 15    format_time_lambda,
 16    if_sql,
 17    inline_array_sql,
 18    json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
 19    max_or_greatest,
 20    min_or_least,
 21    no_ilike_sql,
 22    parse_date_delta_with_interval,
 23    regexp_replace_sql,
 24    rename_func,
 25    timestrtotime_sql,
 26    ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
 27)
 28from sqlglot.helper import seq_get, split_num_words
 29from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 30
 31logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
 32
 33
 34def _derived_table_values_to_unnest(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
 35    if not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join):
 36        return self.values_sql(expression)
 37
 38    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 39
 40    structs = [
 41        exp.Struct(
 42            expressions=[
 43                exp.alias_(value, column_name)
 44                for value, column_name in zip(
 45                    t.expressions,
 46                    alias.columns
 47                    if alias and alias.columns
 48                    else (f"_c{i}" for i in range(len(t.expressions))),
 49                )
 50            ]
 51        )
 52        for t in expression.find_all(exp.Tuple)
 53    ]
 54
 55    return self.unnest_sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[exp.Array(expressions=structs)]))
 56
 57
 58def _returnsproperty_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
 59    this = expression.this
 60    if isinstance(this, exp.Schema):
 61        this = f"{this.this} <{self.expressions(this)}>"
 62    else:
 63        this = self.sql(this)
 64    return f"RETURNS {this}"
 65
 66
 67def _create_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
 68    kind = expression.args["kind"]
 69    returns = expression.find(exp.ReturnsProperty)
 70
 71    if kind.upper() == "FUNCTION" and returns and returns.args.get("is_table"):
 72        expression.set("kind", "TABLE FUNCTION")
 73
 74        if isinstance(expression.expression, (exp.Subquery, exp.Literal)):
 75            expression.set("expression", expression.expression.this)
 76
 77        return self.create_sql(expression)
 78
 79    return self.create_sql(expression)
 80
 81
 82def _unqualify_unnest(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 83    """Remove references to unnest table aliases since bigquery doesn't allow them.
 84
 85    These are added by the optimizer's qualify_column step.
 86    """
 87    from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import find_all_in_scope
 88
 89    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
 90        unnest_aliases = {
 91            unnest.alias
 92            for unnest in find_all_in_scope(expression, exp.Unnest)
 93            if isinstance(unnest.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join))
 94        }
 95        if unnest_aliases:
 96            for column in expression.find_all(exp.Column):
 97                if column.table in unnest_aliases:
 98                    column.set("table", None)
 99                elif column.db in unnest_aliases:
100                    column.set("db", None)
101
102    return expression
103
104
105# https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/162294746
106# workaround for bigquery bug when grouping by an expression and then ordering
107# WITH x AS (SELECT 1 y)
108# SELECT y + 1 z
109# FROM x
110# GROUP BY x + 1
111# ORDER by z
112def _alias_ordered_group(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
113    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
114        group = expression.args.get("group")
115        order = expression.args.get("order")
116
117        if group and order:
118            aliases = {
119                select.this: select.args["alias"]
120                for select in expression.selects
121                if isinstance(select, exp.Alias)
122            }
123
124            for e in group.expressions:
125                alias = aliases.get(e)
126
127                if alias:
128                    e.replace(exp.column(alias))
129
130    return expression
131
132
133def _pushdown_cte_column_names(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
134    """BigQuery doesn't allow column names when defining a CTE, so we try to push them down."""
135    if isinstance(expression, exp.CTE) and expression.alias_column_names:
136        cte_query = expression.this
137
138        if cte_query.is_star:
139            logger.warning(
140                "Can't push down CTE column names for star queries. Run the query through"
141                " the optimizer or use 'qualify' to expand the star projections first."
142            )
143            return expression
144
145        column_names = expression.alias_column_names
146        expression.args["alias"].set("columns", None)
147
148        for name, select in zip(column_names, cte_query.selects):
149            to_replace = select
150
151            if isinstance(select, exp.Alias):
152                select = select.this
153
154            # Inner aliases are shadowed by the CTE column names
155            to_replace.replace(exp.alias_(select, name))
156
157    return expression
158
159
160def _parse_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.StrToTime:
161    this = format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "bigquery")([seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)])
162    this.set("zone", seq_get(args, 2))
163    return this
164
165
166def _parse_date(args: t.List) -> exp.Date | exp.DateFromParts:
167    expr_type = exp.DateFromParts if len(args) == 3 else exp.Date
168    return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
169
170
171def _parse_to_hex(args: t.List) -> exp.Hex | exp.MD5:
172    # TO_HEX(MD5(..)) is common in BigQuery, so it's parsed into MD5 to simplify its transpilation
173    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
174    return exp.MD5(this=arg.this) if isinstance(arg, exp.MD5Digest) else exp.Hex(this=arg)
175
176
177class BigQuery(Dialect):
178    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
179    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
180    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
181    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
182
183    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#case_sensitivity
184    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE = None
185
186    # bigquery udfs are case sensitive
187    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS = False
188
189    TIME_MAPPING = {
190        "%D": "%m/%d/%y",
191    }
192
193    ESCAPE_SEQUENCES = {
194        "\\a": "\a",
195        "\\b": "\b",
196        "\\f": "\f",
197        "\\n": "\n",
198        "\\r": "\r",
199        "\\t": "\t",
200        "\\v": "\v",
201    }
202
203    FORMAT_MAPPING = {
204        "DD": "%d",
205        "MM": "%m",
206        "MON": "%b",
207        "MONTH": "%B",
208        "YYYY": "%Y",
209        "YY": "%y",
210        "HH": "%I",
211        "HH12": "%I",
212        "HH24": "%H",
213        "MI": "%M",
214        "SS": "%S",
215        "SSSSS": "%f",
216        "TZH": "%z",
217    }
218
219    # The _PARTITIONTIME and _PARTITIONDATE pseudo-columns are not returned by a SELECT * statement
220    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/querying-partitioned-tables#query_an_ingestion-time_partitioned_table
221    PSEUDOCOLUMNS = {"_PARTITIONTIME", "_PARTITIONDATE"}
222
223    @classmethod
224    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
225        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
226            parent = expression.parent
227            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
228                parent = parent.parent
229
230            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
231            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
232            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
233            if (
234                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
235                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
236                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
237            ):
238                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
239
240        return expression
241
242    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
243        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
244        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
245        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
246        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
247
248        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
249
250        BYTE_STRINGS = [
251            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
252        ]
253
254        RAW_STRINGS = [
255            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
256        ]
257
258        KEYWORDS = {
259            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
260            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
261            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
262            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
263            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
264            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
265            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
266            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
267            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
268            "INT64": TokenType.BIGINT,
269            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
270            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
271            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
272            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
273        }
274        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
275
276    class Parser(parser.Parser):
277        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
278
279        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
280
281        FUNCTIONS = {
282            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
283            "DATE": _parse_date,
284            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
285            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
286            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
287                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
288                this=seq_get(args, 0),
289            ),
290            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
291            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
292            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
293            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
294            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
295            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
296            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
297                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
298            ),
299            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
300            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
301            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
302                this=seq_get(args, 0),
303                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
304                position=seq_get(args, 2),
305                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
306                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
307            ),
308            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
309            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
310            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
311                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
312                this=seq_get(args, 0),
313                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
314            ),
315            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
316            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
317            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
318            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
319            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
320        }
321
322        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
323            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
324            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
325        }
326        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
327
328        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
329            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
330            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
331        }
332
333        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
334            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
335            TokenType.TABLE,
336        }
337
338        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
339            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
340            TokenType.VALUES,
341        }
342
343        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
344            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
345            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
346                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
347            ),
348            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
349        }
350
351        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
352            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
353            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
354        }
355
356        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
357        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
358
359        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
360
361        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
362            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
363            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
364            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
365        }
366
367        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
368            this = self._parse_range()
369            self._match_text_seq("DO")
370            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
371
372        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
373            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
374
375            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
376            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
377                table_name = this.name
378                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
379                    self._advance(2)
380                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
381
382                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
383            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
384                table_name = this.name
385
386                if (
387                    self._curr
388                    and self._prev.end == self._curr.start - 1
389                    and self._parse_var(any_token=True)
390                ):
391                    table_name += self._prev.text
392
393                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
394
395            return this
396
397        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
398            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
399            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
400                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
401                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
402                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
403                )
404
405                if rest and this:
406                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
407
408                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
409
410            return table
411
412        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
413            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
414            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
415
416            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
417            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
418            if (
419                array_kv_pair
420                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
421                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
422            ):
423                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
424                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
425
426                json_object.set(
427                    "expressions",
428                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
429                )
430
431            return json_object
432
433    class Generator(generator.Generator):
434        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
435        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
436        JOIN_HINTS = False
437        QUERY_HINTS = False
438        TABLE_HINTS = False
439        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
440        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
441        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
442        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
443        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
444
445        TRANSFORMS = {
446            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
447            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
448            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
449            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
450            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
451            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
452            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
453            if e.args.get("default")
454            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
455            exp.Create: _create_sql,
456            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
457            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
458            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
459            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
460            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
461            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
462            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
463            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
464            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
465            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
466            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
467            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
468            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
469            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
470            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
471            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
472            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
473            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
474            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
475            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
476            exp.Min: min_or_least,
477            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
478            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
479                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
480                e.this,
481                e.expression,
482                e.args.get("position"),
483                e.args.get("occurrence"),
484            ),
485            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
486            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
487            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
488            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
489                [
490                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
491                    _unqualify_unnest,
492                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
493                    _alias_ordered_group,
494                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
495                ]
496            ),
497            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
498                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
499            ),
500            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
501            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
502            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
503            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
504            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
505                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
506            ),
507            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
508            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
509            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
510            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
511            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
512            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
513            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
514            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("bigquery"),
515            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
516            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
517            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
518        }
519
520        TYPE_MAPPING = {
521            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
522            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
523            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
524            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
525            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
526            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
527            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
528            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
529            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
530            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
531            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
532            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
533            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
534            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
535            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
536            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
537            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
538            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
539            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
540            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
541            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
542        }
543
544        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
545            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
546            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
547            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
548        }
549
550        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
551        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
552            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
553            "all",
554            "and",
555            "any",
556            "array",
557            "as",
558            "asc",
559            "assert_rows_modified",
560            "at",
561            "between",
562            "by",
563            "case",
564            "cast",
565            "collate",
566            "contains",
567            "create",
568            "cross",
569            "cube",
570            "current",
571            "default",
572            "define",
573            "desc",
574            "distinct",
575            "else",
576            "end",
577            "enum",
578            "escape",
579            "except",
580            "exclude",
581            "exists",
582            "extract",
583            "false",
584            "fetch",
585            "following",
586            "for",
587            "from",
588            "full",
589            "group",
590            "grouping",
591            "groups",
592            "hash",
593            "having",
594            "if",
595            "ignore",
596            "in",
597            "inner",
598            "intersect",
599            "interval",
600            "into",
601            "is",
602            "join",
603            "lateral",
604            "left",
605            "like",
606            "limit",
607            "lookup",
608            "merge",
609            "natural",
610            "new",
611            "no",
612            "not",
613            "null",
614            "nulls",
615            "of",
616            "on",
617            "or",
618            "order",
619            "outer",
620            "over",
621            "partition",
622            "preceding",
623            "proto",
624            "qualify",
625            "range",
626            "recursive",
627            "respect",
628            "right",
629            "rollup",
630            "rows",
631            "select",
632            "set",
633            "some",
634            "struct",
635            "tablesample",
636            "then",
637            "to",
638            "treat",
639            "true",
640            "unbounded",
641            "union",
642            "unnest",
643            "using",
644            "when",
645            "where",
646            "window",
647            "with",
648            "within",
649        }
650
651        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
652            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
653            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
654                return "NULL"
655
656            return self.binary(expression, "=")
657
658        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
659            parent = expression.parent
660
661            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
662            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
663            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
664                return self.func(
665                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
666                )
667
668            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
669
670        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
671            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
672
673        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
674            if expression.alias_column_names:
675                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
676            return super().cte_sql(expression)
677
678        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
679            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
680            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
681                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
682
683            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
684
685        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
686            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
687
688        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
689            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
690
691        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
692            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
693
694        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
695            return self.sql(expression)
696
697        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
698            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
699                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
700            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
701
702        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
703            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
704                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
705            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
706
707        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
708            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
709
710        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
711            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
712                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
713            return super().version_sql(expression)
logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
class BigQuery(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
178class BigQuery(Dialect):
179    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
180    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
181    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
182    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
183
184    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#case_sensitivity
185    RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE = None
186
187    # bigquery udfs are case sensitive
188    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS = False
189
190    TIME_MAPPING = {
191        "%D": "%m/%d/%y",
192    }
193
194    ESCAPE_SEQUENCES = {
195        "\\a": "\a",
196        "\\b": "\b",
197        "\\f": "\f",
198        "\\n": "\n",
199        "\\r": "\r",
200        "\\t": "\t",
201        "\\v": "\v",
202    }
203
204    FORMAT_MAPPING = {
205        "DD": "%d",
206        "MM": "%m",
207        "MON": "%b",
208        "MONTH": "%B",
209        "YYYY": "%Y",
210        "YY": "%y",
211        "HH": "%I",
212        "HH12": "%I",
213        "HH24": "%H",
214        "MI": "%M",
215        "SS": "%S",
216        "SSSSS": "%f",
217        "TZH": "%z",
218    }
219
220    # The _PARTITIONTIME and _PARTITIONDATE pseudo-columns are not returned by a SELECT * statement
221    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/querying-partitioned-tables#query_an_ingestion-time_partitioned_table
222    PSEUDOCOLUMNS = {"_PARTITIONTIME", "_PARTITIONDATE"}
223
224    @classmethod
225    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
226        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
227            parent = expression.parent
228            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
229                parent = parent.parent
230
231            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
232            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
233            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
234            if (
235                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
236                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
237                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
238            ):
239                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
240
241        return expression
242
243    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
244        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
245        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
246        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
247        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
248
249        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
250
251        BYTE_STRINGS = [
252            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
253        ]
254
255        RAW_STRINGS = [
256            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
257        ]
258
259        KEYWORDS = {
260            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
261            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
262            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
263            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
264            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
265            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
266            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
267            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
268            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
269            "INT64": TokenType.BIGINT,
270            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
271            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
272            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
273            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
274        }
275        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
276
277    class Parser(parser.Parser):
278        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
279
280        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
281
282        FUNCTIONS = {
283            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
284            "DATE": _parse_date,
285            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
286            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
287            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
288                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
289                this=seq_get(args, 0),
290            ),
291            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
292            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
293            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
294            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
295            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
296            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
297            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
298                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
299            ),
300            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
301            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
302            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
303                this=seq_get(args, 0),
304                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
305                position=seq_get(args, 2),
306                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
307                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
308            ),
309            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
310            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
311            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
312                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
313                this=seq_get(args, 0),
314                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
315            ),
316            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
317            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
318            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
319            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
320            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
321        }
322
323        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
324            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
325            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
326        }
327        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
328
329        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
330            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
331            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
332        }
333
334        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
335            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
336            TokenType.TABLE,
337        }
338
339        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
340            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
341            TokenType.VALUES,
342        }
343
344        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
345            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
346            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
347                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
348            ),
349            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
350        }
351
352        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
353            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
354            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
355        }
356
357        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
358        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
359
360        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
361
362        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
363            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
364            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
365            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
366        }
367
368        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
369            this = self._parse_range()
370            self._match_text_seq("DO")
371            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
372
373        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
374            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
375
376            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
377            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
378                table_name = this.name
379                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
380                    self._advance(2)
381                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
382
383                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
384            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
385                table_name = this.name
386
387                if (
388                    self._curr
389                    and self._prev.end == self._curr.start - 1
390                    and self._parse_var(any_token=True)
391                ):
392                    table_name += self._prev.text
393
394                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
395
396            return this
397
398        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
399            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
400            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
401                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
402                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
403                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
404                )
405
406                if rest and this:
407                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
408
409                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
410
411            return table
412
413        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
414            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
415            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
416
417            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
418            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
419            if (
420                array_kv_pair
421                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
422                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
423            ):
424                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
425                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
426
427                json_object.set(
428                    "expressions",
429                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
430                )
431
432            return json_object
433
434    class Generator(generator.Generator):
435        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
436        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
437        JOIN_HINTS = False
438        QUERY_HINTS = False
439        TABLE_HINTS = False
440        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
441        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
442        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
443        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
444        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
445
446        TRANSFORMS = {
447            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
448            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
449            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
450            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
451            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
452            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
453            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
454            if e.args.get("default")
455            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
456            exp.Create: _create_sql,
457            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
458            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
459            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
460            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
461            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
462            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
463            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
464            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
465            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
466            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
467            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
468            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
469            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
470            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
471            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
472            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
473            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
474            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
475            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
476            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
477            exp.Min: min_or_least,
478            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
479            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
480                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
481                e.this,
482                e.expression,
483                e.args.get("position"),
484                e.args.get("occurrence"),
485            ),
486            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
487            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
488            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
489            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
490                [
491                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
492                    _unqualify_unnest,
493                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
494                    _alias_ordered_group,
495                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
496                ]
497            ),
498            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
499                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
500            ),
501            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
502            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
503            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
504            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
505            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
506                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
507            ),
508            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
509            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
510            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
511            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
512            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
513            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
514            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
515            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("bigquery"),
516            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
517            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
518            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
519        }
520
521        TYPE_MAPPING = {
522            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
523            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
524            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
525            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
526            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
527            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
528            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
529            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
530            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
531            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
532            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
533            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
534            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
535            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
536            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
537            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
538            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
539            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
540            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
541            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
542            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
543        }
544
545        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
546            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
547            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
548            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
549        }
550
551        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
552        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
553            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
554            "all",
555            "and",
556            "any",
557            "array",
558            "as",
559            "asc",
560            "assert_rows_modified",
561            "at",
562            "between",
563            "by",
564            "case",
565            "cast",
566            "collate",
567            "contains",
568            "create",
569            "cross",
570            "cube",
571            "current",
572            "default",
573            "define",
574            "desc",
575            "distinct",
576            "else",
577            "end",
578            "enum",
579            "escape",
580            "except",
581            "exclude",
582            "exists",
583            "extract",
584            "false",
585            "fetch",
586            "following",
587            "for",
588            "from",
589            "full",
590            "group",
591            "grouping",
592            "groups",
593            "hash",
594            "having",
595            "if",
596            "ignore",
597            "in",
598            "inner",
599            "intersect",
600            "interval",
601            "into",
602            "is",
603            "join",
604            "lateral",
605            "left",
606            "like",
607            "limit",
608            "lookup",
609            "merge",
610            "natural",
611            "new",
612            "no",
613            "not",
614            "null",
615            "nulls",
616            "of",
617            "on",
618            "or",
619            "order",
620            "outer",
621            "over",
622            "partition",
623            "preceding",
624            "proto",
625            "qualify",
626            "range",
627            "recursive",
628            "respect",
629            "right",
630            "rollup",
631            "rows",
632            "select",
633            "set",
634            "some",
635            "struct",
636            "tablesample",
637            "then",
638            "to",
639            "treat",
640            "true",
641            "unbounded",
642            "union",
643            "unnest",
644            "using",
645            "when",
646            "where",
647            "window",
648            "with",
649            "within",
650        }
651
652        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
653            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
654            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
655                return "NULL"
656
657            return self.binary(expression, "=")
658
659        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
660            parent = expression.parent
661
662            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
663            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
664            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
665                return self.func(
666                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
667                )
668
669            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
670
671        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
672            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
673
674        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
675            if expression.alias_column_names:
676                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
677            return super().cte_sql(expression)
678
679        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
680            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
681            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
682                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
683
684            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
685
686        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
687            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
688
689        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
690            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
691
692        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
693            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
694
695        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
696            return self.sql(expression)
697
698        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
699            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
700                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
701            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
702
703        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
704            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
705                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
706            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
707
708        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
709            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
710
711        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
712            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
713                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
714            return super().version_sql(expression)
UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE: Optional[bool] = None
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = False
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%D': '%m/%d/%y'}
ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b'}
FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'DD': '%d', 'MM': '%m', 'MON': '%b', 'MONTH': '%B', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'HH': '%I', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'SSSSS': '%f', 'TZH': '%z'}
PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = {'_PARTITIONTIME', '_PARTITIONDATE'}
@classmethod
def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: ~E) -> ~E:
224    @classmethod
225    def normalize_identifier(cls, expression: E) -> E:
226        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
227            parent = expression.parent
228            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
229                parent = parent.parent
230
231            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
232            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
233            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
234            if (
235                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
236                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
237                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
238            ):
239                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
240
241        return expression

Normalizes an unquoted identifier to either lower or upper case, thus essentially making it case-insensitive. If a dialect treats all identifiers as case-insensitive, they will be normalized to lowercase regardless of being quoted or not.

tokenizer_class = <class 'BigQuery.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'BigQuery.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'BigQuery.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'D': {0: True}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'D': {'D': {0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True, 'T': {'H': {0: True}}}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {0: True, '1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True, 'S': {'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}}, 'T': {'Z': {'H': {0: True}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%m/%d/%y': '%D'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'m': {'/': {'%': {'d': {'/': {'%': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '`'
IDENTIFIER_END = '`'
BIT_START = None
BIT_END = None
HEX_START = '0x'
HEX_END = ''
BYTE_START = "b'"
BYTE_END = "'"
class BigQuery.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
243    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
244        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
245        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
246        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
247        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
248
249        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
250
251        BYTE_STRINGS = [
252            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
253        ]
254
255        RAW_STRINGS = [
256            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
257        ]
258
259        KEYWORDS = {
260            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
261            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
262            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
263            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
264            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
265            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
266            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
267            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
268            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
269            "INT64": TokenType.BIGINT,
270            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
271            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
272            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
273            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
274        }
275        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
COMMENTS = ['--', '#', ('/*', '*/')]
IDENTIFIERS = ['`']
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
BYTE_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'"), ('b"', '"'), ('B"', '"'), ('b"""', '"""'), ('B"""', '"""'), ("b'''", "'''"), ("B'''", "'''")]
RAW_STRINGS = [("r'", "'"), ("R'", "'"), ('r"', '"'), ('R"', '"'), ('r"""', '"""'), ('R"""', '"""'), ("r'''", "'''"), ("R'''", "'''")]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'ANY TYPE': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BYTES': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'FLOAT64': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'MODEL': <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, 'NOT DETERMINISTIC': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'RECORD': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>}
ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b'}
class BigQuery.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
277    class Parser(parser.Parser):
278        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
279
280        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
281
282        FUNCTIONS = {
283            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
284            "DATE": _parse_date,
285            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
286            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
287            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
288                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
289                this=seq_get(args, 0),
290            ),
291            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
292            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
293            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
294            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
295            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
296            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
297            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
298                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
299            ),
300            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
301            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
302            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
303                this=seq_get(args, 0),
304                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
305                position=seq_get(args, 2),
306                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
307                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
308            ),
309            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
310            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
311            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
312                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
313                this=seq_get(args, 0),
314                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
315            ),
316            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
317            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
318            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
319            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
320            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
321        }
322
323        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
324            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
325            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
326        }
327        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
328
329        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
330            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
331            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
332        }
333
334        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
335            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
336            TokenType.TABLE,
337        }
338
339        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
340            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
341            TokenType.VALUES,
342        }
343
344        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
345            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
346            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
347                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
348            ),
349            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
350        }
351
352        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
353            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
354            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
355        }
356
357        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
358        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
359
360        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
361
362        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
363            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
364            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
365            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
366        }
367
368        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
369            this = self._parse_range()
370            self._match_text_seq("DO")
371            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
372
373        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
374            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
375
376            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
377            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
378                table_name = this.name
379                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
380                    self._advance(2)
381                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
382
383                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
384            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
385                table_name = this.name
386
387                if (
388                    self._curr
389                    and self._prev.end == self._curr.start - 1
390                    and self._parse_var(any_token=True)
391                ):
392                    table_name += self._prev.text
393
394                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
395
396            return this
397
398        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
399            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
400            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
401                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
402                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
403                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
404                )
405
406                if rest and this:
407                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
408
409                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
410
411            return table
412
413        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
414            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
415            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
416
417            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
418            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
419            if (
420                array_kv_pair
421                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
422                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
423            ):
424                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
425                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
426
427                json_object.set(
428                    "expressions",
429                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
430                )
431
432            return json_object

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: Determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayJoin'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <function _parse_date>, 'DATE_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DATE_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDateOfMonth'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>>, 'LOG10': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log10'>>, 'LOG2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log2'>>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeConcat'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SET_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetAgg'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function parse_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function parse_like>, 'DIV': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'TO_HEX': <function _parse_to_hex>, 'PARSE_DATE': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARSE_TIMESTAMP': <function _parse_timestamp>, 'REGEXP_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SHA256': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_JSON_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY_VALUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {<TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>}
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT DETERMINISTIC': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPTIONS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {'AUTOINCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASESPECIFIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMPRESS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NONCLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFAULT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENCODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IDENTITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INLINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PATH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PERIOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REFERENCES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TITLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNIQUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPERCASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPTIONS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NULL_TOKENS = {<TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>: <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>}
LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
TOKENIZER_CLASS: Type[sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer] = <class 'BigQuery.Tokenizer'>
UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: bool = True
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS = False
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'DD': '%d', 'MM': '%m', 'MON': '%b', 'MONTH': '%B', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'HH': '%I', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'SSSSS': '%f', 'TZH': '%z'}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'D': {'D': {0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True, 'T': {'H': {0: True}}}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {0: True, '1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True, 'S': {'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}}, 'T': {'Z': {'H': {0: True}}}}
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%D': '%m/%d/%y'}
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'D': {0: True}}}
class BigQuery.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
434    class Generator(generator.Generator):
435        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
436        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
437        JOIN_HINTS = False
438        QUERY_HINTS = False
439        TABLE_HINTS = False
440        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
441        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
442        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
443        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
444        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
445
446        TRANSFORMS = {
447            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
448            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
449            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
450            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
451            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
452            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
453            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
454            if e.args.get("default")
455            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
456            exp.Create: _create_sql,
457            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
458            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
459            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
460            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
461            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
462            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
463            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
464            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
465            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
466            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
467            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
468            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
469            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
470            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
471            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
472            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
473            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
474            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
475            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
476            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
477            exp.Min: min_or_least,
478            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
479            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
480                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
481                e.this,
482                e.expression,
483                e.args.get("position"),
484                e.args.get("occurrence"),
485            ),
486            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
487            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
488            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
489            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
490                [
491                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
492                    _unqualify_unnest,
493                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
494                    _alias_ordered_group,
495                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
496                ]
497            ),
498            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
499                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
500            ),
501            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
502            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
503            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
504            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
505            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
506                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
507            ),
508            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
509            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
510            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
511            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
512            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
513            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
514            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
515            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("bigquery"),
516            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
517            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
518            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
519        }
520
521        TYPE_MAPPING = {
522            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
523            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
524            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
525            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
526            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
527            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
528            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
529            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
530            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
531            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
532            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
533            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
534            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
535            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
536            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
537            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
538            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
539            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
540            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
541            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
542            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
543        }
544
545        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
546            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
547            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
548            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
549        }
550
551        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
552        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
553            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
554            "all",
555            "and",
556            "any",
557            "array",
558            "as",
559            "asc",
560            "assert_rows_modified",
561            "at",
562            "between",
563            "by",
564            "case",
565            "cast",
566            "collate",
567            "contains",
568            "create",
569            "cross",
570            "cube",
571            "current",
572            "default",
573            "define",
574            "desc",
575            "distinct",
576            "else",
577            "end",
578            "enum",
579            "escape",
580            "except",
581            "exclude",
582            "exists",
583            "extract",
584            "false",
585            "fetch",
586            "following",
587            "for",
588            "from",
589            "full",
590            "group",
591            "grouping",
592            "groups",
593            "hash",
594            "having",
595            "if",
596            "ignore",
597            "in",
598            "inner",
599            "intersect",
600            "interval",
601            "into",
602            "is",
603            "join",
604            "lateral",
605            "left",
606            "like",
607            "limit",
608            "lookup",
609            "merge",
610            "natural",
611            "new",
612            "no",
613            "not",
614            "null",
615            "nulls",
616            "of",
617            "on",
618            "or",
619            "order",
620            "outer",
621            "over",
622            "partition",
623            "preceding",
624            "proto",
625            "qualify",
626            "range",
627            "recursive",
628            "respect",
629            "right",
630            "rollup",
631            "rows",
632            "select",
633            "set",
634            "some",
635            "struct",
636            "tablesample",
637            "then",
638            "to",
639            "treat",
640            "true",
641            "unbounded",
642            "union",
643            "unnest",
644            "using",
645            "when",
646            "where",
647            "window",
648            "with",
649            "within",
650        }
651
652        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
653            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
654            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
655                return "NULL"
656
657            return self.binary(expression, "=")
658
659        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
660            parent = expression.parent
661
662            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
663            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
664            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
665                return self.func(
666                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
667                )
668
669            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
670
671        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
672            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
673
674        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
675            if expression.alias_column_names:
676                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
677            return super().cte_sql(expression)
678
679        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
680            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
681            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
682                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
683
684            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
685
686        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
687            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
688
689        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
690            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
691
692        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
693            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
694
695        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
696            return self.sql(expression)
697
698        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
699            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
700                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
701            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
702
703        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
704            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
705                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
706            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
707
708        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
709            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
710
711        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
712            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
713                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
714            return super().version_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether or not to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether or not to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: Determines the pad size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
  • indent: Determines the indentation size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: Whether or not to normalize all function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Determines whether or not the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
EXPLICIT_UNION = True
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
JOIN_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CheckColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function _returnsproperty_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>: <function _create_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CTE'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function no_ilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONKeyValue'>: <function json_keyvalue_comma_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function regexp_replace_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function ts_or_ds_to_date_sql.<locals>._ts_or_ds_to_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Values'>: <function _derived_table_values_to_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>: 'BIGNUMERIC', <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BYTES', <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: 'BOOL', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: 'NUMERIC', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'FLOAT64', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'FLOAT64', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INT64', <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'STRING', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'DATETIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BYTES', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>: 'ANY TYPE'}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'any', 'union', 'asc', 'is', 'if', 'and', 'like', 'to', 'set', 'extract', 'for', 'partition', 'window', 'from', 'with', 'distinct', 'exists', 'at', 'not', 'merge', 'exclude', 'lateral', 'in', 'on', 'nulls', 'rollup', 'intersect', 'cube', 'unnest', 'fetch', 'tablesample', 'order', 'limit', 'natural', 'recursive', 'new', 'where', 'left', 'default', 'right', 'lookup', 'unbounded', 'true', 'null', 'then', 'define', 'assert_rows_modified', 'grouping', 'except', 'groups', 'cross', 'desc', 'hash', 'as', 'using', 'all', 'or', 'qualify', 'treat', 'between', 'preceding', 'struct', 'contains', 'false', 'end', 'by', 'inner', 'proto', 'when', 'create', 'rows', 'of', 'array', 'collate', 'join', 'following', 'ignore', 'into', 'interval', 'some', 'escape', 'no', 'range', 'current', 'within', 'outer', 'respect', 'full', 'case', 'enum', 'else', 'over', 'group', 'select', 'cast', 'having'}
def eq_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.EQ) -> str:
652        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
653            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
654            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
655                return "NULL"
656
657            return self.binary(expression, "=")
def attimezone_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone) -> str:
659        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
660            parent = expression.parent
661
662            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
663            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
664            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
665                return self.func(
666                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
667                )
668
669            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
def trycast_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str:
671        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
672            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
def cte_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CTE) -> str:
674        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
675            if expression.alias_column_names:
676                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
677            return super().cte_sql(expression)
def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str:
679        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
680            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
681            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
682                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
683
684            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
686        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
687            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
689        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
690            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
692        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
693            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
def in_unnest_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str:
695        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
696            return self.sql(expression)
def except_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Except) -> str:
698        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
699            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
700                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
701            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
def intersect_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Intersect) -> str:
703        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
704            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
705                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
706            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str:
708        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
709            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
def version_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Version) -> str:
711        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
712            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
713                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
714            return super().version_sql(expression)
LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%m/%d/%y': '%D'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'m': {'/': {'%': {'d': {'/': {'%': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v'}
UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = False
@classmethod
def can_identify(text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool:
288    @classmethod
289    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
290        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
291
292        Args:
293            text: The text to check.
294            identify:
295                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
296                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
297
298        Returns:
299            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
300        """
301        if identify is True or identify == "always":
302            return True
303
304        if identify == "safe":
305            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
306
307        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

Arguments:
  • text: The text to check.
  • identify: "always" or True: Always returns true. "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
Returns:

Whether or not the given text can be identified.

QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '`'
IDENTIFIER_END = '`'
TOKENIZER_CLASS = <class 'BigQuery.Tokenizer'>
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "b'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
SELECT_KINDS
VALUES_AS_TABLE
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_COLUMN_KEYWORD
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
SUPPORTS_PARAMETERS
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
SUPPORTS_NESTED_CTES
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
TYPED_DIVISION
SAFE_DIVISION
STAR_MAPPING
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
STRUCT_DELIMITER
PARAMETER_TOKEN
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITONS
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
INDEX_OFFSET
ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
NULL_ORDERING
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
createable_sql
create_sql
clone_sql
describe_sql
prepend_ctes
with_sql
tablealias_sql
bitstring_sql
hexstring_sql
bytestring_sql
rawstring_sql
datatypeparam_sql
datatype_sql
directory_sql
delete_sql
drop_sql
except_sql
fetch_sql
filter_sql
hint_sql
index_sql
identifier_sql
inputoutputformat_sql
national_sql
partition_sql
properties_sql
root_properties
properties
locate_properties
property_name
property_sql
likeproperty_sql
fallbackproperty_sql
journalproperty_sql
freespaceproperty_sql
checksumproperty_sql
mergeblockratioproperty_sql
datablocksizeproperty_sql
blockcompressionproperty_sql
isolatedloadingproperty_sql
partitionboundspec_sql
partitionedofproperty_sql
lockingproperty_sql
withdataproperty_sql
withsystemversioningproperty_sql
insert_sql
intersect_sql
introducer_sql
kill_sql
pseudotype_sql
objectidentifier_sql
onconflict_sql
returning_sql
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
withtablehint_sql
indextablehint_sql
table_sql
tablesample_sql
pivot_sql
tuple_sql
update_sql
values_sql
var_sql
into_sql
from_sql
group_sql
having_sql
connect_sql
prior_sql
join_sql
lambda_sql
lateral_sql
limit_sql
offset_sql
setitem_sql
set_sql
pragma_sql
lock_sql
literal_sql
escape_str
loaddata_sql
null_sql
boolean_sql
order_sql
cluster_sql
distribute_sql
sort_sql
ordered_sql
matchrecognize_sql
query_modifiers
offset_limit_modifiers
after_having_modifiers
after_limit_modifiers
select_sql
schema_sql
schema_columns_sql
star_sql
parameter_sql
sessionparameter_sql
placeholder_sql
subquery_sql
qualify_sql
union_sql
union_op
unnest_sql
where_sql
window_sql
partition_by_sql
windowspec_sql
withingroup_sql
between_sql
bracket_sql
safebracket_sql
all_sql
any_sql
exists_sql
case_sql
constraint_sql
nextvaluefor_sql
extract_sql
trim_sql
safeconcat_sql
check_sql
foreignkey_sql
primarykey_sql
if_sql
matchagainst_sql
jsonkeyvalue_sql
formatjson_sql
jsonobject_sql
jsonarray_sql
jsonarrayagg_sql
jsoncolumndef_sql
jsonschema_sql
jsontable_sql
openjsoncolumndef_sql
openjson_sql
in_sql
interval_sql
return_sql
reference_sql
anonymous_sql
paren_sql
neg_sql
not_sql
alias_sql
aliases_sql
add_sql
and_sql
xor_sql
connector_sql
bitwiseand_sql
bitwiseleftshift_sql
bitwisenot_sql
bitwiseor_sql
bitwiserightshift_sql
bitwisexor_sql
cast_sql
currentdate_sql
collate_sql
command_sql
comment_sql
mergetreettlaction_sql
mergetreettl_sql
altercolumn_sql
renametable_sql
altertable_sql
add_column_sql
droppartition_sql
addconstraint_sql
distinct_sql
ignorenulls_sql
respectnulls_sql
intdiv_sql
dpipe_sql
safedpipe_sql
div_sql
overlaps_sql
distance_sql
dot_sql
propertyeq_sql
escape_sql
glob_sql
gt_sql
gte_sql
ilike_sql
ilikeany_sql
is_sql
like_sql
likeany_sql
similarto_sql
lt_sql
lte_sql
mod_sql
mul_sql
neq_sql
nullsafeeq_sql
nullsafeneq_sql
or_sql
slice_sql
sub_sql
log_sql
use_sql
binary
function_fallback_sql
func
format_args
text_width
format_time
expressions
op_expressions
naked_property
set_operation
tag_sql
token_sql
userdefinedfunction_sql
joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
merge_sql
tochar_sql
dictproperty_sql
dictrange_sql
dictsubproperty_sql
oncluster_sql
clusteredbyproperty_sql
anyvalue_sql
querytransform_sql
indexconstraintoption_sql
indexcolumnconstraint_sql
nvl2_sql
comprehension_sql
columnprefix_sql
opclass_sql
predict_sql
forin_sql
refresh_sql