The epistemological tension between empirical observation and theoretical deduction has perennially underpinned scientific discourse. While Francis Bacon's inductive methodology purports to derive universal principles from particular instances, Karl Popper's falsificationism contends that scientific theories can never be definitively verified — merely provisionally corroborated through rigorous attempts at refutation. This dialectic has profound implications for how we adjudicate competing knowledge claims, particularly in fields where controlled experimentation remains methodologically intractable, such as macroeconomics and evolutionary biology.