```ts
export function parseSemver(version: string): { major: number; minor: number; patch: number; prerelease: string | null; build: string | null } {
  const regex = /^(\d+).(\d+).(\d+)(?:-([^+]+))?(?:\+(.+))?$/;
  const match = version.match(regex);

  if (!match) {
    throw new Error(`Invalid semantic version format: ${version}`);
  }

  const major = parseInt(match[1], 10);
  const minor = parseInt(match[2], 10);
  const patch = parseInt(match[3], 10);
  const prerelease = match[4] || null;
  const build = match[5] || null;

  if (isNaN(major) || isNaN(minor) || isNaN(patch)) {
    throw new Error(`Invalid semantic version format: ${version}`);
  }

  return { major, minor, patch, prerelease, build };
}
```