```python
def flag_states(mask: int, catalog: list) -> dict:
    if not isinstance(mask, int) or mask < 0:
        raise ValueError("Mask must be a non-negative integer.")
    
    if not isinstance(catalog, list) or len(catalog) == 0:
        raise ValueError("Catalog must be a non-empty list.")
    
    if not all(isinstance(name, str) and name for name in catalog):
        raise ValueError("All catalog items must be non-empty strings.")
    
    if len(set(catalog)) != len(catalog):
        raise ValueError("Catalog must contain unique names.")
    
    if mask >= 1 << len(catalog):
        raise ValueError("Mask has a set bit beyond the catalog's length.")
    
    return {name: bool(mask & (1 << idx)) for idx, name in enumerate(catalog)}
```