sqlglot.generator
1from __future__ import annotations 2 3import logging 4import re 5import typing as t 6from collections import defaultdict 7from functools import reduce 8 9from sqlglot import exp 10from sqlglot.errors import ErrorLevel, UnsupportedError, concat_messages 11from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, csv, name_sequence, seq_get 12from sqlglot.jsonpath import ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS, JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS 13from sqlglot.time import format_time 14from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType 15 16if t.TYPE_CHECKING: 17 from sqlglot._typing import E 18 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import DialectType 19 20logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot") 21 22ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE = re.compile(r"\\(\d+)") 23 24 25class _Generator(type): 26 def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs): 27 klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs) 28 29 # Remove transforms that correspond to unsupported JSONPathPart expressions 30 for part in ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS - klass.SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS: 31 klass.TRANSFORMS.pop(part, None) 32 33 return klass 34 35 36class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 37 """ 38 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 39 40 Args: 41 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 42 Default: False. 43 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 44 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 45 True or 'always': Always quote. 46 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 47 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 48 Default: False. 49 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 50 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 51 Default: 2. 52 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 53 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 54 Default: 2. 55 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 56 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 57 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 58 False: Disables function name normalization. 59 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 60 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 61 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 62 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 63 Default: 3 64 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 65 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 66 Default: False 67 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 68 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 69 line length. 70 Default: 80 71 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 72 Default: True 73 """ 74 75 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 76 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 77 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 78 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 79 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 80 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 81 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 82 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 83 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 84 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 85 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 86 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 87 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 88 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 89 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 90 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 91 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 92 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 93 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 94 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 95 exp.EmptyProperty: lambda *_: "EMPTY", 96 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 97 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 98 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 99 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 100 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 101 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 102 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 103 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 104 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 105 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 106 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 107 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 108 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 109 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 110 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 111 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 112 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 113 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 114 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 115 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 116 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 117 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 118 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 119 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 120 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 122 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 123 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 124 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 125 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 126 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 127 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 128 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 129 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 130 ), 131 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 132 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 133 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 134 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 135 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 136 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 137 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 138 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 139 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 140 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 141 exp.Stream: lambda self, e: f"STREAM {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 142 exp.StreamingTableProperty: lambda *_: "STREAMING", 143 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 144 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 145 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 146 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 147 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 148 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 149 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 150 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 151 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 152 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 153 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 154 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 155 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 156 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 157 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 158 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 159 } 160 161 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 162 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support in window specifications 163 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 164 165 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 166 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 167 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 168 169 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 170 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 171 172 # Always do <set op> distinct or <set op> all 173 EXPLICIT_SET_OP = False 174 175 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 176 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 177 178 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 179 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 180 181 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 182 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 183 184 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 185 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 186 187 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 188 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 189 190 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 191 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 192 193 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 194 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 195 196 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 197 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 198 199 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 200 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 201 202 # The string used for creating an index on a table 203 INDEX_ON = "ON" 204 205 # Whether join hints should be generated 206 JOIN_HINTS = True 207 208 # Whether table hints should be generated 209 TABLE_HINTS = True 210 211 # Whether query hints should be generated 212 QUERY_HINTS = True 213 214 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 215 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 216 217 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 218 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 219 220 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 221 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 222 223 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 224 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 225 226 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 227 RETURNING_END = True 228 229 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 230 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 231 232 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 233 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 234 235 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 236 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 237 238 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 239 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 240 241 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 242 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 243 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 244 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 245 246 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 247 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 248 249 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 250 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 251 252 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 253 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 254 255 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 256 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 257 258 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 259 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 260 261 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 262 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 263 264 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 265 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 266 267 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 268 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 269 270 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 271 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 272 273 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 274 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 275 276 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 277 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 278 279 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 280 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 281 282 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 283 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 284 285 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 286 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 287 288 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 289 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 290 291 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 292 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 293 294 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 295 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 296 297 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 298 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 299 300 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 301 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 302 303 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 304 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 305 306 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 307 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 308 309 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 310 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 311 312 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 313 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 314 315 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 316 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 317 318 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 319 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 320 321 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 322 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 323 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 324 325 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 326 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 327 328 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 329 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 330 331 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 332 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 333 334 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 335 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 336 337 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 338 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 339 340 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 341 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 342 343 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 344 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 345 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 346 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 347 348 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 349 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 350 351 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 352 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 353 354 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 355 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 356 357 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 358 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 359 360 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 361 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 362 363 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 364 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 365 366 # The HEX function name 367 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 368 369 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 370 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 371 372 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 373 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 374 375 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 376 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 377 378 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 379 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 380 381 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 382 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 383 384 # Whether CONVERT_TIMEZONE() is supported; if not, it will be generated as exp.AtTimeZone 385 SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = False 386 387 # Whether nullable types can be constructed, e.g. `Nullable(Int64)` 388 SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES = True 389 390 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 391 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 392 393 TYPE_MAPPING = { 394 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 395 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 396 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 397 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 398 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 399 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 400 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 401 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 402 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 403 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 404 } 405 406 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 407 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 408 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 409 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 410 "HOURS": "HOUR", 411 "DAYS": "DAY", 412 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 413 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 414 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 415 "YEARS": "YEAR", 416 } 417 418 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 419 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 420 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 421 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 422 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 423 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 424 if e.args.get("windows") 425 else "" 426 ), 427 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 428 } 429 430 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 431 432 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 433 434 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 435 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 436 437 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 438 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 439 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 440 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 441 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 442 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 443 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 444 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 445 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 446 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 447 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 448 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 449 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 450 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 451 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 452 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 453 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 454 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 455 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 456 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 457 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 458 exp.EmptyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 459 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 460 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 461 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 462 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 463 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 464 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 465 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 466 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 467 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 468 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 469 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 470 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 471 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 472 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 473 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 474 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 475 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 476 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 477 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 478 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 479 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 480 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 481 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 482 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 483 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 484 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 485 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 486 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 487 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 488 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 489 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 490 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 491 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 492 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 493 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 494 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 495 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 496 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 497 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 498 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 499 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 500 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 501 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 502 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 503 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 504 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 505 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 506 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 507 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 508 exp.StreamingTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 509 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 510 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 511 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 512 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 513 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 514 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 515 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 516 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 517 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 518 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 519 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 520 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 521 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 522 } 523 524 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 525 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 526 527 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 528 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 529 exp.Command, 530 exp.Create, 531 exp.Delete, 532 exp.Drop, 533 exp.From, 534 exp.Insert, 535 exp.Join, 536 exp.Select, 537 exp.SetOperation, 538 exp.Update, 539 exp.Where, 540 exp.With, 541 ) 542 543 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 544 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 545 exp.Binary, 546 exp.SetOperation, 547 ) 548 549 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 550 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 551 exp.Column, 552 exp.Literal, 553 exp.Neg, 554 exp.Paren, 555 ) 556 557 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 558 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 559 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 560 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 561 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 562 } 563 564 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 565 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 566 567 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 568 569 __slots__ = ( 570 "pretty", 571 "identify", 572 "normalize", 573 "pad", 574 "_indent", 575 "normalize_functions", 576 "unsupported_level", 577 "max_unsupported", 578 "leading_comma", 579 "max_text_width", 580 "comments", 581 "dialect", 582 "unsupported_messages", 583 "_escaped_quote_end", 584 "_escaped_identifier_end", 585 "_next_name", 586 ) 587 588 def __init__( 589 self, 590 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 591 identify: str | bool = False, 592 normalize: bool = False, 593 pad: int = 2, 594 indent: int = 2, 595 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 596 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 597 max_unsupported: int = 3, 598 leading_comma: bool = False, 599 max_text_width: int = 80, 600 comments: bool = True, 601 dialect: DialectType = None, 602 ): 603 import sqlglot 604 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 605 606 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 607 self.identify = identify 608 self.normalize = normalize 609 self.pad = pad 610 self._indent = indent 611 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 612 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 613 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 614 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 615 self.comments = comments 616 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 617 618 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 619 self.normalize_functions = ( 620 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 621 ) 622 623 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 624 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 625 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 626 ) 627 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 628 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 629 ) 630 631 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 632 633 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 634 """ 635 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 636 637 Args: 638 expression: The syntax tree. 639 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 640 it is safer to copy. 641 642 Returns: 643 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 644 """ 645 if copy: 646 expression = expression.copy() 647 648 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 649 650 self.unsupported_messages = [] 651 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 652 653 if self.pretty: 654 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 655 656 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 657 return sql 658 659 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 660 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 661 logger.warning(msg) 662 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 663 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 664 665 return sql 666 667 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 668 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 669 if ( 670 not expression.parent 671 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 672 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 673 ): 674 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 675 676 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 677 678 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 679 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 680 681 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 682 683 return expression 684 685 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 686 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 687 raise UnsupportedError(message) 688 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 689 690 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 691 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 692 693 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 694 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 695 696 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 697 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 698 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 699 return comment 700 701 def maybe_comment( 702 self, 703 sql: str, 704 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 705 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 706 separated: bool = False, 707 ) -> str: 708 comments = ( 709 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 710 if self.comments 711 else None 712 ) 713 714 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 715 return sql 716 717 comments_sql = " ".join( 718 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 719 ) 720 721 if not comments_sql: 722 return sql 723 724 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 725 726 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 727 return ( 728 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 729 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 730 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 731 ) 732 733 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 734 735 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 736 this_sql = ( 737 self.sql(expression) 738 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 739 else self.sql(expression, "this") 740 ) 741 if not this_sql: 742 return "()" 743 744 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 745 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 746 747 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 748 original = self.identify 749 self.identify = False 750 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 751 self.identify = original 752 return result 753 754 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 755 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 756 return name.upper() 757 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 758 return name.lower() 759 return name 760 761 def indent( 762 self, 763 sql: str, 764 level: int = 0, 765 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 766 skip_first: bool = False, 767 skip_last: bool = False, 768 ) -> str: 769 if not self.pretty or not sql: 770 return sql 771 772 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 773 lines = sql.split("\n") 774 775 return "\n".join( 776 ( 777 line 778 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 779 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 780 ) 781 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 782 ) 783 784 def sql( 785 self, 786 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 787 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 788 comment: bool = True, 789 ) -> str: 790 if not expression: 791 return "" 792 793 if isinstance(expression, str): 794 return expression 795 796 if key: 797 value = expression.args.get(key) 798 if value: 799 return self.sql(value) 800 return "" 801 802 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 803 804 if callable(transform): 805 sql = transform(self, expression) 806 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 807 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 808 809 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 810 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 811 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 812 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 813 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 814 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 815 else: 816 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 817 else: 818 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 819 820 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 821 822 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 823 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 824 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 825 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 826 827 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 828 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 829 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 830 options = expression.args.get("options") 831 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 832 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 833 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 834 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 835 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 836 837 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 838 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 839 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 840 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 841 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 842 843 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 844 return ".".join( 845 self.sql(part) 846 for part in ( 847 expression.args.get("catalog"), 848 expression.args.get("db"), 849 expression.args.get("table"), 850 expression.args.get("this"), 851 ) 852 if part 853 ) 854 855 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 856 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 857 858 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 859 join_mark = "" 860 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 861 862 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 863 864 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 865 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 866 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 867 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 868 return f"{position}{this}" 869 870 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 871 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 872 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 873 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 874 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 875 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 876 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 877 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 878 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 879 880 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 881 kind = "" 882 883 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 884 885 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 886 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 887 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 888 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 889 890 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 891 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 892 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 893 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 894 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 895 persisted = " PERSISTED" 896 else: 897 persisted = "" 898 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 899 900 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 901 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 902 903 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 904 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 905 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 906 else: 907 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 908 909 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 910 911 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 912 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 913 ) -> str: 914 this = "" 915 if expression.this is not None: 916 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 917 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 918 919 start = expression.args.get("start") 920 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 921 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 922 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 923 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 924 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 925 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 926 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 927 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 928 cycle_sql = "" 929 930 if cycle is not None: 931 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 932 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 933 934 sequence_opts = "" 935 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 936 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 937 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 938 939 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 940 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 941 942 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 943 944 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 945 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 946 ) -> str: 947 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 948 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 949 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 950 951 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 952 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 953 ) -> str: 954 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 955 956 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 957 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 958 959 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 960 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 961 962 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 963 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 964 if desc is not None: 965 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 966 return "PRIMARY KEY" 967 968 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 969 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 970 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 971 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 972 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 973 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 974 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 975 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 976 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 977 978 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 979 return self.sql(expression, "this") 980 981 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 982 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 983 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 984 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 985 986 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 987 988 properties_sql = "" 989 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 990 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 991 ): 992 properties_sql = self.sql( 993 exp.Properties( 994 expressions=[ 995 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 996 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 997 ] 998 ) 999 ) 1000 1001 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1002 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1003 elif not self.pretty: 1004 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1005 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1006 1007 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1008 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1009 1010 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1011 if expression_sql: 1012 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1013 1014 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1015 postalias_props_sql = "" 1016 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1017 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1018 exp.Properties( 1019 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1020 ), 1021 wrapped=False, 1022 ) 1023 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1024 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1025 1026 postindex_props_sql = "" 1027 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1028 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1029 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1030 wrapped=False, 1031 prefix=" ", 1032 ) 1033 1034 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1035 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1036 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1037 1038 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1039 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1040 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1041 1042 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1043 if clustered is None: 1044 clustered_sql = "" 1045 elif clustered: 1046 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1047 else: 1048 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1049 1050 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1051 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1052 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1053 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1054 sep=" ", 1055 prefix=" ", 1056 wrapped=False, 1057 ) 1058 1059 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1060 1061 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1062 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1063 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1064 exp.Properties( 1065 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1066 ), 1067 sep=" ", 1068 prefix=" ", 1069 wrapped=False, 1070 ) 1071 1072 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1073 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1074 no_schema_binding = ( 1075 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1076 ) 1077 1078 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1079 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1080 1081 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1082 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1083 1084 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1085 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1086 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1087 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1088 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1089 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1090 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1091 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1092 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1093 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1094 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1095 1096 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1097 if cache is None: 1098 cache_str = "" 1099 elif cache is True: 1100 cache_str = " CACHE" 1101 else: 1102 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1103 1104 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1105 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1106 1107 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1108 1109 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1110 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1111 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1112 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1113 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1114 1115 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1116 style = expression.args.get("style") 1117 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1118 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1119 1120 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1121 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1122 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1123 1124 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1125 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1126 if with_: 1127 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1128 return sql 1129 1130 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1131 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1132 recursive = ( 1133 "RECURSIVE " 1134 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1135 else "" 1136 ) 1137 1138 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1139 1140 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1141 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1142 1143 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1144 if materialized is False: 1145 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1146 elif materialized: 1147 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1148 1149 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1150 1151 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1152 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1153 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1154 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1155 1156 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1157 columns = "" 1158 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1159 1160 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1161 alias = self._next_name() 1162 1163 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1164 1165 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1166 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1167 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1168 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1169 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1170 1171 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1172 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1173 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1174 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1175 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1176 1177 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1178 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1179 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1180 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1181 return this 1182 1183 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1184 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1185 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1186 1187 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1188 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1189 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1190 else: 1191 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1192 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1193 1194 if escape: 1195 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1196 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1197 else: 1198 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1199 escape_sql = "" 1200 1201 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1202 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1203 1204 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1205 1206 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1207 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1208 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1209 1210 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1211 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1212 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1213 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1214 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1215 1216 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1217 nested = "" 1218 values = "" 1219 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1220 1221 type_value = expression.this 1222 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1223 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1224 elif type_value != exp.DataType.Type.NULLABLE or self.SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES: 1225 type_sql = ( 1226 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1227 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1228 else type_value 1229 ) 1230 else: 1231 return interior 1232 1233 if interior: 1234 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1235 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1236 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1237 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1238 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1239 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1240 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1241 nested = f" {interior}" 1242 else: 1243 nested = f"({interior})" 1244 1245 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1246 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1247 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1248 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1249 ): 1250 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1251 1252 return type_sql 1253 1254 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1255 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1256 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1257 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1258 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1259 1260 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1261 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1262 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1263 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1264 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1265 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1266 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1267 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1268 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1269 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1270 if self.RETURNING_END: 1271 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1272 else: 1273 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1274 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1275 1276 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1277 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1278 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1279 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1280 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1281 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1282 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1283 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1284 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1285 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1286 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1287 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1288 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1289 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1290 1291 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1292 return self.set_operations(expression) 1293 1294 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1295 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1296 1297 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1298 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1299 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1300 count = expression.args.get("count") 1301 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1302 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1303 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1304 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1305 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1306 1307 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1308 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1309 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1310 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1311 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1312 1313 agg = expression.this 1314 agg_arg = agg.this 1315 cond = expression.expression.this 1316 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1317 return self.sql(agg) 1318 1319 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1320 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1321 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1322 return "" 1323 1324 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1325 1326 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1327 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1328 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1329 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1330 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1331 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1332 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1333 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1334 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1335 if include: 1336 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1337 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1338 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1339 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1340 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1341 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1342 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1343 1344 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1345 1346 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1347 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1348 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1349 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1350 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1351 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1352 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1353 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1354 1355 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1356 1357 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1358 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1359 1360 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1361 text = expression.name 1362 lower = text.lower() 1363 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1364 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1365 if ( 1366 expression.quoted 1367 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1368 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1369 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1370 ): 1371 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1372 return text 1373 1374 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1375 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1376 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1377 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1378 1379 return text 1380 1381 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1382 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1383 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1384 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1385 return text 1386 1387 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1388 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1389 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1390 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1391 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1392 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1393 1394 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1395 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1396 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1397 1398 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1399 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1400 1401 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1402 root_properties = [] 1403 with_properties = [] 1404 1405 for p in expression.expressions: 1406 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1407 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1408 with_properties.append(p) 1409 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1410 root_properties.append(p) 1411 1412 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1413 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1414 1415 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1416 with_props = " " + with_props 1417 1418 return root_props + with_props 1419 1420 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1421 if properties.expressions: 1422 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1423 return "" 1424 1425 def properties( 1426 self, 1427 properties: exp.Properties, 1428 prefix: str = "", 1429 sep: str = ", ", 1430 suffix: str = "", 1431 wrapped: bool = True, 1432 ) -> str: 1433 if properties.expressions: 1434 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1435 if expressions: 1436 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1437 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1438 return "" 1439 1440 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1441 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1442 1443 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1444 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1445 for p in properties.expressions: 1446 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1447 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1448 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1449 else: 1450 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1451 1452 return properties_locs 1453 1454 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1455 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1456 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1457 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1458 1459 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1460 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1461 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1462 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1463 1464 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1465 if not property_name: 1466 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1467 1468 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1469 1470 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1471 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1472 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1473 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1474 1475 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1476 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1477 like = f"({like})" 1478 1479 return like 1480 1481 if expression.expressions: 1482 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1483 1484 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1485 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1486 1487 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1488 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1489 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1490 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1491 1492 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1493 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1494 local = expression.args.get("local") 1495 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1496 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1497 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1498 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1499 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1500 1501 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1502 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1503 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1504 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1505 1506 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1507 if expression.args.get("default"): 1508 property = "DEFAULT" 1509 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1510 property = "ON" 1511 else: 1512 property = "OFF" 1513 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1514 1515 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1516 if expression.args.get("no"): 1517 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1518 if expression.args.get("default"): 1519 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1520 1521 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1522 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1523 1524 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1525 default = expression.args.get("default") 1526 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1527 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1528 if default or minimum or maximum: 1529 if default: 1530 prop = "DEFAULT" 1531 elif minimum: 1532 prop = "MINIMUM" 1533 else: 1534 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1535 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1536 units = expression.args.get("units") 1537 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1538 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1539 1540 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1541 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1542 always = expression.args.get("always") 1543 default = expression.args.get("default") 1544 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1545 never = expression.args.get("never") 1546 1547 if autotemp is not None: 1548 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1549 elif always: 1550 prop = "ALWAYS" 1551 elif default: 1552 prop = "DEFAULT" 1553 elif manual: 1554 prop = "MANUAL" 1555 elif never: 1556 prop = "NEVER" 1557 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1558 1559 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1560 no = expression.args.get("no") 1561 no = " NO" if no else "" 1562 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1563 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1564 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1565 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1566 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1567 1568 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1569 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1570 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1571 if expression.this: 1572 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1573 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1574 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1575 1576 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1577 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1578 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1579 1580 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1581 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1582 1583 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1584 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1585 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1586 else: 1587 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1588 1589 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1590 1591 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1592 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1593 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1594 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1595 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1596 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1597 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1598 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1599 1600 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1601 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1602 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1603 statistics_sql = "" 1604 if statistics is not None: 1605 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1606 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1607 1608 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1609 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1610 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1611 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1612 data_consistency = ( 1613 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1614 ) 1615 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1616 retention_period = ( 1617 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1618 ) 1619 1620 if this: 1621 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1622 else: 1623 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1624 1625 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1626 1627 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1628 1629 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1630 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1631 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1632 1633 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1634 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1635 else: 1636 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1637 1638 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1639 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1640 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1641 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1642 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1643 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1644 if is_function: 1645 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1646 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1647 1648 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1649 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1650 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1651 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1652 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1653 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1654 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1655 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1656 1657 if self.RETURNING_END: 1658 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1659 else: 1660 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1661 1662 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1663 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1664 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1665 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1666 1667 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}" 1668 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1669 1670 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1671 return self.set_operations(expression) 1672 1673 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1674 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1675 1676 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1677 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1678 1679 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1680 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1681 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1682 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1683 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1684 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1685 1686 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1687 return expression.name 1688 1689 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1690 return expression.name 1691 1692 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1693 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1694 1695 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1696 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1697 1698 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1699 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1700 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1701 1702 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1703 if expressions: 1704 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1705 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1706 1707 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1708 1709 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1710 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1711 1712 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1713 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1714 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1715 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1716 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1717 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1718 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1719 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1720 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1721 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1722 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1723 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1724 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1725 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1726 1727 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1728 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1729 1730 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1731 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1732 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1733 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1734 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1735 1736 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1737 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1738 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1739 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1740 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1741 1742 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1743 return ".".join( 1744 self.sql(part) 1745 for part in ( 1746 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1747 expression.args.get("db"), 1748 expression.args.get("this"), 1749 ) 1750 if part is not None 1751 ) 1752 1753 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1754 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1755 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1756 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1757 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1758 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1759 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1760 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1761 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1762 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1763 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1764 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1765 joins = self.indent( 1766 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1767 ) 1768 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1769 1770 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1771 if file_format: 1772 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1773 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1774 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1775 1776 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1777 if ordinality: 1778 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1779 alias = "" 1780 1781 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1782 if when: 1783 table = f"{table} {when}" 1784 1785 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1786 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1787 1788 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1789 if rows_from: 1790 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1791 1792 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1793 1794 def tablesample_sql( 1795 self, 1796 expression: exp.TableSample, 1797 sep: str = " AS ", 1798 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1799 ) -> str: 1800 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1801 table = expression.this.copy() 1802 table.set("alias", None) 1803 this = self.sql(table) 1804 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1805 else: 1806 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1807 alias = "" 1808 1809 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1810 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1811 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1812 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1813 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1814 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1815 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1816 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1817 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1818 1819 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1820 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1821 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1822 1823 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1824 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1825 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1826 1827 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1828 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1829 expr = f"({expr})" 1830 1831 return ( 1832 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1833 ) 1834 1835 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1836 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1837 1838 if expression.this: 1839 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1840 if not expressions: 1841 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1842 1843 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1844 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1845 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1846 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1847 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1848 1849 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1850 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1851 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1852 1853 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1854 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1855 field = f"IN ({field})" 1856 1857 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1858 if include_nulls is not None: 1859 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1860 else: 1861 nulls = "" 1862 1863 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1864 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1865 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1866 1867 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 1868 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 1869 kind = expression.text("kind") 1870 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1871 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 1872 1873 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1874 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 1875 1876 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1877 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1878 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1879 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1880 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1881 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1882 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1883 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1884 if self.RETURNING_END: 1885 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1886 else: 1887 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1888 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1889 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1890 1891 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1892 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1893 1894 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1895 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1896 args = self.expressions(expression) 1897 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1898 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1899 values = ( 1900 f"({values})" 1901 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1902 else values 1903 ) 1904 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1905 1906 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1907 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1908 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1909 1910 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1911 1912 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1913 row = tup.expressions 1914 1915 if i == 0 and column_names: 1916 row = [ 1917 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1918 ] 1919 1920 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1921 1922 if self.pretty: 1923 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1924 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1925 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1926 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1927 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1928 1929 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1930 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1931 return f"({unions}){alias}" 1932 1933 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1934 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1935 1936 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1937 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1938 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1939 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1940 1941 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1942 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1943 1944 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1945 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1946 if group_by_all is True: 1947 modifier = " ALL" 1948 elif group_by_all is False: 1949 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1950 else: 1951 modifier = "" 1952 1953 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1954 1955 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1956 grouping_sets = ( 1957 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1958 ) 1959 1960 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1961 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1962 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1963 else: 1964 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1965 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1966 1967 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1968 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1969 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1970 else: 1971 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1972 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1973 1974 groupings = csv( 1975 grouping_sets, 1976 cube_sql, 1977 rollup_sql, 1978 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1979 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1980 ) 1981 1982 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1983 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1984 1985 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1986 1987 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1988 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1989 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1990 1991 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1992 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1993 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1994 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1995 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1996 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 1997 return start + connect 1998 1999 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 2000 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2001 2002 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2003 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2004 side = None 2005 else: 2006 side = expression.side 2007 2008 op_sql = " ".join( 2009 op 2010 for op in ( 2011 expression.method, 2012 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2013 side, 2014 expression.kind, 2015 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2016 ) 2017 if op 2018 ) 2019 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2020 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2021 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2022 using = expression.args.get("using") 2023 2024 if not on_sql and using: 2025 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2026 2027 this = expression.this 2028 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2029 2030 if on_sql: 2031 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2032 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2033 if using: 2034 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2035 else: 2036 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2037 elif not op_sql: 2038 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2039 return f" {this_sql}" 2040 2041 return f", {this_sql}" 2042 2043 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2044 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2045 2046 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2047 2048 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2049 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2050 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2051 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2052 2053 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2054 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2055 2056 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2057 if cross_apply is True: 2058 op = "INNER JOIN " 2059 elif cross_apply is False: 2060 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2061 else: 2062 op = "" 2063 2064 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2065 2066 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2067 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2068 2069 if expression.args.get("view"): 2070 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2071 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2072 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2073 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2074 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2075 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2076 2077 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2078 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2079 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2080 2081 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2082 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2083 2084 args = [ 2085 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2086 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2087 if e 2088 ] 2089 2090 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2091 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2092 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2093 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2094 2095 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2096 2097 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2098 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2099 value = expression.expression 2100 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2101 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2102 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2103 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2104 2105 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2106 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2107 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2108 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2109 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2110 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2111 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2112 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2113 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2114 2115 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2116 expressions = ( 2117 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2118 ) 2119 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2120 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2121 2122 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2123 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2124 2125 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2126 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2127 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2128 return "" 2129 2130 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2131 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2132 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2133 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2134 2135 if wait is not None: 2136 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2137 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2138 else: 2139 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2140 2141 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2142 2143 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2144 text = expression.this or "" 2145 if expression.is_string: 2146 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2147 return text 2148 2149 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2150 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2151 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2152 text = "".join( 2153 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2154 ) 2155 2156 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2157 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2158 ) 2159 2160 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2161 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2162 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2163 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2164 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2165 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2166 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2167 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2168 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2169 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2170 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2171 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2172 2173 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2174 return "NULL" 2175 2176 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2177 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2178 2179 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2180 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2181 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2182 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2183 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2184 interpolated_values = [ 2185 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2186 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2187 ] 2188 interpolate = ( 2189 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2190 ) 2191 return f"{order}{interpolate}" 2192 2193 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2194 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2195 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2196 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2197 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2198 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2199 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2200 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}" 2201 2202 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2203 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2204 2205 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2206 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2207 2208 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2209 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2210 2211 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2212 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2213 asc = not desc 2214 2215 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2216 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2217 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2218 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2219 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2220 2221 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2222 2223 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2224 nulls_sort_change = "" 2225 if nulls_first and ( 2226 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2227 ): 2228 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2229 elif ( 2230 nulls_last 2231 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2232 and not nulls_are_last 2233 ): 2234 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2235 2236 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2237 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2238 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2239 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2240 self.unsupported( 2241 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2242 ) 2243 nulls_sort_change = "" 2244 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2245 if expression.this.is_int: 2246 self.unsupported( 2247 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2248 ) 2249 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2250 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2251 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2252 nulls_sort_change = "" 2253 2254 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2255 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2256 2257 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2258 2259 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2260 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2261 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2262 2263 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2264 2265 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2266 2267 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2268 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2269 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2270 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2271 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2272 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2273 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2274 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2275 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2276 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2277 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2278 definition_sqls = [ 2279 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2280 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2281 ] 2282 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2283 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2284 body = "".join( 2285 ( 2286 partition, 2287 order, 2288 measures, 2289 rows, 2290 after, 2291 pattern, 2292 define, 2293 ) 2294 ) 2295 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2296 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2297 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2298 2299 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2300 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2301 2302 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2303 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2304 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2305 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2306 2307 return csv( 2308 *sqls, 2309 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2310 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2311 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2312 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2313 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2314 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2315 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2316 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2317 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2318 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2319 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2320 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2321 self.options_modifier(expression), 2322 sep="", 2323 ) 2324 2325 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2326 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2327 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2328 2329 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2330 return "" 2331 2332 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2333 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2334 ) -> t.List[str]: 2335 return [ 2336 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2337 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2338 ] 2339 2340 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2341 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2342 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2343 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2344 2345 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2346 into = expression.args.get("into") 2347 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2348 into.pop() 2349 2350 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2351 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2352 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2353 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2354 2355 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2356 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2357 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2358 limit.pop() 2359 else: 2360 top = "" 2361 2362 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2363 2364 if kind: 2365 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2366 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2367 else: 2368 if kind == "STRUCT": 2369 expressions = self.expressions( 2370 sqls=[ 2371 self.sql( 2372 exp.Struct( 2373 expressions=[ 2374 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2375 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2376 else e 2377 for e in expression.expressions 2378 ] 2379 ) 2380 ) 2381 ] 2382 ) 2383 kind = "" 2384 2385 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2386 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2387 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2388 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2389 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2390 expression, 2391 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2392 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2393 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2394 ) 2395 2396 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2397 2398 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2399 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2400 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2401 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2402 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2403 else: 2404 table_kind = "" 2405 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2406 2407 return sql 2408 2409 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2410 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2411 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2412 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2413 2414 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2415 if expression.expressions: 2416 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2417 return "" 2418 2419 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2420 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2421 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2422 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2423 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2424 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2425 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2426 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2427 2428 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2429 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2430 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2431 2432 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2433 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2434 kind = expression.text("kind") 2435 if kind: 2436 kind = f"{kind}." 2437 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2438 2439 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2440 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2441 2442 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2443 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2444 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2445 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2446 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2447 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2448 2449 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2450 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2451 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2452 2453 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2454 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2455 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2456 order = expression.args.get("order") 2457 2458 if limit or order: 2459 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2460 2461 if limit: 2462 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2463 if order: 2464 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2465 return self.sql(select) 2466 2467 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2468 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2469 2470 while stack: 2471 node = stack.pop() 2472 2473 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2474 stack.append(node.expression) 2475 stack.append( 2476 self.maybe_comment( 2477 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2478 comments=node.comments, 2479 separated=True, 2480 ) 2481 ) 2482 stack.append(node.this) 2483 else: 2484 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2485 2486 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2487 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2488 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 2489 2490 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 2491 return self.set_operations(expression) 2492 2493 def union_op(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2494 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_SET_OP else "" 2495 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 2496 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 2497 return f"UNION{kind}{by_name}" 2498 2499 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2500 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2501 2502 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2503 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2504 2505 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2506 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2507 alias.append("columns", offset) 2508 2509 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2510 columns = alias.columns 2511 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2512 else: 2513 alias = self.sql(alias) 2514 2515 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2516 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2517 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2518 else: 2519 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2520 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2521 elif offset: 2522 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2523 else: 2524 suffix = alias 2525 2526 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2527 2528 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2529 return "" 2530 2531 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2532 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2533 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2534 2535 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2536 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2537 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2538 order = expression.args.get("order") 2539 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2540 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2541 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2542 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2543 2544 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2545 2546 first = expression.args.get("first") 2547 if first is None: 2548 first = "" 2549 else: 2550 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2551 2552 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2553 return f"{this} {alias}" 2554 2555 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2556 return f"{this} ({args})" 2557 2558 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2559 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2560 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2561 2562 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2563 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2564 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2565 end = ( 2566 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2567 or "CURRENT ROW" 2568 ) 2569 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2570 2571 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2572 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2573 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2574 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2575 2576 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2577 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2578 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2579 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2580 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2581 2582 def bracket_offset_expressions(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2583 return apply_index_offset( 2584 expression.this, 2585 expression.expressions, 2586 self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2587 ) 2588 2589 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2590 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2591 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2592 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2593 2594 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2595 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2596 2597 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2598 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2599 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2600 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2601 this = self.wrap(this) 2602 return f"ANY{this}" 2603 return f"ANY {this}" 2604 2605 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2606 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2607 2608 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2609 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2610 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2611 2612 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2613 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2614 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2615 2616 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2617 2618 if default: 2619 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2620 2621 statements.append("END") 2622 2623 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2624 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2625 2626 return " ".join(statements) 2627 2628 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2629 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2630 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2631 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2632 2633 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2634 order = expression.args.get("order") 2635 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2636 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2637 2638 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2639 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2640 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2641 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2642 2643 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2644 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2645 2646 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2647 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2648 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2649 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2650 else: 2651 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 2652 2653 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2654 args = expression.expressions 2655 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2656 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2657 2658 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2659 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2660 2661 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2662 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2663 2664 return args 2665 2666 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2667 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2668 2669 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2670 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2671 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2672 2673 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2674 2675 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2676 return self.func( 2677 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2678 ) 2679 2680 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2681 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2682 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2683 2684 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2685 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2686 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2687 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2688 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2689 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2690 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2691 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2692 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2693 2694 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2695 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2696 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2697 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2698 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2699 2700 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2701 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2702 2703 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2704 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2705 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2706 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2707 2708 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2709 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2710 2711 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2712 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2713 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2714 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2715 2716 return path 2717 2718 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2719 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2720 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2721 if not callable(transform): 2722 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2723 return "" 2724 2725 return transform(self, expression) 2726 2727 if isinstance(expression, int): 2728 return str(expression) 2729 2730 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2731 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2732 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2733 else: 2734 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2735 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2736 2737 return escaped 2738 2739 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2740 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2741 2742 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2743 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2744 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2745 2746 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2747 if unique_keys is not None: 2748 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2749 else: 2750 unique_keys = "" 2751 2752 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2753 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2754 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2755 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2756 2757 return self.func( 2758 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2759 *expression.expressions, 2760 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2761 ) 2762 2763 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2764 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2765 2766 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2767 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2768 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2769 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2770 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2771 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2772 return self.func( 2773 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2774 ) 2775 2776 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2777 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2778 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2779 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2780 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2781 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2782 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2783 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2784 return self.func( 2785 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2786 this, 2787 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2788 ) 2789 2790 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2791 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2792 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2793 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2794 2795 if nested_schema: 2796 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2797 2798 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2799 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2800 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2801 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2802 2803 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2804 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2805 2806 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2807 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2808 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2809 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2810 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2811 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2812 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2813 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2814 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2815 return self.func( 2816 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2817 ) 2818 2819 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2820 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2821 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2822 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2823 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2824 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2825 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2826 2827 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2828 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2829 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2830 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2831 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2832 with_ = ( 2833 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2834 if expressions 2835 else "" 2836 ) 2837 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2838 2839 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2840 query = expression.args.get("query") 2841 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2842 field = expression.args.get("field") 2843 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2844 2845 if query: 2846 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2847 elif unnest: 2848 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2849 elif field: 2850 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2851 else: 2852 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2853 2854 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2855 2856 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2857 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2858 2859 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2860 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2861 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2862 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2863 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2864 2865 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2866 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2867 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2868 2869 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2870 if this: 2871 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2872 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2873 2874 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 2875 2876 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 2877 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2878 2879 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2880 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2881 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2882 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2883 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2884 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2885 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 2886 2887 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 2888 return self.func(self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions) 2889 2890 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 2891 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 2892 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2893 2894 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 2895 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 2896 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 2897 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 2898 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 2899 2900 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 2901 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2902 2903 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 2904 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2905 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2906 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 2907 2908 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2909 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2910 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2911 2912 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2913 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2914 elif not identifier_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2915 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2916 2917 return self.alias_sql(expression) 2918 2919 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 2920 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2921 2922 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2923 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2924 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2925 return f"{this} AT {index}" 2926 2927 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2928 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2929 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2930 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 2931 2932 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 2933 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2934 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2935 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 2936 2937 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 2938 return self.binary(expression, "+") 2939 2940 def and_sql( 2941 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2942 ) -> str: 2943 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 2944 2945 def or_sql( 2946 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2947 ) -> str: 2948 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 2949 2950 def xor_sql( 2951 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2952 ) -> str: 2953 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 2954 2955 def connector_sql( 2956 self, 2957 expression: exp.Connector, 2958 op: str, 2959 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2960 ) -> str: 2961 if stack is not None: 2962 if expression.expressions: 2963 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2964 else: 2965 stack.append(expression.right) 2966 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2967 for comment in expression.comments: 2968 if comment: 2969 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2970 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2971 return op 2972 2973 stack = [expression] 2974 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2975 ops = set() 2976 2977 while stack: 2978 node = stack.pop() 2979 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2980 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2981 else: 2982 sql = self.sql(node) 2983 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2984 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2985 else: 2986 sqls.append(sql) 2987 2988 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2989 return sep.join(sqls) 2990 2991 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 2992 return self.binary(expression, "&") 2993 2994 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 2995 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 2996 2997 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 2998 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2999 3000 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 3001 return self.binary(expression, "|") 3002 3003 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 3004 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 3005 3006 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 3007 return self.binary(expression, "^") 3008 3009 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3010 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3011 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3012 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3013 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3014 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3015 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3016 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 3017 3018 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3019 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3020 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3021 3022 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3023 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3024 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3025 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3026 3027 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3028 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3029 3030 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3031 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3032 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3033 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3034 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3035 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3036 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3037 3038 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3039 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3040 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3041 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3042 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3043 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3044 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3045 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3046 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3047 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3048 3049 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3050 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3051 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3052 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3053 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3054 3055 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3056 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3057 3058 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3059 3060 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3061 return "BEGIN" 3062 3063 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3064 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3065 if chain is not None: 3066 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3067 3068 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3069 3070 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3071 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3072 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3073 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3074 3075 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3076 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3077 3078 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3079 if dtype: 3080 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3081 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3082 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3083 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3084 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3085 3086 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3087 if default: 3088 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3089 3090 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3091 if comment: 3092 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3093 3094 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3095 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3096 3097 if not drop and not allow_null: 3098 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3099 3100 if allow_null is not None: 3101 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3102 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3103 3104 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3105 3106 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3107 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3108 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3109 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3110 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3111 3112 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3113 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3114 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3115 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3116 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3117 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3118 3119 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3120 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3121 # Remove db from tables 3122 expression = expression.transform( 3123 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3124 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3125 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3126 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3127 3128 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3129 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3130 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3131 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3132 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3133 3134 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3135 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3136 return f"SET {exprs}" 3137 3138 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3139 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3140 3141 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3142 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3143 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3144 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3145 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3146 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3147 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3148 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3149 else: 3150 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3151 3152 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3153 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3154 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3155 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3156 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3157 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3158 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3159 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}" 3160 3161 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3162 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3163 return self.expressions( 3164 expression, 3165 key="actions", 3166 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3167 skip_first=True, 3168 ) 3169 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3170 3171 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3172 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3173 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3174 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3175 3176 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3177 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3178 3179 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3180 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3181 3182 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3183 case = exp.case() 3184 for arg in expression.expressions: 3185 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3186 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3187 3188 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3189 3190 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3191 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3192 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3193 3194 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3195 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3196 3197 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3198 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3199 3200 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3201 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3202 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3203 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3204 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3205 3206 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3207 return self.sql( 3208 exp.Cast( 3209 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3210 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3211 ) 3212 ) 3213 3214 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3215 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3216 return self.func( 3217 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3218 ) 3219 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3220 3221 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3222 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3223 3224 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3225 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3226 3227 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3228 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3229 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3230 3231 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3232 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3233 return self.sql( 3234 exp.cast( 3235 l / r, 3236 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3237 ) 3238 ) 3239 3240 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3241 3242 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3243 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3244 3245 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3246 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3247 3248 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3249 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3250 3251 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3252 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3253 3254 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3255 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3256 3257 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3258 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3259 3260 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3261 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3262 3263 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3264 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3265 3266 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3267 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3268 3269 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3270 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3271 3272 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3273 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3274 3275 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3276 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3277 return self.sql( 3278 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3279 ) 3280 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3281 3282 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3283 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3284 3285 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3286 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3287 3288 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3289 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3290 3291 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3292 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3293 3294 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3295 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3296 3297 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3298 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3299 3300 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3301 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3302 3303 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3304 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3305 3306 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3307 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3308 3309 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3310 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3311 3312 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3313 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3314 3315 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3316 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3317 3318 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3319 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3320 3321 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3322 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3323 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3324 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3325 3326 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3327 3328 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3329 this = expression.this 3330 expr = expression.expression 3331 3332 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3333 this, expr = expr, this 3334 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3335 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3336 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3337 3338 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3339 3340 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3341 3342 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3343 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3344 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3345 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3346 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3347 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3348 3349 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3350 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 3351 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3352 3353 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3354 args = [] 3355 3356 for key in expression.arg_types: 3357 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3358 3359 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3360 for value in arg_value: 3361 args.append(value) 3362 elif arg_value is not None: 3363 args.append(arg_value) 3364 3365 if self.normalize_functions: 3366 name = expression.sql_name() 3367 else: 3368 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3369 3370 return self.func(name, *args) 3371 3372 def func( 3373 self, 3374 name: str, 3375 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3376 prefix: str = "(", 3377 suffix: str = ")", 3378 ) -> str: 3379 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3380 3381 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3382 arg_sqls = tuple( 3383 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3384 ) 3385 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3386 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3387 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 3388 3389 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3390 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3391 3392 def format_time( 3393 self, 3394 expression: exp.Expression, 3395 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3396 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3397 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3398 return format_time( 3399 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3400 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3401 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3402 ) 3403 3404 def expressions( 3405 self, 3406 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3407 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3408 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3409 flat: bool = False, 3410 indent: bool = True, 3411 skip_first: bool = False, 3412 skip_last: bool = False, 3413 sep: str = ", ", 3414 prefix: str = "", 3415 dynamic: bool = False, 3416 new_line: bool = False, 3417 ) -> str: 3418 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3419 3420 if not expressions: 3421 return "" 3422 3423 if flat: 3424 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3425 3426 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3427 result_sqls = [] 3428 3429 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3430 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3431 if not sql: 3432 continue 3433 3434 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3435 3436 if self.pretty: 3437 if self.leading_comma: 3438 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3439 else: 3440 result_sqls.append( 3441 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3442 ) 3443 else: 3444 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3445 3446 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3447 if new_line: 3448 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3449 result_sqls.append("") 3450 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3451 else: 3452 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3453 return ( 3454 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3455 if indent 3456 else result_sql 3457 ) 3458 3459 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3460 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3461 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3462 if flat: 3463 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3464 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3465 3466 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3467 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3468 if not property_name: 3469 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3470 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3471 3472 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3473 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3474 3475 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3476 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3477 3478 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3479 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3480 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3481 expressions = ( 3482 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3483 ) 3484 return f"{this}{expressions}" 3485 3486 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3487 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3488 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3489 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3490 3491 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3492 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3493 3494 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3495 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3496 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3497 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3498 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3499 3500 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3501 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3502 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3503 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3504 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3505 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3506 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3507 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3508 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3509 else: 3510 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3511 else: 3512 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3513 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3514 3515 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3516 table = expression.this 3517 table_alias = "" 3518 3519 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3520 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3521 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3522 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3523 3524 this = self.sql(table) 3525 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3526 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3527 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3528 sep = self.sep() 3529 3530 return self.prepend_ctes( 3531 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3532 ) 3533 3534 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3535 if expression.args.get("format"): 3536 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 3537 3538 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3539 3540 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3541 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3542 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3543 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3544 3545 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3546 if not fmt: 3547 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3548 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3549 3550 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3551 3552 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3553 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3554 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3555 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3556 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3557 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3558 3559 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3560 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3561 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3562 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3563 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3564 3565 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3566 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3567 3568 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3569 return "" 3570 3571 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3572 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3573 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3574 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3575 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3576 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3577 3578 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3579 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3580 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3581 3582 if having: 3583 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3584 3585 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3586 3587 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3588 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3589 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3590 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3591 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3592 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3593 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3594 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3595 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3596 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3597 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3598 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3599 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3600 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3601 3602 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3603 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3604 if key_block_size: 3605 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3606 3607 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3608 if using: 3609 return f"USING {using}" 3610 3611 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3612 if parser: 3613 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3614 3615 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3616 if comment: 3617 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3618 3619 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3620 if visible is not None: 3621 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3622 3623 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3624 if engine_attr: 3625 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3626 3627 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3628 if secondary_engine_attr: 3629 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3630 3631 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3632 return "" 3633 3634 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3635 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3636 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3637 3638 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3639 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3640 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3641 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3642 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3643 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3644 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3645 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3646 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3647 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3648 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3649 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3650 3651 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3652 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3653 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3654 3655 case = exp.Case().when( 3656 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3657 expression.args["true"], 3658 copy=False, 3659 ) 3660 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3661 if else_cond: 3662 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3663 3664 return self.sql(case) 3665 3666 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3667 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3668 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3669 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3670 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3671 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3672 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3673 3674 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3675 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3676 3677 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3678 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3679 3680 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3681 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3682 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3683 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3684 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3685 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3686 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3687 3688 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3689 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3690 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3691 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3692 3693 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3694 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3695 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3696 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3697 3698 def operator_sql(self, expression: exp.Operator) -> str: 3699 return self.binary(expression, f"OPERATOR({self.sql(expression, 'operator')})") 3700 3701 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3702 arg = expression.this 3703 if not arg.type: 3704 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3705 3706 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3707 3708 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3709 return self.sql(arg) 3710 3711 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3712 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3713 3714 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3715 this = expression.this 3716 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3717 return self.sql(this) 3718 3719 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3720 3721 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3722 this = expression.this 3723 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3724 return self.sql(this) 3725 3726 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3727 3728 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3729 this = expression.this 3730 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3731 3732 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3733 return self.sql( 3734 exp.cast( 3735 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3736 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3737 ) 3738 ) 3739 3740 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3741 return self.sql(this) 3742 3743 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3744 3745 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3746 return self.sql( 3747 exp.func( 3748 "DATEDIFF", 3749 expression.this, 3750 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3751 "day", 3752 ) 3753 ) 3754 3755 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3756 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3757 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3758 3759 unit = expression.text("unit") 3760 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3761 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3762 3763 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3764 3765 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3766 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3767 3768 return self.func( 3769 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3770 ) 3771 3772 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3773 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3774 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3775 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3776 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3777 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3778 3779 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3780 3781 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3782 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3783 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3784 3785 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3786 3787 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3788 expression.set( 3789 "expressions", 3790 [ 3791 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3792 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3793 else e 3794 for e in expression.expressions 3795 ], 3796 ) 3797 3798 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3799 3800 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3801 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3802 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3803 3804 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3805 3806 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3807 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3808 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3809 3810 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3811 3812 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3813 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3814 3815 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3816 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3817 3818 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3819 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3820 3821 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3822 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3823 3824 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3825 3826 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 3827 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 3828 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3829 to = expression.this 3830 value = expression.expression 3831 style = expression.args.get("style") 3832 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3833 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3834 3835 if not to or not value: 3836 return "" 3837 3838 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3839 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3840 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3841 3842 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3843 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3844 3845 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3846 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3847 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3848 3849 style_value = style.name 3850 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3851 if not converted_style: 3852 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3853 3854 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3855 3856 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3857 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3858 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3859 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3860 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3861 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3862 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3863 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3864 3865 if not transformed: 3866 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3867 3868 return self.sql(transformed) 3869 3870 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 3871 this = expression.this 3872 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 3873 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3874 return f".{this}" if this else "" 3875 3876 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 3877 return f".{this}" 3878 3879 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3880 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 3881 3882 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 3883 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 3884 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 3885 3886 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 3887 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 3888 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 3889 3890 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 3891 3892 return expression 3893 3894 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 3895 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 3896 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 3897 mods = sorted( 3898 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 3899 key=lambda x: 0 3900 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 3901 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 3902 ) 3903 3904 if mods: 3905 mod = mods[0] 3906 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 3907 this.meta["inline"] = True 3908 mod.this.replace(this) 3909 return self.sql(expression.this) 3910 3911 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 3912 3913 if agg_func: 3914 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 3915 3916 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 3917 3918 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 3919 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 3920 if self.pretty: 3921 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 3922 return string 3923 3924 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3925 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3926 3927 if expression.expressions: 3928 upper = option.upper() 3929 3930 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3931 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3932 3933 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3934 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3935 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3936 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3937 3938 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3939 3940 if not value: 3941 return option 3942 3943 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3944 3945 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 3946 3947 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3948 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3949 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3950 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3951 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3952 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3953 else: 3954 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3955 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3956 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3957 3958 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3959 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3960 3961 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3962 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3963 3964 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3965 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3966 3967 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3968 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3969 3970 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 3971 3972 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3973 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3974 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3975 3976 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3977 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3978 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3979 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3980 3981 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3982 params = self.expressions( 3983 expression, 3984 key="params", 3985 sep=sep, 3986 new_line=True, 3987 skip_last=True, 3988 skip_first=True, 3989 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3990 ) 3991 3992 if params: 3993 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3994 params = f" WITH ({params})" 3995 elif not self.pretty: 3996 params = f" {params}" 3997 3998 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 3999 4000 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 4001 return "" 4002 4003 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4004 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4005 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4006 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4007 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4008 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4009 4010 if filter_col or retention_period: 4011 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4012 4013 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 4014 4015 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4016 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4017 ) -> str: 4018 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4019 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4020 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4021 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4022 4023 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4024 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4025 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4026 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4027 4028 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4029 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4030 4031 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4032 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4033 expr = expression.expression 4034 4035 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4036 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4037 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4038 else: 4039 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4040 4041 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4042 4043 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4044 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4045 return self.sql(expression.this) 4046 4047 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4048 4049 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4050 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4051 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4052 4053 if lower and upper: 4054 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4055 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4056 4057 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4058 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4059 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4060 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4061 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4062 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4063 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4064 4065 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4066 4067 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4068 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4069 4070 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4071 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4072 fill_pattern = "' '" 4073 4074 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4075 4076 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4077 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4078 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4079 4080 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4081 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4082 4083 parent = expression.parent 4084 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4085 parent = parent.parent 4086 4087 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4088 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4089 4090 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4091 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4092 4093 return self.sql(generate_series) 4094 4095 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4096 exprs = expression.expressions 4097 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4098 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4099 else: 4100 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4101 4102 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs) 4103 4104 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4105 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4106 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4107 4108 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4109 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4110 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4111 4112 if source_tz and timestamp: 4113 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4114 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4115 ) 4116 4117 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4118 4119 return self.sql(expr)
logger =
<Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE =
re.compile('\\\\(\\d+)')
class
Generator:
37class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 38 """ 39 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 40 41 Args: 42 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 43 Default: False. 44 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 45 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 46 True or 'always': Always quote. 47 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 48 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 49 Default: False. 50 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 51 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 52 Default: 2. 53 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 54 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 55 Default: 2. 56 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 57 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 58 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 59 False: Disables function name normalization. 60 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 61 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 62 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 63 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 64 Default: 3 65 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 66 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 67 Default: False 68 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 69 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 70 line length. 71 Default: 80 72 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 73 Default: True 74 """ 75 76 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 77 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 78 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 79 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 80 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 81 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 82 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 83 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 84 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 85 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 86 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 87 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 88 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 89 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 90 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 91 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 92 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 93 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 94 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 95 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 96 exp.EmptyProperty: lambda *_: "EMPTY", 97 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 98 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 99 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 100 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 101 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 102 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 103 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 104 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 105 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 106 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 107 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 108 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 109 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 110 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 111 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 112 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 113 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 114 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 115 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 116 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 117 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 118 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 119 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 120 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 122 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 123 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 124 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 125 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 126 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 127 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 128 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 129 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 130 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 131 ), 132 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 133 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 134 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 135 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 136 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 137 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 138 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 139 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 140 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 141 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 142 exp.Stream: lambda self, e: f"STREAM {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 143 exp.StreamingTableProperty: lambda *_: "STREAMING", 144 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 145 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 146 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 147 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 148 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 149 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 150 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 151 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 152 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 153 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 154 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 155 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 156 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 157 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 158 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 159 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 160 } 161 162 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 163 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support in window specifications 164 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 165 166 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 167 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 168 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 169 170 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 171 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 172 173 # Always do <set op> distinct or <set op> all 174 EXPLICIT_SET_OP = False 175 176 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 177 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 178 179 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 180 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 181 182 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 183 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 184 185 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 186 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 187 188 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 189 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 190 191 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 192 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 193 194 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 195 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 196 197 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 198 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 199 200 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 201 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 202 203 # The string used for creating an index on a table 204 INDEX_ON = "ON" 205 206 # Whether join hints should be generated 207 JOIN_HINTS = True 208 209 # Whether table hints should be generated 210 TABLE_HINTS = True 211 212 # Whether query hints should be generated 213 QUERY_HINTS = True 214 215 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 216 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 217 218 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 219 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 220 221 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 222 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 223 224 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 225 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 226 227 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 228 RETURNING_END = True 229 230 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 231 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 232 233 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 234 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 235 236 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 237 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 238 239 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 240 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 241 242 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 243 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 244 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 245 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 246 247 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 248 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 249 250 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 251 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 252 253 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 254 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 255 256 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 257 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 258 259 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 260 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 261 262 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 263 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 264 265 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 266 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 267 268 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 269 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 270 271 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 272 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 273 274 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 275 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 276 277 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 278 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 279 280 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 281 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 282 283 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 284 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 285 286 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 287 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 288 289 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 290 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 291 292 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 293 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 294 295 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 296 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 297 298 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 299 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 300 301 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 302 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 303 304 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 305 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 306 307 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 308 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 309 310 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 311 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 312 313 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 314 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 315 316 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 317 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 318 319 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 320 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 321 322 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 323 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 324 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 325 326 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 327 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 328 329 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 330 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 331 332 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 333 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 334 335 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 336 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 337 338 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 339 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 340 341 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 342 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 343 344 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 345 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 346 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 347 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 348 349 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 350 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 351 352 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 353 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 354 355 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 356 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 357 358 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 359 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 360 361 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 362 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 363 364 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 365 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 366 367 # The HEX function name 368 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 369 370 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 371 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 372 373 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 374 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 375 376 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 377 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 378 379 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 380 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 381 382 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 383 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 384 385 # Whether CONVERT_TIMEZONE() is supported; if not, it will be generated as exp.AtTimeZone 386 SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = False 387 388 # Whether nullable types can be constructed, e.g. `Nullable(Int64)` 389 SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES = True 390 391 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 392 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 393 394 TYPE_MAPPING = { 395 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 396 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 397 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 398 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 399 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 400 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 401 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 402 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 403 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 404 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 405 } 406 407 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 408 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 409 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 410 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 411 "HOURS": "HOUR", 412 "DAYS": "DAY", 413 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 414 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 415 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 416 "YEARS": "YEAR", 417 } 418 419 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 420 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 421 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 422 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 423 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 424 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 425 if e.args.get("windows") 426 else "" 427 ), 428 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 429 } 430 431 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 432 433 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 434 435 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 436 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 437 438 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 439 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 440 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 441 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 442 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 443 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 444 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 445 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 446 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 447 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 448 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 449 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 450 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 451 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 452 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 453 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 454 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 455 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 456 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 457 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 458 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 459 exp.EmptyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 460 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 461 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 462 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 463 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 464 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 465 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 466 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 467 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 468 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 469 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 470 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 471 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 472 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 473 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 474 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 475 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 476 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 477 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 478 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 479 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 480 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 481 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 482 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 483 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 484 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 485 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 486 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 487 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 488 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 489 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 490 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 491 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 492 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 493 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 494 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 495 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 496 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 497 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 498 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 499 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 500 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 501 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 502 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 503 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 504 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 505 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 506 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 507 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 508 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 509 exp.StreamingTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 510 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 511 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 512 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 513 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 514 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 515 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 516 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 517 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 518 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 519 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 520 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 521 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 522 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 523 } 524 525 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 526 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 527 528 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 529 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 530 exp.Command, 531 exp.Create, 532 exp.Delete, 533 exp.Drop, 534 exp.From, 535 exp.Insert, 536 exp.Join, 537 exp.Select, 538 exp.SetOperation, 539 exp.Update, 540 exp.Where, 541 exp.With, 542 ) 543 544 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 545 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 546 exp.Binary, 547 exp.SetOperation, 548 ) 549 550 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 551 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 552 exp.Column, 553 exp.Literal, 554 exp.Neg, 555 exp.Paren, 556 ) 557 558 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 559 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 560 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 561 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 562 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 563 } 564 565 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 566 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 567 568 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 569 570 __slots__ = ( 571 "pretty", 572 "identify", 573 "normalize", 574 "pad", 575 "_indent", 576 "normalize_functions", 577 "unsupported_level", 578 "max_unsupported", 579 "leading_comma", 580 "max_text_width", 581 "comments", 582 "dialect", 583 "unsupported_messages", 584 "_escaped_quote_end", 585 "_escaped_identifier_end", 586 "_next_name", 587 ) 588 589 def __init__( 590 self, 591 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 592 identify: str | bool = False, 593 normalize: bool = False, 594 pad: int = 2, 595 indent: int = 2, 596 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 597 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 598 max_unsupported: int = 3, 599 leading_comma: bool = False, 600 max_text_width: int = 80, 601 comments: bool = True, 602 dialect: DialectType = None, 603 ): 604 import sqlglot 605 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 606 607 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 608 self.identify = identify 609 self.normalize = normalize 610 self.pad = pad 611 self._indent = indent 612 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 613 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 614 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 615 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 616 self.comments = comments 617 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 618 619 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 620 self.normalize_functions = ( 621 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 622 ) 623 624 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 625 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 626 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 627 ) 628 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 629 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 630 ) 631 632 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 633 634 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 635 """ 636 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 637 638 Args: 639 expression: The syntax tree. 640 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 641 it is safer to copy. 642 643 Returns: 644 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 645 """ 646 if copy: 647 expression = expression.copy() 648 649 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 650 651 self.unsupported_messages = [] 652 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 653 654 if self.pretty: 655 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 656 657 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 658 return sql 659 660 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 661 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 662 logger.warning(msg) 663 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 664 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 665 666 return sql 667 668 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 669 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 670 if ( 671 not expression.parent 672 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 673 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 674 ): 675 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 676 677 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 678 679 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 680 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 681 682 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 683 684 return expression 685 686 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 687 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 688 raise UnsupportedError(message) 689 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 690 691 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 692 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 693 694 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 695 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 696 697 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 698 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 699 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 700 return comment 701 702 def maybe_comment( 703 self, 704 sql: str, 705 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 706 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 707 separated: bool = False, 708 ) -> str: 709 comments = ( 710 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 711 if self.comments 712 else None 713 ) 714 715 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 716 return sql 717 718 comments_sql = " ".join( 719 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 720 ) 721 722 if not comments_sql: 723 return sql 724 725 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 726 727 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 728 return ( 729 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 730 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 731 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 732 ) 733 734 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 735 736 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 737 this_sql = ( 738 self.sql(expression) 739 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 740 else self.sql(expression, "this") 741 ) 742 if not this_sql: 743 return "()" 744 745 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 746 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 747 748 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 749 original = self.identify 750 self.identify = False 751 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 752 self.identify = original 753 return result 754 755 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 756 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 757 return name.upper() 758 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 759 return name.lower() 760 return name 761 762 def indent( 763 self, 764 sql: str, 765 level: int = 0, 766 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 767 skip_first: bool = False, 768 skip_last: bool = False, 769 ) -> str: 770 if not self.pretty or not sql: 771 return sql 772 773 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 774 lines = sql.split("\n") 775 776 return "\n".join( 777 ( 778 line 779 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 780 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 781 ) 782 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 783 ) 784 785 def sql( 786 self, 787 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 788 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 789 comment: bool = True, 790 ) -> str: 791 if not expression: 792 return "" 793 794 if isinstance(expression, str): 795 return expression 796 797 if key: 798 value = expression.args.get(key) 799 if value: 800 return self.sql(value) 801 return "" 802 803 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 804 805 if callable(transform): 806 sql = transform(self, expression) 807 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 808 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 809 810 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 811 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 812 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 813 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 814 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 815 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 816 else: 817 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 818 else: 819 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 820 821 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 822 823 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 824 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 825 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 826 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 827 828 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 829 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 830 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 831 options = expression.args.get("options") 832 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 833 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 834 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 835 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 836 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 837 838 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 839 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 840 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 841 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 842 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 843 844 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 845 return ".".join( 846 self.sql(part) 847 for part in ( 848 expression.args.get("catalog"), 849 expression.args.get("db"), 850 expression.args.get("table"), 851 expression.args.get("this"), 852 ) 853 if part 854 ) 855 856 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 857 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 858 859 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 860 join_mark = "" 861 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 862 863 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 864 865 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 866 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 867 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 868 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 869 return f"{position}{this}" 870 871 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 872 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 873 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 874 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 875 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 876 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 877 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 878 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 879 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 880 881 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 882 kind = "" 883 884 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 885 886 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 887 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 888 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 889 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 890 891 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 892 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 893 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 894 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 895 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 896 persisted = " PERSISTED" 897 else: 898 persisted = "" 899 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 900 901 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 902 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 903 904 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 905 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 906 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 907 else: 908 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 909 910 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 911 912 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 913 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 914 ) -> str: 915 this = "" 916 if expression.this is not None: 917 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 918 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 919 920 start = expression.args.get("start") 921 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 922 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 923 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 924 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 925 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 926 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 927 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 928 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 929 cycle_sql = "" 930 931 if cycle is not None: 932 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 933 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 934 935 sequence_opts = "" 936 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 937 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 938 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 939 940 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 941 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 942 943 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 944 945 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 946 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 947 ) -> str: 948 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 949 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 950 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 951 952 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 953 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 954 ) -> str: 955 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 956 957 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 958 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 959 960 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 961 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 962 963 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 964 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 965 if desc is not None: 966 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 967 return "PRIMARY KEY" 968 969 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 970 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 971 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 972 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 973 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 974 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 975 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 976 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 977 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 978 979 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 980 return self.sql(expression, "this") 981 982 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 983 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 984 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 985 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 986 987 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 988 989 properties_sql = "" 990 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 991 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 992 ): 993 properties_sql = self.sql( 994 exp.Properties( 995 expressions=[ 996 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 997 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 998 ] 999 ) 1000 ) 1001 1002 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1003 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1004 elif not self.pretty: 1005 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1006 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1007 1008 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1009 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1010 1011 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1012 if expression_sql: 1013 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1014 1015 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1016 postalias_props_sql = "" 1017 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1018 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1019 exp.Properties( 1020 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1021 ), 1022 wrapped=False, 1023 ) 1024 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1025 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1026 1027 postindex_props_sql = "" 1028 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1029 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1030 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1031 wrapped=False, 1032 prefix=" ", 1033 ) 1034 1035 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1036 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1037 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1038 1039 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1040 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1041 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1042 1043 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1044 if clustered is None: 1045 clustered_sql = "" 1046 elif clustered: 1047 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1048 else: 1049 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1050 1051 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1052 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1053 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1054 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1055 sep=" ", 1056 prefix=" ", 1057 wrapped=False, 1058 ) 1059 1060 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1061 1062 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1063 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1064 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1065 exp.Properties( 1066 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1067 ), 1068 sep=" ", 1069 prefix=" ", 1070 wrapped=False, 1071 ) 1072 1073 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1074 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1075 no_schema_binding = ( 1076 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1077 ) 1078 1079 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1080 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1081 1082 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1083 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1084 1085 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1086 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1087 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1088 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1089 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1090 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1091 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1092 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1093 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1094 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1095 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1096 1097 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1098 if cache is None: 1099 cache_str = "" 1100 elif cache is True: 1101 cache_str = " CACHE" 1102 else: 1103 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1104 1105 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1106 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1107 1108 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1109 1110 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1111 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1112 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1113 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1114 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1115 1116 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1117 style = expression.args.get("style") 1118 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1119 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1120 1121 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1122 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1123 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1124 1125 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1126 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1127 if with_: 1128 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1129 return sql 1130 1131 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1132 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1133 recursive = ( 1134 "RECURSIVE " 1135 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1136 else "" 1137 ) 1138 1139 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1140 1141 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1142 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1143 1144 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1145 if materialized is False: 1146 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1147 elif materialized: 1148 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1149 1150 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1151 1152 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1153 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1154 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1155 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1156 1157 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1158 columns = "" 1159 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1160 1161 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1162 alias = self._next_name() 1163 1164 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1165 1166 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1167 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1168 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1169 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1170 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1171 1172 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1173 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1174 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1175 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1176 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1177 1178 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1179 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1180 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1181 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1182 return this 1183 1184 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1185 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1186 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1187 1188 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1189 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1190 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1191 else: 1192 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1193 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1194 1195 if escape: 1196 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1197 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1198 else: 1199 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1200 escape_sql = "" 1201 1202 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1203 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1204 1205 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1206 1207 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1208 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1209 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1210 1211 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1212 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1213 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1214 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1215 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1216 1217 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1218 nested = "" 1219 values = "" 1220 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1221 1222 type_value = expression.this 1223 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1224 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1225 elif type_value != exp.DataType.Type.NULLABLE or self.SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES: 1226 type_sql = ( 1227 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1228 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1229 else type_value 1230 ) 1231 else: 1232 return interior 1233 1234 if interior: 1235 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1236 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1237 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1238 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1239 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1240 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1241 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1242 nested = f" {interior}" 1243 else: 1244 nested = f"({interior})" 1245 1246 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1247 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1248 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1249 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1250 ): 1251 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1252 1253 return type_sql 1254 1255 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1256 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1257 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1258 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1259 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1260 1261 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1262 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1263 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1264 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1265 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1266 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1267 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1268 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1269 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1270 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1271 if self.RETURNING_END: 1272 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1273 else: 1274 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1275 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1276 1277 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1278 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1279 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1280 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1281 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1282 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1283 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1284 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1285 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1286 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1287 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1288 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1289 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1290 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1291 1292 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1293 return self.set_operations(expression) 1294 1295 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1296 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1297 1298 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1299 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1300 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1301 count = expression.args.get("count") 1302 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1303 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1304 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1305 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1306 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1307 1308 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1309 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1310 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1311 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1312 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1313 1314 agg = expression.this 1315 agg_arg = agg.this 1316 cond = expression.expression.this 1317 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1318 return self.sql(agg) 1319 1320 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1321 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1322 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1323 return "" 1324 1325 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1326 1327 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1328 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1329 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1330 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1331 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1332 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1333 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1334 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1335 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1336 if include: 1337 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1338 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1339 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1340 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1341 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1342 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1343 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1344 1345 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1346 1347 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1348 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1349 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1350 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1351 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1352 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1353 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1354 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1355 1356 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1357 1358 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1359 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1360 1361 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1362 text = expression.name 1363 lower = text.lower() 1364 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1365 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1366 if ( 1367 expression.quoted 1368 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1369 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1370 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1371 ): 1372 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1373 return text 1374 1375 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1376 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1377 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1378 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1379 1380 return text 1381 1382 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1383 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1384 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1385 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1386 return text 1387 1388 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1389 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1390 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1391 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1392 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1393 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1394 1395 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1396 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1397 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1398 1399 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1400 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1401 1402 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1403 root_properties = [] 1404 with_properties = [] 1405 1406 for p in expression.expressions: 1407 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1408 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1409 with_properties.append(p) 1410 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1411 root_properties.append(p) 1412 1413 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1414 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1415 1416 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1417 with_props = " " + with_props 1418 1419 return root_props + with_props 1420 1421 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1422 if properties.expressions: 1423 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1424 return "" 1425 1426 def properties( 1427 self, 1428 properties: exp.Properties, 1429 prefix: str = "", 1430 sep: str = ", ", 1431 suffix: str = "", 1432 wrapped: bool = True, 1433 ) -> str: 1434 if properties.expressions: 1435 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1436 if expressions: 1437 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1438 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1439 return "" 1440 1441 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1442 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1443 1444 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1445 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1446 for p in properties.expressions: 1447 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1448 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1449 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1450 else: 1451 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1452 1453 return properties_locs 1454 1455 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1456 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1457 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1458 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1459 1460 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1461 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1462 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1463 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1464 1465 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1466 if not property_name: 1467 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1468 1469 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1470 1471 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1472 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1473 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1474 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1475 1476 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1477 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1478 like = f"({like})" 1479 1480 return like 1481 1482 if expression.expressions: 1483 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1484 1485 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1486 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1487 1488 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1489 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1490 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1491 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1492 1493 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1494 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1495 local = expression.args.get("local") 1496 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1497 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1498 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1499 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1500 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1501 1502 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1503 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1504 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1505 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1506 1507 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1508 if expression.args.get("default"): 1509 property = "DEFAULT" 1510 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1511 property = "ON" 1512 else: 1513 property = "OFF" 1514 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1515 1516 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1517 if expression.args.get("no"): 1518 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1519 if expression.args.get("default"): 1520 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1521 1522 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1523 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1524 1525 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1526 default = expression.args.get("default") 1527 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1528 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1529 if default or minimum or maximum: 1530 if default: 1531 prop = "DEFAULT" 1532 elif minimum: 1533 prop = "MINIMUM" 1534 else: 1535 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1536 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1537 units = expression.args.get("units") 1538 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1539 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1540 1541 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1542 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1543 always = expression.args.get("always") 1544 default = expression.args.get("default") 1545 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1546 never = expression.args.get("never") 1547 1548 if autotemp is not None: 1549 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1550 elif always: 1551 prop = "ALWAYS" 1552 elif default: 1553 prop = "DEFAULT" 1554 elif manual: 1555 prop = "MANUAL" 1556 elif never: 1557 prop = "NEVER" 1558 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1559 1560 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1561 no = expression.args.get("no") 1562 no = " NO" if no else "" 1563 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1564 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1565 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1566 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1567 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1568 1569 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1570 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1571 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1572 if expression.this: 1573 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1574 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1575 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1576 1577 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1578 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1579 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1580 1581 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1582 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1583 1584 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1585 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1586 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1587 else: 1588 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1589 1590 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1591 1592 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1593 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1594 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1595 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1596 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1597 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1598 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1599 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1600 1601 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1602 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1603 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1604 statistics_sql = "" 1605 if statistics is not None: 1606 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1607 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1608 1609 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1610 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1611 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1612 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1613 data_consistency = ( 1614 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1615 ) 1616 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1617 retention_period = ( 1618 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1619 ) 1620 1621 if this: 1622 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1623 else: 1624 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1625 1626 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1627 1628 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1629 1630 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1631 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1632 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1633 1634 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1635 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1636 else: 1637 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1638 1639 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1640 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1641 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1642 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1643 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1644 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1645 if is_function: 1646 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1647 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1648 1649 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1650 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1651 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1652 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1653 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1654 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1655 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1656 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1657 1658 if self.RETURNING_END: 1659 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1660 else: 1661 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1662 1663 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1664 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1665 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1666 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1667 1668 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}" 1669 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1670 1671 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1672 return self.set_operations(expression) 1673 1674 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1675 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1676 1677 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1678 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1679 1680 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1681 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1682 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1683 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1684 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1685 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1686 1687 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1688 return expression.name 1689 1690 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1691 return expression.name 1692 1693 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1694 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1695 1696 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1697 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1698 1699 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1700 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1701 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1702 1703 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1704 if expressions: 1705 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1706 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1707 1708 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1709 1710 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1711 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1712 1713 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1714 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1715 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1716 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1717 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1718 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1719 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1720 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1721 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1722 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1723 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1724 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1725 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1726 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1727 1728 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1729 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1730 1731 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1732 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1733 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1734 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1735 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1736 1737 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1738 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1739 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1740 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1741 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1742 1743 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1744 return ".".join( 1745 self.sql(part) 1746 for part in ( 1747 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1748 expression.args.get("db"), 1749 expression.args.get("this"), 1750 ) 1751 if part is not None 1752 ) 1753 1754 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1755 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1756 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1757 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1758 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1759 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1760 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1761 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1762 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1763 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1764 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1765 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1766 joins = self.indent( 1767 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1768 ) 1769 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1770 1771 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1772 if file_format: 1773 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1774 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1775 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1776 1777 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1778 if ordinality: 1779 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1780 alias = "" 1781 1782 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1783 if when: 1784 table = f"{table} {when}" 1785 1786 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1787 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1788 1789 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1790 if rows_from: 1791 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1792 1793 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1794 1795 def tablesample_sql( 1796 self, 1797 expression: exp.TableSample, 1798 sep: str = " AS ", 1799 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1800 ) -> str: 1801 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1802 table = expression.this.copy() 1803 table.set("alias", None) 1804 this = self.sql(table) 1805 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1806 else: 1807 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1808 alias = "" 1809 1810 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1811 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1812 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1813 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1814 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1815 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1816 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1817 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1818 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1819 1820 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1821 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1822 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1823 1824 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1825 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1826 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1827 1828 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1829 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1830 expr = f"({expr})" 1831 1832 return ( 1833 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1834 ) 1835 1836 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1837 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1838 1839 if expression.this: 1840 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1841 if not expressions: 1842 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1843 1844 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1845 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1846 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1847 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1848 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1849 1850 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1851 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1852 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1853 1854 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1855 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1856 field = f"IN ({field})" 1857 1858 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1859 if include_nulls is not None: 1860 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1861 else: 1862 nulls = "" 1863 1864 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1865 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1866 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1867 1868 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 1869 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 1870 kind = expression.text("kind") 1871 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1872 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 1873 1874 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1875 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 1876 1877 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1878 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1879 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1880 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1881 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1882 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1883 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1884 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1885 if self.RETURNING_END: 1886 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1887 else: 1888 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1889 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1890 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1891 1892 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1893 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1894 1895 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1896 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1897 args = self.expressions(expression) 1898 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1899 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1900 values = ( 1901 f"({values})" 1902 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1903 else values 1904 ) 1905 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1906 1907 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1908 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1909 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1910 1911 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1912 1913 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1914 row = tup.expressions 1915 1916 if i == 0 and column_names: 1917 row = [ 1918 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1919 ] 1920 1921 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1922 1923 if self.pretty: 1924 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1925 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1926 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1927 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1928 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1929 1930 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1931 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1932 return f"({unions}){alias}" 1933 1934 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1935 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1936 1937 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1938 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1939 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1940 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1941 1942 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1943 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1944 1945 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1946 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1947 if group_by_all is True: 1948 modifier = " ALL" 1949 elif group_by_all is False: 1950 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1951 else: 1952 modifier = "" 1953 1954 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1955 1956 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1957 grouping_sets = ( 1958 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1959 ) 1960 1961 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1962 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1963 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1964 else: 1965 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1966 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1967 1968 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1969 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1970 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1971 else: 1972 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1973 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1974 1975 groupings = csv( 1976 grouping_sets, 1977 cube_sql, 1978 rollup_sql, 1979 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1980 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1981 ) 1982 1983 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1984 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1985 1986 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1987 1988 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1989 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1990 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1991 1992 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1993 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1994 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1995 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1996 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1997 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 1998 return start + connect 1999 2000 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 2001 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2002 2003 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2004 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2005 side = None 2006 else: 2007 side = expression.side 2008 2009 op_sql = " ".join( 2010 op 2011 for op in ( 2012 expression.method, 2013 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2014 side, 2015 expression.kind, 2016 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2017 ) 2018 if op 2019 ) 2020 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2021 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2022 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2023 using = expression.args.get("using") 2024 2025 if not on_sql and using: 2026 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2027 2028 this = expression.this 2029 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2030 2031 if on_sql: 2032 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2033 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2034 if using: 2035 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2036 else: 2037 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2038 elif not op_sql: 2039 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2040 return f" {this_sql}" 2041 2042 return f", {this_sql}" 2043 2044 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2045 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2046 2047 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2048 2049 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2050 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2051 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2052 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2053 2054 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2055 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2056 2057 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2058 if cross_apply is True: 2059 op = "INNER JOIN " 2060 elif cross_apply is False: 2061 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2062 else: 2063 op = "" 2064 2065 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2066 2067 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2068 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2069 2070 if expression.args.get("view"): 2071 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2072 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2073 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2074 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2075 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2076 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2077 2078 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2079 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2080 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2081 2082 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2083 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2084 2085 args = [ 2086 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2087 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2088 if e 2089 ] 2090 2091 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2092 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2093 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2094 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2095 2096 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2097 2098 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2099 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2100 value = expression.expression 2101 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2102 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2103 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2104 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2105 2106 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2107 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2108 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2109 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2110 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2111 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2112 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2113 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2114 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2115 2116 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2117 expressions = ( 2118 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2119 ) 2120 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2121 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2122 2123 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2124 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2125 2126 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2127 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2128 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2129 return "" 2130 2131 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2132 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2133 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2134 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2135 2136 if wait is not None: 2137 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2138 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2139 else: 2140 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2141 2142 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2143 2144 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2145 text = expression.this or "" 2146 if expression.is_string: 2147 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2148 return text 2149 2150 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2151 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2152 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2153 text = "".join( 2154 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2155 ) 2156 2157 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2158 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2159 ) 2160 2161 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2162 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2163 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2164 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2165 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2166 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2167 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2168 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2169 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2170 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2171 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2172 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2173 2174 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2175 return "NULL" 2176 2177 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2178 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2179 2180 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2181 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2182 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2183 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2184 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2185 interpolated_values = [ 2186 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2187 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2188 ] 2189 interpolate = ( 2190 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2191 ) 2192 return f"{order}{interpolate}" 2193 2194 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2195 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2196 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2197 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2198 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2199 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2200 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2201 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}" 2202 2203 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2204 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2205 2206 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2207 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2208 2209 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2210 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2211 2212 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2213 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2214 asc = not desc 2215 2216 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2217 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2218 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2219 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2220 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2221 2222 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2223 2224 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2225 nulls_sort_change = "" 2226 if nulls_first and ( 2227 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2228 ): 2229 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2230 elif ( 2231 nulls_last 2232 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2233 and not nulls_are_last 2234 ): 2235 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2236 2237 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2238 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2239 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2240 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2241 self.unsupported( 2242 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2243 ) 2244 nulls_sort_change = "" 2245 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2246 if expression.this.is_int: 2247 self.unsupported( 2248 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2249 ) 2250 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2251 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2252 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2253 nulls_sort_change = "" 2254 2255 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2256 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2257 2258 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2259 2260 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2261 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2262 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2263 2264 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2265 2266 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2267 2268 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2269 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2270 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2271 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2272 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2273 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2274 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2275 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2276 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2277 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2278 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2279 definition_sqls = [ 2280 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2281 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2282 ] 2283 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2284 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2285 body = "".join( 2286 ( 2287 partition, 2288 order, 2289 measures, 2290 rows, 2291 after, 2292 pattern, 2293 define, 2294 ) 2295 ) 2296 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2297 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2298 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2299 2300 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2301 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2302 2303 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2304 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2305 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2306 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2307 2308 return csv( 2309 *sqls, 2310 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2311 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2312 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2313 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2314 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2315 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2316 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2317 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2318 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2319 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2320 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2321 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2322 self.options_modifier(expression), 2323 sep="", 2324 ) 2325 2326 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2327 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2328 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2329 2330 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2331 return "" 2332 2333 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2334 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2335 ) -> t.List[str]: 2336 return [ 2337 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2338 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2339 ] 2340 2341 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2342 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2343 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2344 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2345 2346 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2347 into = expression.args.get("into") 2348 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2349 into.pop() 2350 2351 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2352 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2353 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2354 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2355 2356 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2357 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2358 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2359 limit.pop() 2360 else: 2361 top = "" 2362 2363 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2364 2365 if kind: 2366 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2367 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2368 else: 2369 if kind == "STRUCT": 2370 expressions = self.expressions( 2371 sqls=[ 2372 self.sql( 2373 exp.Struct( 2374 expressions=[ 2375 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2376 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2377 else e 2378 for e in expression.expressions 2379 ] 2380 ) 2381 ) 2382 ] 2383 ) 2384 kind = "" 2385 2386 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2387 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2388 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2389 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2390 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2391 expression, 2392 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2393 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2394 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2395 ) 2396 2397 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2398 2399 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2400 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2401 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2402 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2403 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2404 else: 2405 table_kind = "" 2406 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2407 2408 return sql 2409 2410 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2411 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2412 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2413 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2414 2415 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2416 if expression.expressions: 2417 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2418 return "" 2419 2420 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2421 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2422 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2423 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2424 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2425 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2426 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2427 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2428 2429 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2430 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2431 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2432 2433 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2434 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2435 kind = expression.text("kind") 2436 if kind: 2437 kind = f"{kind}." 2438 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2439 2440 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2441 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2442 2443 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2444 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2445 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2446 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2447 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2448 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2449 2450 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2451 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2452 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2453 2454 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2455 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2456 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2457 order = expression.args.get("order") 2458 2459 if limit or order: 2460 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2461 2462 if limit: 2463 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2464 if order: 2465 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2466 return self.sql(select) 2467 2468 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2469 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2470 2471 while stack: 2472 node = stack.pop() 2473 2474 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2475 stack.append(node.expression) 2476 stack.append( 2477 self.maybe_comment( 2478 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2479 comments=node.comments, 2480 separated=True, 2481 ) 2482 ) 2483 stack.append(node.this) 2484 else: 2485 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2486 2487 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2488 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2489 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 2490 2491 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 2492 return self.set_operations(expression) 2493 2494 def union_op(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2495 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_SET_OP else "" 2496 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 2497 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 2498 return f"UNION{kind}{by_name}" 2499 2500 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2501 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2502 2503 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2504 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2505 2506 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2507 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2508 alias.append("columns", offset) 2509 2510 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2511 columns = alias.columns 2512 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2513 else: 2514 alias = self.sql(alias) 2515 2516 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2517 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2518 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2519 else: 2520 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2521 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2522 elif offset: 2523 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2524 else: 2525 suffix = alias 2526 2527 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2528 2529 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2530 return "" 2531 2532 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2533 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2534 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2535 2536 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2537 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2538 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2539 order = expression.args.get("order") 2540 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2541 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2542 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2543 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2544 2545 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2546 2547 first = expression.args.get("first") 2548 if first is None: 2549 first = "" 2550 else: 2551 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2552 2553 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2554 return f"{this} {alias}" 2555 2556 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2557 return f"{this} ({args})" 2558 2559 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2560 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2561 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2562 2563 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2564 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2565 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2566 end = ( 2567 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2568 or "CURRENT ROW" 2569 ) 2570 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2571 2572 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2573 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2574 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2575 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2576 2577 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2578 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2579 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2580 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2581 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2582 2583 def bracket_offset_expressions(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2584 return apply_index_offset( 2585 expression.this, 2586 expression.expressions, 2587 self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2588 ) 2589 2590 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2591 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2592 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2593 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2594 2595 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2596 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2597 2598 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2599 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2600 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2601 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2602 this = self.wrap(this) 2603 return f"ANY{this}" 2604 return f"ANY {this}" 2605 2606 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2607 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2608 2609 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2610 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2611 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2612 2613 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2614 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2615 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2616 2617 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2618 2619 if default: 2620 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2621 2622 statements.append("END") 2623 2624 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2625 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2626 2627 return " ".join(statements) 2628 2629 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2630 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2631 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2632 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2633 2634 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2635 order = expression.args.get("order") 2636 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2637 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2638 2639 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2640 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2641 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2642 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2643 2644 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2645 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2646 2647 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2648 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2649 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2650 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2651 else: 2652 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 2653 2654 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2655 args = expression.expressions 2656 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2657 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2658 2659 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2660 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2661 2662 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2663 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2664 2665 return args 2666 2667 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2668 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2669 2670 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2671 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2672 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2673 2674 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2675 2676 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2677 return self.func( 2678 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2679 ) 2680 2681 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2682 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2683 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2684 2685 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2686 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2687 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2688 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2689 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2690 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2691 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2692 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2693 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2694 2695 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2696 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2697 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2698 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2699 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2700 2701 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2702 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2703 2704 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2705 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2706 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2707 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2708 2709 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2710 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2711 2712 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2713 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2714 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2715 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2716 2717 return path 2718 2719 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2720 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2721 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2722 if not callable(transform): 2723 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2724 return "" 2725 2726 return transform(self, expression) 2727 2728 if isinstance(expression, int): 2729 return str(expression) 2730 2731 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2732 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2733 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2734 else: 2735 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2736 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2737 2738 return escaped 2739 2740 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2741 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2742 2743 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2744 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2745 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2746 2747 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2748 if unique_keys is not None: 2749 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2750 else: 2751 unique_keys = "" 2752 2753 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2754 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2755 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2756 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2757 2758 return self.func( 2759 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2760 *expression.expressions, 2761 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2762 ) 2763 2764 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2765 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2766 2767 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2768 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2769 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2770 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2771 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2772 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2773 return self.func( 2774 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2775 ) 2776 2777 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2778 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2779 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2780 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2781 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2782 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2783 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2784 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2785 return self.func( 2786 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2787 this, 2788 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2789 ) 2790 2791 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2792 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2793 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2794 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2795 2796 if nested_schema: 2797 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2798 2799 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2800 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2801 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2802 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2803 2804 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2805 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2806 2807 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2808 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2809 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2810 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2811 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2812 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2813 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2814 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2815 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2816 return self.func( 2817 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2818 ) 2819 2820 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2821 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2822 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2823 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2824 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2825 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2826 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2827 2828 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2829 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2830 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2831 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2832 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2833 with_ = ( 2834 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2835 if expressions 2836 else "" 2837 ) 2838 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2839 2840 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2841 query = expression.args.get("query") 2842 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2843 field = expression.args.get("field") 2844 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2845 2846 if query: 2847 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2848 elif unnest: 2849 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2850 elif field: 2851 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2852 else: 2853 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2854 2855 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2856 2857 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2858 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2859 2860 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2861 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2862 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2863 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2864 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2865 2866 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2867 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2868 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2869 2870 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2871 if this: 2872 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2873 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2874 2875 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 2876 2877 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 2878 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2879 2880 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2881 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2882 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2883 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2884 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2885 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2886 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 2887 2888 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 2889 return self.func(self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions) 2890 2891 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 2892 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 2893 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2894 2895 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 2896 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 2897 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 2898 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 2899 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 2900 2901 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 2902 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2903 2904 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 2905 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2906 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2907 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 2908 2909 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2910 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2911 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2912 2913 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2914 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2915 elif not identifier_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2916 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2917 2918 return self.alias_sql(expression) 2919 2920 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 2921 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2922 2923 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2924 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2925 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2926 return f"{this} AT {index}" 2927 2928 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2929 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2930 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2931 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 2932 2933 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 2934 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2935 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2936 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 2937 2938 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 2939 return self.binary(expression, "+") 2940 2941 def and_sql( 2942 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2943 ) -> str: 2944 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 2945 2946 def or_sql( 2947 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2948 ) -> str: 2949 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 2950 2951 def xor_sql( 2952 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2953 ) -> str: 2954 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 2955 2956 def connector_sql( 2957 self, 2958 expression: exp.Connector, 2959 op: str, 2960 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2961 ) -> str: 2962 if stack is not None: 2963 if expression.expressions: 2964 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2965 else: 2966 stack.append(expression.right) 2967 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2968 for comment in expression.comments: 2969 if comment: 2970 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2971 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2972 return op 2973 2974 stack = [expression] 2975 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2976 ops = set() 2977 2978 while stack: 2979 node = stack.pop() 2980 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2981 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2982 else: 2983 sql = self.sql(node) 2984 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2985 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2986 else: 2987 sqls.append(sql) 2988 2989 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2990 return sep.join(sqls) 2991 2992 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 2993 return self.binary(expression, "&") 2994 2995 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 2996 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 2997 2998 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 2999 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3000 3001 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 3002 return self.binary(expression, "|") 3003 3004 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 3005 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 3006 3007 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 3008 return self.binary(expression, "^") 3009 3010 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3011 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3012 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3013 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3014 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3015 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3016 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3017 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 3018 3019 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3020 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3021 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3022 3023 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3024 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3025 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3026 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3027 3028 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3029 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3030 3031 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3032 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3033 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3034 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3035 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3036 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3037 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3038 3039 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3040 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3041 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3042 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3043 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3044 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3045 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3046 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3047 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3048 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3049 3050 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3051 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3052 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3053 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3054 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3055 3056 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3057 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3058 3059 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3060 3061 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3062 return "BEGIN" 3063 3064 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3065 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3066 if chain is not None: 3067 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3068 3069 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3070 3071 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3072 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3073 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3074 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3075 3076 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3077 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3078 3079 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3080 if dtype: 3081 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3082 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3083 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3084 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3085 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3086 3087 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3088 if default: 3089 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3090 3091 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3092 if comment: 3093 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3094 3095 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3096 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3097 3098 if not drop and not allow_null: 3099 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3100 3101 if allow_null is not None: 3102 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3103 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3104 3105 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3106 3107 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3108 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3109 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3110 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3111 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3112 3113 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3114 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3115 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3116 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3117 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3118 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3119 3120 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3121 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3122 # Remove db from tables 3123 expression = expression.transform( 3124 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3125 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3126 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3127 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3128 3129 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3130 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3131 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3132 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3133 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3134 3135 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3136 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3137 return f"SET {exprs}" 3138 3139 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3140 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3141 3142 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3143 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3144 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3145 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3146 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3147 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3148 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3149 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3150 else: 3151 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3152 3153 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3154 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3155 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3156 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3157 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3158 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3159 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3160 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}" 3161 3162 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3163 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3164 return self.expressions( 3165 expression, 3166 key="actions", 3167 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3168 skip_first=True, 3169 ) 3170 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3171 3172 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3173 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3174 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3175 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3176 3177 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3178 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3179 3180 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3181 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3182 3183 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3184 case = exp.case() 3185 for arg in expression.expressions: 3186 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3187 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3188 3189 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3190 3191 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3192 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3193 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3194 3195 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3196 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3197 3198 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3199 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3200 3201 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3202 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3203 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3204 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3205 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3206 3207 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3208 return self.sql( 3209 exp.Cast( 3210 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3211 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3212 ) 3213 ) 3214 3215 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3216 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3217 return self.func( 3218 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3219 ) 3220 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3221 3222 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3223 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3224 3225 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3226 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3227 3228 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3229 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3230 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3231 3232 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3233 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3234 return self.sql( 3235 exp.cast( 3236 l / r, 3237 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3238 ) 3239 ) 3240 3241 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3242 3243 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3244 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3245 3246 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3247 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3248 3249 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3250 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3251 3252 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3253 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3254 3255 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3256 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3257 3258 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3259 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3260 3261 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3262 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3263 3264 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3265 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3266 3267 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3268 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3269 3270 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3271 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3272 3273 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3274 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3275 3276 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3277 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3278 return self.sql( 3279 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3280 ) 3281 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3282 3283 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3284 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3285 3286 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3287 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3288 3289 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3290 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3291 3292 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3293 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3294 3295 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3296 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3297 3298 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3299 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3300 3301 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3302 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3303 3304 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3305 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3306 3307 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3308 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3309 3310 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3311 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3312 3313 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3314 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3315 3316 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3317 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3318 3319 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3320 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3321 3322 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3323 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3324 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3325 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3326 3327 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3328 3329 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3330 this = expression.this 3331 expr = expression.expression 3332 3333 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3334 this, expr = expr, this 3335 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3336 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3337 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3338 3339 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3340 3341 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3342 3343 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3344 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3345 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3346 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3347 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3348 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3349 3350 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3351 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 3352 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3353 3354 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3355 args = [] 3356 3357 for key in expression.arg_types: 3358 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3359 3360 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3361 for value in arg_value: 3362 args.append(value) 3363 elif arg_value is not None: 3364 args.append(arg_value) 3365 3366 if self.normalize_functions: 3367 name = expression.sql_name() 3368 else: 3369 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3370 3371 return self.func(name, *args) 3372 3373 def func( 3374 self, 3375 name: str, 3376 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3377 prefix: str = "(", 3378 suffix: str = ")", 3379 ) -> str: 3380 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3381 3382 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3383 arg_sqls = tuple( 3384 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3385 ) 3386 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3387 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3388 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 3389 3390 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3391 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3392 3393 def format_time( 3394 self, 3395 expression: exp.Expression, 3396 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3397 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3398 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3399 return format_time( 3400 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3401 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3402 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3403 ) 3404 3405 def expressions( 3406 self, 3407 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3408 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3409 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3410 flat: bool = False, 3411 indent: bool = True, 3412 skip_first: bool = False, 3413 skip_last: bool = False, 3414 sep: str = ", ", 3415 prefix: str = "", 3416 dynamic: bool = False, 3417 new_line: bool = False, 3418 ) -> str: 3419 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3420 3421 if not expressions: 3422 return "" 3423 3424 if flat: 3425 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3426 3427 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3428 result_sqls = [] 3429 3430 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3431 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3432 if not sql: 3433 continue 3434 3435 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3436 3437 if self.pretty: 3438 if self.leading_comma: 3439 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3440 else: 3441 result_sqls.append( 3442 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3443 ) 3444 else: 3445 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3446 3447 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3448 if new_line: 3449 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3450 result_sqls.append("") 3451 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3452 else: 3453 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3454 return ( 3455 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3456 if indent 3457 else result_sql 3458 ) 3459 3460 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3461 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3462 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3463 if flat: 3464 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3465 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3466 3467 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3468 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3469 if not property_name: 3470 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3471 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3472 3473 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3474 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3475 3476 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3477 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3478 3479 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3480 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3481 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3482 expressions = ( 3483 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3484 ) 3485 return f"{this}{expressions}" 3486 3487 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3488 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3489 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3490 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3491 3492 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3493 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3494 3495 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3496 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3497 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3498 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3499 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3500 3501 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3502 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3503 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3504 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3505 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3506 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3507 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3508 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3509 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3510 else: 3511 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3512 else: 3513 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3514 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3515 3516 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3517 table = expression.this 3518 table_alias = "" 3519 3520 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3521 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3522 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3523 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3524 3525 this = self.sql(table) 3526 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3527 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3528 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3529 sep = self.sep() 3530 3531 return self.prepend_ctes( 3532 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3533 ) 3534 3535 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3536 if expression.args.get("format"): 3537 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 3538 3539 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3540 3541 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3542 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3543 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3544 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3545 3546 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3547 if not fmt: 3548 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3549 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3550 3551 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3552 3553 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3554 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3555 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3556 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3557 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3558 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3559 3560 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3561 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3562 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3563 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3564 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3565 3566 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3567 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3568 3569 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3570 return "" 3571 3572 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3573 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3574 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3575 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3576 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3577 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3578 3579 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3580 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3581 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3582 3583 if having: 3584 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3585 3586 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3587 3588 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3589 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3590 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3591 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3592 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3593 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3594 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3595 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3596 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3597 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3598 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3599 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3600 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3601 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3602 3603 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3604 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3605 if key_block_size: 3606 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3607 3608 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3609 if using: 3610 return f"USING {using}" 3611 3612 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3613 if parser: 3614 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3615 3616 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3617 if comment: 3618 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3619 3620 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3621 if visible is not None: 3622 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3623 3624 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3625 if engine_attr: 3626 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3627 3628 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3629 if secondary_engine_attr: 3630 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3631 3632 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3633 return "" 3634 3635 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3636 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3637 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3638 3639 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3640 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3641 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3642 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3643 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3644 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3645 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3646 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3647 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3648 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3649 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3650 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3651 3652 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3653 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3654 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3655 3656 case = exp.Case().when( 3657 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3658 expression.args["true"], 3659 copy=False, 3660 ) 3661 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3662 if else_cond: 3663 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3664 3665 return self.sql(case) 3666 3667 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3668 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3669 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3670 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3671 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3672 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3673 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3674 3675 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3676 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3677 3678 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3679 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3680 3681 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3682 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3683 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3684 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3685 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3686 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3687 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3688 3689 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3690 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3691 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3692 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3693 3694 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3695 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3696 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3697 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3698 3699 def operator_sql(self, expression: exp.Operator) -> str: 3700 return self.binary(expression, f"OPERATOR({self.sql(expression, 'operator')})") 3701 3702 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3703 arg = expression.this 3704 if not arg.type: 3705 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3706 3707 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3708 3709 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3710 return self.sql(arg) 3711 3712 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3713 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3714 3715 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3716 this = expression.this 3717 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3718 return self.sql(this) 3719 3720 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3721 3722 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3723 this = expression.this 3724 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3725 return self.sql(this) 3726 3727 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3728 3729 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3730 this = expression.this 3731 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3732 3733 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3734 return self.sql( 3735 exp.cast( 3736 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3737 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3738 ) 3739 ) 3740 3741 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3742 return self.sql(this) 3743 3744 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3745 3746 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3747 return self.sql( 3748 exp.func( 3749 "DATEDIFF", 3750 expression.this, 3751 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3752 "day", 3753 ) 3754 ) 3755 3756 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3757 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3758 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3759 3760 unit = expression.text("unit") 3761 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3762 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3763 3764 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3765 3766 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3767 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3768 3769 return self.func( 3770 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3771 ) 3772 3773 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3774 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3775 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3776 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3777 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3778 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3779 3780 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3781 3782 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3783 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3784 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3785 3786 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3787 3788 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3789 expression.set( 3790 "expressions", 3791 [ 3792 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3793 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3794 else e 3795 for e in expression.expressions 3796 ], 3797 ) 3798 3799 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3800 3801 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3802 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3803 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3804 3805 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3806 3807 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3808 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3809 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3810 3811 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3812 3813 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3814 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3815 3816 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3817 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3818 3819 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3820 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3821 3822 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3823 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3824 3825 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3826 3827 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 3828 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 3829 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3830 to = expression.this 3831 value = expression.expression 3832 style = expression.args.get("style") 3833 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3834 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3835 3836 if not to or not value: 3837 return "" 3838 3839 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3840 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3841 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3842 3843 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3844 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3845 3846 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3847 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3848 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3849 3850 style_value = style.name 3851 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3852 if not converted_style: 3853 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3854 3855 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3856 3857 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3858 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3859 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3860 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3861 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3862 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3863 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3864 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3865 3866 if not transformed: 3867 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3868 3869 return self.sql(transformed) 3870 3871 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 3872 this = expression.this 3873 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 3874 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3875 return f".{this}" if this else "" 3876 3877 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 3878 return f".{this}" 3879 3880 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3881 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 3882 3883 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 3884 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 3885 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 3886 3887 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 3888 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 3889 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 3890 3891 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 3892 3893 return expression 3894 3895 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 3896 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 3897 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 3898 mods = sorted( 3899 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 3900 key=lambda x: 0 3901 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 3902 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 3903 ) 3904 3905 if mods: 3906 mod = mods[0] 3907 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 3908 this.meta["inline"] = True 3909 mod.this.replace(this) 3910 return self.sql(expression.this) 3911 3912 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 3913 3914 if agg_func: 3915 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 3916 3917 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 3918 3919 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 3920 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 3921 if self.pretty: 3922 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 3923 return string 3924 3925 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3926 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3927 3928 if expression.expressions: 3929 upper = option.upper() 3930 3931 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3932 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3933 3934 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3935 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3936 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3937 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3938 3939 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3940 3941 if not value: 3942 return option 3943 3944 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3945 3946 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 3947 3948 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3949 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3950 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3951 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3952 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3953 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3954 else: 3955 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3956 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3957 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3958 3959 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3960 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3961 3962 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3963 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3964 3965 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3966 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3967 3968 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3969 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3970 3971 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 3972 3973 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3974 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3975 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3976 3977 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3978 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3979 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3980 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3981 3982 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3983 params = self.expressions( 3984 expression, 3985 key="params", 3986 sep=sep, 3987 new_line=True, 3988 skip_last=True, 3989 skip_first=True, 3990 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3991 ) 3992 3993 if params: 3994 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3995 params = f" WITH ({params})" 3996 elif not self.pretty: 3997 params = f" {params}" 3998 3999 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 4000 4001 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 4002 return "" 4003 4004 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4005 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4006 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4007 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4008 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4009 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4010 4011 if filter_col or retention_period: 4012 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4013 4014 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 4015 4016 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4017 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4018 ) -> str: 4019 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4020 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4021 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4022 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4023 4024 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4025 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4026 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4027 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4028 4029 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4030 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4031 4032 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4033 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4034 expr = expression.expression 4035 4036 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4037 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4038 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4039 else: 4040 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4041 4042 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4043 4044 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4045 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4046 return self.sql(expression.this) 4047 4048 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4049 4050 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4051 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4052 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4053 4054 if lower and upper: 4055 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4056 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4057 4058 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4059 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4060 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4061 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4062 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4063 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4064 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4065 4066 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4067 4068 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4069 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4070 4071 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4072 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4073 fill_pattern = "' '" 4074 4075 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4076 4077 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4078 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4079 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4080 4081 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4082 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4083 4084 parent = expression.parent 4085 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4086 parent = parent.parent 4087 4088 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4089 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4090 4091 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4092 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4093 4094 return self.sql(generate_series) 4095 4096 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4097 exprs = expression.expressions 4098 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4099 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4100 else: 4101 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4102 4103 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs) 4104 4105 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4106 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4107 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4108 4109 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4110 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4111 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4112 4113 if source_tz and timestamp: 4114 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4115 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4116 ) 4117 4118 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4119 4120 return self.sql(expr)
Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.
Arguments:
- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the
indentation of subqueries and filters under a
WHERE
clause. Default: 2. - normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
Generator( pretty: Optional[bool] = None, identify: str | bool = False, normalize: bool = False, pad: int = 2, indent: int = 2, normalize_functions: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None, unsupported_level: sqlglot.errors.ErrorLevel = <ErrorLevel.WARN: 'WARN'>, max_unsupported: int = 3, leading_comma: bool = False, max_text_width: int = 80, comments: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None)
589 def __init__( 590 self, 591 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 592 identify: str | bool = False, 593 normalize: bool = False, 594 pad: int = 2, 595 indent: int = 2, 596 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 597 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 598 max_unsupported: int = 3, 599 leading_comma: bool = False, 600 max_text_width: int = 80, 601 comments: bool = True, 602 dialect: DialectType = None, 603 ): 604 import sqlglot 605 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 606 607 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 608 self.identify = identify 609 self.normalize = normalize 610 self.pad = pad 611 self._indent = indent 612 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 613 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 614 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 615 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 616 self.comments = comments 617 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 618 619 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 620 self.normalize_functions = ( 621 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 622 ) 623 624 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 625 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 626 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 627 ) 628 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 629 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 630 ) 631 632 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t")
TRANSFORMS: Dict[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Callable[..., str]] =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>}
TYPE_MAPPING =
{<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY'}
TIME_PART_SINGULARS =
{'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'WEEKS': 'WEEK', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'YEARS': 'YEAR'}
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS =
{'cluster': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'distribute': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'sort': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Command'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Delete'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Drop'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.From'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Insert'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Join'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Update'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Where'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>)
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>)
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Column'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES =
{<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>}
634 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 635 """ 636 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 637 638 Args: 639 expression: The syntax tree. 640 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 641 it is safer to copy. 642 643 Returns: 644 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 645 """ 646 if copy: 647 expression = expression.copy() 648 649 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 650 651 self.unsupported_messages = [] 652 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 653 654 if self.pretty: 655 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 656 657 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 658 return sql 659 660 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 661 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 662 logger.warning(msg) 663 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 664 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 665 666 return sql
Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree.
Arguments:
- expression: The syntax tree.
- copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so it is safer to copy.
Returns:
The SQL string corresponding to
expression
.
def
preprocess( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression:
668 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 669 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 670 if ( 671 not expression.parent 672 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 673 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 674 ): 675 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 676 677 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 678 679 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 680 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 681 682 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 683 684 return expression
Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.
def
maybe_comment( self, sql: str, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, comments: Optional[List[str]] = None, separated: bool = False) -> str:
702 def maybe_comment( 703 self, 704 sql: str, 705 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 706 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 707 separated: bool = False, 708 ) -> str: 709 comments = ( 710 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 711 if self.comments 712 else None 713 ) 714 715 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 716 return sql 717 718 comments_sql = " ".join( 719 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 720 ) 721 722 if not comments_sql: 723 return sql 724 725 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 726 727 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 728 return ( 729 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 730 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 731 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 732 ) 733 734 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}"
736 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 737 this_sql = ( 738 self.sql(expression) 739 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 740 else self.sql(expression, "this") 741 ) 742 if not this_sql: 743 return "()" 744 745 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 746 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}"
def
indent( self, sql: str, level: int = 0, pad: Optional[int] = None, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False) -> str:
762 def indent( 763 self, 764 sql: str, 765 level: int = 0, 766 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 767 skip_first: bool = False, 768 skip_last: bool = False, 769 ) -> str: 770 if not self.pretty or not sql: 771 return sql 772 773 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 774 lines = sql.split("\n") 775 776 return "\n".join( 777 ( 778 line 779 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 780 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 781 ) 782 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 783 )
def
sql( self, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], key: Optional[str] = None, comment: bool = True) -> str:
785 def sql( 786 self, 787 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 788 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 789 comment: bool = True, 790 ) -> str: 791 if not expression: 792 return "" 793 794 if isinstance(expression, str): 795 return expression 796 797 if key: 798 value = expression.args.get(key) 799 if value: 800 return self.sql(value) 801 return "" 802 803 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 804 805 if callable(transform): 806 sql = transform(self, expression) 807 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 808 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 809 810 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 811 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 812 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 813 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 814 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 815 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 816 else: 817 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 818 else: 819 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 820 821 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql
828 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 829 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 830 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 831 options = expression.args.get("options") 832 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 833 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 834 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 835 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 836 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
838 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 839 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 840 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 841 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 842 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
856 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 857 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 858 859 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 860 join_mark = "" 861 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 862 863 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}"
871 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 872 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 873 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 874 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 875 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 876 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 877 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 878 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 879 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 880 881 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 882 kind = "" 883 884 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}"
def
computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
891 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 892 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 893 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 894 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 895 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 896 persisted = " PERSISTED" 897 else: 898 persisted = "" 899 return f"AS {this}{persisted}"
def
compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str:
912 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 913 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 914 ) -> str: 915 this = "" 916 if expression.this is not None: 917 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 918 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 919 920 start = expression.args.get("start") 921 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 922 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 923 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 924 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 925 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 926 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 927 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 928 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 929 cycle_sql = "" 930 931 if cycle is not None: 932 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 933 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 934 935 sequence_opts = "" 936 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 937 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 938 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 939 940 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 941 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 942 943 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}"
def
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint) -> str:
def
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str:
969 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 970 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 971 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 972 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 973 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 974 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 975 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 976 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 977 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}"
982 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 983 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 984 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 985 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 986 987 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 988 989 properties_sql = "" 990 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 991 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 992 ): 993 properties_sql = self.sql( 994 exp.Properties( 995 expressions=[ 996 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 997 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 998 ] 999 ) 1000 ) 1001 1002 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1003 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1004 elif not self.pretty: 1005 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1006 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1007 1008 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1009 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1010 1011 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1012 if expression_sql: 1013 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1014 1015 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1016 postalias_props_sql = "" 1017 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1018 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1019 exp.Properties( 1020 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1021 ), 1022 wrapped=False, 1023 ) 1024 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1025 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1026 1027 postindex_props_sql = "" 1028 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1029 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1030 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1031 wrapped=False, 1032 prefix=" ", 1033 ) 1034 1035 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1036 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1037 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1038 1039 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1040 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1041 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1042 1043 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1044 if clustered is None: 1045 clustered_sql = "" 1046 elif clustered: 1047 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1048 else: 1049 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1050 1051 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1052 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1053 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1054 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1055 sep=" ", 1056 prefix=" ", 1057 wrapped=False, 1058 ) 1059 1060 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1061 1062 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1063 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1064 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1065 exp.Properties( 1066 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1067 ), 1068 sep=" ", 1069 prefix=" ", 1070 wrapped=False, 1071 ) 1072 1073 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1074 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1075 no_schema_binding = ( 1076 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1077 ) 1078 1079 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1080 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1081 1082 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1083 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql)
1085 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1086 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1087 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1088 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1089 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1090 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1091 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1092 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1093 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1094 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1095 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1096 1097 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1098 if cache is None: 1099 cache_str = "" 1100 elif cache is True: 1101 cache_str = " CACHE" 1102 else: 1103 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1104 1105 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1106 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1107 1108 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip()
1110 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1111 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1112 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1113 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1114 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}"
1141 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1142 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1143 1144 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1145 if materialized is False: 1146 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1147 elif materialized: 1148 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1149 1150 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}"
1152 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1153 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1154 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1155 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1156 1157 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1158 columns = "" 1159 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1160 1161 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1162 alias = self._next_name() 1163 1164 return f"{alias}{columns}"
1184 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1185 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1186 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1187 1188 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1189 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1190 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1191 else: 1192 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1193 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1194 1195 if escape: 1196 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1197 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1198 else: 1199 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1200 escape_sql = "" 1201 1202 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1203 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1204 1205 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}"
1217 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1218 nested = "" 1219 values = "" 1220 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1221 1222 type_value = expression.this 1223 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1224 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1225 elif type_value != exp.DataType.Type.NULLABLE or self.SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES: 1226 type_sql = ( 1227 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1228 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1229 else type_value 1230 ) 1231 else: 1232 return interior 1233 1234 if interior: 1235 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1236 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1237 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1238 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1239 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1240 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1241 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1242 nested = f" {interior}" 1243 else: 1244 nested = f"({interior})" 1245 1246 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1247 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1248 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1249 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1250 ): 1251 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1252 1253 return type_sql
1255 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1256 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1257 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1258 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1259 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}"
1261 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1262 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1263 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1264 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1265 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1266 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1267 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1268 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1269 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1270 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1271 if self.RETURNING_END: 1272 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1273 else: 1274 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1275 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}")
1277 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1278 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1279 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1280 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1281 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1282 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1283 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1284 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1285 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1286 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1287 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1288 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1289 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1290 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}"
1298 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1299 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1300 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1301 count = expression.args.get("count") 1302 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1303 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1304 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1305 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1306 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}"
1308 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1309 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1310 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1311 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1312 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1313 1314 agg = expression.this 1315 agg_arg = agg.this 1316 cond = expression.expression.this 1317 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1318 return self.sql(agg)
1327 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1328 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1329 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1330 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1331 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1332 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1333 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1334 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1335 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1336 if include: 1337 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1338 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1339 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1340 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1341 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1342 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1343 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1344 1345 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}"
1347 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1348 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1349 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1350 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1351 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1352 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1353 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1354 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1355 1356 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1357 1358 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1359 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}"
1361 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1362 text = expression.name 1363 lower = text.lower() 1364 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1365 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1366 if ( 1367 expression.quoted 1368 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1369 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1370 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1371 ): 1372 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1373 return text
1388 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1389 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1390 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1391 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1392 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1393 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format))
1402 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1403 root_properties = [] 1404 with_properties = [] 1405 1406 for p in expression.expressions: 1407 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1408 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1409 with_properties.append(p) 1410 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1411 root_properties.append(p) 1412 1413 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1414 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1415 1416 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1417 with_props = " " + with_props 1418 1419 return root_props + with_props
def
properties( self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties, prefix: str = '', sep: str = ', ', suffix: str = '', wrapped: bool = True) -> str:
1426 def properties( 1427 self, 1428 properties: exp.Properties, 1429 prefix: str = "", 1430 sep: str = ", ", 1431 suffix: str = "", 1432 wrapped: bool = True, 1433 ) -> str: 1434 if properties.expressions: 1435 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1436 if expressions: 1437 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1438 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1439 return ""
1444 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1445 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1446 for p in properties.expressions: 1447 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1448 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1449 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1450 else: 1451 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1452 1453 return properties_locs
def
property_name( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str:
1460 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1461 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1462 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1463 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1464 1465 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1466 if not property_name: 1467 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1468 1469 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1471 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1472 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1473 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1474 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1475 1476 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1477 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1478 like = f"({like})" 1479 1480 return like 1481 1482 if expression.expressions: 1483 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1484 1485 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1486 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}"
1493 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1494 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1495 local = expression.args.get("local") 1496 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1497 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1498 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1499 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1500 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL"
def
mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str:
1516 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1517 if expression.args.get("no"): 1518 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1519 if expression.args.get("default"): 1520 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1521 1522 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1523 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}"
1525 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1526 default = expression.args.get("default") 1527 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1528 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1529 if default or minimum or maximum: 1530 if default: 1531 prop = "DEFAULT" 1532 elif minimum: 1533 prop = "MINIMUM" 1534 else: 1535 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1536 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1537 units = expression.args.get("units") 1538 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1539 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}"
def
blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str:
1541 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1542 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1543 always = expression.args.get("always") 1544 default = expression.args.get("default") 1545 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1546 never = expression.args.get("never") 1547 1548 if autotemp is not None: 1549 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1550 elif always: 1551 prop = "ALWAYS" 1552 elif default: 1553 prop = "DEFAULT" 1554 elif manual: 1555 prop = "MANUAL" 1556 elif never: 1557 prop = "NEVER" 1558 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}"
def
isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str:
1560 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1561 no = expression.args.get("no") 1562 no = " NO" if no else "" 1563 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1564 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1565 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1566 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1567 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}"
1569 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1570 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1571 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1572 if expression.this: 1573 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1574 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1575 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1576 1577 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1578 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1579 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})"
1581 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1582 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1583 1584 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1585 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1586 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1587 else: 1588 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1589 1590 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}"
1592 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1593 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1594 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1595 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1596 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1597 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1598 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1599 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}"
1601 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1602 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1603 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1604 statistics_sql = "" 1605 if statistics is not None: 1606 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1607 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}"
def
withsystemversioningproperty_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str:
1609 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1610 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1611 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1612 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1613 data_consistency = ( 1614 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1615 ) 1616 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1617 retention_period = ( 1618 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1619 ) 1620 1621 if this: 1622 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1623 else: 1624 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1625 1626 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1627 1628 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql
1630 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1631 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1632 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1633 1634 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1635 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1636 else: 1637 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1638 1639 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1640 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1641 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1642 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1643 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1644 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1645 if is_function: 1646 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1647 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1648 1649 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1650 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1651 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1652 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1653 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1654 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1655 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1656 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1657 1658 if self.RETURNING_END: 1659 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1660 else: 1661 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1662 1663 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1664 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1665 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1666 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1667 1668 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}" 1669 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1693 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1694 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1695 1696 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1697 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1698 1699 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1700 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1701 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1702 1703 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1704 if expressions: 1705 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1706 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1707 1708 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}"
def
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str:
1713 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1714 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1715 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1716 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1717 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1718 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1719 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1720 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1721 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1722 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1723 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1724 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1725 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1726 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}"
1754 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1755 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1756 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1757 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1758 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1759 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1760 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1761 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1762 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1763 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1764 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1765 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1766 joins = self.indent( 1767 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1768 ) 1769 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1770 1771 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1772 if file_format: 1773 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1774 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1775 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1776 1777 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1778 if ordinality: 1779 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1780 alias = "" 1781 1782 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1783 if when: 1784 table = f"{table} {when}" 1785 1786 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1787 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1788 1789 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1790 if rows_from: 1791 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1792 1793 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}"
def
tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, sep: str = ' AS ', tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
1795 def tablesample_sql( 1796 self, 1797 expression: exp.TableSample, 1798 sep: str = " AS ", 1799 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1800 ) -> str: 1801 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1802 table = expression.this.copy() 1803 table.set("alias", None) 1804 this = self.sql(table) 1805 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1806 else: 1807 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1808 alias = "" 1809 1810 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1811 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1812 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1813 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1814 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1815 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1816 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1817 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1818 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1819 1820 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1821 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1822 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1823 1824 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1825 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1826 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1827 1828 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1829 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1830 expr = f"({expr})" 1831 1832 return ( 1833 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1834 )
1836 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1837 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1838 1839 if expression.this: 1840 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1841 if not expressions: 1842 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1843 1844 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1845 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1846 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1847 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1848 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1849 1850 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1851 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1852 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1853 1854 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1855 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1856 field = f"IN ({field})" 1857 1858 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1859 if include_nulls is not None: 1860 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1861 else: 1862 nulls = "" 1863 1864 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1865 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1866 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}"
1877 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1878 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1879 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1880 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1881 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1882 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1883 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1884 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1885 if self.RETURNING_END: 1886 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1887 else: 1888 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1889 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1890 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1892 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1893 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1894 1895 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1896 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1897 args = self.expressions(expression) 1898 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1899 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1900 values = ( 1901 f"({values})" 1902 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1903 else values 1904 ) 1905 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1906 1907 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1908 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1909 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1910 1911 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1912 1913 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1914 row = tup.expressions 1915 1916 if i == 0 and column_names: 1917 row = [ 1918 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1919 ] 1920 1921 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1922 1923 if self.pretty: 1924 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1925 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1926 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1927 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1928 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1929 1930 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1931 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1932 return f"({unions}){alias}"
1945 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1946 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1947 if group_by_all is True: 1948 modifier = " ALL" 1949 elif group_by_all is False: 1950 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1951 else: 1952 modifier = "" 1953 1954 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1955 1956 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1957 grouping_sets = ( 1958 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1959 ) 1960 1961 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1962 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1963 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1964 else: 1965 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1966 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1967 1968 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1969 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1970 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1971 else: 1972 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1973 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1974 1975 groupings = csv( 1976 grouping_sets, 1977 cube_sql, 1978 rollup_sql, 1979 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1980 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1981 ) 1982 1983 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1984 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1985 1986 return f"{group_by}{groupings}"
1992 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1993 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1994 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1995 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1996 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1997 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 1998 return start + connect
2003 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2004 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2005 side = None 2006 else: 2007 side = expression.side 2008 2009 op_sql = " ".join( 2010 op 2011 for op in ( 2012 expression.method, 2013 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2014 side, 2015 expression.kind, 2016 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2017 ) 2018 if op 2019 ) 2020 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2021 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2022 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2023 using = expression.args.get("using") 2024 2025 if not on_sql and using: 2026 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2027 2028 this = expression.this 2029 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2030 2031 if on_sql: 2032 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2033 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2034 if using: 2035 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2036 else: 2037 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2038 elif not op_sql: 2039 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2040 return f" {this_sql}" 2041 2042 return f", {this_sql}" 2043 2044 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2045 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2046 2047 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}"
2054 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2055 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2056 2057 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2058 if cross_apply is True: 2059 op = "INNER JOIN " 2060 elif cross_apply is False: 2061 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2062 else: 2063 op = "" 2064 2065 return f"{op}LATERAL"
2067 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2068 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2069 2070 if expression.args.get("view"): 2071 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2072 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2073 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2074 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2075 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2076 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2077 2078 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2079 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2080 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}"
2082 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2083 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2084 2085 args = [ 2086 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2087 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2088 if e 2089 ] 2090 2091 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2092 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2093 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2094 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2095 2096 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}"
2098 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2099 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2100 value = expression.expression 2101 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2102 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2103 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2104 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}"
2106 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2107 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2108 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2109 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2110 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2111 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2112 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2113 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2114 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}"
2116 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2117 expressions = ( 2118 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2119 ) 2120 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2121 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}"
2126 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2127 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2128 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2129 return "" 2130 2131 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2132 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2133 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2134 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2135 2136 if wait is not None: 2137 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2138 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2139 else: 2140 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2141 2142 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}"
def
escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str:
2150 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2151 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2152 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2153 text = "".join( 2154 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2155 ) 2156 2157 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2158 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2159 )
2161 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2162 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2163 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2164 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2165 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2166 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2167 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2168 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2169 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2170 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2171 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2172 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}"
2180 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2181 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2182 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2183 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2184 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2185 interpolated_values = [ 2186 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2187 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2188 ] 2189 interpolate = ( 2190 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2191 ) 2192 return f"{order}{interpolate}"
2194 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2195 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2196 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2197 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2198 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2199 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2200 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2201 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}"
2212 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2213 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2214 asc = not desc 2215 2216 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2217 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2218 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2219 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2220 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2221 2222 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2223 2224 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2225 nulls_sort_change = "" 2226 if nulls_first and ( 2227 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2228 ): 2229 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2230 elif ( 2231 nulls_last 2232 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2233 and not nulls_are_last 2234 ): 2235 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2236 2237 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2238 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2239 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2240 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2241 self.unsupported( 2242 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2243 ) 2244 nulls_sort_change = "" 2245 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2246 if expression.this.is_int: 2247 self.unsupported( 2248 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2249 ) 2250 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2251 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2252 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2253 nulls_sort_change = "" 2254 2255 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2256 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2257 2258 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}"
2268 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2269 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2270 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2271 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2272 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2273 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2274 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2275 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2276 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2277 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2278 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2279 definition_sqls = [ 2280 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2281 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2282 ] 2283 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2284 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2285 body = "".join( 2286 ( 2287 partition, 2288 order, 2289 measures, 2290 rows, 2291 after, 2292 pattern, 2293 define, 2294 ) 2295 ) 2296 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2297 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2298 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}"
2300 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2301 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2302 2303 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2304 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2305 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2306 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2307 2308 return csv( 2309 *sqls, 2310 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2311 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2312 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2313 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2314 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2315 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2316 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2317 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2318 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2319 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2320 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2321 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2322 self.options_modifier(expression), 2323 sep="", 2324 )
def
offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[sqlglot.expressions.Fetch, sqlglot.expressions.Limit, NoneType]) -> List[str]:
2333 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2334 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2335 ) -> t.List[str]: 2336 return [ 2337 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2338 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2339 ]
2346 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2347 into = expression.args.get("into") 2348 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2349 into.pop() 2350 2351 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2352 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2353 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2354 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2355 2356 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2357 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2358 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2359 limit.pop() 2360 else: 2361 top = "" 2362 2363 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2364 2365 if kind: 2366 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2367 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2368 else: 2369 if kind == "STRUCT": 2370 expressions = self.expressions( 2371 sqls=[ 2372 self.sql( 2373 exp.Struct( 2374 expressions=[ 2375 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2376 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2377 else e 2378 for e in expression.expressions 2379 ] 2380 ) 2381 ) 2382 ] 2383 ) 2384 kind = "" 2385 2386 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2387 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2388 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2389 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2390 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2391 expression, 2392 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2393 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2394 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2395 ) 2396 2397 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2398 2399 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2400 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2401 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2402 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2403 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2404 else: 2405 table_kind = "" 2406 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2407 2408 return sql
2420 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2421 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2422 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2423 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2424 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2425 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2426 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2427 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}"
2443 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2444 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2445 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2446 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2447 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2448 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
2454 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2455 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2456 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2457 order = expression.args.get("order") 2458 2459 if limit or order: 2460 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2461 2462 if limit: 2463 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2464 if order: 2465 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2466 return self.sql(select) 2467 2468 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2469 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2470 2471 while stack: 2472 node = stack.pop() 2473 2474 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2475 stack.append(node.expression) 2476 stack.append( 2477 self.maybe_comment( 2478 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2479 comments=node.comments, 2480 separated=True, 2481 ) 2482 ) 2483 stack.append(node.this) 2484 else: 2485 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2486 2487 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2488 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2489 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this)
2500 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2501 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2502 2503 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2504 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2505 2506 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2507 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2508 alias.append("columns", offset) 2509 2510 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2511 columns = alias.columns 2512 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2513 else: 2514 alias = self.sql(alias) 2515 2516 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2517 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2518 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2519 else: 2520 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2521 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2522 elif offset: 2523 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2524 else: 2525 suffix = alias 2526 2527 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}"
2536 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2537 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2538 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2539 order = expression.args.get("order") 2540 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2541 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2542 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2543 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2544 2545 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2546 2547 first = expression.args.get("first") 2548 if first is None: 2549 first = "" 2550 else: 2551 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2552 2553 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2554 return f"{this} {alias}" 2555 2556 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2557 return f"{this} ({args})"
def
partition_by_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Window | sqlglot.expressions.MatchRecognize) -> str:
2563 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2564 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2565 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2566 end = ( 2567 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2568 or "CURRENT ROW" 2569 ) 2570 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}"
def
bracket_offset_expressions( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2598 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2599 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2600 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2601 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2602 this = self.wrap(this) 2603 return f"ANY{this}" 2604 return f"ANY {this}"
2609 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2610 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2611 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2612 2613 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2614 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2615 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2616 2617 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2618 2619 if default: 2620 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2621 2622 statements.append("END") 2623 2624 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2625 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2626 2627 return " ".join(statements)
2644 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2645 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2646 2647 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2648 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2649 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2650 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2651 else: 2652 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression)
def
convert_concat_args( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat | sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2654 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2655 args = expression.expressions 2656 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2657 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2658 2659 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2660 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2661 2662 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2663 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2664 2665 return args
2667 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2668 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2669 2670 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2671 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2672 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2673 2674 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions)
2685 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2686 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2687 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2688 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2689 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2690 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2691 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2692 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2693 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}"
2695 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2696 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2697 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2698 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2699 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}"
2719 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2720 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2721 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2722 if not callable(transform): 2723 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2724 return "" 2725 2726 return transform(self, expression) 2727 2728 if isinstance(expression, int): 2729 return str(expression) 2730 2731 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2732 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2733 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2734 else: 2735 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2736 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2737 2738 return escaped
def
jsonobject_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject | sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg) -> str:
2743 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2744 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2745 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2746 2747 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2748 if unique_keys is not None: 2749 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2750 else: 2751 unique_keys = "" 2752 2753 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2754 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2755 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2756 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2757 2758 return self.func( 2759 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2760 *expression.expressions, 2761 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2762 )
2767 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2768 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2769 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2770 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2771 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2772 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2773 return self.func( 2774 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2775 )
2777 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2778 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2779 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2780 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2781 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2782 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2783 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2784 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2785 return self.func( 2786 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2787 this, 2788 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2789 )
2791 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2792 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2793 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2794 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2795 2796 if nested_schema: 2797 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2798 2799 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2800 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2801 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2802 return f"{this}{kind}{path}"
2807 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2808 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2809 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2810 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2811 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2812 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2813 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2814 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2815 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2816 return self.func( 2817 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2818 )
2820 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2821 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2822 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2823 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2824 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2825 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2826 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}"
2828 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2829 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2830 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2831 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2832 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2833 with_ = ( 2834 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2835 if expressions 2836 else "" 2837 ) 2838 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}"
2840 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2841 query = expression.args.get("query") 2842 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2843 field = expression.args.get("field") 2844 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2845 2846 if query: 2847 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2848 elif unnest: 2849 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2850 elif field: 2851 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2852 else: 2853 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2854 2855 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}"
2860 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2861 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2862 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2863 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2864 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2865 2866 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2867 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2868 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2869 2870 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2871 if this: 2872 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2873 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2874 2875 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}"
2880 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2881 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2882 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2883 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2884 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2885 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2886 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}"
2909 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2910 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2911 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2912 2913 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2914 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2915 elif not identifier_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2916 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2917 2918 return self.alias_sql(expression)
def
and_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.And, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
or_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Or, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
xor_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
connector_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Connector, op: str, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
2956 def connector_sql( 2957 self, 2958 expression: exp.Connector, 2959 op: str, 2960 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2961 ) -> str: 2962 if stack is not None: 2963 if expression.expressions: 2964 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2965 else: 2966 stack.append(expression.right) 2967 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2968 for comment in expression.comments: 2969 if comment: 2970 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2971 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2972 return op 2973 2974 stack = [expression] 2975 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2976 ops = set() 2977 2978 while stack: 2979 node = stack.pop() 2980 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2981 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2982 else: 2983 sql = self.sql(node) 2984 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2985 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2986 else: 2987 sqls.append(sql) 2988 2989 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2990 return sep.join(sqls)
def
cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
3010 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3011 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3012 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3013 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3014 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3015 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3016 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3017 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})"
3031 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3032 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3033 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3034 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3035 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3036 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3037 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}"
3039 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3040 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3041 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3042 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3043 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3044 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3045 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3046 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3047 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3048 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}"
3050 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3051 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3052 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3053 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3054 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3055 3056 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3057 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3058 3059 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}"
3076 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3077 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3078 3079 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3080 if dtype: 3081 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3082 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3083 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3084 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3085 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3086 3087 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3088 if default: 3089 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3090 3091 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3092 if comment: 3093 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3094 3095 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3096 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3097 3098 if not drop and not allow_null: 3099 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3100 3101 if allow_null is not None: 3102 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3103 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3104 3105 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT"
3113 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3114 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3115 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3116 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3117 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3118 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}"
3120 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3121 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3122 # Remove db from tables 3123 expression = expression.transform( 3124 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3125 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3126 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3127 return f"RENAME TO {this}"
3139 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3140 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3141 3142 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3143 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3144 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3145 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3146 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3147 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3148 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3149 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3150 else: 3151 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3152 3153 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3154 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3155 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3156 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3157 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3158 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3159 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3160 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}"
3162 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3163 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3164 return self.expressions( 3165 expression, 3166 key="actions", 3167 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3168 skip_first=True, 3169 ) 3170 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}"
3180 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3181 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3182 3183 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3184 case = exp.case() 3185 for arg in expression.expressions: 3186 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3187 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3188 3189 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3190 3191 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3192 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3193 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}"
3222 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3223 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3224 3225 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3226 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3227 3228 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3229 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3230 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3231 3232 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3233 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3234 return self.sql( 3235 exp.cast( 3236 l / r, 3237 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3238 ) 3239 ) 3240 3241 return self.binary(expression, "/")
3329 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3330 this = expression.this 3331 expr = expression.expression 3332 3333 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3334 this, expr = expr, this 3335 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3336 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3337 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3338 3339 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3340 3341 return self.func("LOG", this, expr)
3354 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3355 args = [] 3356 3357 for key in expression.arg_types: 3358 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3359 3360 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3361 for value in arg_value: 3362 args.append(value) 3363 elif arg_value is not None: 3364 args.append(arg_value) 3365 3366 if self.normalize_functions: 3367 name = expression.sql_name() 3368 else: 3369 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3370 3371 return self.func(name, *args)
def
func( self, name: str, *args: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], prefix: str = '(', suffix: str = ')') -> str:
3382 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3383 arg_sqls = tuple( 3384 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3385 ) 3386 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3387 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3388 return ", ".join(arg_sqls)
def
format_time( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, inverse_time_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, inverse_time_trie: Optional[Dict] = None) -> Optional[str]:
3393 def format_time( 3394 self, 3395 expression: exp.Expression, 3396 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3397 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3398 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3399 return format_time( 3400 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3401 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3402 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3403 )
def
expressions( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, key: Optional[str] = None, sqls: Optional[Collection[Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]] = None, flat: bool = False, indent: bool = True, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False, sep: str = ', ', prefix: str = '', dynamic: bool = False, new_line: bool = False) -> str:
3405 def expressions( 3406 self, 3407 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3408 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3409 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3410 flat: bool = False, 3411 indent: bool = True, 3412 skip_first: bool = False, 3413 skip_last: bool = False, 3414 sep: str = ", ", 3415 prefix: str = "", 3416 dynamic: bool = False, 3417 new_line: bool = False, 3418 ) -> str: 3419 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3420 3421 if not expressions: 3422 return "" 3423 3424 if flat: 3425 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3426 3427 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3428 result_sqls = [] 3429 3430 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3431 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3432 if not sql: 3433 continue 3434 3435 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3436 3437 if self.pretty: 3438 if self.leading_comma: 3439 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3440 else: 3441 result_sqls.append( 3442 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3443 ) 3444 else: 3445 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3446 3447 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3448 if new_line: 3449 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3450 result_sqls.append("") 3451 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3452 else: 3453 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3454 return ( 3455 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3456 if indent 3457 else result_sql 3458 )
def
op_expressions( self, op: str, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str:
3460 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3461 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3462 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3463 if flat: 3464 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3465 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}"
3467 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3468 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3469 if not property_name: 3470 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3471 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
3479 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3480 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3481 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3482 expressions = ( 3483 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3484 ) 3485 return f"{this}{expressions}"
3495 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3496 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3497 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3498 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3499 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3500 3501 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3502 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3503 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3504 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3505 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3506 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3507 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3508 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3509 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3510 else: 3511 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3512 else: 3513 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3514 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}"
3516 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3517 table = expression.this 3518 table_alias = "" 3519 3520 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3521 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3522 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3523 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3524 3525 this = self.sql(table) 3526 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3527 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3528 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3529 sep = self.sep() 3530 3531 return self.prepend_ctes( 3532 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3533 )
3541 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3542 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3543 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3544 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3545 3546 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3547 if not fmt: 3548 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3549 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3550 3551 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt)
3553 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3554 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3555 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3556 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3557 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3558 return f"{this}({kind}{args})"
3572 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3573 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3574 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3575 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3576 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3577 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS"
3579 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3580 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3581 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3582 3583 if having: 3584 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3585 3586 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this)
3588 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3589 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3590 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3591 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3592 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3593 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3594 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3595 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3596 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3597 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3598 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3599 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3600 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3601 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}"
3603 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3604 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3605 if key_block_size: 3606 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3607 3608 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3609 if using: 3610 return f"USING {using}" 3611 3612 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3613 if parser: 3614 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3615 3616 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3617 if comment: 3618 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3619 3620 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3621 if visible is not None: 3622 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3623 3624 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3625 if engine_attr: 3626 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3627 3628 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3629 if secondary_engine_attr: 3630 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3631 3632 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3633 return ""
3639 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3640 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3641 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3642 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3643 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3644 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3645 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3646 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3647 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3648 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3649 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3650 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}"
3652 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3653 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3654 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3655 3656 case = exp.Case().when( 3657 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3658 expression.args["true"], 3659 copy=False, 3660 ) 3661 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3662 if else_cond: 3663 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3664 3665 return self.sql(case)
3667 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3668 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3669 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3670 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3671 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3672 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3673 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}"
3681 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3682 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3683 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3684 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3685 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3686 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3687 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None)
3702 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3703 arg = expression.this 3704 if not arg.type: 3705 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3706 3707 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3708 3709 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3710 return self.sql(arg) 3711 3712 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3713 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False)))
3729 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3730 this = expression.this 3731 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3732 3733 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3734 return self.sql( 3735 exp.cast( 3736 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3737 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3738 ) 3739 ) 3740 3741 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3742 return self.sql(this) 3743 3744 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
3756 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3757 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3758 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3759 3760 unit = expression.text("unit") 3761 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3762 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3763 3764 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this)
3773 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3774 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3775 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3776 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3777 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3778 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3779 3780 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3781 3782 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3783 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3784 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3785 3786 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3788 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3789 expression.set( 3790 "expressions", 3791 [ 3792 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3793 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3794 else e 3795 for e in expression.expressions 3796 ], 3797 ) 3798 3799 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3807 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3808 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3809 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3810 3811 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3812 3813 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3814 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3815 3816 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3817 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3818 3819 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3820 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3821 3822 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3823 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3824 3825 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}"
3829 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3830 to = expression.this 3831 value = expression.expression 3832 style = expression.args.get("style") 3833 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3834 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3835 3836 if not to or not value: 3837 return "" 3838 3839 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3840 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3841 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3842 3843 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3844 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3845 3846 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3847 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3848 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3849 3850 style_value = style.name 3851 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3852 if not converted_style: 3853 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3854 3855 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3856 3857 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3858 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3859 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3860 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3861 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3862 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3863 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3864 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3865 3866 if not transformed: 3867 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3868 3869 return self.sql(transformed)
3925 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3926 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3927 3928 if expression.expressions: 3929 upper = option.upper() 3930 3931 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3932 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3933 3934 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3935 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3936 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3937 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3938 3939 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3940 3941 if not value: 3942 return option 3943 3944 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3945 3946 return f"{option}{op}{value}"
3948 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3949 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3950 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3951 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3952 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3953 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3954 else: 3955 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3956 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3957 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3958 3959 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3960 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3961 3962 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3963 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3964 3965 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3966 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3967 3968 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3969 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3970 3971 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}"
3973 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3974 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3975 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3976 3977 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3978 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3979 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3980 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3981 3982 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3983 params = self.expressions( 3984 expression, 3985 key="params", 3986 sep=sep, 3987 new_line=True, 3988 skip_last=True, 3989 skip_first=True, 3990 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3991 ) 3992 3993 if params: 3994 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3995 params = f" WITH ({params})" 3996 elif not self.pretty: 3997 params = f" {params}" 3998 3999 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}"
4004 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4005 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4006 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4007 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4008 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4009 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4010 4011 if filter_col or retention_period: 4012 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4013 4014 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}"
def
maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint) -> str:
4016 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4017 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4018 ) -> str: 4019 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4020 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4021 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4022 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}"
4032 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4033 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4034 expr = expression.expression 4035 4036 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4037 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4038 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4039 else: 4040 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4041 4042 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this)
4050 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4051 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4052 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4053 4054 if lower and upper: 4055 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4056 return self.func("RAND", expression.this)
4058 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4059 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4060 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4061 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4062 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4063 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4064 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4065 4066 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}"
4068 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4069 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4070 4071 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4072 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4073 fill_pattern = "' '" 4074 4075 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern)
def
explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str:
4081 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4082 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4083 4084 parent = expression.parent 4085 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4086 parent = parent.parent 4087 4088 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4089 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4090 4091 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4092 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4093 4094 return self.sql(generate_series)
def
arrayconcat_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat, name: str = 'ARRAY_CONCAT') -> str:
4096 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4097 exprs = expression.expressions 4098 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4099 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4100 else: 4101 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4102 4103 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs)
4105 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4106 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4107 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4108 4109 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4110 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4111 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4112 4113 if source_tz and timestamp: 4114 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4115 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4116 ) 4117 4118 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4119 4120 return self.sql(expr)