Category |
Examples |
Cancers |
Gene functions |
Growth factors, or mitogens |
c-Sis |
glioblastomas, fibrosarcomas, osteosarcomas, breast carcinomas, and melanomas[18] |
induces cell proliferation. |
Receptor tyrosine kinases |
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), HER2/neu |
Breast cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer[19] |
transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. |
Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases |
Src-family, Syk-ZAP-70 family, and BTK family of tyrosine kinases, the Abl gene in CML - Philadelphia chromosome |
colorectal and breast cancers, melanomas, ovarian cancers, gastric cancers, head and neck cancers, pancreatice cancer, lung cancer, brain cancers, and blood cancers[20] |
mediate the responses to, and the activation receptors of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival [21] |
Cytoplasmic Serine/threonine kinases and their regulatory subunits |
Raf kinase, and cyclin-dependent kinases (through overexpression). |
malignant melanoma, papillary thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer[22] |
Involved in organism development, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, differentiation, cells survival, and apoptosis [23] |
Regulatory GTPases |
Ras protein |
adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and colon, thyroid tumors, and myeloid leukemia[24] |
involved in signalling a major pathway leading to cell proliferation.[25] |
Transcription factors |
myc gene |
malignant T-cell lymphomas and acute myleoid leukemias, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, retinoblastoma, and small cell lung cancer [26] |
-They regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation. |