hdr op• Data kinds: image2d → images
• Call: import fullseye as fs; fs.ledger.hdr_exposure_series_simulate(radiance, exposures, eta=0.6, K=0.1, sigma_d_e=8.0, dark_offset_dn=4.0, bits=8, full_well_e=None, gamma=1.0, seed=0, as_float=True) (to call the implementation directly, import hdrfusion; hdrfusion.hdr_exposure_series_simulate(radiance, exposures, eta=0.6, K=0.1, sigma_d_e=8.0, dark_offset_dn=4.0, bits=8, full_well_e=None, gamma=1.0, seed=0, as_float=True); from the registry, opsoptics.get("hdr_exposure_series_simulate"))
• GPU: none (CPU reference implementation only)
Shoot a known-radiance scene as an exposure series with an EMVA 1288 sensor model (images).
> The detailed description below is the original text — the summary and the headings are translated.
radiance = 画素あたり・時間の単位あたりの光子数 μ_p / t(既知の真値)。各露出 t で電子 ~ Poisson(η μ_p t)(満杯 full_well_e で頭打ち)、暗雑音 N(0, σ_d²) [e⁻]、y = offset + K (電子 + 暗雑音) [DN]、[0, 2^bits − 1] で切り(飽和)、応答 x^(1/γ)(γ = 1 は線形 = EMVA の線形モデルそのもの)、量子化。as_float=True は Z / (2^bits − 1)(hdr_merge 等が levels = 2^bits で正確に段に戻す)、False は整数の段。seed を固定すれば決定的(露出ごとに別の乱数列)。
The true inverse response for γ is X(Z) = ((2^b−1)(Z/(2^b−1))^γ − offset) / (K η) photons (the mean, ignoring quantisation). Ground truth: with γ = 1 the photon transfer (var_y vs μ_y) of the output has slope K (sensorchar.emva_photon_transfer).
Every optics op validates its input before computing (nothing slips through silently):
• Units are baked into the argument name — _mm / _um / _deg / _mrad. Confusing mm with µm does not crash; it yields a plausible-looking wrong answer, so the name prevents it. Nothing here guesses the unit from the magnitude.
• Strings raise ValueError — float('50') succeeds, so an unparsed configuration value would slip through as a length (measured: thin_lens('50', '200') returned a plausible 66.667 mm). bool is refused too, as the implicit promotion True == 1.
• complex / masked arrays raise ValueError (real-valued slots only; silently dropping the imaginary part or peeling off the mask is refused). NaN/Inf raises ValueError on every input.
• Division by zero and its relatives are refused by name: focal length 0, radius of curvature 0, refractive index <= 0, a fully opaque aperture (all zeros, so the normalisation is 0/0), a PSF whose sum is <= 0, a Stokes vector with S0 = 0, and an object sitting at the front focal point (the image is at infinity).
• Only two ops return a non-finite value, and both state it as a contract: depth_of_field returns far_mm = inf beyond the hyperfocal distance (that is what the hyperfocal distance means), and gaussian_beam returns wavefront_radius_mm = inf at the waist (the radius of curvature of a plane wavefront). Both also return a finite companion (far_is_infinite / curvature_per_mm). Any other silent NaN/Inf is detected internally and raises ValueError — "float64 overflowed" and "the answer is infinite" are different claims, so the first is never returned wearing the face of the second.
• Size caps: generated grids are capped by optics.MAX_GRID (4096); supplied fields/PSFs/apertures by optics.MAX_FIELD_ELEMENTS (2^24); ABCD element chains by optics.MAX_SYSTEM_ELEMENTS (1024); Zernike by MAX_ZERNIKE_TERMS (512) / MAX_ZERNIKE_ORDER (40) / MAX_ZERNIKE_BASIS (2^25). This closes, fail-closed, the paths where a small argument triggers a huge internal allocation (measured: n_max=40 × 4096² needs 108 GB).
• Physically impossible states are refused too: a Stokes vector with degree of polarisation > 1, negative transmittance, negative intensity, and invalid Zernike indices such as n-|m| odd.
• Sample-data catalog (download URLs / licences) — 2-D uses skimage.data (BSD/public domain) plus synthetic images; 3-D lists download URLs for real data sources (Stanford, PDS, …).
• Operator provenance and references — the sources of the research/methods this op family came from.
• The canonical algorithm (author, year) and its uses are named in the family usage guide above.
• poc_hdr_glossy_metal_inspection — py -3.11 examples/poc_hdr_glossy_metal_inspection.py
images as input)film_thickness_map · equirect_stabilize · equirect_from_fisheye_pair · equirect_from_perspectives · grating_three_image_retrieve · grating_step_period_estimate · retardation_unwrap_multiwavelength · render_transport
hdr)camera_response_debevec · camera_response_robertson · camera_response_linear · hdr_merge · exposure_fusion_mertens · hdr_radiance_error · hdr_dynamic_range
*Provenance: hdrfusion.py — OPTICS operator registry. This per-op note is generated by tools/opdocs.py md (do not hand-edit).*
© 2026 Kazufumi Furuse — Fullseye operator documentation. Licensed under Apache-2.0.