```python
def strip_tags(line: str) -> str:
    """
    Remove every marker from a line of text, a marker being an opening angle bracket,
    everything up to the next closing bracket, and that bracket. An opening bracket that is never closed
    removes everything from there to the end of the line.
    
    :param line: The input string containing tags to be stripped.
    :return: A new string with all markers removed.
    """
    result = []
    in_tag = False
    for char in line:
        if char == '<':
            in_tag = True
        elif char == '>':
            in_tag = False
            result.append(char)
        elif not in_tag and char != ' ':
            result.append(char)
    return ''.join(result)
```