Pulmonic Consonants
v t e IPA pulmonic consonantschart image • audio
Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal						Laryngeal
↓ Manner	Bilabial		Labio­dental		Linguo­labial		Dental		Alveolar		Palato- alveolar		Retroflex		Alveolo- palatal		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal / Epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m		ɱ	n̼̊	n̼	n̥̪	n̪	n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ȵ̊	ȵ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Stop	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ			c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	tʃ	dʒ	ʈʂ	ɖʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	pf	bv			tθ	dð	tθ̠	dð̠	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔					cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ		ʡħ	ʡʕ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̱	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔					ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ ʔ̞
Approximant	ɸ˕			ʋ			θ̞		ɹ̥	ɹ			ɻ̊	ɻ			j̊	j	ɰ̊	ɰ
Flap or tap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ								ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill		ʙ				r̼			r̥	r			ɽr̥	ɽr							ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			ʈɭ̊˔				cʎ̥˔		kʟ̝̊	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ɭ̊˔				ʎ̥˔	ʎ̝	ʟ̝̊	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant						l̼			l̥	l			ɭ̊	ɭ			ʎ̥	ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral flap						ɺ̼				ɺ				ɭ̆				ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Non-pulmonic consonants
Simple clicks	ʘ	ʘ̬	ʘ̃	ǀ	ǀ̬	ǀ̃	ǃ	ǃ̬	ǃ̃
	ǂ	ǂ̬	ǂ̃	ǁ	ǁ̬	ǁ̃	ǃ˞	ǃ̬˞	ǃ̃˞
Other clicks	ʘ̃ˀ	ʘˀ	ˀʘ̃	ʘ͡q	ʘ͡qχ	ʘ͡qʼ	ʘ͡qχʼ	¡	ʞ
Implosives	ɓ	ɗ	ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
	ɓ̥	ɗ̥	ᶑ̥	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejectives	pʼ	tʼ	ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ɬʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	tsʼ	tɬʼ	tʃʼ	ʈʂʼ	tɕʼ	cʎ̝̥ʼ	kxʼ	kʟ̝̊ʼ	qχʼ

Co-articulated consonants
Continuants	ʍ	w	ɥ̊	ɥ	ɫ
Occlusives	k͡p	ɡ͡b	ŋ͡m	ɧ
	t͡p	d͡b	n͡m	q͡ʡ

Plain Vowels Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back Close •iy • ɨ ʅ ʉ ʯ • ɯ ɿ u ʮ •ɪʏ •ɪ̈ʊ̈ ʊ •eø •ɘɵ •ɤo •e̞ø̞ •əɵ̞ •ɤ̞o̞ •ɛœ •ɜɞ •ʌɔ •æ ɐ •aɶ •äɒ̈ •ɑɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open

Nasal Vowels Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back •ĩỹ •ɨ̃ʉ̃ •ɯ̃ũ •ɪ̃ʏ̃ •ɪ̈̃ʊ̈̃ ʊ̃ •ẽø̃ •ɘ̃ɵ̃ •ɤ̃õ •ẽ̞ø̞̃ •ə̃ɵ̞̃ •ɤ̞̃õ̞ •ɛ̃œ̃ •ɜ̃ɞ̃ •ʌ̃ɔ̃ •æ̃ ɐ̃ •ãɶ̃ •ä̃ɒ̈̃ •ɑ̃ɒ̃

Tone System
	Even	Rising	Falling	Contour	Short
High	55	3545		435	5
Mid-High	44	34 24	54	214	4
Mid	33	13	53 43	213	3
Mid-Low	22	12	52 42	212	2
Low	11		51 31 21		1
Neutral Tone	0