```ts
export function parseSemver(version: string): { major: number; minor: number; patch: number; prerelease: string | null; build: string | null } {
    const semverRegex = /^(\d+).(\d+).(\d+)(?:-(.+))?(?:\+(.+))?$/;
    const match = version.match(semverRegex);

    if (!match) {
        throw new Error(`Invalid semantic version string: ${version}`);
    }

    const major = parseInt(match[1], 10);
    const minor = parseInt(match[2], 10);
    const patch = parseInt(match[3], 10);

    if (major < 0 || minor < 0 || patch < 0 || isNaN(major) || isNaN(minor) || isNaN(patch)) {
        throw new Error(`Invalid semantic version string: ${version}`);
    }

    return {
        major,
        minor,
        patch,
        prerelease: match[4] ? match[4] : null,
        build: match[5] ? match[5] : null
    };
}
```