wave op• 資料種類:無 → image2d(僅由參數決定的運算子 —— 不接受影像或資料輸入)
• 呼叫:import optics; optics.airy_pattern(size=64, wavelength_um=0.55, f_number=5.6, pixel_pitch_um=0.5)(或 opsoptics.get("airy_pattern"))
圓形光瞳的繞射極限 PSF(艾里圖樣)。
> 以下的詳細說明為原文 —— 摘要與標題已翻譯。
`I(r) = [2*J1(v)/v]^2 with v = pi*r/(lambda*N), r` the radial
distance in the image plane, `N` the working f-number. Sampled on a
`size x size` grid centred between pixels for even *size* and on a pixel
for odd *size*. The normalisation is analytic (`I(0) = 1` by the
`v -> 0` limit), not a division by the sampled maximum: for odd *size*
the centre pixel is therefore exactly 1.0, and for even *size* the true
peak falls between pixels so the largest *sample* is below it (0.9679 at
`size = 8` with the defaults, measured). Rescaling to the sampled maximum
instead would quietly change the physics with the parity of the grid.
Returns a `(size, size)` float64 intensity image.
Ground truth it reproduces (measured, `tests/test_optics.py`): the first
dark ring sits at the first zero of `J1, r = 1.2197*lambda*N` — at
`lambda = 0.55 um, N = 5.6 that is 3.7567 um`, and the sampled
radial minimum lands at `3.760 um` on a 0.01 um grid (0.3 of a sample
away, which is the sampling, not an error); the peak is exactly 1.0 at the
centre and the pattern is symmetric to 1e-16.
The encircled energy inside that ring is the textbook 83.8% of the *whole
infinite* pattern — which a finite grid cannot measure: the Airy tails fall
off only as `1/r^3`, so a 25.6 um half-width grid reports 0.857 and a
51.2 um one 0.847 (both measured). The number is quoted here as physics,
not as something this op returns.
The `v -> 0` limit is evaluated explicitly as 1.0 rather than left to
`0/0`: that division is the classic silent-NaN in every hand-rolled Airy
routine, and the centre pixel is exactly where it bites.
Raises `ValueError: *size* outside [2, MAX_GRID]`; non-positive or
non-finite *wavelength_um*, *f_number*, *pixel_pitch_um*.
Scalar, aberration-free, unobstructed circular pupil, low NA. A central
obscuration (a mirror telescope) changes the ring structure; high NA needs a
vector treatment. For the *measured* PSF of a real system use
:func:psf_to_mtf on an image of a point source instead.
optics 的每個運算子都先檢驗輸入再計算(不讓任何東西無聲通過):
• 單位寫進參數名 —— _mm / _um / _deg / _mrad。把 mm 和 µm 弄混不會當掉,而是給出「看似合理卻是錯的答案」,所以用命名來防。這裡絕不從數值大小去猜單位。
• **字串一律 ValueError** —— float('50') 會成功,於是未解析的設定值會被當成長度混進來(實測:thin_lens('50', '200') 曾回傳看似合理的 66.667 mm)。bool 也按 True == 1 的隱式提升拒絕。
• **complex / masked array 一律 ValueError(僅接受實數槽位;拒絕無聲丟棄虛部或剝掉遮罩)。所有輸入中的 NaN/Inf 一律 ValueError**。
• 逐項點名拒絕除零及其近親:焦距 0、曲率半徑 0、折射率 <= 0、全不透明光闌(全為 0,正規化變成 0/0)、總和 <= 0 的 PSF、S0 = 0 的 Stokes 向量、物體位於前焦點(像在無窮遠)。
• 只有兩個運算子會回傳非有限值,而且都寫進了契約:depth_of_field 在超焦距以外回傳 far_mm = inf(這正是超焦距的定義),gaussian_beam 在束腰處回傳 wavefront_radius_mm = inf(平面波前的曲率半徑)。兩者都同時回傳一個有限的夥伴(far_is_infinite / curvature_per_mm)。**除此之外的無聲 NaN/Inf 都在內部檢出並 ValueError** ——「float64 溢位了」和「答案是無窮大」是兩種不同的主張,不能拿後者的臉去交付前者。
• 尺寸上限:生成網格受 optics.MAX_GRID(4096)限制,傳入的場/PSF/光闌受 optics.MAX_FIELD_ELEMENTS(2^24),ABCD 元件序列受 optics.MAX_SYSTEM_ELEMENTS(1024),Zernike 受 MAX_ZERNIKE_TERMS(512)/ MAX_ZERNIKE_ORDER(40)/ MAX_ZERNIKE_BASIS(2^25)。以 fail-closed 堵住「小參數引發巨大內部配置」的路徑(實測:n_max=40 × 4096² 需要 108 GB)。
• 物理上不可能的狀態同樣拒絕:偏振度 > 1 的 Stokes 向量、負穿透率、負強度、n-|m| 為奇數等非法 Zernike 指標。
• 範例資料目錄(下載 URL / 授權) —— 2-D 用 skimage.data(BSD/公有領域)加合成圖,3-D 給出真實資料源(Stanford/PDS 等)的下載 URL。
• 運算子來歷與參考文獻 —— 該運算子族所依據的研究/方法出處。
• 演算法的正典(作者・年份)與用途見上面的族使用指南。
• optics_imaging — py -3.11 examples/optics_imaging.py
• poc_veiling_glare — py -3.11 examples/poc_veiling_glare.py
image2d 作為輸入)fraunhofer_pattern · psf_to_mtf · illumination_uniformity · render_through_lens · surface_defect · defocus_blur
wave)angular_spectrum_propagate · fraunhofer_pattern · gaussian_beam
*Provenance: optics.py — OPTICS 運算子登記表。本條目由 tools/opdocs.py md 自動產生(請勿手動編輯)。*
© 2026 Kazufumi Furuse — Fullseye operator documentation. Licensed under Apache-2.0.