```ts
export function parseSemver(version: string): { major: number; minor: number; patch: number; prerelease: string | null; build: string | null } {
  if (!version.startsWith('v')) version = `v${version}`;

  const parts = version.split('.');
  if (parts.length !== 3) throw new Error(`Invalid version format: ${version}`);

  let major = parseInt(parts[0], 10);
  let minor = parseInt(parts[1], 10);
  let patch = parseInt(parts[2], 10);

  if (!Number.isInteger(major) || !Number.isInteger(minor) || !Number.isInteger(patch)) throw new Error(`Invalid version format: ${version}`);
  if (major < 0 || minor < 0 || patch < 0) throw new Error(`Invalid version format: ${version}`);

  const match = version.match(/-([^\d]+)/);
  let prerelease = null;
  if (match) {
    prerelease = match[1];
    // Remove the dash and any leading zeros
    prerelease = prerelease.replace(/[0-9]$/, '');
  }

  match = version.match(/\+([^\d]+)/);
  let build = null;
  if (match) {
    build = match[1];
    // Remove the plus and any leading zeros
    build = build.replace(/[0-9]$/, '');
  }

  return { major, minor, patch, prerelease, build };
}
```