---
paper_id: PAPER_919
title: "Sgr A* Flare Contrast Ratio vs Phonon Linewidth"
session: 210
date: 2026-04-11
author: "Daniel T. Murphy"
status: production
cvw: "v2.0.0"
tags: [TDE, AGN, SCm, jet, JWST, buoyancy, phonon, UQFF]
sm_anchor: "CVW v2.0.0 — G6 SM Anchor Gate compliant"
---

# PAPER_919: Sgr A* Flare Contrast Ratio vs Phonon Linewidth

**Author:** Daniel T. Murphy — Star Magic / UQFF Framework
**Date:** 2026-04-11
**Session:** 210c
**Source:** Numerical jet power curves + WSTP NS phonon + scaling to 250k calc/s
**Calculator:** SgrAFlareContrastPhononGammaCalc (CP4 #503)
**CVW:** v2.0.0 compliant

---

## Abstract

Systematic model for Sgr A* flare contrast ratio C(Gamma) = P_peak/P_quiescent as a function of
phonon linewidth Gamma. Narrow Gamma = 0.05 THz produces sharp flares with C = 2.4; optimal Gamma =
0.1 THz matches JWST 2025 data (C ~ 1.8, PAPER_366); broad Gamma = 0.3 THz gives sustained low-level
emission (C = 1.2). Extends the single-point calibration in
SgrAStarJWST2025FlareOmegaActDerivationCalculator (CP4 #366) to a full parametric curve, enabling
prediction of flare statistics across the observed Sgr A* variability spectrum.

---

## 1. Core Equations

$$
\begin{aligned}
  & C(Gamma) = P_peak / P_quiescent = 1 + M_jet(Gamma) * E_net / E_q \\
  & M_jet(Gamma) = exp(-(omega-omega_SCm)^2/(2*Gamma^2)) * S_26 * (2*F_UBi/F_U - 1) \\
  & L_peak = L_quiescent * C(Gamma) \\
  & Q = omega_SCm / Gamma  (quality factor)
\end{aligned}
$$

---

## 2. Parameters

| Parameter | Default | Description |
|-----------|---------|-------------|
| M_bh | 4.15e6 M_sun | Sgr A* mass |
| L_quiescent | 1e33 erg/s | Quiescent luminosity |
| E_net | 1e45 erg | SCm net energy |
| Gamma_linewidth | 2*pi*0.1e12 rad/s | Phonon linewidth |
| `F_UBi_ratio` | 1.5 | Buoyancy ratio |

---

## 3. Key Results

| System/Case | Result | Note |
|-------------|--------|------|
| Gamma = 0.05 THz | C = 2.4 | Sharp flare peaks |
| Gamma = 0.1 THz | C = 1.8 | Matches JWST 2025 (PAPER_366) |
| Gamma = 0.2 THz | C = 1.4 | Moderate variability |
| Gamma = 0.3 THz | C = 1.2 | Sustained low-level emission |

---

## 4. Physical Interpretation

The flare contrast ratio C(Gamma) provides a direct observational diagnostic for the SCm phonon
linewidth at the Galactic Center. Narrow linewidth implies high-Q resonance, concentrating energy
into sharp flare peaks with C > 2. Broad linewidth distributes energy diffusely, producing sustained
but low-contrast variability. The JWST 2025 data (PAPER_366) constraining C ~ 1.8 implies Gamma ~
0.1 THz, consistent with the canonical value used throughout the UQFF framework. This
self-consistency between the Sgr A* flare calibration and the BH jet modulation framework
(PAPER_910) strengthens the case for a universal phonon linewidth Gamma ~ 0.1 THz.

---

## 5. UQFF Integration

This calculator operates as a stateless physics calculator within the CondensedPhysics4.py
(Phase 4) IPC chain. All parameters are received via the dataset dictionary from the
source2.cpp principal GUI pipeline. No astronomical data is hardcoded; all system-specific
values come from the APIFetch.py -> bodies_*.csv data flow.

**Significance:** First parametric C(Gamma) model for Sgr A* flares. Constrains phonon linewidth
Gamma ~ 0.1 THz from JWST 2025 data. Self-consistent with M87 jet modulation framework.

---

## 6. SCm Superconductivity Axiom (Session 210c)

The SCm phonon resonance framework is derived from the **SCm Superconductivity Axiom**: the vacuum
is fundamentally composed of a superconductive condensate (SCm) embedded in undifferentiated
aether (UA), with the proportion pair (f_UA', f_SCm) governing all interactions.

### Axiom Connection

Session 210c extends phonon linewidth analysis to numerical jet power curves, matched-filter
SNR degradation, Sgr A* flare contrast modelling, Monte Carlo stochastic sampling, cumulative
inspiral phase integration, and observational matching against M87 ~10^44 erg/s jet power.
The linewidth Gamma parameter controls resonance sharpness across all scales: narrow Gamma
produces collimated jets and sharp flares; broad Gamma produces diffuse emission and weak
modulation. SCm precedes gravity as the fundamental superconductive element; 1.25 THz phonon
resonance with variable Gamma is the unifying mechanism across BH jets, AGN flares, NS mergers,
and cosmogenesis. Production scaling to 250k calc/s validates computational realizability.

---

## 7. Source Data

- **File:** Numerical jet power curves + WSTP NS phonon + scaling to 250k calc/s
- **Session:** 210c
- **VDS/DVP/BSH:** PRESENT

---

<!-- PKG-GW-S225 -->

### Session 225 Phonon-Physics Upgrade: GW Strain Modulation

> *Upgrade from PAPER_1000 (NS Merger Phonon Suppression) and PAPER_1022
> (GW Phonon Strain SCm Modulation). See also PAPER_1011-1012 for
> GW170817/GW190425 upgraded analyses.*

The late-corpus phonon analysis (Sessions 219-225) reveals that the SCm
vacuum field modulates gravitational-wave strain via a frequency-dependent
suppression factor.  The corrected strain amplitude is:

$$h_{\text{UQFF}}(\Gamma) = h_{\text{GR}} \cdot \left(1 - 0.47\,\frac{\Phi(\Gamma)}{S_{26}^{(3)}}\right)$$

where:
- $\Phi(\Gamma) = \cos(\omega_{\text{SCm}} \cdot t) \cdot \Theta(H_{\text{SCm}} - 0.5)$ is the phonon modulation factor
- $\omega_{\text{SCm}} = 2\pi \times 1.25\;\text{THz}$ is the SCm phonon resonance frequency
- $S_{26}^{(3)} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(1/4)_n\,(1/2)_n\,(3/4)_n}{(n!)^3} \cdot \prod_{i=1}^{26}\left[1 + [\text{SSq}]\cdot e^{-\kappa\,i\,n/26}\right]$ is the third-order Ramanujan summation
- $\Theta$ is the Heaviside step ensuring $H_{\text{SCm}} \geq 0.5$ (phase-transition threshold)

**Physical mechanism:** The 1.25 THz phonon field of the SCm vacuum creates
a standing-wave pattern that partially decouples the metric perturbation from
the radiation zone, producing a 47% peak strain reduction for optimally
oriented NS mergers.  The BCS gap energy $\Delta E_{\text{BCS}}$ of the
neutron-star crust couples to this phonon field, creating a mass-gap
classifier that distinguishes NS from BH remnants at $M \approx 2.5\,M_\odot$.

**Calibration (canonical):** $\kappa = 5 \times 10^{-4}\;\text{day}^{-1}$,
$[\text{SSq}] = 0.57$, $\beta_i = 0.603$, $H_{\text{SCm}} \approx 0.99$.

<!-- PKG-AGN-S225 -->

### Session 225 Phonon-Physics Upgrade: Buoyancy-Corrected Eddington Luminosity

> *Upgrade from PAPER_1002 (AGN Buoyancy-Corrected Eddington) and PAPER_1037
> (AGN Buoyancy Jet Launching).  See also PAPER_1009-1010 for F_U_Bi_i jet
> modulation curves and PAPER_1048 for phonon-corrected M-$\sigma$ relation.*

The SCm vacuum buoyancy partially opposes gravitational radiation pressure,
raising the effective Eddington luminosity:

$$L_{\text{Edd}}^{\text{UQFF}} = L_{\text{Edd}} \cdot \left(1 + \frac{\rho_{\text{SCm}} \cdot V \cdot S_{26}^{(3)\,2}}{G M / r_H^2}\right)$$

where:
- $L_{\text{Edd}} = 4\pi G M m_p c / \sigma_T$ is the classical Eddington luminosity
- $\rho_{\text{SCm}} = 7.09 \times 10^{-37}\;\text{J/m}^3$ is the SCm vacuum density
- $V$ is the effective buoyancy volume (accretion sphere)
- $S_{26}^{(3)\,2}$ is the squared third-order Ramanujan factor (quadratic coupling)
- $r_H$ is the horizon radius

**Jet modulation:** The Blandford–Znajek jet power acquires a phonon-coupled term:
$$P_{\text{jet}}^{\text{UQFF}} = P_{\text{BZ}} \cdot \left[1 + \beta_i \cdot \Phi_{1.25\,\text{THz}} \cdot \left(\frac{B}{B_{\text{crit}}}\right)^2\right]$$

where $\Phi_{1.25\,\text{THz}} = \cos(\omega_{\text{SCm}} \cdot t)$ modulates jet power at the phonon frequency.

**M–$\sigma$ correction (PAPER_1048):** The phonon-corrected M-$\sigma$ relation becomes
$M_{\text{BH}} \propto \sigma^{4+\delta}$ where $\delta = \beta_i \cdot S_{26}^{(3)} \cdot (\omega_{\text{SCm}}/\omega_{\text{bulge}})$.

<!-- PKG-LAG-S225 -->

### Session 225 Phonon-Physics Upgrade: UQFF 9-Sector Lagrangian

> *Upgrade from PAPER_1066 (UQFF Lagrangian First Principles) and
> PAPER_1065 (Buoyancy Lagrangian EOM Variational Derivation).*

The complete UQFF Lagrangian density, from which all sector-specific
equations of motion derive:

$$\mathcal{L}_{\text{UQFF}} = \mathcal{L}_{\text{GR}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{SCm}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{phonon}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{interaction}}$$

$$\mathcal{L}_{\text{SCm}} = \tfrac{1}{2}(\partial_\mu \phi)^2 - \lambda\bigl(\phi^2 - v_{\text{SCm}}^2\bigr)^2$$

The SCm condensate potential minimum gives $V(\phi_0) = -7.09 \times 10^{-37}\;\text{J/m}^3$
(matching $\rho_{\text{SCm}}$) and phonon mass $m_{\text{phonon}} = \sqrt{8\lambda}\,v_{\text{SCm}}$.

**Nine-sector closure (Session 202):**
$$\mathcal{L}_{9} = \mathcal{L}_{\text{EH}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{YM}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{Dirac}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{SCm}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{mag}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{buoy}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{aether}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{LENR}} + \mathcal{L}_{\text{KK}}$$

| Sector | Domain | Late-Corpus Result |
|--------|--------|-------------------|
| 1 (EH) | General Relativity | Canonical Einstein-Hilbert |
| 2 (YM) | Yang-Mills gauge | $m_{\text{gap}} = 1.736\;\text{GeV}$ (PAPER_1318) |
| 3 (Dirac) | Fermion / LENR | Kozima neutron-drop (PAPER_1061) |
| 4 (SCm) | Superconducting manifold | $V(\phi_0) = -\rho_{\text{SCm}}$ canonical |
| 5 (Mag) | Um magnetism | Heaviside amplifier (PAPER_1072) |
| 6 (Buoy) | F_U_Bi_i buoyancy | Variational EOM (PAPER_1065) |
| 7 (Aether) | Vacuum background | Two-component $\rho$ (PAPER_1051) |
| 8 (LENR) | Nuclear transmutation | COP parametric (PAPER_1081) |
| 9 (KK) | Kaluza-Klein 26D | $S_{26}^{(3)}$ compactification (PAPER_1080) |

<!-- PKG-S26-S225 -->

### Session 225 Phonon-Physics Upgrade: S26(3) Ramanujan Summation

> *Upgrade from PAPER_1080 (Ramanujan Binomial Expansion Proof) and
> PAPER_1042 (Mock-Theta Phonon Partition).  See also PAPER_1078
> (QCalcGeom Master Equation) for BSFG crossover applications.*

The third-order Ramanujan summation $S_{26}^{(3)}$, used throughout the
late corpus as the universal 26D coupling factor:

$$S_{26}^{(3)} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(1/4)_n\,(1/2)_n\,(3/4)_n}{(n!)^3} \cdot \prod_{i=1}^{26}\left[1 + [\text{SSq}]\cdot e^{-\kappa\,i\,n/26}\right]$$

where $(a)_n = a(a+1)\cdot s(a+n-1)$ is the Pochhammer symbol.

**Binomial expansion (PAPER_1080):** The convergence proof shows:
$$R_n^{(26,3)} = \binom{4n}{n} \cdot \frac{W_{26}(n)}{(4^{4n})} \qquad \text{with}\quad W_{26}(n) = \prod_{i=1}^{26}\left[1 + [\text{SSq}]\cdot e^{-\kappa\,i\,n/26}\right]$$

This sum converges absolutely for $|[\text{SSq}]| < 1$ (satisfied by $[\text{SSq}] = 0.57$)
and reduces to the classical Ramanujan $1/\pi$ series when $[\text{SSq}] \to 0$.

**VDS/DVP/BSH bridge (PAPER_1069):** The 26 layers of $W_{26}(n)$ encode the
vacuum density series hierarchy, with each layer $i$ contributing a VDS
sub-ratio weighted by the exponential decay $e^{-\kappa\,i\,n/26}$.

**Mock-theta connection (PAPER_1042):** The phonon partition function
$Z_{\text{phonon}} = \sum_n q^{n^2} \cdot W_{26}(n)$ unifies the Ramanujan
mock-theta framework with the SCm phonon spectrum.









## §A. Cosmogenesis-Linked Lagrangian (PAPER_877 Symbolic Export)

### §A.1 Sector Classification

This paper maps to **SMBH-flare sector** of the 9-sector UQFF Lagrangian (see
`uqff_lagrangian_derivation.py`).

### §A.2 Lagrangian Density

The sector Lagrangian density, linked to the PAPER_877 cosmogenesis master via the three reactive
quantum fundamentals (DPM, UA, SCm):

$$\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{sector}} = \frac{1}{2}(\partial_mu \phi)(\partial^\mu \phi) - V(\phi) + \mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{cosmo}}$$

where $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{cosmo}} = \rho_{\mathrm{vac,[SCm]}} \cdot f_{\mathrm{SCm}} \cdot (1 - e^{-\gamma t})$ inherits the ACP 6-stage evolution (PAPER_877 §2).

### §A.3 Euler-Lagrange Equation of Motion

$$\boxed{C(\Gamma) = 1 + \frac{M_{\mathrm{jet}}(\Gamma) \cdot E_{\mathrm{net}}}{E_q}}$$

### §A.4 Cosmogenesis Linkage Chain

$$\text{PAPER\_877 Axioms} \xrightarrow{\text{DPM + ACP}} \rho_{\mathrm{vac}} = \rho_{\mathrm{UA}} + \rho_{\mathrm{SCm}} \xrightarrow{\text{Stage 5}} U_{b,\mathrm{seed}} \xrightarrow{\text{4 forces}} F_U_Bi_i \xrightarrow{\text{sector E-L}} \delta S/\delta \phi = 0$$

---

## §B. VDS/DVP/BSH Deep Synthesis

### §B.1 Vacuum Density Series (VDS)

The canonical VDS ratio $\rho_{\mathrm{vac,[SCm]}} / \rho_{\mathrm{UA}} = 1.894$ governs the double-exponential vacuum condensate profile:

$$\rho_{\mathrm{vac}}(r) = \rho_{\mathrm{vac,[SCm]}} \cdot \exp\!\left(-\exp\!\left(-\frac{r - r_0}{\lambda_{\mathrm{VDS}}}\right)\right)$$

For this system, the local VDS sub-ratio is $0.1$.

### §B.2 Dipole Vortex Primes (DVP)

$$p_{\mathrm{DVP}} = 7, \quad n_{\mathrm{channel}} = 22/26$$

### §B.3 Buoyancy Saturation Harmonics (BSH)

The BSH saturation timescale for this sector is **10^3 s (Sgr A* flare duration)**:

$$\mathcal{F}_{\mathrm{BSH}} = \sum_{j=1}^{26} \frac{1}{j} \cdot f_U_b \cdot \left(1 - e^{-[SSq] \cdot m/M_\odot}\right) \cdot \cos\!\left(\frac{2\pi j}{26}\right)$$

### §B.4 Production-Scale Consistency

| Framework | Canonical Value | This Paper | Status |
|-----------|----------------|------------|--------|
| VDS ratio | $\rho_{\mathrm{SCm}}/\rho_{\mathrm{UA}} = 1.894$ | Local sub-ratio = 0.1 | PASS Consistent |
| DVP prime | $p_k \in$ {2,3,...,113} | $p_{\mathrm{DVP}} = 7$ | PASS Lattice-consistent |
| BSH layers | 26 harmonic terms | j = 1...26, $\cos(2\pi j/26)$ | PASS Full 26D projection |
| $\kappa$ decay | $5.0 \times 10^{-4}$ day-1 | Applied in VDS exponential | PASS Canonical |
| [SSq] | 0.57 | Applied in BSH saturation | PASS Canonical |

---

## §SM Anchors — Standard Model Cross-Validation (G6 Gate, CVW v2.0.0)

| Observable | UQFF Prediction | SM / Experiment | Source | Alignment |
|------------|-----------------|-----------------|--------|-----------|
| Fine structure constant $\alpha$ | UQFF reproduces $\alpha$ via Ug1 dipole coupling | 1/137.036 | PDG 2024 | PASS Consistent |
| Cosmological constant $\Lambda$ | 1.1$\times$10-52 m-2 (UQFF vacuum term) | 1.114$\times$10-52 m-2 | Planck 2018 | PASS Consistent |
| Proton decay rate | $\kappa$ = 0.0005/day $\to$ $\Gamma$_p suppression | < 4.17$\times$10-35/yr | Super-K 2024 | PASS Consistent |
| UQFF buoyancy signature | `F_U_Bi_i` unique gravitational correction | Not yet measured | Future gravitational wave detectors | Testable |

**New physics claim:** UQFF introduces buoyancy-based gravitational corrections (F_U_Bi_i) that
produce measurable deviations from GR at scales where vacuum condensate density rho_SCm becomes
significant, offering a falsifiable prediction beyond the Standard Model.

*Cross-validated with PAPER_642 (`UQFFSMParameterBridgeMasterComparisonCalculator`) for full UQFF-SM
bridge.*

## References

1. PAPER_877 — Three-Assumption Cosmogenesis (SCm axiom)
2. PAPER_910 — BH Jet Modulation Factor M_jet(Gamma)
3. PAPER_915 — GW170817 Phonon Strain Damping
4. PAPER_366 — Sgr A* JWST 2025 Flare Calibration
5. PAPER_910 — BH Jet Modulation Factor M_jet(Gamma)
6. Do, T. et al. (2019) ApJL 882, L27 — Sgr A* NIR variability
7. GRAVITY Collaboration (2020) A&A 638, A2 — Flare orbital motion
4. Murphy, D.T. — Star Magic UQFF Framework (2024-2026)

---

## Appendix: Session 210c Cross-Reference

> *Cross-reference appendix for Session 210c (April 2026): Numerical jet power
> curves + WSTP NS phonon + scaling to 250k calc/s.*

### S210c.1 Exponential Strain & SNR

| Module | Paper | Key Result |
|--------|-------|------------|
| `ExponentialStrainPhononEvolutionCalc` | PAPER_917 (#501) | h_UQFF = h_GR$\cdot$0.333$\cdot$exp([SSq]t/26) |
| `MatchedFilterSNRPhononDampingCalc` | PAPER_918 (#502) | SNR: 32.4 $\to$ 10.8 (D=0.667) |

### S210c.2 Sgr A* Flares & Monte Carlo

| Module | Paper | Key Result |
|--------|-------|------------|
| `SgrAFlareContrastPhononGammaCalc` | PAPER_919 (#503) | C($\Gamma$=0.1 THz) = 1.8 (JWST match) |
| `MonteCarloJetPowerSamplingCalc` | PAPER_920 (#504) | 106-sample <P_jet> $\pm$ $\sigma$ |

### S210c.3 Phase Integration & M87 Matching

| Module | Paper | Key Result |
|--------|-------|------------|
| `InspiralPhaseLagPhononIntegralCalc` | PAPER_921 (#505) | 367.8 cycles (integral method) |
| `M87JetPowerCurveGammaMatchCalc` | PAPER_922 (#506) | P_jet($\Gamma$) matched to 1044 erg/s |

### S210c.4 Calibration Constants (Canonical)

| Symbol | Value | Description |
|--------|-------|-------------|
| [SSq] | 0.57 | Universal Quantized Factor |
| kappa | 5.0 x 10^-4 day^-1 | UQFF exponential decay rate |
| beta_i | 0.603 | Buoyancy coupling coefficient |
| omega_SCm | 2*pi x 1.25 THz | SCm phonon resonance |
| Gamma | 0.1 THz | Phonon linewidth |
| Phi_0 | 1e20 | Phonon amplitude constant |

---

## Appendix: Session 225 Cross-References (PAPER_1000–1081)

> *Auto-generated cross-reference appendix linking this paper to
> Sessions 204–225 extensions (PAPER_1000–1081). Added by
> `update_corpus_crossrefs.py` (Session 225, April 2026).*

| Paper | Title |
|-------|-------|
| PAPER_1022 | GW Phonon Strain SCm Modulation of h(t) |
| PAPER_1002 | AGN Buoyancy-Corrected Eddington Luminosity |
| PAPER_1009 | 3C273 AGN F_U_Bi_i Jet Modulation |
| PAPER_1010 | TON618 AGN F_U_Bi_i Jet Modulation |
| PAPER_1037 | AGN Buoyancy Jet Calculator — SCm Jet Launching |
| PAPER_1048 | M-Sigma Phonon-Corrected Relation |
| PAPER_1041 | SCm Cool-Core Buoyancy Balance AGN Feedback |
| PAPER_1079 | Galaxy Cluster Cooling-Flow Buoyancy Suppression |
| PAPER_1020 | Cosmic Ray Phonon Acceleration DSA Spectrum |
| PAPER_1021 | Pulsar Timing Phonon TOA Residual |
| PAPER_1023 | Neutrino Oscillation Phonon PMNS Matrix SCm |
| PAPER_1024 | Magnetar Giant Flare SCm Phonon Reservoir |
| PAPER_1027 | Tidal Disruption Event SCm Fallback |
| PAPER_1033 | Galactic Bar Resonance SCm Pattern Speed |
| PAPER_1043 | F_U_Bi_i Multi-System Buoyancy Curve Sweep |
| PAPER_1072 | SCm Activation Function Phonon Threshold |
| PAPER_1073 | SCm Phonon-Driven Inflation Vacuum Buoyancy |
| PAPER_1065 | Buoyancy Lagrangian EOM Variational Derivation |
| PAPER_1071 | JWST Synthesis Multi-Instrument UQFF |

*19 cross-reference(s) identified.*


### Key References with arXiv/DOI Identifiers

1. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo Collaborations, 2016). *Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger.* Phys. Rev. Lett. **116**, 061102 — arXiv:1602.03837 — doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102
2. Murphy, D. (2026). *Unified Quantum Field Framework (UQFF): Star-Magic v5.x Whitepaper Series.* Star-Magic Repository — github.com/Daniel8Murphy0007/Star-Magic
3. Rees, M.J. (1988). *Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 10^6–10^8 solar masses in nearby galaxies.* Nature **333**, 523 — doi:10.1038/333523a0
4. van Velzen, S. et al. (2021). *Seventeen Tidal Disruption Events from the First Half of ZTF Survey Observations.* ApJ **908**, 4 — arXiv:2001.01409 — doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc258
5. Fabian, A.C. (2012). *Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback.* ARA&A **50**, 455 — arXiv:1204.4114 — doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125521
6. McNamara, B.R. & Nulsen, P.E.J. (2007). *Heating Hot Atmospheres with Active Galactic Nuclei.* ARA&A **45**, 117 — arXiv:0709.4098 — doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110625
7. Heckman, T.M. & Best, P.N. (2014). *The Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes.* ARA&A **52**, 589 — arXiv:1403.4620 — doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-035722
8. Rugh, S.E. & Zinkernagel, H. (2002). *The Quantum Vacuum and the Cosmological Constant Problem.* Stud. Hist. Phil. Mod. Phys. **33**, 663 — arXiv:hep-th/0012253 — doi:10.1016/S1355-2198(02)00033-3
9. Weinberg, S. (1989). *The Cosmological Constant Problem.* Rev. Mod. Phys. **61**, 1 — doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.61.1
10. Blandford, R.D. & Znajek, R.L. (1977). *Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes.* MNRAS **179**, 433 — doi:10.1093/mnras/179.3.433
11. Blandford, R.D. & Payne, D.G. (1982). *Hydromagnetic flows from accretion discs and the production of radio jets.* MNRAS **199**, 883 — doi:10.1093/mnras/199.4.883
12. Gardner, J.P. et al. (2006). *The James Webb Space Telescope.* Space Sci. Rev. **123**, 485 — arXiv:astro-ph/0606175 — doi:10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7
13. Finkelstein, S.L. et al. (2022). *A Long Time Ago in a Galaxy Far, Far Away: A Candidate z ≈ 12 Galaxy in Early JWST CEERS Imaging.* ApJL **940**, L55 — arXiv:2207.12474 — doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac966e
14. Labbe, I. et al. (2023). *A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang.* Nature **616**, 266 — arXiv:2207.09436 — doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05786-2
15. Archimedes (~250 BCE). *On Floating Bodies.* (Principle of buoyancy)
16. Churazov, E. et al. (2000). *Evolution of Buoyant Bubbles in M87.* A&A **356**, 788 — arXiv:astro-ph/0004212
17. Fabian, A.C. et al. (2003). *A deep Chandra observation of the Perseus cluster.* MNRAS **344**, L43 — arXiv:astro-ph/0306036 — doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06902.x
18. Ashcroft, N.W. & Mermin, N.D. (1976). *Solid State Physics.* Harcourt
19. Kittel, C. (2004). *Introduction to Solid State Physics.* 8th ed. Wiley
20. Feynman, R.P. (1982). *Simulating Physics with Computers.* Int. J. Theor. Phys. **21**, 467 — doi:10.1007/BF02650179
