Graph theory is a branch of mathematics and computer science that explores the relationships between objects. It models systems using nodes (or vertices), which represent entities, and edges, which represent the connections between them. This framework is exceptionally powerful for mapping complex networks, such as social connections, transportation routes, or the intricate web of information on the internet. By utilizing algorithms like shortest-path or community detection, graph theory allows us to uncover hidden patterns and dependencies within data. In modern technology, it serves as the foundation for graph databases like Neo4j and sophisticated AI workflows. 
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