Table 1: Species of introduced dung beetle that have established in Australia§
Species |
Country of origin |
Total released |
First release |
Last release |
Areas of release |
Areas established |
Pasture type |
Bubas bison |
France, Spain |
1,613 |
01983-04-01-0000April 1983 |
01996-01-01-00001996 (not by CSIRO) |
WA |
NSW, SA, WA |
Winter rainfall |
Copris elphenor Klug |
South Africa |
2,287 |
01977-01-01-0000January 1977 |
01983-05-01-0000May 1983 |
QLD |
QLD |
Summer rainfall |
Copris hispanus Linnaeus |
Spain |
294 |
01983-10-01-0000October 1983 |
01994-06-01-0000June 1994 |
WA |
WA |
Winter rainfall |
Euoniticellus africanus Harold |
South Africa |
49,009 |
01971-10-01-0000October 1971 |
01984-02-01-0000February 1984 |
NSW, QLD, SA, Tas, Vic, WA |
NSW, QLD |
Summer rainfall |
Euoniticellus fulvus Goeze |
France, Turkey |
76,944 |
01978-03-01-0000March 1978 |
01983-02-01-0000February 1983 |
NSW, SA, Tas, Vic, WA |
NSW, SA, Tas, Vic, WA |
Winter rainfall |
Euoniticellus intermedius Reiche |
South Africa |
248,637 |
01971-11-01-0000November 1971 |
01984-02-01-0000February 1984 |
ACT, NSW, NT, QLD, SA, Vic, WA |
NSW, NT, QLD, SA, Vic, WA |
Summer rainfall |
Euoniticellus pallipes Fabricius |
Iran, Turkey |
46,642 |
01977-03-01-0000March 1977 |
01982-09-01-0000September 1982 |
NSW, SA, WA |
NSW, SA, Vic, WA |
Winter rainfall |
Geotrupes spiniger Marsham |
France |
12,082 |
01979-04-01-0000April 1979 |
01983-12-01-0000December 1983 |
ACT, NSW, Tas, Vic |
ACT, NSW, SA, Tas, Vic |
Winter rainfall |
Liatongus militaris Castelanu |
South Africa (via Hawaii) |
70,450 |
01968-01-01-0000January 1968 |
01979-11-01-0000November 1979 |
NSW, NT, QLD, WA |
NSW, NT, QLD |
Summer rainfall |
Onitis alexis Fabricius |
South Africa |
186,441 |
01972-08-01-0000August 1972 |
01984-02-01-0000February 1984 |
NSW, NT, QLD, WA |
NSW, NT, QLD, SA, Vic, WA |
Rainfall, summer rainfall, winter rainfall |
Onitis aygalus Fabricius |
South Africa |
18,682 |
01977-01-01-0000January 1977 |
01982-01-01-0000January 1982 |
NSW, SA, WA |
NSW, SA, Vic, WA |
Winter rainfall |
Onitis caffer Boheman |
South Africa |
8,738 |
01979-10-01-0000October 1979 |
01984-04-01-0000April 1984 |
WA |
QLD, NSW, SA |
Summer rainfall, winter rainfall |
Onitis pecuarius Lansberge |
South Africa |
11,395 |
01976-11-01-0000November 1976 |
01979-05-01-0000May 1979 |
NSW, QLD |
NSW, QLD |
Summer rainfall |
Onitis vanderkelleni Lansberge |
Kenya, Rwanda, Zaire |
10,852 |
01974-10-01-0000October 1974 |
01982-02-01-0000February 1982 |
NSW, QLD |
QLD |
Summer rainfall |
Onitis viridulus Bohemann |
South Africa |
8,008 |
01976-09-01-0000September 1976 |
01980-07-01-0000July 1980 |
NSW, NT, QLD |
NSW, NT, QLD, WA |
Summer rainfall |
Onthophagus binodis Thunberg |
South Africa |
173,018 |
01971-10-01-0000October 1971 |
01982-02-01-0000February 1982 |
NSW, QLD, SA, Tas, Vic, WA, Norfolk Islands |
NSW, QLD, SA, Tas, Vic, WA, Norfolk Islands |
Winter rainfall |
Onthophagus gazella Fabricius |
South Africa |
420,415 |
01968-02-01-0000February 1968 |
01984-02-01-0000February 1984 |
ACT, NSW, NT, QLD, SA, Tas, Vic, WA, Norfolk Islands |
ACT, NSW, NT, QLD, SA, WA, Norfolk Islands |
Summer rainfall |
Onthophagus nigiventris d'Orbigny |
East Africa |
29,960 |
01975-05-01-0000May 1975 |
01983-03-01-0000March 1983 |
NSW |
NSW |
Summer rainfall |
Onthophagus obliquus |
Nigeria, Senegal, Zaire |
9,300 |
01976-01-01-0000January 1976 |
01977-11-01-0000November 1977 |
QLD, NT |
QLD |
Summer rainfall |
Onthophagus sagittarius |
Sri Lanka (via Hawaii) |
9,075 |
01968-01-01-0000January 1968 |
01977-03-01-0000March 1977 |
NSW, NT, QLD, WA |
NSW, NT |
Summer rainfall |
Onthophagus taurus Schreber |
Spain, Greece, Italy, Turkey |
164,499 |
01975-02-01-0000February 1975 |
01984-01-01-0000January 1984 |
NSW, SA, Tas, Vic, WA |
NSW, SA, Tas, Vic, WA |
Winter rainfall |
Sisyphus rubrus Paschalidis |
South Africa |
85,933 |
01973-03-01-0000March 1973 |
01980-02-01-0000February 1980 |
NSW, QLD, WA |
NSW, QLD |
Summer rainfall |
Sisyphus spinipes |
South Africa |
36,125 |
01972-03-01-0000March 1972 |
01978-12-01-0000December 1978 |
NSW, NT, QLD, WA |
NSW, QLD |
Summer rainfall |
|
Total: |
1,680,399 |
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Key:
§ modified from a table in Edwards (2007)[14] with some additional information from Edwards, et al. (2007)[5] and African Dung Beetles Online[18]
† ACT = Australian Capital Territory, NSW = New South Wales, NT = Northern Territories, QLD = Queensland, SA = South Australia, Tas = Tasmania, Vic = Victoria, WA = Western Australia.
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