```ts
export function parseSemver(version: string): { major: number; minor: number; patch: number; prerelease: string | null; build: string | null } {
  const regex = /^v?(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:-(prerelease))?(?:\+(build))?$/;
  const match = version.match(regex);

  if (!match) {
    throw new Error('Invalid semantic version format');
  }

  const [_, major, minor, patch, prereleasePart, buildPart] = match;

  if (
    major < 0 || minor < 0 || patch < 0 ||
    (major[0] === '0' && major.length > 1) ||
    /^[a-zA-Z]/.test(major) ||
    /^[a-zA-Z]/.test(minor) ||
    /^[a-zA-Z]/.test(patch)
  ) {
    throw new Error('Invalid numeric part in semantic version');
  }

  return {
    major: parseInt(major, 10),
    minor: parseInt(minor, 10),
    patch: parseInt(patch, 10),
    prerelease: prereleasePart || null,
    build: buildPart || null
  };
}
```