# Bibliography

This page lists all bibliographic sources cited in the language JSON data files,
grouped by language family. Sources are referenced via the `sources` array in each
language's JSON spec (see `data/SCHEMA.md` for the schema).

---

## Germanic

### English

- **wells1982_vol1**: Wells, J.C. (1982). *Accents of English, Vol. 1: An Introduction*. Cambridge University Press.
- **wells1982_vol2**: Wells, J.C. (1982). *Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles*. Cambridge University Press.
- **wells1982_vol3**: Wells, J.C. (1982). *Accents of English, Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles*. Cambridge University Press.
- **roach2009**: Roach, P. (2009). *English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course* (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- **gimson2014**: Cruttenden, A. (ed.) (2014). *Gimson's Pronunciation of English* (8th ed.). Routledge.
- **ladefoged1999_ame**: Ladefoged, P. (1999). American English. In: *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association*. Cambridge University Press.
- **cox_palethorpe2007**: Cox, F. & Palethorpe, S. (2007). Australian English. *Journal of the International Phonetic Association*, 37(3), 341-350.
- **stuartsmith2003**: Stuart-Smith, J. (2003). Glasgow. In: Upton, C. (ed.), *Urban Voices*. Arnold.
- **carney1994**: Carney, E. (1994). *A Survey of English Spelling*. Routledge. — the canonical orthography-to-sound reference for English; its account of weak-vowel reduction (unstressed vowels realised as /ə/ or /ɪ/) and the regular consonant-digraph/suffix correspondences (e.g. ⟨-tion⟩, ⟨-sion⟩, ⟨-cian⟩ → /ʃən/, /ʒən/) underlies the `nucleus_unstressed` and multi-letter-grapheme rules added to `en-GB.json`.

### German

- **wiese1996**: Wiese, R. (1996). *The Phonology of German*. Oxford University Press.
- **hall2003**: Hall, T.A. (2003). *Phonologie des Deutschen: eine Einführung*. de Gruyter.
- **mangold2005**: Mangold, M. (2005). *Duden Aussprachewörterbuch* (6th ed.). Dudenverlag.
- **muhr_schrodt1997**: Muhr, R. & Schrodt, R. (1997). *Österreichisches Deutsch und andere nationale Varietäten plurizentrischer Sprachen in Europa*. Daedalus.
- **christen1998**: Christen, H. (1998). *Convergenz und Divergenz in der schweizerdeutschen Gegenwartsdialekte*. Francke.

### Dutch

- **gussenhoven1999**: Gussenhoven, C. (1999). Dutch. In: *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association*. Cambridge University Press.
- **vdHulst_ritter1999**: van der Hulst, H. & Ritter, N.A. (eds.) (1999). *The Syllable: Views and Facts*. Mouton de Gruyter.

### Scandinavian

- **riad2014**: Riad, T. (2014). *The Phonology of Swedish*. Oxford University Press.
- **engstrand1999**: Engstrand, O. (1999). Swedish. In: *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association*. Cambridge University Press.
- **haugen1976**: Haugen, E. (1976). *The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to their History*. Faber and Faber.
- **kristoffersen2000**: Kristoffersen, G. (2000). *The Phonology of Norwegian*. Oxford University Press.
- **basboll2005**: Basbøll, H. (2005). *The Phonology of Danish*. Oxford University Press.
- **gronnum2005**: Grønnum, N. (2005). *Fonetik og fonologi: Almen og dansk*. Akademisk Forlag.
- **einarsson1945**: Einarsson, S. (1945). *Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary*. Johns Hopkins Press.
- **arnason2011**: Árnason, K. (2011). *The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese*. Oxford University Press.

### Afrikaans and Low German

- **donaldson1993**: Donaldson, B.C. (1993). *A Grammar of Afrikaans*. Mouton de Gruyter.
- **stellmacher1990**: Stellmacher, D. (1990). *Niederdeutsche Sprache: Eine Einführung*. Peter Lang.

### Historical Germanic

- **mosse1952**: Mossé, F. (1952). *A Handbook of Middle English*. Johns Hopkins Press.
- **jordan1974**: Jordan, R. (1974). *Handbook of Middle English Grammar: Phonology*. Mouton.
- **hogg1992**: Hogg, R.M. (1992). *A Grammar of Old English, Vol. 1: Phonology*. Blackwell.
- **campbell1959**: Campbell, A. (1959). *Old English Grammar*. Oxford University Press.
- **noreen1923**: Noreen, A. (1923). *Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik* (4th ed.). Max Niemeyer.
- **gordon1957**: Gordon, E.V. (1957). *An Introduction to Old Norse* (2nd ed., rev. Taylor, A.R.). Oxford University Press.
- **gallee1910**: Gallée, J.H. (1910). *Altsächsische Grammatik* (2nd ed.). Max Niemeyer.
- **braune2004**: Braune, W. (rev. Heidermanns, F.) (2004). *Althochdeutsche Grammatik I: Laut- und Formenlehre* (15th ed.). Max Niemeyer.
- **schatz1927**: Schatz, J. (1927). *Althochdeutsche Grammatik*. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

### Proto-Germanic

- **fortson2010**: Fortson IV, B.W. (2010). *Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction* (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
- **ringe2006**: Ringe, D. (2006). *From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic*. Oxford University Press.

---

## Semitic

### Levantine Arabic

- **almbark2015**: Almbark, R. & Hellmuth, S. (2015). *Acoustic analysis of the Syrian Arabic vowel system.* Proceedings of ICPhS 2015 (paper 0612), Glasgow. [PDF](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0612.pdf): read in full.
- **cotter2016**: Cotter, W.M. (2016). *One Piece of the Puzzle: Notes on the Historic Interdental Fricatives /θ, ð, ðˤ/ in the Arabic Dialect of Gaza City.* Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 16:149-162. [PDF](https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/jais/volume/docs/vol16/v16_05_cotter_149-162.pdf): read in full.
- **alwer2020**: Al-Wer, E. (2020). *New-dialect formation: The Amman dialect.* In C. Lucas & S. Manfredi (eds.), *Arabic and contact-induced change*, 551-566. Berlin: Language Science Press. [Open access](https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/235): read in full.
- **fadda2016**: Fadda, H. (2016). *Language Variation in Western Amman.* MA thesis, Canada Institute of Linguistics. [PDF](https://www.canil.ca/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Fadda-Language-Variation-in-Western-Amman.pdf): phonology chapter read.
- **cowell1964**: Cowell, M.W. (1964). *A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic (Based on the Dialect of Damascus).* Georgetown University Press. Not obtained (Internet Archive borrow-only); cited only as reported/re-tested by Almbark & Hellmuth (2015).
- **watson2002**: Watson, J.C.E. (2002). *The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic.* Oxford University Press. Cited for emphasis-spreading.

### Mesopotamian Arabic

- **jasim2020**: Jasim, M. (2020). *Tafxiːm in the vowels of Muslawi Qəltu and Baghdadi Gilit dialects of Arabic.* PhD thesis, Newcastle University. [PDF](https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/10443/4899/1/Jasim%20M%202020.pdf): chapters 2 and 4 read; mined for the `primary_sources` gold.

---

## Sources mined for gold

The [`primary_sources`](../orthography2ipa/data/gold/primary_sources/README.md)
benchmark set is built from the worked example transcriptions printed in the
sources above: `almbark2015`, `jasim2020`, `fadda2016`, `cotter2016` (Arabic)
`brissos2014` (Portuguese), and the JIPA *Illustrations of the IPA* for Ukrainian
(`pompino2017`), Russian (`yanushevskaya2015`), European Portuguese
(`cruzferreira1995`) and Brazilian Portuguese (`barbosa2004`). Each gold row names its source and its **printed**
page, and `sources.json` in that directory records, per source, how the printed
folio maps to the PDF page index.

- **brissos2014**: Brissos, F. (2014). *New insights into Portuguese central-southern dialects: understanding their present and past forms through acoustic data from stressed vowels.* Journal of Portuguese Linguistics 13(1):65-116. [PDF](https://www.clul.ulisboa.pt/files/849/Brissos_2014_comprimido.pdf): read in full.

---

## Shipped lexicon data

The optional lexicon overlay (caller-registered TSV, never bundled: see
[`data_model.md`](data_model.md#lexicon-overlay-sidecar-word_exceptions-at-scale))
ships one pilot lexicon, built from the sources below by
`scripts/build_en_lexicon.py`.

### English pilot: `en-GB.tsv`

- **CMU Pronouncing Dictionary (cmudict)**: Carnegie Mellon University Speech
  Group. *The CMU Pronouncing Dictionary*.
  <https://github.com/cmusphinx/cmudict>. Public-domain / BSD-style licensed
  (free for any use, commercial or non-commercial). Source of the
  pronunciations: each entry's hand-curated ARPABET is mechanically converted
  to broad, non-rhotic (RP-leaning) IPA. CMUdict is General American, so this
  pilot most helps the General-American evaluation; a production RP / en-GB
  lexicon belongs downstream.
- **google-10000-english**: Josh Kaufman et al. *google-10000-english*
  (frequency list derived from the Google Web Trillion Word Corpus).
  <https://github.com/first20hours/google-10000-english>. MIT-licensed. Used
  **only** to select which ~5,000 highest-frequency words to include; none of
  its content ships: only the CMU-derived IPA does.

Both sources permit redistribution; the derived TSV is bundled and cited here
per the shipped-data attribution rule.

---

*This page grows alongside the language specs: each spec's `sources` array is the authoritative record, and every family with cited specs is listed here.*

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