Here's one possible implementation in TypeScript following the specifications:

```ts
export function parseSemver(version: string): { major: number; minor: number; patch: number; prerelease: string | null; build: string | null } 
    {
      const SEMVER_REGEX = /^(0|[1-9]\d*)\.(0|[1-9]\d*)\.(0|[1-9]\d*)(-(0|[1-9]\d*|\d*[a-zA-Z-][0-9a-zA-Z-]*)(\.(0|[1-9]\d*|\d*[a-zA-Z-][0-9a-zA-Z-]*))*)?(\+[0-9a-zA-Z-]+(\.[0-9a-zA-Z-]+)*)?$/;
      const matches = SEMVER_REGEX.exec(version);
  
      if (!matches) {
        throw new Error('Invalid SemVer: ' + version);
      }
    
      return {
        major: parseInt(matches[1]),
        minor: parseInt(matches[2]),
        patch: parseInt(matches[3]),
        prerelease: matches[5] ?? null,
        build: matches[8] ?? null,
      };
    }
```