hydrogen I-<CMT>
diffusion <CMT>
studies <CMT>
in <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
laves I-<SPL>
phase <SPL>
AB2 I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
hydrogen <other>
in <other>
the <other>
tetrahedral <other>
interstitials <other>
of <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
spherical <DSC>
laves I-<SPL>
phase <SPL>
Cr2Fe10Mn17Ni10VZr20 I-<MAT>
and <other>
ZrMn0.85Cr0.1V0.05Fe0.5Ni0.5+1wt I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
B <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
the <other>
a-phase <other>
( <other>
solid I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
solution <DSC>
) <other>
region <other>
over <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
for <other>
hydrogen <other>
pressures <other>
up <other>
to <other>
100mbar <other>
using <other>
sieverts I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
type <CMT>
apparatus <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
diffusion I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
the <other>
gas I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
solid <CMT>
reaction <CMT>
, <other>
where <other>
the <other>
gas <other>
pressure <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
time <other>
has <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
fixed <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
have <other>
been <other>
discussed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
fick I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
law <CMT>
of <other>
diffusion <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
diffusion I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
on <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
initial <other>
pressure <other>
has <other>
been <other>
evaluated <other>
. <other>


activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
diffusion <other>
using <other>
arrhenius I-<CMT>
relation <CMT>
. <other>


improving <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>


high <other>
- <other>
performance <other>
(Bi2Te3)x(Sb2Te3)1-x I-<MAT>
bulk I-<DSC>
materials <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
combining <other>
fusion I-<SMT>
technique <SMT>
with <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
their <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
and <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
increase <other>
greatly <other>
and <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
decreases <other>
significantly <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
which <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
a <other>
great <other>
improvement <other>
in <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
figure <PRO>
of <PRO>
merit <PRO>
ZT <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
ZT I-<PRO>
value <other>
reaches <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
for <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
Bi2Te3-80 <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sb2Te3 <MAT>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
( <other>
mass <other>
fraction <other>
) <other>
excess <other>
Te I-<MAT>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
Mg2Ni I-<MAT>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
kinetics I-<PRO>
: <other>
using <other>
H2Mg I-<MAT>
instead <other>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
starting <other>
material <other>


At <other>
a <other>
temperature <other>
over <other>
the <other>
decomposition I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
of <other>
H2Mg I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
Mg2Ni I-<MAT>
is <other>
greatly <other>
enhanced <other>
from <other>
the <other>
2MgH2+Ni I-<MAT>
system <other>
, <other>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
2Mg+Ni I-<MAT>
system <other>
. <other>


In <other>
support <other>
of <other>
this <other>
finding <other>
, <other>
in-situ <other>
observation <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
fine <other>
structure <other>
of <other>
the <other>
two <other>
systems <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
MgNi I-<MAT>
bonds <other>
form <other>
faster <other>
in <other>
the <other>
2MgH2+Ni I-<MAT>
system <other>
than <other>
in <other>
the <other>
2Mg+Ni I-<MAT>
system <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
theoretical <other>
modeling <other>
also <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
readily <other>
released <other>
from <other>
H2Mg I-<MAT>
using <other>
much <other>
less <other>
energy <other>
and <other>
thus <other>
are <other>
more <other>
available <other>
to <other>
react <other>
with <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
once <other>
the <other>
dehydrogenation I-<SMT>
of <other>
H2Mg I-<MAT>
occurs <other>
, <other>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
normal <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
. <other>


construction <other>
of <other>
nanowire I-<DSC>
CH6I3NPb I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
by <other>
solvent I-<SMT>
etching <SMT>
technique <other>


1D I-<DSC>
nanowire <DSC>
CH6I3NPb I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
constructed <other>
by <other>
solvent I-<SMT>
etching <SMT>
technique <other>
. <other>


the <other>
etching I-<SMT>
solution <other>
was <other>
consisted <other>
of <other>
a <other>
small <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
polar <other>
solvent <other>
in <other>
non-polar <other>
solvent <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
precisely <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
the <other>
adding <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
polar <other>
solvent <other>
. <other>


A <other>
best <other>
and <other>
repeatable <other>
PCE I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
was <other>
achieved <other>
from <other>
the <other>
CH6I3NPb I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
device <APL>
with <other>
nanowire I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
p-i-n I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


solvent I-<SMT>
etching <SMT>
process <other>
was <other>
an <other>
advanced <other>
technique <other>
for <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
nanowire I-<DSC>
construction <other>
because <other>
of <other>
it <other>
's <other>
simple <other>
, <other>
universal <other>
and <other>
effective <other>
operation <other>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
reactions <other>
during <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
of <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
3Y-TZP I-<MAT>
nano-powder I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>


3Y-TZP I-<MAT>
( <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
nano I-<DSC>
powders <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
co-precipitation I-<SMT>
and <other>
copper I-<MAT>
oxalate <MAT>
complexation I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
precipitation <SMT>
techniques <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


during <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
of <other>
powder I-<DSC>
compacts <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
3Y-TZP I-<MAT>
) <other>
of <other>
this <other>
two <other>
- <other>
phase <other>
system <other>
several <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reactions <SMT>
clearly <other>
influence <other>
densification I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
reactions <other>
were <other>
analysed <other>
by <other>
several <other>
techniques <other>
like <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
, <other>
DSC I-<CMT>
/ <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
and <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
temperature <CMT>
XRD <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
strong <other>
dissolution <other>
of <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
3Y-TZP I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
occurs <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
significant <other>
enrichment <other>
of <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
in <other>
a <other>
3Y-TZP I-<MAT>
grain I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
layer <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
several <other>
nanometres <other>
. <other>


this <other>
“ <other>
transient <other>
” <other>
liquid <other>
phase <other>
strongly <other>
enhances <other>
densification I-<SMT>
. <other>


around <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
a <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
between <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
and <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
as <other>
segregated <other>
to <other>
the <other>
3Y-TZP I-<MAT>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
occurs <other>
, <other>
forming <other>
Cu2O5Y2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


this <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
induces <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
this <other>
solid I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
also <other>
retards <other>
densification I-<SMT>
. <other>


using <other>
this <other>
knowledge <other>
of <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
development <other>
during <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
it <other>
was <other>
possible <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
a <other>
dense I-<PRO>
nano I-<DSC>
– <DSC>
nano <DSC>
composite <DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
only <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
after <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
diffusion <other>
conditions <other>
on <other>
the <other>
switching <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
resistive I-<APL>
memory <APL>
devices <APL>


this <other>
paper <other>
presents <other>
a <other>
study <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
diffusion <other>
at <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
in <other>
thin I-<DSC>
O2Si I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
diffusion <other>
conditions <other>
on <other>
the <other>
switching <other>
of <other>
programmable I-<APL>
metallization <APL>
cell <APL>
( <other>
PMC I-<APL>
) <other>
devices <other>
formed <other>
from <other>
such <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


film I-<DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
diffusion <other>
products <other>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
using <other>
secondary I-<CMT>
ion <CMT>
mass <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
rutherford I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
methods <other>
. <other>


we <other>
found <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
diffused <other>
Cu I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
varied <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
and <other>
10-3 <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
on <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
studies <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
does <other>
not <other>
react <other>
with <other>
the <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
network <other>
and <other>
remains <other>
in <other>
elemental <other>
form <other>
after <other>
diffusion <other>
for <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
used <other>
. <other>


PMC I-<APL>
resistive <APL>
memory <APL>
cells <APL>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
with <other>
such <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
diffused <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
device I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
, <other>
including <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
the <PRO>
switching <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
, <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
context <other>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
characteristics <other>
. <other>


crystallographic I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
evolution <other>
of <other>
ternary <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
O <MAT>
nanomaterials I-<DSC>
during <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>


this <other>
study <other>
investigates <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
ternary <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
O <MAT>
nanomaterials I-<DSC>
by <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanowires <DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
images <other>
show <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
becomes <other>
rough <other>
with <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
patterns <other>
and <other>
transmittance I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
show <other>
that <other>
multiple <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
O <MAT>
ternary <other>
compounds <other>
exist <other>
in <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
OZn I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
. <other>


these <other>
are <other>
O4TiZn2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
O3TiZn I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
form <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
O3TiZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
O4TiZn2 I-<MAT>
mixed <other>
phases <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
reaches <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
a <other>
pure <other>
and <other>
efficient <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
O4TiZn2 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
is <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
the <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
herein <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
is <other>
a <other>
substantial <other>
factor <other>
dominating <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
O <MAT>
ternary <other>
compounds <other>
in <other>
the <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
between <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
shell I-<DSC>
nanolayers <DSC>
. <other>


annealing I-<SMT>
influence <other>
over <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sprayed I-<SMT>
SSn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


A <other>
systematic <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
opto I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electrical <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
spray I-<SMT>
deposited <SMT>
SSn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


As <other>
received <other>
SnCl2*2H2O I-<MAT>
and <other>
thiourea <other>
were <other>
used <other>
for <other>
sn2+ <other>
and <other>
S2- <other>
ion <other>
sources <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
in <other>
the <other>
solution <other>
without <other>
any <other>
complexing <other>
agent <other>
. <other>


following <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
, <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
tubular <other>
quartz I-<MAT>
furnace <other>
at <other>
different <other>
temperature <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
and <other>
cooled <other>
down <other>
to <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
under <other>
flowing <other>
argon <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
were <other>
modified <other>
by <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


structural I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
revealed <other>
nano-crystalline I-<DSC>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
deposited <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
showed <other>
deposited <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
- <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
with <other>
preferential <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
and <other>
better <other>
phase I-<PRO>
purity <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
further <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
also <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
vis <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electrochemical <PRO>
response <PRO>
and <other>
hall I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
induced <other>
a <other>
substantial <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
nano-structured I-<DSC>
W- I-<MAT>
, <other>
ti- I-<MAT>
, <other>
V- I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


bonding I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
and <other>
metal <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
nanostructural <other>
changes <other>
of <other>
metal I-<PRO>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
amorphous <DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
( <other>
a-C I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
me <MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
depending <other>
on <other>
metal I-<PRO>
type <other>
( <other>
W I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
V I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
concentration <other>
( <other>
< <other>
25at. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
( <other>
< <other>
1300K <other>
, <other>
except <other>
W <other>
: <other>
< <other>
2800K <other>
) <other>
. <other>


pure <other>
C I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
distorted <other>
aromatic <other>
and <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
- <other>
like <other>
regions <other>
. <other>


both <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
size <other>
with <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


after <other>
deposition <other>
the <other>
metals I-<PRO>
have <other>
carbide I-<MAT>
- <other>
like <other>
bonding I-<PRO>
and <other>
are <other>
mainly <other>
distributed <other>
atomically <other>
disperse <other>
in <other>
an <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
environment <other>
. <other>


annealing I-<SMT>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
carbide I-<MAT>
crystallites I-<DSC>
( <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
, <other>
VC I-<MAT>
, <other>
CZr I-<MAT>
, <other>
WC I-<MAT>
, <other>
CW2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
WC1-x I-<MAT>
) <other>
of <other>
several <other>
nanometers <other>
. <other>


the <other>
VC I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
reach <other>
the <other>
largest <other>
size <other>
up <other>
to <other>
1300K <other>
. <other>


all <other>
metal I-<PRO>
dopings I-<SMT>
reduce <other>
the <other>
erosion I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
against <PRO>
oxidation <PRO>
( <other>
expect <other>
V I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
hydrogen <other>
impact <other>
. <other>


correlation <other>
between <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
ag2+ <other>
centers <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
a <other>
n-Si I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
then <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
in <other>
situ <other>
in <other>
an <other>
O <other>
ambient <other>
, <other>
using <other>
Ag2O I-<MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
silver I-<MAT>
dopant <other>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


hall I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
show <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
hole I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
a <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
/ <other>
vs <other>
. <other>


by <other>
combining <other>
hall I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
, <other>
electron I-<CMT>
paramagnetic <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
( <other>
EPR I-<CMT>
) <other>
signals <other>
, <other>
and <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
spectra <other>
, <other>
a <other>
correlation <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
between <other>
the <other>
free I-<PRO>
hole <PRO>
carriers <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
ag2+ <other>
centers <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
neutral I-<PRO>
acceptor <PRO>
bound <PRO>
excitons <PRO>
. <other>


additionally <other>
, <other>
the <other>
p-ZnO I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
/ <other>
n-Si I-<MAT>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
shows <other>
a <other>
diode I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
I <PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
characteristic <PRO>
. <other>


phase <other>
control <other>
in <other>
immiscible I-<PRO>
Zn-Bi I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
by <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


immiscible I-<PRO>
Zn-Bi I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
good <other>
potential <other>
to <other>
replace <other>
lead I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
to <other>
serve <other>
as <other>
a <other>
running I-<APL>
layer <APL>
in <other>
plain I-<APL>
bearings <APL>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
still <other>
a <other>
major <other>
challenge <other>
to <other>
uniformly <other>
disperse <other>
Bi I-<MAT>
phase <other>
in <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
during <other>
solidification I-<SMT>
processing <SMT>
since <other>
Bi I-<MAT>
droplets <other>
grow <other>
very <other>
fast <other>
in <other>
liquid <other>
state <other>
and <other>
readily <other>
coagulate <other>
to <other>
induce <other>
phase <other>
sedimentation <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
study <other>
, <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
( <other>
W I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
, <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
, <other>
used <other>
and <other>
effectively <other>
incorporated <other>
into <other>
the <other>
Zn-Bi I-<MAT>
melt <other>
for <other>
phase <other>
control <other>
. <other>


tungsten I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
able <other>
to <other>
self <other>
- <other>
assemble <other>
onto <other>
the <other>
Zn-Bi I-<MAT>
phase <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
to <other>
slow <other>
down <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Bi I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
prevent <other>
their <other>
coagulations <other>
, <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
size <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Bi I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
refinement <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
W I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
into <other>
the <other>
Zn-Bi I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
enhanced <other>
its <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
significantly <other>
. <other>


this <other>
new <other>
approach <other>
of <other>
using <other>
chemically I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
stable <PRO>
metal <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
great <other>
potential <other>
for <other>
scale-up <other>
manufacturing <other>
of <other>
immiscible I-<PRO>
alloys I-<DSC>
for <other>
widespread <other>
applications <other>
. <other>


BeCl4Li2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
BeCl4Na2 I-<MAT>
: <other>
two <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
chlorides <other>


BeCl4Li2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
BeCl4Na2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
only <other>
ternary <other>
compounds <other>
in <other>
the <other>
systems <other>
MIClBeCl2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
MI <MAT>
= <MAT>
Li <MAT>
, <MAT>
Na <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
are <other>
reinvestigated <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
, <other>
IR I-<CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
methods <CMT>
. <other>


both <other>
compounds <other>
are <other>
not <other>
polymorphic <other>
. <other>


they <other>
crystallize <other>
in <other>
the <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
structure <other>
( <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
pm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
) <other>
, <other>
as <other>
shown <other>
from <other>
vibrational I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
intensity <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
relation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
unit I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
cell <PRO>
dimensions <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
compounds <other>
within <other>
a <other>
narrow <other>
range <other>
. <other>


ultraviolet <other>
electroluminescence I-<CMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
from <other>
a <other>
pn I-<APL>
junction <APL>
of <other>
heteroepitaxial I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
by <other>
CVD I-<CMT>


the <other>
ultraviolet I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
from <other>
a <other>
pn I-<APL>
junction <APL>
of <other>
heteroepitaxial I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


diamond I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
Si(100) I-<MAT>
by <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


B I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
and <other>
P I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
were <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
trimethylboron <other>
and <other>
phosphine <other>
as <other>
impurity <other>
source <other>
gasses <other>
. <other>


the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
p- I-<PRO>
and <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
SIMS I-<CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
hall I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <PRO>
I <PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
) <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
pn I-<APL>
junction <APL>
exhibited <other>
good <other>
rectifying I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
sharp <other>
emission I-<PRO>
peak <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


broad <other>
a-band I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
region <other>
also <other>
appeared <other>
simultaneously <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
. <other>


optimization <other>
of <other>
processing <other>
parameters <other>
on <other>
the <other>
controlled <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
for <other>
the <other>
performance <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
solid I-<APL>
- <APL>
state <APL>
dye <APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>


high <other>
- <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
the <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
two I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
bath <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
CBD I-<SMT>
) <other>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
processing <other>
parameters <other>
including <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
and <other>
solution <other>
concentration <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
m <other>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
crystal <other>
growth <other>
, <other>
alignment I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
systematically <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
that <other>
these <other>
process <other>
parameters <other>
are <other>
critical <other>
for <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
, <other>
orientation <other>
and <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
, <other>
showing <other>
different <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


experimental <other>
results <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
prepared <other>
under <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
solution <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
m <other>
possess <other>
highest <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
show <other>
the <other>
well <other>
- <other>
aligned <other>
orientation <other>
and <other>
optimum <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


moreover <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
based <other>
heterojunction I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>
and <other>
the <other>
solid I-<APL>
- <APL>
state <APL>
dye <APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
SS I-<APL>
- <APL>
DSSCs <APL>
) <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
with <other>
an <other>
improved <other>
optoelectrical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


thermal I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
coating <APL>
of <other>
lanthanum I-<MAT>
– <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
– <other>
cerium I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
made <other>
by <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
- <SMT>
physical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


lanthanum I-<MAT>
– <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
– <other>
cerium I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ce3La10O35Zr7 I-<MAT>
, <other>
LZ7C3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
as <other>
a <other>
candidate <other>
material <other>
for <other>
thermal I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
coatings <APL>
( <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
) <other>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
- <SMT>
physical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
EB I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
PVD <SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
thermophysical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
and <other>
cross-sectional I-<PRO>
morphologies <PRO>
and <other>
cyclic I-<PRO>
oxidation <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
LZ7C3 I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
LZ7C3 I-<MAT>
has <other>
a <other>
high <other>
phase I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
between <other>
298K <other>
and <other>
1573K <other>
, <other>
and <other>
its <other>
linear <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
expansion <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
( <other>
TEC I-<PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
containing <MAT>
8wt <MAT>
% <MAT>
yttria <MAT>
( <other>
8YSZ I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
LZ7C3 I-<MAT>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
Wm-1K-1 <other>
at <other>
1273K <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
almost <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
8YSZ I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
deviation <other>
of <other>
coating I-<APL>
composition I-<PRO>
from <other>
the <other>
ingot I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
overcome <other>
by <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
excess <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
during <other>
ingot I-<DSC>
preparation <other>
or <other>
by <other>
adjusting <other>
the <other>
process <other>
parameters <other>
. <other>


the <other>
failure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
LZ7C3 I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
is <other>
mainly <other>
a <other>
result <other>
of <other>
the <other>
occurrence <other>
of <other>
micro-cracks <other>
inside <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
topcoat I-<APL>
, <other>
which <other>
cause <other>
the <other>
abnormal <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
bond I-<APL>
coat <APL>
. <other>


degradation I-<PRO>
reduction <other>
and <other>
stability I-<PRO>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
graphene I-<MAT>
by <other>
Cl3Rh I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>


three <other>
dopants <other>
, <other>
HNO3 <other>
, <other>
AuCl3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Cl3Rh I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
graphene I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
with <other>
varying <other>
doping I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
and <other>
subsequently <other>
compare <other>
their <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


by <other>
Cl3Rh I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
is <other>
most <other>
stable <other>
as <other>
time <other>
elapses <other>
and <other>
the <other>
raman I-<PRO>
frequency <PRO>
/ <other>
work I-<PRO>
function <PRO>
( <other>
thus <other>
dirac I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
) <other>
are <other>
most <other>
doping <other>
- <other>
sensitive <other>
without <other>
big <other>
degradation <other>
of <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
and <other>
hole I-<PRO>
mobility <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
CC I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
CC <PRO>
bonds <PRO>
intensity <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
( <other>
ICC I-<PRO>
/ <other>
ICC I-<PRO>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
C I-<MAT>
1s <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectra <other>
increases <other>
in <other>
all <other>
doped I-<DSC>
samples <other>
with <other>
the <other>
change <other>
being <other>
largest <other>
by <other>
Cl3Rh I-<MAT>
doping <other>
, <other>
another <other>
evidence <other>
for <other>
the <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
doping <other>
by <other>
electron <other>
transfer <other>
from <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
to <other>
the <other>
adsorbates <other>
. <other>


the <other>
largest <other>
ICC I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
ICC <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
may <other>
indicate <other>
the <other>
C I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
most <other>
fully <other>
double <other>
- <other>
bonded <other>
even <other>
though <other>
a <other>
lot <other>
of <other>
electrons <other>
are <other>
leaked <other>
out <other>
from <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
, <other>
thereby <other>
making <other>
the <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
least <other>
defective <other>
, <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
minimized <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
hole I-<PRO>
mobility <PRO>
by <other>
Cl3Rh I-<MAT>
doping <other>
. <other>


interaction <other>
of <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
disilicate <MAT>
environmental I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
coatings <APL>
with <other>
calcium-magnesium-iron I-<MAT>
alumino-silicate <MAT>
melts <other>


reactions <other>
between <other>
molten <other>
calcium-magnesium-iron I-<MAT>
alumino-silicate <MAT>
( <other>
CMFAS I-<MAT>
) <other>
deposits <other>
and <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
disilicate <MAT>
( <other>
O7Si2Y2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
YDS I-<MAT>
) <other>
based <other>
environmental I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
coatings <APL>
( <other>
EBC I-<APL>
) <other>
on <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
composites <DSC>
( <other>
CMCs I-<DSC>
) <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
coating I-<APL>
readily <other>
dissolves <other>
into <other>
the <other>
melt <other>
from <other>
which <other>
an <other>
apatite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
nominally <other>
CaO13Si3Y4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
precipitates I-<DSC>
. <other>


these <other>
reactions <other>
are <other>
sufficiently <other>
fast <other>
to <other>
consume <other>
the <other>
majority <other>
of <other>
the <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
thick <other>
coating I-<APL>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
. <other>


liquid I-<SMT>
phase <SMT>
separation <SMT>
, <other>
producing <other>
an <other>
essentially <other>
pure <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
second <other>
phase <other>
, <other>
occurs <other>
near <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
front <other>
suggesting <other>
dissimilar <other>
rates <other>
of <other>
CaO I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
exchange <other>
with <other>
the <other>
overlaying <other>
deposit <other>
. <other>


the <other>
rise <other>
of <other>
large <other>
bubbles <other>
through <other>
the <other>
melt <other>
above <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
appears <other>
to <other>
disrupt <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
layer <other>
and <other>
distributes <other>
apatite I-<MAT>
throughout <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
deposit <other>
. <other>


channel <other>
cracks <other>
were <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
deposits <other>
and <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
layers I-<DSC>
; <other>
after <other>
longer <other>
exposures <other>
, <other>
the <other>
cracks <other>
branch <other>
and <other>
extend <other>
laterally <other>
through <other>
the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
bond I-<APL>
coat <APL>
and <other>
into <other>
the <other>
underlying <other>
CMC I-<DSC>
. <other>


complementary <other>
experiments <other>
performed <other>
on <other>
monolithic I-<DSC>
YDS I-<MAT>
pellets I-<DSC>
yielded <other>
long <other>
- <other>
term <other>
recession I-<PRO>
rates <PRO>
similar <other>
to <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
, <other>
although <other>
some <other>
differences <other>
were <other>
evident <other>
in <other>
recession I-<PRO>
rates <PRO>
and <other>
reaction <other>
layer I-<DSC>
morphologies I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
early <other>
stages <other>
. <other>


thermodynamic I-<CMT>
calculations <CMT>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
the <other>
evolving <other>
driving <other>
force <other>
for <other>
the <other>
YDS I-<MAT>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
apatite I-<MAT>
conversion <other>
. <other>


the <other>
agreement <other>
between <other>
the <other>
simulated <other>
and <other>
experimentally <other>
observed <other>
behaviors <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
such <other>
calculations <other>
could <other>
be <other>
used <other>
to <other>
predict <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
deposit <other>
composition I-<PRO>
on <other>
EBC I-<APL>
degradation <other>
. <other>


non-radiative I-<PRO>
sub-microsecond <PRO>
recombination <PRO>
of <other>
excited <other>
er3+ <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
sensitized <other>
with <other>
Si I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>


temporal <other>
aspects <other>
of <other>
recombination <other>
and <other>
energy I-<PRO>
transfer <PRO>
processes <PRO>
in <other>
Er I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Si I-<MAT>
sensitized <other>
with <other>
Si I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
( <other>
si-nc I-<MAT>
's <other>
) <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
luminescence I-<CMT>
and <other>
excitation I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
using <other>
time I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
correlated <CMT>
photon <CMT>
counting <CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
detection <other>
mode <other>
allows <other>
that <other>
emissions <other>
of <other>
very <other>
different <other>
intensities <other>
and <other>
dynamics <other>
may <other>
be <other>
investigated <other>
simultaneously <other>
, <other>
without <other>
loss <other>
of <other>
time <other>
resolution <other>
or <other>
amplitude <other>
deformation <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
way <other>
, <other>
components <other>
with <other>
decay I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
ranging <other>
from <other>
nano- <other>
to <other>
milliseconds <other>
were <other>
identified <other>
in <other>
the <other>
luminescence I-<CMT>
bands <other>
of <other>
si-nc I-<MAT>
's <other>
, <other>
er3+ <other>
ions <other>
, <other>
and <other>
defects <other>
. <other>


we <other>
postulate <other>
to <other>
relate <other>
these <other>
to <other>
recombination I-<PRO>
processes <PRO>
originating <other>
from <other>
isolated <other>
er3+ <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
er3+ <other>
ions <other>
located <other>
inside <other>
or <other>
in <other>
direct <other>
vicinity <other>
of <other>
si-nc I-<MAT>
's <other>
, <other>
with <other>
dynamics <other>
in <other>
the <other>
milli- <other>
and <other>
microsecond <other>
, <other>
and <other>
nanosecond <other>
range <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
way <other>
, <other>
a <other>
unique <other>
picture <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mutual <other>
relation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
two <other>
subsystems <other>
of <other>
er3+ <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
si-nc I-<MAT>
's <other>
, <other>
and <other>
truly <other>
microscopic <other>
information <other>
on <other>
the <other>
sensitization I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
is <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
this <other>
new <other>
information <other>
, <other>
we <other>
conclude <other>
on <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
non-radiative I-<PRO>
recombination <PRO>
of <other>
er3+ <other>
upon <other>
sensitization <other>
with <other>
si-nc I-<MAT>
's <other>
and <other>
put <other>
forward <other>
a <other>
complete <other>
description <other>
of <other>
si-nc I-<MAT>
's <other>
as <other>
sensitizers <other>
of <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Er <MAT>
system <other>
, <other>
where <other>
all <other>
the <other>
er3+ <other>
ions <other>
available <other>
in <other>
the <other>
system <other>
are <other>
accounted <other>
for <other>
. <other>


the <other>
correlation <other>
between <other>
weakest <other>
configurations <other>
and <other>
yield I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
glasses I-<DSC>


A <other>
direct <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
yield I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
solvent <other>
( <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
) <other>
atoms <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Zr-Cu-Al-Ni I-<MAT>
metallic I-<PRO>
glasses I-<DSC>
system <other>
is <other>
firstly <other>
uncovered <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
either <other>
shear I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
or <other>
yield I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
decreases <other>
almost <other>
nearly <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <PRO>
Zr <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
this <other>
relationship <other>
is <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
preferential <other>
straining <other>
of <other>
the <other>
weakest <other>
configurations <other>
, <other>
which <other>
consist <other>
of <other>
the <other>
solvent <other>
- <other>
solvent <other>
bonds <other>
and <other>
the <other>
free <other>
volume <other>
concentrated <other>
in <other>
them <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <PRO>
Zr <PRO>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
a <other>
larger <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
weakest <other>
configurations <other>
, <other>
which <other>
will <other>
facilitate <other>
the <other>
activation <other>
and <other>
the <other>
accumulation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
shear <other>
transformations <other>
and <other>
finally <other>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
yield I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
finding <other>
may <other>
provide <other>
an <other>
effective <other>
strategy <other>
for <other>
designing <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
strength <PRO>
metallic <PRO>
glasses I-<DSC>
by <other>
modifying <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
. <other>


perpendicular <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
force <PRO>
of <other>
thick <other>
BCoFe I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>


the <other>
room <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
BCoFe I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


large <other>
perpendicular <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
forces <PRO>
in <other>
BCoFe I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
thickness <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
perpendicular <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
force <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
Oe <other>
as <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
BCoFe I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
large <other>
perpendicular <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
force <PRO>
indicates <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
intrinsic <other>
perpendicular <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
in <other>
thick <other>
BCoFe I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
with <other>
thickness <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
which <other>
originates <other>
from <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
texture <other>
in <other>
BCoFe I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
strength <other>
of <other>
perpendicular <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
of <other>
BCoFe I-<MAT>
depends <other>
on <other>
annealing I-<SPL>
temperature <other>
. <other>


non-isothermal I-<CMT>
kinetics <CMT>
study <CMT>
with <other>
isoconversional I-<CMT>
procedure <CMT>
and <other>
DAEM I-<CMT>
: <other>
thermal <other>
decomposition <other>
of <other>
LaO4P I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce,Tb*0.5H2O <MAT>


the <other>
precursor <other>
, <other>
La0.9Ce0.05Tb0.05PO4*0.5H2O I-<MAT>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
synthesized <other>
product <other>
is <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
La0.9Ce0.05Tb0.05PO4*0.5H2O I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
CeLa18O80P20Tb I-<MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
green I-<APL>
emitting <APL>
phosphor <APL>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
after <other>
calcining I-<SMT>
La0.9Ce0.05Tb0.05PO4*0.5H2O I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
in <other>
air <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
iterative I-<CMT>
isoconversional <CMT>
procedure <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
values <other>
of <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
ea <PRO>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
region <other>
I <other>
and <other>
region <other>
II <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermal <other>
decomposition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
precursor <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
, <other>
which <other>
demonstrates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
region <other>
II <other>
is <other>
a <other>
kinetically <other>
complex <other>
process <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
region <other>
I <other>
is <other>
a <other>
single <other>
- <other>
step <other>
kinetic <other>
process <other>
and <other>
can <other>
be <other>
described <other>
by <other>
a <other>
unique <other>
kinetic <other>
triplet <other>
[ <other>
ea I-<PRO>
, <other>
A I-<PRO>
and <other>
g(a) I-<PRO>
] <other>
. <other>


the <other>
most <other>
probable <other>
reaction <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
the <other>
region <other>
I <other>
was <other>
estimated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
comparison <other>
between <other>
experimental <other>
plots <other>
and <other>
modeled <other>
results <other>
. <other>


the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
pre-exponential I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
A <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
region <other>
I <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
ea I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
mechanism <other>
. <other>


the <other>
distributed I-<CMT>
activation <CMT>
energy <CMT>
model <CMT>
( <other>
DAEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
was <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
region <other>
II <other>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ErSi2 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
the <other>
associated <other>
fractal <other>
pattern <other>
on <other>
the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
upon <other>
high I-<SMT>
current <SMT>
Er <SMT>
- <SMT>
ion <SMT>
implantation <SMT>


using <other>
a <other>
metal <other>
vapor <other>
vacuum <other>
arc <other>
ion <other>
source <other>
, <other>
plain <other>
and <other>
continuous <other>
ErSi2 I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
of <other>
good <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
were <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
by <other>
high I-<SMT>
current <SMT>
Er <SMT>
- <SMT>
ion <SMT>
implantation <SMT>
. <other>


interestingly <other>
, <other>
under <other>
some <other>
specific <other>
conditions <other>
, <other>
the <other>
formed <other>
ErSi2 I-<MAT>
grains <other>
organized <other>
themselves <other>
in <other>
a <other>
fractal <other>
pattern <other>
featuring <other>
self <other>
- <other>
similarity <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ErSi2 I-<MAT>
formation <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fractal <other>
pattern <other>
was <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dynamic <other>
launching <other>
of <other>
energetic <other>
Er I-<MAT>
ions <other>
into <other>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
beam I-<SMT>
heating <SMT>
effect <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
ion <other>
fluence <other>
during <other>
the <other>
high I-<SMT>
current <SMT>
Er <SMT>
- <SMT>
ion <SMT>
implantation <SMT>
of <other>
far-from-equilibrium <other>
. <other>


jahn I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
teller <PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
LaSrCuO I-<MAT>
superconductor I-<PRO>


the <other>
CuO6 I-<MAT>
octahedron <other>
in <other>
the <other>
T I-<SPL>
structure <other>
of <other>
the <other>
LaSrCuO I-<MAT>
superconductor I-<PRO>
is <other>
considered <other>
within <other>
the <other>
quasi-molecular I-<CMT>
approximation <CMT>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
calculate <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
that <other>
could <other>
participate <other>
in <other>
the <other>
jahn I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
teller <PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
electronic I-<CMT>
calculations <CMT>
are <other>
made <other>
within <other>
the <other>
extended I-<CMT>
huckel <CMT>
model <CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
vibrations I-<PRO>
are <other>
taken <other>
from <other>
previously <other>
reported <other>
results <other>
. <other>


once <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
participants <PRO>
are <other>
determined <other>
using <other>
group I-<CMT>
theory <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
phonon <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
is <other>
calculated <other>
to <other>
establish <other>
the <other>
jahn I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
teller <PRO>
deformation <PRO>
. <other>


rapid <other>
H+ I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
in <other>
hydrogen I-<MAT>
uranyl <MAT>
phosphate-A <MAT>
solid I-<APL>
H+ <APL>
electrolyte <APL>


we <other>
have <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
layered I-<DSC>
hydrate <other>
HO6PU I-<MAT>
. <MAT>


4H2O I-<MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
rapid <other>
proton I-<PRO>
conductor <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-3 <other>
ohm-1cm-1 <other>
is <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
na+ <other>
in <other>
β I-<SPL>
alumina I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
mol-1 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
material <other>
is <other>
insoluble I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
presses <other>
into <other>
transluscent I-<PRO>
discs I-<DSC>
suitable <other>
for <other>
solid I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


A <other>
robust <other>
design <other>
of <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dot <DSC>
/ <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
holey <DSC>
graphene I-<MAT>
for <other>
efficient <other>
Li I-<APL>
– <APL>
O <APL>
batteries <APL>


herein <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
, <other>
versatile <other>
, <other>
defect <other>
- <other>
engineered <other>
method <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
( <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
QDs I-<DSC>
) <other>
uniformly <other>
anchored <other>
on <other>
a <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
holey <DSC>
graphene I-<MAT>
( <other>
NHG I-<MAT>
) <other>
monolith I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
uses <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
pyrolysis I-<SMT>
of <other>
mixed <other>
glucose <other>
, <other>
dicyandiamide <other>
( <other>
DCDA <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
Cl3Ru I-<MAT>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
an <other>
acid I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
final <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
to <other>
introduce <other>
in-plane <other>
holes <other>
of <other>
various <other>
sizes <other>
. <other>


A <other>
novel <other>
transmission <other>
method <other>
in <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
was <other>
successfully <other>
implemented <other>
to <other>
directly <other>
visualize <other>
the <other>
holes <other>
with <other>
color <other>
contrast <other>
. <other>


A <other>
low <other>
accelerating <other>
voltage <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
enabled <other>
prolonged <other>
observation <other>
without <other>
significant <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
damage <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanisms <other>
of <other>
hole <other>
creation <other>
were <other>
examined <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
using <other>
various <other>
characterization <other>
techniques <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
control <other>
experiments <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
QDs I-<DSC>
had <other>
significant <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
and <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
larger <other>
in-plane <other>
holes <other>
through <other>
the <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
reactivity <PRO>
of <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
QDs I-<DSC>
significantly <other>
diminished <other>
the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
barrier <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
CC I-<PRO>
bonds <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
QD I-<DSC>
/ <other>
NHG I-<MAT>
hybrid <other>
material <other>
was <other>
utilized <other>
as <other>
an <other>
electrocatalyst I-<APL>
for <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
evolution <APL>
reaction <APL>
in <other>
Li I-<APL>
– <APL>
O <APL>
batteries <APL>
, <other>
showing <other>
much <other>
lower <other>
charge I-<PRO>
overpotentials <PRO>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
bare <other>
NHG I-<MAT>
counterpart <other>
. <other>


the <other>
defect I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
laden <DSC>
holey <DSC>
graphene I-<MAT>
counterpart <other>
can <other>
be <other>
highly <other>
functionalized <other>
for <other>
multiple <other>
applications <other>
, <other>
leading <other>
to <other>
a <other>
new <other>
method <other>
of <other>
nanoengineering <other>
based <other>
on <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
scale <PRO>
defects <PRO>
. <other>


efficiently <other>
enhanced <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
in <other>
eu3+ <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
Lu2Mo3O12 I-<MAT>
by <other>
gd3+ <other>
substituting <other>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
Lu2-xGdx(MoO4)3:0.02Eu3+ I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
red I-<APL>
- <APL>
emitting <APL>
phosphors <APL>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
standard <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


interestingly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
plays <other>
a <other>
profound <other>
role <other>
to <other>
influence <other>
the <other>
luminescence I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
conspicuous <other>
monotonic <other>
increase <other>
could <other>
be <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
gd3+ <other>
concentration <other>
to <other>
the <other>
emission I-<PRO>
intensity <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
finally <other>
Gd2Mo3O12 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
0.02Eu3+ <MAT>
exhibits <other>
the <other>
strongest <other>
red I-<PRO>
light <PRO>
emission <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
intensifying I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
even <other>
reaching <other>
3.04-fold <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
Lu2Mo3O12 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
0.02Eu3+ <MAT>
. <other>


careful <other>
structural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
suggested <other>
that <other>
up <other>
to <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
Lu I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
substituted <other>
by <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
Lu2Mo3O12 I-<MAT>
being <other>
retained <other>
, <other>
while <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
would <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
it <other>
crystallizing <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Gd2Mo3O12 I-<MAT>
structure <other>
. <other>


we <other>
believe <other>
that <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
is <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
enhancing <other>
process <other>
. <other>


size <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
near I-<PRO>
infrared <PRO>
photothermal <PRO>
conversion <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
liquid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
exfoliated <SMT>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MoSe2 I-<MAT>


molybdenum I-<MAT>
disulfide <MAT>
and <other>
molybdenum I-<MAT>
selenide <MAT>
( <other>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MoSe2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
reported <other>
as <other>
the <other>
photothermal I-<APL>
agent <APL>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
excellent <other>
photothermal I-<PRO>
conversion <PRO>
property <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MoSe2 I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
water <other>
dispersion <other>
solution <other>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
the <other>
combination <other>
technology <other>
of <other>
grinding I-<SMT>
and <other>
sonication I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
different <other>
size <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
selected <other>
by <other>
controlling <other>
centrifugation I-<SMT>
rate <other>
. <other>


MoS2 I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
better <other>
photothermal I-<PRO>
ability <PRO>
than <other>
MoSe2 I-<MAT>
at <other>
the <other>
same <other>
concentration <other>
, <other>
while <other>
MoSe2 I-<MAT>
is <other>
easier <other>
to <other>
tune <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
changing <other>
than <other>
the <other>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
by <other>
size <other>
selecting <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photothermal I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lateral <other>
size <other>
and <other>
thickness <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
micro <other>
transport <other>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
excess <PRO>
kinetic <PRO>
energy <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
converted <other>
into <other>
a <other>
heat <other>
via <other>
phonon I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
result <other>
in <other>
more <other>
heat <other>
energy <other>
generated <other>
in <other>
the <other>
few I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
than <other>
in <other>
multi-layer I-<DSC>
ones <other>
. <other>

mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
HoMnO3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
by <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
nanomechanical I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
HoMnO3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
HMO I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
techniques <other>
in <other>
this <other>
study <other>
. <other>


the <other>
HMO I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
YSZ(111) I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
results <other>
reveal <other>
only <other>
pure <other>
(0001)-oriented <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
HMO I-<MAT>
reflections <other>
without <other>
any <other>
discernible <other>
traces <other>
of <other>
impurity <other>
or <other>
secondary <other>
phases <other>
. <other>


nanoindentation I-<CMT>
results <other>
exhibit <other>
discontinuities <other>
in <other>
the <other>
load I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
displacement <CMT>
curve <CMT>
( <other>
so <other>
- <other>
called <other>
multiple <other>
“ <other>
pop <other>
- <other>
ins <other>
” <other>
event <other>
) <other>
during <other>
loading <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
possible <other>
involvement <other>
of <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
activities <PRO>
. <other>


No <other>
discontinuities <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
on <other>
unloading <other>
segment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
load I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
displacement <CMT>
curve <CMT>
. <other>


continuous I-<CMT>
stiffness <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
( <other>
CSM I-<CMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
in <other>
the <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
HMO I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
HMO I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
with <other>
the <other>
room <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
being <other>
in <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


oriented <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
hematite I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
as <other>
active <other>
photoanodes I-<APL>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
facile I-<SMT>
APCVD <SMT>


to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
optoelectronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
photoelectrode I-<APL>
, <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
using <other>
atmospheric I-<SMT>
pressure <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
APCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
for <other>
synthesis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
pyrolysis I-<SMT>
of <other>
C5FeO5 <other>
and <other>
Cl4Ti <other>
precursors <other>
on <other>
fluorine <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
tin I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
FTO I-<MAT>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
and <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
a <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
morphology I-<PRO>
with <other>
faceted <other>
particulates <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
size <other>
with <other>
a <other>
preferred <other>
crystallographic <other>
growth <other>
along <other>
the <other>
[110] <other>
direction <other>
. <other>


the <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
photoanodes I-<APL>
was <other>
measured <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


A <other>
maximum <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
atom <other>
% <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
in <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
incident I-<PRO>
photon <PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
current <PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
( <other>
IPCE I-<PRO>
) <other>
to <other>
hydrogen <other>
was <other>
measured <other>
in <other>
alkaline <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
. <other>


under <other>
an <other>
applied <other>
bias <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
vs.Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AgCl I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
the <other>
IPCE I-<PRO>
for <other>
water I-<APL>
splitting <APL>
in <other>
alkaline <other>
solution <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
reported <other>
for <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
hematite I-<MAT>
photoanodes I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
CEsIP I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
photoanode I-<APL>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
at <other>
lower <other>
applied <other>
bias <other>
were <other>
further <other>
increased <other>
by <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
by <other>
use <other>
of <other>
glucose <other>
as <other>
an <other>
anolyte <other>
. <other>


In <other>
situ <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Al3C4Zr2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>


the <other>
Al3C4Zr2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
are <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
using <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
as <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


the <other>
introduction <other>
of <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
can <other>
not <other>
only <other>
evidently <other>
hinder <other>
the <other>
coarsening <other>
of <other>
Al3C4Zr2 I-<MAT>
grains <other>
, <other>
but <other>
also <other>
benefit <other>
the <other>
densification I-<SMT>
and <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Al3C4Zr2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
B2Zr I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
shows <other>
an <other>
optimum <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
monolithic I-<DSC>
Al3C4Zr2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
unique <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
mainly <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
contribution <other>
of <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
as <other>
the <other>
reinforcing I-<APL>
phase <APL>
hindering <other>
the <other>
crack <other>
propagating <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
Al3C4Zr2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
Al3C4Zr2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
20vol. <other>
% <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
also <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
higher <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
better <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


dielectric I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>


highly <other>
optical I-<PRO>
, <other>
good <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
and <other>
randomly I-<DSC>
aligned <DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
were <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
at <other>
low <other>
frequencies <other>
( <other>
below <other>
10kHz <other>
) <other>
and <other>
orientational I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
at <other>
higher <other>
frequencies <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
o(n-1) <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
was <other>
discussed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
universal I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
of <CMT>
dielectric <CMT>
response <CMT>
. <other>


dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
peak <PRO>
was <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
the <other>
debye I-<PRO>
like <PRO>
loss <PRO>
peak <PRO>
at <other>
higher <other>
frequencies <other>
and <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
peak <PRO>
at <other>
lower <other>
frequencies <other>
. <other>


charge I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
through <other>
the <other>
grain <other>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
region <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
impedance I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


At <other>
higher <other>
temperatures <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
was <other>
mainly <other>
through <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
interior <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
was <other>
contributed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
was <other>
calculated <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
slightly <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
the <other>
reported <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
value <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
organic <other>
additives <other>
on <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
electrodeposited I-<SMT>
CoNiP I-<MAT>
hard I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
films I-<DSC>


the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
hard I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
CoNiP I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
electrodeposited I-<SMT>
in <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
organic <other>
additive <other>
in <other>
various <other>
concentrations <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


films I-<DSC>
were <other>
electrodeposited I-<SMT>
in <other>
various <other>
current <other>
densities <other>
and <other>
for <other>
different <other>
time <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
get <other>
different <other>
thickness <other>
and <other>
uniform <other>
deposits <other>
. <other>


elemental I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
obtained <other>
using <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
phosphorous I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


vibrating I-<CMT>
sample <CMT>
magnetometric <CMT>
studies <CMT>
indicate <other>
that <other>
organic <other>
additive <other>
has <other>
favourable <other>
impact <other>
on <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


surface I-<CMT>
structural <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometry <CMT>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


reasons <other>
for <other>
variation <other>
in <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transitions <PRO>
in <other>
CoSi2Tb I-<MAT>


A <other>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
CoSi2Tb I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
made <other>
. <other>


using <other>
a <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
diffractometer <CMT>
of <other>
better <other>
resolution <other>
, <other>
new <other>
results <other>
have <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


this <other>
compound <other>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CeNiSi2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
type <other>
structure <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moments <PRO>
are <other>
located <other>
only <other>
on <other>
Tb I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
. <other>


At <other>
1.5K <other>
the <other>
Tb I-<PRO>
moments <PRO>
have <other>
two <other>
components <other>
, <other>
a <other>
collinear <other>
and <other>
a <other>
noncollinear <other>
( <other>
spiral <other>
) <other>
one <other>
, <other>
and <other>
so <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
order <PRO>
at <other>
this <other>
temperature <other>
has <other>
a <other>
complex <other>
character <other>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
change <other>
and <other>
the <other>
spiral <other>
one <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
only <other>
near <other>
the <other>
neel I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
equal <other>
to <other>
TN I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
supercritical I-<SMT>
drying <SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
, <other>
niobia I-<MAT>
and <other>
titania I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
silica <MAT>
aerogels I-<DSC>


aerogels I-<DSC>
of <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
, <other>
niobia I-<MAT>
and <other>
titania I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
silica <MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
supercritical I-<SMT>
drying <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
alcogels <other>
with <other>
carbon <other>
dioxide <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
higher <other>
drying I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
pore I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
of <other>
all <other>
three <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
( <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
relative <other>
to <other>
samples <other>
dried I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
after <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
but <other>
affected <other>
their <other>
pore I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
distributions <other>
differently <other>
. <other>


there <other>
was <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
average <other>
pore I-<PRO>
diameter <PRO>
for <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
and <other>
titania I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
silica <MAT>
but <other>
not <other>
for <other>
niobia I-<MAT>
. <other>


there <other>
was <other>
also <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
crystallization I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
higher <other>
drying I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
facilitated <other>
crystallization <other>
of <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
and <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
titania I-<MAT>
, <other>
but <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
drying I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
facilitated <other>
the <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
transformation <other>
of <other>
titania I-<MAT>
and <other>
crystallization <other>
of <other>
a <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
modification <other>
of <other>
niobia I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
TT I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structural <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
niobia I-<MAT>
and <other>
titania I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
silica <MAT>
altered <other>
their <other>
acidic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
as <other>
shown <other>
by <other>
kinetic <other>
results <other>
of <other>
1-butene <other>
isomerization <other>
. <other>


zirconium I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
from <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
synthesis <other>
: <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
and <other>
quantitative <other>
phase I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>


oxides I-<MAT>
precursors <other>
ZrxTi1-xO2(x I-<MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
hydrolytic I-<SMT>
sol <SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
mixed <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
are <other>
homogeneous <other>
as <other>
deduced <other>
from <other>
electron I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
studies <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystallization <other>
of <other>
these <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
oxides I-<MAT>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
DTA <CMT>
and <other>
thermodiffractometry I-<CMT>
. <other>


quantitative <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
phases <other>
, <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
the <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
are <other>
mixtures <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
O24Ti7Zr5 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
ZrO2oxides I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
stoichiometry I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
stable <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
phase <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
Zr5Ti7O24and I-<MAT>
not <other>
ZrTiO4( I-<MAT>
= <MAT>
O4TiZr <MAT>
) <MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
the <other>
power <other>
of <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinements <CMT>
to <other>
determine <other>
phase I-<PRO>
ratios <PRO>
of <other>
very <other>
related <other>
( <other>
and <other>
thus <other>
very <other>
overlapped <other>
) <other>
phases <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
. <other>


soft I-<CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
and <other>
treatments <other>
of <other>
copper I-<MAT>
indium <MAT>
gallium <MAT>
diselenide <MAT>
( <other>
CIGS I-<MAT>
) <other>


the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
near I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
copper-indium-gallium-selenide I-<MAT>
( <other>
CIGS I-<MAT>
) <other>
absorber I-<APL>
layers <APL>
is <other>
integral <other>
to <other>
the <other>
producing <other>
a <other>
high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
photovoltaic I-<APL>
junction <APL>
. <other>


by <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XAS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
monitoring I-<CMT>
multiple <CMT>
elemental <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
edges <CMT>
with <other>
both <other>
theory <other>
and <other>
experiment <other>
, <other>
we <other>
are <other>
able <other>
to <other>
identify <other>
several <other>
features <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
CIGS I-<MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
surface I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
XAS I-<CMT>
data <other>
shows <other>
trends <other>
in <other>
the <other>
near <other>
surface I-<DSC>
region <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
, <other>
copper I-<MAT>
, <other>
indium I-<MAT>
and <other>
gallium I-<MAT>
species <other>
as <other>
the <other>
copper I-<MAT>
content <other>
is <other>
varied <other>
in <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
oxygen <other>
surface <other>
species <other>
are <other>
also <other>
monitored <other>
through <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
experiments <other>
that <other>
systematically <other>
investigates <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
water <other>
and <other>
various <other>
solutions <other>
of <other>
: <other>
ammonium <other>
hydroxide <other>
, <other>
cadmium <other>
sulfate <other>
, <other>
and <other>
thiourea <other>
. <other>


these <other>
being <other>
components <other>
of <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
chemical I-<SMT>
bath <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
CBD I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


characteristics <other>
of <other>
the <other>
CBD I-<SMT>
are <other>
correlated <other>
with <other>
a <other>
restorative <other>
effect <other>
that <other>
produces <other>
as <other>
normalized <other>
, <other>
uniform <other>
surface I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
as <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
XAS I-<CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
surface I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
in <other>
CIGS I-<MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
with <other>
excellent <other>
power I-<PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
( <other>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
provide <other>
new <other>
insight <other>
for <other>
CIGS I-<MAT>
processing <other>
strategies <other>
that <other>
seek <other>
to <other>
replace <other>
CBD I-<MAT>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
. <other>


flexible I-<DSC>
fiber <DSC>
- <DSC>
shaped <DSC>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
with <other>
single-wire-structure I-<PRO>
: <other>
design <other>
, <other>
construction <other>
and <other>
performance <other>


fiber I-<APL>
- <APL>
shaped <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
CsFS I-<APL>
) <other>
have <other>
attracted <other>
increasing <other>
interest <other>
in <other>
recent <other>
years <other>
due <other>
to <other>
their <other>
numerous <other>
advantages <other>
. <other>


herein <other>
we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
first <other>
prototype <other>
of <other>
highly <other>
flexible I-<PRO>
all-solid-state I-<APL>
single <APL>
- <APL>
wire <APL>
CsFS <APL>
by <other>
using <other>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
CIS I-<MAT>
) <other>
as <other>
the <other>
model <other>
photoactive I-<PRO>
semiconductor <PRO>
. <other>


CIS I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
is <other>
electrodeposited I-<SMT>
on <other>
a <other>
flexible I-<PRO>
Mo I-<MAT>
wire I-<DSC>
as <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


subsequently <other>
, <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
, <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
are <other>
orderly <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
the <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CIS I-<MAT>
wire I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
each <other>
upper <other>
layer I-<DSC>
ensures <other>
full <other>
contact <other>
with <other>
the <other>
underlying <other>
layer I-<DSC>
, <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
an <other>
excellent <other>
structural I-<PRO>
uniformity <PRO>
along <other>
circumference <other>
of <other>
the <other>
FSC I-<APL>
. <other>


this <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CIS I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
wire <DSC>
FSC I-<APL>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
power I-<PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
values <other>
in <other>
all <other>
reported <other>
CsFS I-<APL>
. <other>


more <other>
importantly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
present <other>
all-solid-state <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
wire <DSC>
FSC I-<APL>
exhibits <other>
stable <other>
conversion I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
during <other>
rotation <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
) <other>
, <other>
bending <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
) <other>
and <other>
long <other>
- <other>
time <other>
aging I-<SMT>
( <other>
stored <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
600h <other>
) <other>
processes <other>
, <other>
which <other>
makes <other>
it <other>
possible <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
very <other>
long <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
wire <DSC>
FSC I-<APL>
with <other>
stable <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
for <other>
weaving I-<APL>
large <APL>
- <APL>
area <APL>
devices <APL>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
the <other>
stereoscopic I-<APL>
cell <APL>
textiles <APL>
. <other>


our <other>
method <other>
provides <other>
a <other>
new <other>
and <other>
general <other>
approach <other>
for <other>
fabricating <other>
flexible I-<PRO>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
wire <DSC>
FSC I-<APL>
with <other>
various <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
photovoltaic I-<PRO>
semiconductor <PRO>
materials <other>
, <other>
and <other>
it <other>
also <other>
would <other>
be <other>
applicable <other>
to <other>
develop <other>
other <other>
flexible I-<APL>
electronic <APL>
circuits <APL>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
swaging I-<SMT>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
1.0wt <MAT>
% <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
( <other>
WY10 I-<MAT>
) <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
ordinary <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
followed <other>
by <other>
swaging I-<SMT>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
grains <other>
in <other>
the <other>
swaged I-<SMT>
WY10 I-<MAT>
are <other>
of <other>
round <other>
- <other>
bar <other>
shape <other>
with <other>
average <other>
diameter <other>
and <other>
length <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
which <other>
keep <other>
stable <other>
even <other>
after <other>
being <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
for <other>
1h <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ductile I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
brittle <PRO>
transition <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
DBTT I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
swaged I-<SMT>
and <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
WY10 I-<MAT>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
much <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
WY10 I-<MAT>
prepared <other>
by <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
method <other>
( <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


annealing I-<SMT>
significantly <other>
improves <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
/ <other>
mK <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
total <other>
elongation <other>
is <other>
raised <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
unannealed <other>
one <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
strength I-<PRO>
, <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
greatly <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
swaging I-<SMT>
and <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


realization <other>
of <other>
nonpolar I-<PRO>
a-plane <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
r-plane <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
using <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
single I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
source <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


nonpolar I-<PRO>
( <other>
1120 <other>
) <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
( <other>
a-plane <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
( <other>
1102 <other>
) <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
( <other>
r-plane <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
) <other>
by <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
atmospheric I-<SMT>
pressure <SMT>
single <SMT>
- <SMT>
source <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
SSCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
approach <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
HRXRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
epitaxially <other>
along <other>
( <other>
1120 <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
epitaxial <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
was <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
(1120)ZnO[?](1102) <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
[1101]ZnO[?][0221]Al2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
image <other>
exhibited <other>
that <other>
the <other>
a-plane <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
showed <other>
a <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
well <other>
- <other>
aligned <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
with <other>
rectangular <other>
structure I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
highly <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
region <other>
. <other>


reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
: <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
Zn I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
induced <other>
one <other>
- <other>
step <other>
synthesis <other>
for <other>
enhanced <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
response <PRO>


reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
hybridized <other>
hierarchical <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
( <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
through <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
containing <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
Zn I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
, <other>
Zn(NO3)2*6H2O <other>
, <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
GO I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
HNaO <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


this <other>
one <other>
- <other>
spot <other>
, <other>
additives <other>
- <other>
free <other>
method <other>
successfully <other>
made <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
Zn I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
a <other>
reducing <other>
agent <other>
of <other>
GO I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
precursor <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
also <other>
a <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
controller <other>
of <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
. <other>


RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
with <other>
4wt- <other>
% <other>
of <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
displayed <other>
optimal <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
under <other>
UV I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
that <other>
of <other>
pure <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanoflowers I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


strong <other>
coupling <other>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
between <other>
GO I-<MAT>
and <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
were <other>
verified <other>
by <other>
using <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
measurement <other>
and <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<CMT>
technique <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
supreme <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
( <other>
of <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
and <other>
dye <other>
) <other>
, <other>
suppressed <other>
photogenerated I-<PRO>
carriers <PRO>
recombination <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
decreased <other>
solid I-<PRO>
interlayer <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
contributed <other>
to <other>
their <other>
superior <other>
photochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
milling <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
and <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
metal <other>
– <other>
metal <other>
composite I-<DSC>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
and <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
metal <other>
– <other>
metal <other>
composites I-<DSC>
produced <other>
via <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
milling <SMT>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
the <other>
present <other>
paper <other>
. <other>


strain I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
failure <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
dramatically <other>
increased <other>
after <other>
the <other>
milling I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hall I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
petch <PRO>
constant <PRO>
K <PRO>
for <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
/ <other>
nm-1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
while <other>
a <other>
negative <other>
value <other>
was <other>
found <other>
for <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
. <other>


coherent I-<CMT>
anti <CMT>
stokes <CMT>
raman <CMT>
scattering <CMT>
and <other>
magnetooptical I-<PRO>
interband- <PRO>
transitions <PRO>
in <other>
superlattices I-<DSC>
of <other>
diluted I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
IV <PRO>
– <PRO>
VI <PRO>
semiconductors <PRO>


In <other>
diluted I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
IV <PRO>
– <PRO>
VI <PRO>
semiconductors <PRO>
like <other>
MnPbTe I-<MAT>
or <other>
MnPbSe I-<MAT>
there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
effective <other>
g-factors I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
conduction <PRO>
and <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
on <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


this <other>
modification <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
splittings <PRO>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
the <other>
diamagnetic I-<PRO>
host <other>
materials <other>
is <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
an <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
between <other>
the <other>
free I-<PRO>
carriers <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moments <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
ions <other>
. <other>


In <other>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
( <other>
QW I-<APL>
's <APL>
) <other>
or <other>
superlattices I-<DSC>
( <other>
SL I-<DSC>
's <DSC>
) <other>
the <other>
strength <other>
of <other>
the <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
depends <other>
on <other>
the <other>
penetration <other>
of <other>
the <other>
wave I-<PRO>
functions <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
free I-<PRO>
carriers <PRO>
into <other>
the <other>
diluted I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
component <PRO>
. <other>


detailed <other>
informations <other>
on <other>
the <other>
bandstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
PbSe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MnPbSe I-<MAT>
SL I-<DSC>
's <DSC>
and <other>
MQW I-<APL>
's <APL>
are <other>
achieved <other>
for <other>
different <other>
concentrations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ions <other>
and <other>
different <other>
widths <other>
of <other>
the <other>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
by <other>
interbandabsorption I-<CMT>
and <other>
coherent I-<CMT>
raman <CMT>
experiments <CMT>
( <other>
CARS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


particularly <other>
CARS I-<CMT>
yields <other>
very <other>
precise <other>
data <other>
on <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
splittings <PRO>
of <other>
carriers <other>
confined <other>
in <other>
the <other>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
. <other>


In <other>
type <other>
I <other>
' <other>
MQW I-<APL>
's <APL>
the <other>
interband I-<PRO>
transitions <PRO>
which <other>
are <other>
indirect <other>
in <other>
real <other>
space <other>
give <other>
complementary <other>
informations <other>
. <other>


the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
CARS I-<CMT>
data <other>
from <other>
various <other>
MnPbSe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
PbSe I-<MAT>
QW I-<APL>
structures <other>
yields <other>
a <other>
type I-<PRO>
I' <PRO>
alignment <PRO>
with <other>
electrons <other>
confined <other>
in <other>
the <other>
MnPbSe I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
and <other>
holes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
PbSe I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
interband I-<CMT>
magnetooptical <CMT>
data <other>
support <other>
these <other>
conclusions <other>
. <other>


atomic I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
scale <CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
superlattices I-<DSC>


we <other>
present <other>
a <other>
new <other>
interpretation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAs I-<MAT>
ultrathin I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
superlattices <DSC>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microscopic <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
vibrational <PRO>
modes <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
difference <other>
between <other>
normal <other>
and <other>
inverted <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
is <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
lack <other>
of <other>
the <other>
inversion I-<PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
layers I-<DSC>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
the <other>
central <other>
plane <other>
, <other>
therefore <other>
confined <other>
modes <other>
can <other>
no <other>
longer <other>
be <other>
considered <other>
as <other>
even <other>
or <other>
odd <other>
ones <other>
. <other>


all <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
vibrational <PRO>
modes <PRO>
, <other>
independently <other>
of <other>
their <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
, <other>
are <other>
now <other>
active <other>
in <other>
raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
property <PRO>
relationship <PRO>
of <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
, <other>
ar+ I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
beam <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
was <other>
utilized <other>
at <other>
various <other>
ion <other>
energies <other>
and <other>
current <other>
densities <other>
to <other>
prepare <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <other>
containing <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
( <other>
Si I-<MAT>
– <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


TEM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
mainly <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
and <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <other>
like <other>
and <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
- <other>
like <other>
domains <other>
. <other>


the <other>
bonding I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
Si I-<MAT>
suppresses <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
aromatic <other>
structures <other>
and <other>
participates <other>
in <other>
the <other>
structure <other>
of <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
by <other>
tetrahedral I-<PRO>
bonding <PRO>
with <other>
H <other>
and <other>
CHn <other>
groups <other>
. <other>


A <other>
direct <other>
correspondence <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
between <other>
ion <other>
current <other>
density <other>
during <other>
deposition <other>
and <other>
the <other>
sp3 I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
sp2 <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


lower <other>
ion <other>
current <other>
densities <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
favor <other>
SiC I-<MAT>
tetrahedral I-<PRO>
bonds <PRO>
, <other>
increase <other>
sp3 I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
sp2 <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
but <other>
also <other>
increase <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
and <other>
decrease <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
. <other>


pin I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
on <CMT>
- <CMT>
disc <CMT>
experiments <CMT>
were <other>
conducted <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
– <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
general <other>
, <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
low <other>
friction I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
especially <other>
under <other>
low <other>
loading <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
pronounced <other>
graphitic I-<PRO>
nature <PRO>
possess <other>
better <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
. <other>


films I-<DSC>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <other>
like <other>
character <other>
and <other>
of <other>
sufficient <other>
thickness <other>
may <other>
have <other>
potential <other>
for <other>
applications <other>
against <other>
ceramic I-<APL>
counter <APL>
faces <APL>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
and <other>
nitrogen <other>
on <other>
the <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
oxidation <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
(Mo,Ti)5Si3 I-<MAT>


the <other>
binary <other>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
Mo5Si3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
T1 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
Si3Ti5 I-<MAT>
are <other>
prone <other>
to <other>
rapid <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


recent <other>
investigations <other>
on <other>
(Mo,Ti)5Si3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
however <other>
, <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
macro-alloying I-<SMT>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
can <other>
result <other>
in <other>
a <other>
very <other>
good <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
duplex I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
composed <other>
of <other>
a <other>
silica I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
with <other>
dispersed <other>
titania I-<MAT>
. <other>


additionally <other>
, <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
decreases <other>
density I-<PRO>
making <other>
(Mo,Ti)5Si3 I-<MAT>
a <other>
promising <other>
key <other>
constituent <other>
of <other>
quaternary <other>
Mo-Si-B-Ti I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
considered <other>
for <other>
ultrahigh I-<APL>
temperature <APL>
structural <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
aim <other>
of <other>
this <other>
study <other>
is <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
an <other>
in-depth <other>
understanding <other>
of <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
different <other>
Ti I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
on <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
(Mo,Ti)5Si3 I-<MAT>
at <other>
intermediate <other>
and <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
using <other>
various <other>
experimental <other>
techniques <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
were <other>
supported <other>
by <other>
ab I-<CMT>
initio <CMT>
and <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
calculations <CMT>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
reactively I-<SMT>
sintered <SMT>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
– <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
NZr I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>


B2Zr I-<MAT>
– <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
NZr I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
hot <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
using <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
as <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


sintering I-<SMT>
was <other>
conducted <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
under <other>
a <other>
load <other>
of <other>
20MPa <other>
in <other>
Ar <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
densified I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
formed <other>
BN I-<MAT>
flakes I-<DSC>
which <other>
distributed <other>
uniformly <other>
at <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
were <other>
identified <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
h-BN I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
its <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
tunable <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
BiFeO3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
BiNaO6Ti2 I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
(1-x)BiFeO3-x(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
BF <MAT>
– <MAT>
BNT <MAT>
) <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
ceramics <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
increasing <other>
BNT I-<MAT>
content <other>
induce <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
phase <other>
transformation <other>
from <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
to <other>
pseudocubic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
near <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
pure I-<DSC>
BiFeO3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
superior <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
with <other>
remnant I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
Pr <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
and <other>
saturated I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
ms <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
emu <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
. <other>


importantly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
PM I-<PRO>
) <other>
to <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
FM I-<PRO>
) <other>
transition <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
solutions <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TC I-<PRO>
) <other>
can <other>
be <other>
tuned <other>
by <other>
varying <other>
the <other>
content <other>
of <other>
BNT I-<MAT>
. <other>


this <other>
observed <other>
FM I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
is <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
possible <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
long <other>
- <other>
range <other>
superexchange I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
of <other>
fe3+ <other>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
fe3+ <other>
in <other>
the <other>
chemically I-<PRO>
ordered <PRO>
regions <other>
. <other>


electron I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
phonon <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
in <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
superconductors I-<PRO>
: <other>
isotope <other>
effects <other>
and <other>
elasticity I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>


the <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
different <other>
oxygen <other>
isotopes <other>
into <other>
the <other>
high-Tc I-<PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
superconductors I-<PRO>
Cu20La37O80Sr3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ba2Cu3O7Y I-<MAT>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
transport I-<CMT>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


for <other>
both <other>
materials <other>
, <other>
replacement <other>
of <other>
16O <other>
with <other>
18O <other>
depresses <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
slightly <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
shifts <other>
are <other>
much <other>
smaller <other>
than <other>
those <other>
expected <other>
from <other>
conventional <other>
electron I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
phonon <PRO>
pairing <PRO>
superconductivity <PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
also <other>
explore <other>
the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
la- I-<MAT>
, <other>
Y- I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
bi-based I-<MAT>
high-Tc I-<PRO>
superconductors <PRO>
, <other>
including <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
. <other>


only <other>
Cu20La37O80Sr3 I-<MAT>
shows <other>
a <other>
dramatic <other>
soft I-<PRO>
phonon <PRO>
mode <PRO>
above <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
. <other>


quantum <other>
confinement <other>
controlled <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
water <APL>
splitting <APL>
by <other>
suspended I-<DSC>
CdSe I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
hydrogen <APL>
production <APL>
of <other>
CdSe I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
aqueous <other>
sodium <other>
sulphite <other>
depends <other>
exponentially <other>
on <other>
the <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
particles I-<DSC>
, <other>
confirming <other>
that <other>
the <other>
material <other>
's <other>
activity I-<PRO>
is <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
the <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
quantum <other>
confinement <other>
. <other>


persistent I-<PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
in <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
ion <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
gadolinium I-<MAT>
oxysulfide <MAT>
phosphors I-<APL>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
rare <other>
- <other>
earth <other>
ion <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
gadolinium I-<MAT>
oxysulfide <MAT>
phosphors I-<PRO>
Gd2O2S <MAT>
: <MAT>
RE3+ <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
( <MAT>
RE <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Sm <MAT>
, <MAT>
Eu <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tm <MAT>
, <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
) <MAT>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
excitation I-<CMT>
and <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
, <other>
afterglow I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
, <other>
afterglow I-<CMT>
decay <CMT>
curves <CMT>
and <other>
thermoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
the <other>
phosphors I-<APL>
were <other>
examined <other>
. <other>


according <other>
to <other>
the <other>
afterglow I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
, <other>
gadolinium I-<MAT>
oxysulfide <MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
rare <other>
- <other>
earth <other>
ions <other>
were <other>
classified <other>
into <other>
three <other>
groups <other>
. <other>


when <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
ions <other>
such <other>
as <other>
eu3+ <other>
, <other>
sm3+ <other>
, <other>
dy3+ <other>
, <other>
ho3+ <other>
, <other>
er3+ <other>
and <other>
tm3+ <other>
were <other>
introduced <other>
into <other>
the <other>
Gd2O2S I-<MAT>
host <other>
, <other>
their <other>
characteristic I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
that <other>
from <other>
Gd2O2S I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
were <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


In <other>
case <other>
of <other>
yb3+ <other>
and <other>
nd3+ <other>
, <other>
only <other>
the <other>
broadband I-<PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
of <other>
Gd2O2S I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
was <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


gadolinium I-<MAT>
oxysulfide <MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
pr3+ <other>
, <other>
tb3+ <other>
and <other>
ce3+ <other>
did <other>
not <other>
show <other>
afterglow I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
calculated <other>
trap I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
levels <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
compared <other>
. <other>


the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
ions <other>
and <other>
a <other>
potential <other>
mechanism <other>
for <other>
persistent I-<PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


investigation <other>
on <other>
mechanochemical I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BN I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
by <other>
aluminothermic I-<SMT>
reaction <SMT>


alpha-alumina I-<MAT>
– <other>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
a-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
BN I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
using <other>
mixtures <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
, <other>
boron I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
and <other>
pure I-<DSC>
aluminum I-<MAT>
as <other>
raw <other>
materials <other>
via <other>
mechanochemical I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
under <other>
a <other>
low <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
gas <other>
( <other>
0.5MPa <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phase <other>
transformation <other>
and <other>
structural <other>
evaluation <other>
during <other>
mechanochemical I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometry <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
differential I-<CMT>
thermal <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
) <other>
techniques <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
high <other>
exothermic <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <other>
B2O3 I-<MAT>
systems <other>
under <other>
the <other>
nitrogen <other>
pressure <other>
produced <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
, <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
oxynitride <MAT>
( <other>
Al5NO6 I-<MAT>
) <other>
depending <other>
on <other>
the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
value <other>
and <other>
milling I-<SMT>
time <other>
, <other>
but <other>
no <other>
trace <other>
of <other>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
BN I-<MAT>
) <other>
phases <other>
could <other>
be <other>
identified <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
addition <other>
as <other>
a <other>
solid <other>
nitrogen <other>
source <other>
was <other>
effective <other>
in <other>
fabricating <other>
in-situ <other>
BN I-<MAT>
phase <other>
after <other>
4h <other>
milling I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


In <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <other>
B2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
system <other>
, <other>
the <other>
aluminothermic I-<SMT>
reaction <SMT>
provided <other>
sufficient <other>
heat <other>
for <other>
activating <other>
reaction <other>
between <other>
B2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
to <other>
form <other>
BN I-<MAT>
compound <other>
. <other>


DTA I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
by <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
activation <other>
time <other>
to <other>
3h <other>
, <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
both <other>
thermite I-<MAT>
and <other>
synthesis <other>
reactions <other>
significantly <other>
decreased <other>
and <other>
occurred <other>
as <other>
a <other>
one <other>
- <other>
step <other>
reaction <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
observations <other>
confirmed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
particle <other>
size <other>
was <other>
within <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
in <other>
RuL2(NCS)2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
di-(3-aminopropyl)-viologen <other>
/ <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
system <other>


A <other>
ru(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic <other>
acid)2(NCS)2 <other>
[RuL2(NCS)2] <other>
/ <other>
di-(3-aminopropyl)-viologen <other>
( <other>
DAPV <other>
) <other>
/ <other>
tin I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
) <other>
system <other>
was <other>
prepared <other>
and <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
extensive <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
generation <other>
with <other>
its <other>
maximum <other>
surface I-<PRO>
area <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
tin I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
indium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
using <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
bath <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


then <other>
, <other>
RuL2(NCS)2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
DAPV <other>
on <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
was <other>
easily <other>
prepared <other>
using <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assembled <SMT>
monolayers I-<DSC>
( <other>
SAMs I-<DSC>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocurrent I-<CMT>
measurement <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
system <other>
showed <other>
an <other>
excellent <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nAcm-2 <other>
under <other>
the <other>
air <other>
mass <other>
<nUm> <other>
conditions <other>
( <other>
100mWcm-2 <other>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
increased <other>
by <other>
a <other>
factor <other>
of <other>
four <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
ones <other>
without <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
comparative <other>
study <other>
of <other>
Ca8K3La26Mn40Na3O120 I-<MAT>
compound <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
and <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
we <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
impact <other>
of <other>
the <other>
elaborating <other>
method <other>
on <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetocaloric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ca8K3La26Mn40Na3O120 I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
sample <other>
, <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
both <other>
methods <other>
: <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
( <other>
SS I-<SMT>
) <other>
and <other>
sol I-<SMT>
gel <SMT>
( <other>
SG I-<SMT>
) <other>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
two <other>
compounds <other>
were <other>
firstly <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
thermogravimetric I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
differential I-<CMT>
thermal <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
) <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
transformation <other>
into <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinement <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
show <other>
that <other>
both <other>
samples <other>
are <other>
single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
and <other>
crystallize <other>
in <other>
the <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
pbnm I-<SPL>
space <other>
group <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
using <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


magnetization I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
versus <other>
temperature <other>
in <other>
a <other>
magnetic <other>
applied <other>
field <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
T <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
both <other>
samples <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
ferromagnetic <PRO>
transition <PRO>
with <other>
decreasing <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
TC <PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
for <other>
SS I-<SMT>
and <other>
SG I-<SMT>
samples <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
entropy <PRO>
change <other>
, <other>
| <other>
δ I-<PRO>
S <PRO>
m <PRO>
m <PRO>
a <PRO>
x <PRO>
| <other>
, <other>
is <other>
lower <other>
in <other>
the <other>
SG I-<SMT>
sample <other>
than <other>
in <other>
the <other>
SS I-<SMT>
sample <other>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
thermal <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
-DSM I-<PRO>
is <other>
broader <other>
, <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
relative I-<PRO>
cooling <PRO>
power <PRO>
( <other>
RCP I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
correlation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
in <other>
NiS I-<MAT>


photoemission I-<CMT>
and <other>
inverse I-<CMT>
photoemission <CMT>
( <other>
BIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
data <other>
for <other>
NiS I-<MAT>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


they <other>
give <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
NiS I-<MAT>
namely <other>
a <other>
p-band <other>
intersecting <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
bare <other>
coulomb I-<PRO>
correlation <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
. <other>


this <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
simple <other>
mott I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
hubbard <CMT>
model <CMT>
has <other>
to <other>
be <other>
modified <other>
to <other>
take <other>
relaxation <other>
into <other>
account <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
on <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
e-beam I-<SMT>
evaporated <SMT>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
thin <DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
a <other>
V-VI <other>
compound <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
are <other>
fabricated <other>
with <other>
uniform <other>
thickness <other>
by <other>
e-beam I-<SMT>
evaporation <SMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
, <other>
monophasic I-<DSC>
, <other>
highly <other>
strained <other>
and <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
studied <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
( <other>
at <other>
a <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-6mbar <other>
) <other>
on <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
, <other>
as <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
increases <other>
( <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
crystallites I-<DSC>
grow <other>
with <other>
a <other>
preferential <other>
orientation <other>
along <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
planes <other>
with <other>
slight <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
from <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
breaking <other>
of <other>
quintuple <other>
layers I-<DSC>
and <other>
rearrangement <other>
of <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
planes <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
crystallites I-<DSC>
with <other>
Te I-<MAT>
rich <other>
surface I-<DSC>
emerging <other>
on <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
as <other>
evidenced <other>
from <other>
the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
and <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
TEM <CMT>
studies <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
direct I-<PRO>
bandgap <PRO>
( <other>
0.116eV <other>
) <other>
of <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
changes <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
on <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


interestingly <other>
, <other>
we <other>
observe <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
change <other>
from <other>
a <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
to <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
on <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
the <other>
samples <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


such <other>
a <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
negative I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
( <other>
NTC I-<PRO>
) <other>
to <other>
positive I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
( <other>
PTC I-<PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
seen <other>
mainly <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
percolation <other>
of <other>
Te I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
crystallite I-<DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
evolve <other>
as <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
increases <other>
. <other>


while <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
broad <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
metallic <PRO>
transition <PRO>
at <other>
~ <other>
150K <other>
and <other>
200K <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
exhibit <other>
complete <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
below <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
and <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
studies <other>
with <other>
power I-<PRO>
factors <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
/ <other>
k2m <other>
for <other>
films I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
the <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
annealed <SMT>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
favorable <other>
for <other>
thermoelectric I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


electrical I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
GaAs(111)B I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


we <other>
report <other>
on <other>
the <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
( <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
GaAs(111)B I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
using <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
ambient <other>
gas <other>
composition <other>
, <other>
overall <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
and <other>
growth <other>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
, <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
100nm-thin <other>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
from <other>
a <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
target <other>
with <other>
2wt. <other>
% <other>
Al I-<MAT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


growth <other>
in <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
Pa <other>
pure <other>
O <other>
ambient <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
superior <other>
to <other>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
in <other>
Ar <other>
ambient <other>
or <other>
vacuum <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
their <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


as-grown I-<DSC>
AZO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
showed <other>
a <other>
low <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
10-4 <other>
ocm <other>
. <other>


post-deposition <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
in-situ <other>
showed <other>
no <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
irrespective <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
and <other>
ambient <other>
gas <other>
. <other>


At <other>
high <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
the <other>
interaction <other>
with <other>
the <other>
GaAs(111)B I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
seemed <other>
to <other>
affect <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


cyclotron-resonance I-<PRO>
line <PRO>
splitting <PRO>
in <other>
heavily I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
AsGa I-<MAT>
heterojunctions I-<DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
on <other>
submillimeter I-<CMT>
magneto <CMT>
- <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
heavily I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
heterojunctions I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
CR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
consist <other>
of <other>
two <other>
branches <other>
with <other>
cyclotron-resonance I-<PRO>
effective <PRO>
masses <PRO>
of <other>
m I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mo <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mo <other>
. <other>


these <other>
values <other>
are <other>
close <other>
to <other>
those <other>
predicted <other>
theoretically <other>
, <other>
and <other>
can <other>
be <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
inversion I-<PRO>
asymmetry <PRO>
- <PRO>
induced <PRO>
spin <PRO>
splitting <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
we <other>
observed <other>
anticrossing I-<PRO>
features <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
CR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


we <other>
discuss <other>
a <other>
possible <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
such <other>
CR I-<PRO>
line <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
coupling <other>
of <other>
light <other>
and <other>
heavy I-<PRO>
holes <PRO>
. <other>


improvement <other>
in <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
liquid-phase-sintered I-<SMT>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
with <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
additions <other>


improvement <other>
in <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
( <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
additions <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
high <other>
purity <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


green <other>
compacts <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
with <other>
impurity <other>
of <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
metal <other>
mixed <other>
with <other>
a <other>
high <other>
purity <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
were <other>
pressureless I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
sintered <SMT>
followed <other>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
isostatic <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
to <other>
a <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sinterability I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
strength I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
were <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
those <other>
from <other>
the <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
with <other>
impurity <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
metal <other>
. <other>


with <other>
decreasing <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
content <other>
and <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
impurity <other>
, <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
increased <other>
. <other>


CSi I-<MAT>
with <MAT>
1.4mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
Al2O3 <MAT>
content <other>
had <other>
a <other>
parabolic <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
constant <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-12 <other>
kg2m-4s-1 <other>
for <other>
400h <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
dry <other>
air <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
those <other>
reported <other>
for <other>
other <other>
LPS I-<SMT>
- <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
and <other>
comparable <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
CVD I-<SMT>
- <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
strength I-<PRO>
differential <PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
different <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
conditions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
steels I-<MAT>
42CrMoS4 <MAT>
and <other>
100Cr6 I-<MAT>


it <other>
is <other>
well <other>
known <other>
that <other>
a <other>
number <other>
of <other>
metals <other>
show <other>
different <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
under <other>
tensile <other>
and <other>
compressive <other>
loading <other>
. <other>


In <other>
case <other>
of <other>
steel I-<MAT>
this <other>
asymmetry <other>
is <other>
called <other>
“ <other>
strength I-<PRO>
differential <PRO>
effect <PRO>
” <other>
( <other>
SD I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
effect <PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
the <other>
steels I-<MAT>
42CrMoS4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
AISI <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
and <other>
100Cr6 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
AISI <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
are <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
different <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
conditions <other>
with <other>
high <other>
and <other>
low <other>
strengths I-<PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
different <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
. <other>


both <other>
, <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
and <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
– <PRO>
strain <PRO>
curves <PRO>
are <other>
compared <other>
and <other>
evaluated <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
SD I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
effect <PRO>
mainly <other>
occurs <other>
in <other>
high <other>
- <other>
strength I-<PRO>
quenched I-<SMT>
and <other>
tempered I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
. <other>


A <other>
bainite <other>
condition <other>
almost <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
SD I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


At <other>
low <other>
- <other>
strength I-<PRO>
normalized <other>
conditions <other>
a <other>
SD I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
effect <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
, <other>
too <other>
. <other>


In <other>
these <other>
cases <other>
, <other>
the <other>
different <other>
length <other>
of <other>
the <other>
luders I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
is <other>
assumed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
the <other>
reason <other>
of <other>
the <other>
SD I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
influences <other>
of <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
content <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
7Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
5Al <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


the <other>
influences <other>
of <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
( <other>
RE <other>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
7Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
5Al <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
both <other>
the <other>
dendrite I-<DSC>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
refined <other>
by <other>
low <other>
RE <other>
addition <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Al2REZn2 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
will <other>
be <other>
formed <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
RE I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
, <other>
however <other>
the <other>
high <other>
RE <other>
addition <other>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
coarsening <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
the <other>
contribution <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
solutes <other>
on <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
refinement <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
strengthening I-<PRO>
and <other>
weakening I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
caused <other>
by <other>
RE <other>
addition <other>
only <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
the <other>
obviously <other>
improve <other>
on <other>
the <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
ultimate I-<PRO>
tensile <PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
studied <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
aging I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
aged I-<SMT>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
7Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
5Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
2RE <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
exhibits <other>
optimal <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


nitrogen <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
of <other>
f.c.c. I-<SPL>
Fe-18Cr-19Mn I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


previously <other>
, <other>
the <other>
authors <other>
studied <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
interstitial I-<PRO>
carbon-plus-nitrogen <PRO>
( <other>
C I-<PRO>
+ <PRO>
N <PRO>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
of <other>
f.c.c. I-<SPL>
Fe-18Cr-10Ni-1Mn I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


consistent <other>
with <other>
a <other>
volume <other>
increase <other>
, <other>
all <other>
the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
stiffnesses <PRO>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
C I-<MAT>
+ <other>
N <other>
. <other>


the <other>
present <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
show <other>
different <other>
behavior <other>
: <other>
although <other>
volume <other>
increases <other>
, <other>
interstitial <other>
nitrogen <other>
atoms <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
peculiar <other>
bulk-modulus-electron I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
( <other>
bvs I-<PRO>
. <other>


ne I-<PRO>
of <other>
3d <other>
electron <other>
elements <other>
is <other>
described <other>
. <other>


At <other>
first <other>
B I-<PRO>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
ne I-<PRO>
; <other>
beyond <other>
a <other>
critical I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
, <other>
B I-<PRO>
decreases <other>
rapidly <other>
. <other>


application <other>
of <other>
ducastelle I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
model <CMT>
( <other>
bandstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
repulsion I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
) <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
interstitial <other>
nitrogen <other>
increases <other>
the <other>
bandstructure I-<PRO>
contribution <other>
to <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
NiCrAlY-Mo-Ag I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
by <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
hot <SMT>
- <SMT>
press <SMT>
sintering <SMT>


the <other>
NiCrAlY-Mo-Ag I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
hot <SMT>
- <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
friction I-<PRO>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
from <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
was <other>
studied <other>
over <other>
this <other>
wide <other>
range <other>
of <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


At <other>
the <other>
same <other>
time <other>
, <other>
the <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
were <other>
researched <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
election <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


At <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
tribo <other>
- <other>
chemical <other>
reaction <other>
occurred <other>
on <other>
the <other>
worn <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
formed <other>
a <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
tribo I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
based <other>
on <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
and <other>
silver I-<MAT>
molybdates <MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
could <other>
effectively <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
friction I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
broken <other>
particles I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
pullout <other>
of <other>
hard I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
particles I-<DSC>
were <other>
seen <other>
on <other>
the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
bonding <PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
in <other>
InNi4U I-<MAT>


we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
, <other>
d.c. I-<PRO>
electrical <PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
and <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
heat I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
measurements <other>
on <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
compound <other>
InNi4U I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
has <other>
the <other>
same <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
as <other>
Ni5U I-<MAT>
. <other>


No <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
in <other>
InNi4U I-<MAT>
is <other>
found <other>
down <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
in <other>
contrast <other>
with <other>
previous <other>
reports <other>
. <other>


this <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
5f-3d I-<PRO>
hybridization <PRO>
is <other>
still <other>
dominant <other>
in <other>
this <other>
compound <other>
as <other>
in <other>
Ni5U I-<MAT>
. <other>


twins I-<PRO>
in <other>
cryomilled I-<SMT>
and <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintered <SMT>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>


nanostructured I-<DSC>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
30wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.8wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Al <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
( <other>
commercial <other>
designation <other>
brass I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
cryomilling I-<SMT>
of <other>
brass I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
and <other>
subsequent <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


cryomilling I-<SMT>
resulted <other>
in <other>
a <other>
high <other>
density <other>
of <other>
deformation I-<PRO>
twins <PRO>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
thickness <other>
as <other>
small <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


following <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
samples <other>
exhibited <other>
10vol. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
twins I-<PRO>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
twin I-<PRO>
thickness <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
unusual <other>
twin I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
rationalized <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
migration <PRO>
, <other>
twin I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
migration <PRO>
, <other>
recrystallization <other>
and <other>
detwinning <other>
during <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
. <other>


A <other>
selectively <other>
decorated <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
FeHO2 <MAT>
co-catalyst I-<APL>
for <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
efficient <other>
porous I-<DSC>
hematite I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
water I-<APL>
splitting <APL>
system <other>


we <other>
report <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
FeHO2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
FeHO2 <MAT>
) <other>
co-catalyst I-<APL>
applied <other>
on <other>
SiOx I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
coated I-<SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
porous <DSC>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ti-PH I-<MAT>
) <other>
to <other>
realize <other>
an <other>
excellent <other>
water I-<APL>
splitting <APL>
photoelectrochemical <APL>
cell <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
SiOx I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
coated I-<SMT>
on <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
porous <DSC>
hematite I-<MAT>
induces <other>
preferential <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
FeHO2 <MAT>
co-catalyst I-<APL>
on <other>
the <other>
inner <other>
pores <other>
of <other>
Ti-PH I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
enhances <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
evolution <PRO>
reaction <PRO>
performance <PRO>
without <other>
interrupting <other>
the <other>
absorption <other>
of <other>
light <other>
by <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
FeHO2 <MAT>
/ <other>
Ti-PH I-<MAT>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
cm-2 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
vs <other>
. <other>


RHE <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
conventional <other>
worm I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
hematite I-<MAT>
, <other>
with <other>
excellent <other>
long I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
term <PRO>
stability <PRO>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
. <other>


this <other>
represents <other>
the <other>
state <other>
- <other>
of <other>
- <other>
the <other>
- <other>
art <other>
performance <other>
among <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
systems <other>
with <other>
the <other>
exception <other>
of <other>
very <other>
few <other>
studies <other>
that <other>
used <other>
precious <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


importantly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
proposed <other>
photoanode I-<APL>
can <other>
be <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
and <other>
cost <other>
- <other>
efficient <other>
solution I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
based <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
with <other>
cheap <other>
precursors <other>
and <other>
without <other>
any <other>
specific <other>
equipment <other>
. <other>


design <other>
and <other>
laser I-<SMT>
cladding <SMT>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>


Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
were <other>
designed <other>
using <other>
a <other>
“ I-<CMT>
cluster-plus-glue <CMT>
- <CMT>
atom <CMT>
” <CMT>
model <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
laser I-<SMT>
cladding <SMT>
on <other>
TA15 I-<MAT>
titanium <MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
is <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
cladding I-<APL>
layers <APL>
mainly <other>
consist <other>
of <other>
FeTi I-<MAT>
dendrites I-<DSC>
and <other>
b-(Ti,Zr)+TiFe+Zr2Fe I-<MAT>
eutectics I-<DSC>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
grain <other>
is <other>
refined <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
volume <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
eutectics I-<DSC>
has <other>
increased <other>
dramatically <other>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
eutectic <DSC>
structure <other>
has <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
as <other>
the <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
increases <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
is <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
the <other>
critical <other>
point <other>
, <other>
the <other>
cladding I-<APL>
layers <APL>
are <other>
mainly <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
b-(Ti I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
) <MAT>
dendrites I-<DSC>
and <other>
b-(Ti,Zr)+TiFe+Zr2Fe I-<MAT>
eutectics I-<DSC>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
cladding I-<APL>
layers <APL>
with <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
grain <other>
is <other>
coarse <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
volume <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
eutectics I-<DSC>
has <other>
decreased <other>
significantly <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
the <other>
cladding I-<APL>
layer <APL>
with <other>
7.1at. <other>
% <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
has <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
value <other>
and <other>
the <other>
best <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


nanoscale I-<DSC>
precipitates <DSC>
in <other>
magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
fe1-x I-<MAT>
Ga <MAT>
x <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
< <other>
x <other>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>


we <other>
report <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
HRTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
investigations <other>
of <other>
magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
Fe1-xGax I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


our <other>
findings <other>
show <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
nanometer <other>
- <other>
sized <other>
( <other>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
inclusions I-<PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
DO3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
like <other>
structure I-<PRO>
within <other>
an <other>
A2 <other>
matrix <other>
phase <other>
for <other>
a <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
< <other>
x <other>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
whose <other>
interphase I-<DSC>
interfaces <DSC>
are <other>
oriented <other>
along <other>
[110] <other>
. <other>


the <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nano-precipitates I-<DSC>
increased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
Ga I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
, <other>
however <other>
the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nano-precipitates I-<DSC>
was <other>
nearly <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
x <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
high <other>
pressure <other>
g-R2S3 I-<MAT>
phase <MAT>
( <MAT>
REr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tm <MAT>
, <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
and <MAT>
Lu <MAT>
) <MAT>
by <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
milling <SMT>


the <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
crystalline I-<DSC>
high <other>
pressure <other>
polymorphs <other>
of <other>
R2S3 I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
where <MAT>
REr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tm <MAT>
, <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
and <MAT>
Lu <MAT>
, <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
by <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
milling <SMT>
( <other>
MM I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


for <other>
Er2S3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
S3Yb2 I-<MAT>
the <other>
pure <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
high <other>
pressure <other>
g-phases <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
MM I-<SMT>
whereas <other>
for <other>
the <other>
S3Tm2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Lu2S3 I-<MAT>
samples <other>
the <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
high <other>
pressure <other>
y-phases <other>
coexisted <other>
with <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
equilibrium <other>
ambient <other>
polymorphic <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


surface I-<SMT>
graphitization <SMT>
process <other>
of <other>
SiC(0001) I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
at <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>


the <other>
SiC(0001) I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
surface I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AES I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
carbon I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
increased <other>
with <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


this <other>
increase <other>
was <other>
split <other>
up <other>
into <other>
two <other>
processes <other>
. <other>


one <other>
was <other>
an <other>
initial <other>
fast <other>
process <other>
and <other>
the <other>
next <other>
was <other>
a <other>
slow <other>
one <other>
, <other>
observed <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
concluded <other>
that <other>
the <other>
former <other>
was <other>
thermodynamic <other>
and <other>
that <other>
the <other>
latter <other>
was <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
evaporation <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
. <other>


activation I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
slow <other>
process <other>
of <other>
surface I-<DSC>
graphitization I-<SMT>
and <other>
for <other>
evaporation <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
existed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
near <other>
- <other>
surface I-<DSC>
region <other>
before <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
, <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


heats I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
solution <PRO>
/ <PRO>
substitution <PRO>
in <other>
NO3Tl I-<MAT>
and <other>
CsNO3 I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
and <other>
in <other>
NO3Rb I-<MAT>
and <other>
CsNO3 I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
from <other>
heats I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
transition <PRO>
: <other>
the <other>
complete <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagrams <PRO>
of <other>
NO3Tl I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
CsNO3 <MAT>
and <other>
NO3Rb I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
CsNO3 <MAT>
systems <other>


from <other>
measurements <other>
of <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
heat I-<PRO>
( <PRO>
enthalpy <PRO>
) <PRO>
of <PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
using <other>
differential I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
apparent <other>
molar I-<PRO>
heats <PRO>
of <PRO>
solution <PRO>
, <other>
slope I-<PRO>
DHt <PRO>
/ <PRO>
x <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
partial <other>
molar I-<PRO>
heats <PRO>
of <PRO>
solution <PRO>
at <other>
infinite <other>
dilution <other>
, <other>
χ I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
heats I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
solution <PRO>
, <other>
DHs I-<PRO>
° <PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
tl+ <other>
in <other>
CsNO3 I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
and <other>
cs+ <other>
in <other>
NO3Tl I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
and <other>
rb+ <other>
in <other>
CsNO3 I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
and <other>
cs+ <other>
in <other>
NO3Rb I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
along <other>
with <other>
their <other>
recovered <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
, <other>
DHL I-<PRO>
° <PRO>
, <other>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


DHs I-<PRO>
° <PRO>
of <other>
tl+ <other>
and <other>
rb+ <other>
in <other>
CsNO3 I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
are <other>
each <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
negligible <other>
or <other>
zero <other>
representing <other>
an <other>
ideal <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
DHmix I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
complete <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagrams <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
NO3Tl I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
CsNO3 <MAT>
and <other>
NO3Rb I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
CsNO3 <MAT>
systems <other>
with <other>
details <other>
of <other>
the <other>
sub-solidus <other>
regions <other>
are <other>
included <other>
. <other>


the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Tl(1-x)CsxNO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Rb(1-x)CsxNO3 I-<MAT>
compositions I-<PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
a <other>
‘ <other>
mixed I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
’ <other>
or <other>
‘ <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
solid <DSC>
solution <DSC>
’ <other>
in <other>
relation <other>
to <other>
parallel <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
of <other>
Tl(1-x)RbxNO3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


improved <other>
light I-<PRO>
extraction <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
light I-<APL>
emitting <APL>
diodes <APL>
using <other>
one <other>
and <other>
two <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
texturing <other>


light I-<PRO>
extraction <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
light I-<APL>
emitting <APL>
diodes <APL>
( <other>
LEDs I-<APL>
) <other>
has <other>
improved <other>
significantly <other>
by <other>
using <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
texturing <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
deliberately <other>
designed <other>
and <other>
successfully <other>
fabricated <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
LEDs I-<APL>
having <other>
one <other>
and <other>
two <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
texturing <other>
in <other>
the <other>
device <other>
structure <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
light I-<PRO>
extraction <PRO>
efficiencies <PRO>
of <other>
one <other>
and <other>
two <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
- <other>
layer I-<DSC>
texturing <other>
LEDs I-<APL>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
of <other>
current <other>
injection <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


creating <other>
the <other>
chances <other>
of <other>
multiple <other>
light <other>
scattering <other>
at <other>
more <other>
than <other>
one <other>
interface <other>
is <other>
playing <other>
a <other>
major <other>
role <other>
to <other>
enhance <other>
light I-<PRO>
output <PRO>
power <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
device <other>
. <other>


the <other>
source <other>
of <other>
the <other>
enhanced <other>
light I-<PRO>
output <PRO>
power <PRO>
is <other>
also <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


plasma I-<SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
of <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
316L <MAT>
austenitic I-<SPL>
stainless I-<MAT>
steels <MAT>
at <other>
anodic <other>
potential <other>


plasma I-<SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
experiments <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
with <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
dc <SMT>
glow <SMT>
discharge <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
in <other>
ammonia <other>
atmosphere <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
4h <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
process <other>
, <other>
the <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
316L <MAT>
austenitic I-<SPL>
stainless I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
set <other>
on <other>
a <other>
plate <other>
at <other>
anodic <other>
potential <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
and <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
layer I-<DSC>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
its <other>
surface I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
, <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
glancing I-<CMT>
angle <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
optical I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
microhardness I-<CMT>
tester <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
depended <other>
on <other>
the <other>
nitriding I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


In <other>
particular <other>
, <other>
a <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
layer I-<DSC>
consisting <other>
of <other>
3-layered <other>
structure <other>
was <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
microhardness <PRO>
values <other>
and <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hardened I-<SMT>
layers I-<DSC>
increased <other>
as <other>
the <other>
nitriding I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
untreated <other>
and <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
samples <other>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
anodic I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
of <other>
austenitic I-<SPL>
stainless I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
was <other>
a <other>
suitable <other>
process <other>
for <other>
improving <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
properties <PRO>
without <other>
deteriorating <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


anisotropy I-<PRO>
of <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolled <SMT>
a' I-<SPL>
martensite <SPL>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
V <MAT>
– <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolled <SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
and <other>
( I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
plates <DSC>
consisting <other>
of <other>
a' I-<SPL>
martensite <SPL>
were <other>
investigated <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
tensile <other>
axis <other>
orientation <other>
in <other>
this <other>
work <other>
. <other>


A <other>
single <other>
phase <other>
of <other>
a' I-<SPL>
( <other>
hcp I-<SPL>
) <other>
martensite I-<SPL>
is <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
and <other>
( I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
by <other>
quenching I-<SMT>
after <other>
solution I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
. <other>


by <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolling <SMT>
, <other>
acicular <other>
a' I-<SPL>
martensite <SPL>
microstructures I-<PRO>
change <other>
into <other>
extremely <other>
refined <other>
dislocation <other>
cell <other>
- <other>
like <other>
structure <other>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
size <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
accompanied <other>
with <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolling <SMT>
texture <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
basal <other>
plane <other>
normal <other>
is <other>
tilted <other>
from <other>
the <other>
plate <other>
normal <other>
direction <other>
( <other>
ND <other>
) <other>
toward <other>
transverse <other>
direction <other>
( <other>
TD <other>
) <other>
at <other>
angles <other>
of <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
for <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
and <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
for <other>
( I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
8mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
mass <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


No <other>
apparent <other>
anisotropy <other>
of <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
( <other>
e I-<PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
as-quenched I-<DSC>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
( <other>
e I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V)-4 <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
( <other>
e I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
angle <other>
from <other>
the <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
direction <other>
( <other>
RD <other>
) <other>
to <other>
TD <other>
for <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolled <SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
( <other>
e I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
( <other>
e I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
anisotropy <other>
of <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
reasonably <other>
explained <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolling <SMT>
a' I-<PRO>
texture <PRO>
. <other>


<nUm> <other>
% <other>
proof I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
and <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
are <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
tensile <other>
orientation <other>
for <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolled <SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
and <other>
( I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
larger <other>
elongation I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
fracture <PRO>
is <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
specimens <other>
deviated <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
from <other>
RD <other>
than <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
. <other>


scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
fractographs <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
quasi-cleavage <other>
- <other>
like <other>
fracture <other>
plane <other>
appears <other>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
specimen <other>
of <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolled <SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
which <other>
shows <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
fracture <PRO>
and <other>
other <other>
specimens <other>
of <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolled <SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
and <other>
( I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
are <other>
fractured <other>
accompanied <other>
with <other>
necking <other>
and <other>
dimple <other>
formation <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
from <other>
these <other>
results <other>
that <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
fracture <PRO>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
activation <other>
of <other>
limited <other>
number <other>
of <other>
slip <other>
system <other>
and <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
addition <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
activation <other>
of <other>
multiple <other>
slip <other>
systems <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
conducting <PRO>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
ablation <SMT>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
undoped <other>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
and <other>
ClNa I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
ablation <SMT>
of <other>
a <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
target <other>
in <other>
a <other>
low <other>
background <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
grew <other>
with <other>
the <other>
polar <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
ClNa I-<MAT>
, <other>
at <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperatures <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
presented <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
polar I-<PRO>
and <other>
non-polar I-<PRO>
orientations <other>
. <other>


all <other>
samples <other>
demonstrated <other>
improved <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
, <other>
as <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
the <other>
FWHM <other>
of <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
rocking I-<CMT>
curve <CMT>
, <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
best <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
undoped <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
inclusion <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
or <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
into <other>
the <other>
lattice <other>
degraded <other>
the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
but <other>
allowed <other>
production <other>
of <other>
highly <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


AZO I-<MAT>
and <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
resistivities I-<PRO>
were <other>
measured <other>
using <other>
a <other>
four I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
point <CMT>
probe <CMT>
method <CMT>
and <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
deposition <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


film I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
using <other>
variable I-<CMT>
angle <CMT>
spectroscopic <CMT>
ellipsometry <CMT>
. <other>

magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d I-<MAT>


the <other>
static I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
of <other>
high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
form <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
with <other>
particular <other>
interest <other>
in <other>
the <other>
anisotropic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


above <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
a <other>
large <other>
diamagnetic I-<PRO>
contribution <other>
to <other>
kh[?] I-<PRO>
. <other>


is <other>
observed <other>
as <other>
temperature <other>
approaches <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
, <other>
whereas <other>
this <other>
contribution <other>
to <other>
χ I-<PRO>
/ <other>
/ <other>
II <other>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
much <other>
less <other>
significant <other>
. <other>


this <other>
result <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
fluctuations <PRO>
in <other>
this <other>
two <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
system <other>
. <other>


above <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
the <other>
susceptibility I-<PRO>
is <other>
nearly <other>
temperature <other>
independent <other>
. <other>


exoelectron I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
from <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
and <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


the <other>
trapping <other>
of <other>
slow <other>
electrons <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
CuO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
is <other>
strongly <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
alkali <other>
or <other>
alkaline <other>
earth <other>
metal I-<PRO>
ions <other>
and <other>
adsorbed <other>
oxygen <other>
. <other>


we <other>
made <other>
a <other>
quantitative <other>
study <other>
of <other>
this <other>
effect <other>
by <other>
measuring <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
and <other>
interpreting <other>
the <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
profiles <other>
of <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
and <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
lines <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
for <other>
chemical I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
and <other>
concluded <other>
that <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
electron I-<PRO>
traps <PRO>
produced <other>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
intergranular I-<PRO>
compound <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
g-titanium I-<MAT>
aluminide <MAT>
processed <other>
by <other>
selective I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
melting <SMT>
at <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>


the <other>
present <other>
study <other>
deals <other>
with <other>
a <other>
b-solidifying <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
aluminide <MAT>
processed <other>
by <other>
selective I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
melting <SMT>
using <other>
prealloyed I-<DSC>
g-TiAl I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
particular <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
energy <other>
density <other>
and <other>
preheat <other>
temperature <other>
on <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
and <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
to <other>
acquire <other>
suitable <other>
process <other>
parameters <other>
. <other>


tensile I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
carried <other>
out <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
strengths I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
conventionally <other>
produced <other>
material <other>
can <other>
be <other>
achieved <other>
. <other>


