elastic I-<PRO>
softening <PRO>
in <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
la2-x I-<MAT>
Sr <MAT>
x <MAT>
CuO4 <MAT>
around <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
⅛ <MAT>


ultrasound I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
have <other>
revealed <other>
a <other>
remarkable <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
softening <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
transverse I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
( <PRO>
C11 <PRO>
− <PRO>
C12 <PRO>
) <PRO>
/ <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
in <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
la2 I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
xSrxCuO4 <MAT>
only <MAT>
around <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
⅛ <MAT>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
indicates <other>
that <other>
in <other>
the <other>
particular <other>
range <other>
of <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
there <other>
exists <other>
a <other>
narrow <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
vicinity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
which <other>
couples <other>
to <other>
the <other>
shearing I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
exx <PRO>
− <PRO>
eyy <PRO>
. <other>


thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
of <other>
silver I-<MAT>
- <other>
containing <other>
glasses I-<DSC>


thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
measurements <other>
were <other>
made <other>
on <other>
both <other>
silver I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
- <other>
containing <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
and <other>
a <other>
silver I-<MAT>
iodide <MAT>
- <other>
containing <other>
glass I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
latter <other>
is <other>
known <other>
to <other>
be <other>
a <other>
superionic <other>
conductor I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
heat I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
transport <PRO>
deduced <other>
from <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
was <other>
zero <other>
for <other>
the <other>
former <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
while <other>
for <other>
the <other>
latter <other>
glass I-<DSC>
it <other>
was <other>
non-zero <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
kcal <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
nearly <other>
equal <other>
to <other>
the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
for <PRO>
d.c. <PRO>
conduction <PRO>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
kcal <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
were <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
. <other>


p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
conducting <PRO>
transparent <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
Mg I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CrCuO2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
RF I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
technologically <other>
relevant <other>
compounds <other>
, <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CrCuO2 I-<MAT>
delafossite I-<SPL>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
, <other>
on <other>
a <other>
quartz I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
radio-frequency I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
is <other>
reported <other>
in <other>
this <other>
work <other>
. <other>


the <other>
deposition <other>
, <other>
performed <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
a <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
phase <other>
with <other>
extremely <other>
low <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
. <other>


delafossite I-<SPL>
characteristic <other>
diffraction I-<CMT>
peaks <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
under <other>
primary <other>
vacuum <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
was <other>
optimized <other>
until <other>
<nUm> <other>
S <other>
cm-1 <other>
with <other>
an <other>
optical I-<PRO>
transmittance <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
range <other>
by <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
under <other>
primary <other>
vacuum <other>
applied <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
seebeck I-<CMT>
and <other>
hall I-<CMT>
measurement <CMT>
, <other>
integrated I-<CMT>
spectrophotometry <CMT>
and <other>
optical I-<CMT>
simulation <CMT>
. <other>


these <other>
measurements <other>
highlighted <other>
degenerated I-<PRO>
semiconductor <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
using <other>
a <other>
hopping I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
high <other>
hole I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
a <other>
low <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
V-1 <other>
s-1 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
direct I-<PRO>
optical <PRO>
bandgap <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
has <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
according <other>
to <other>
tauc I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
relationship <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
a <other>
wavelength <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
has <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
spectroscopic I-<CMT>
ellipsometry <CMT>
and <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
two <other>
independent <other>
modellings <other>
of <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
transmittance <PRO>
and <other>
reflectance I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
. <other>


all <other>
these <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
TCO <PRO>
optoelectronic <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
have <other>
led <other>
to <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
haacke I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
figure <PRO>
of <PRO>
merit <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
O-1 <other>
) <other>
reported <other>
so <other>
far <other>
for <other>
such <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
materials <other>
. <other>


high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
un-dense I-<PRO>
AlC2Ti3 I-<MAT>
material <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
air <other>


un-dense I-<PRO>
AlC2Ti3 I-<MAT>
material <other>
containing <other>
3wt <other>
% <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
process <other>
using <other>
elemental <other>
powders I-<DSC>
of <other>
2TiC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
. <other>


its <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
static <other>
air <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
as I-<DSC>
fabricated <DSC>
sample <other>
is <other>
un-dense I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
AlC2Ti3 I-<MAT>
grains I-<PRO>
with <other>
plate <other>
- <other>
like <other>
shape <other>
exhibit <other>
two <other>
types <other>
of <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
surfaces <PRO>
of <other>
layered <other>
and <other>
flat <other>
features <other>
. <other>


the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
product <other>
exposed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
30h <other>
obeys <other>
a <other>
near <other>
- <other>
cubic <other>
law <other>
. <other>


the <other>
scale <other>
consists <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
a-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
, <other>
and <other>
presents <other>
three <other>
layers I-<DSC>
, <other>
including <other>
an <other>
outer <other>
un-dense I-<PRO>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
adhering <other>
to <other>
a <other>
little <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
thick <other>
intermediate <other>
TiO2+Al2O3 I-<MAT>
mixed <other>
layer I-<DSC>
and <other>
a <other>
thin <other>
inner <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
with <other>
some <other>
pores <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
deleterious <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
innate <other>
- <other>
pores <other>
on <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
product <other>
were <other>
also <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


giant <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
and <other>
polaronic I-<PRO>
hopping <PRO>
in <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
substituted I-<DSC>
A5 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Sr1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3NiO4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
A <MAT>
= <MAT>
La <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
) <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>


the <other>
structures I-<PRO>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
A5 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Sr1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Ni1-xAlxO4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
A <MAT>
= <MAT>
La <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
; <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
single <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phases <other>
were <other>
found <other>
in <other>
all <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


giant <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
responses <PRO>
were <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
these <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
only <other>
one <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
on <other>
the <other>
curve <other>
of <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
. <other>


after <other>
comparing <other>
the <other>
activation <other>
energies <other>
of <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
giant <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
should <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
adiabatic I-<PRO>
small <PRO>
polaronic <PRO>
hopping <PRO>
process <other>
in <other>
these <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


from <other>
order <other>
to <other>
disorder <other>
: <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
conducting <PRO>
garnets I-<SPL>
Li7-xLa3TaxZr2-xO12 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>


structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Li7-xLa3TaxZr2-xO12 I-<MAT>
garnets <MAT>
with <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
were <other>
clarified <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
using <other>
results <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
the <other>
controversy <other>
between <other>
awaka <other>
[1] <other>
and <other>
murugan <other>
[2] <other>
concerning <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
La3Li7O12Zr2 I-<MAT>
was <other>
solved <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
the <other>
tetragonally I-<SPL>
derived <other>
garnet I-<SPL>
structure <other>
of <other>
space <other>
group <other>
I41 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
acd <SPL>
described <other>
by <other>
awaka <other>
[1] <other>
is <other>
the <other>
thermodynamically I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
structure <PRO>
for <other>
La3Li7O12Zr2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
three <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
sub-network <other>
of <other>
this <other>
structure <other>
, <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
is <other>
ordered <other>
and <other>
occupies <other>
all <other>
octahedral <other>
sites <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
one <other>
third <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tetrahedral <other>
sites <other>
. <other>


Li7-xLa3TaxZr2-xO12 I-<MAT>
garnets I-<SPL>
with <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
crystallize <other>
in <other>
the <other>
garnet I-<SPL>
structure <other>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
ia I-<SPL>
<nUm> <SPL>
-d <SPL>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
tantalum I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
increases <other>
, <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
decreases <other>
from <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
for <other>
La24Li55O96TaZr15 I-<MAT>
down <other>
to <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
for <other>
La3Li5O12Ta2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
La6Li13O24TaZr3 I-<MAT>
garnet I-<SPL>
, <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
statistically <other>
partitioned <other>
among <other>
octahedral <other>
sites <other>
( <other>
occ. <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
tetrahedral <other>
sites <other>
( <other>
occ. <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
cases <other>
of <other>
ordered <other>
La3Li7O12Zr2 I-<MAT>
tetragonally I-<SPL>
derived <other>
garnet I-<SPL>
and <other>
statistically <other>
disordered <other>
La6Li13O24TaZr3 I-<MAT>
garnet I-<SPL>
, <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
partitioning <other>
remains <other>
unchanged <other>
as <other>
temperature <other>
decreases <other>
. <other>


atmospheric I-<SMT>
pressure <SMT>
MOCVD <SMT>
growth <other>
of <other>
high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
templates I-<DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
we <other>
present <other>
the <other>
epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
/ <other>
c-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
templates I-<DSC>
by <other>
atmospheric I-<SMT>
pressure <SMT>
metal <SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
MOCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
using <other>
deionized <other>
water <other>
( <other>
H2O <other>
) <other>
and <other>
diethyl <other>
zinc <other>
( <other>
DEZn <other>
) <other>
as <other>
the <other>
O <other>
and <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
sources <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
studied <other>
by <other>
metal I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
phase <CMT>
interference <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
followed <other>
the <other>
regular <other>
hexagonal <other>
columnar <other>
structure <other>
with <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
grain I-<PRO>
diameter <PRO>
. <other>


high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
double <CMT>
- <CMT>
crystal <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
FWHMs <other>
of <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
¯ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
o-rocking I-<CMT>
curves <CMT>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
358arcsec <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
the <other>
small <other>
mosaicity I-<PRO>
and <other>
low <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
and <other>
temperature I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dependent <CMT>
PL <CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


free I-<PRO>
excitons <PRO>
XA <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
n <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
state <other>
of <other>
FXA I-<PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
clearly <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
at <other>
10K <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
domination <other>
of <other>
the <other>
free I-<PRO>
exciton <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
appearance <other>
of <other>
its <other>
four <other>
replicas <other>
strongly <other>
indicate <other>
the <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
similar <other>
elements <other>
on <other>
improving <other>
glass I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
forming <PRO>
ability <PRO>
of <other>
La I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
alloys I-<DSC>


to <other>
date <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
unlike <other>
component <other>
elements <other>
on <other>
glass I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
forming <PRO>
ability <PRO>
( <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
extensively <other>
, <other>
and <other>
it <other>
is <other>
generally <other>
recognized <other>
that <other>
the <other>
main <other>
consisting <other>
elements <other>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
usually <other>
have <other>
large <other>
difference I-<PRO>
in <PRO>
atomic <PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
( <other>
large <other>
negative <other>
heat I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
mixing <PRO>
) <other>
among <other>
them <other>
. <other>


In <other>
our <other>
recent <other>
work <other>
, <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
metal <other>
- <other>
based <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
compositions I-<PRO>
with <other>
superior <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
were <other>
found <other>
through <other>
the <other>
approach <other>
of <other>
coexistence <other>
of <other>
similar <other>
constituent <other>
elements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
quinary <other>
Al4Ce13Co6Cu4La13 I-<MAT>
bulk I-<PRO>
metallic <PRO>
glass <PRO>
( <other>
BMG I-<PRO>
) <other>
in <other>
a <other>
rod I-<DSC>
form <other>
with <other>
a <other>
diameter <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
tilt I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pour <SMT>
casting <SMT>
, <other>
for <other>
which <other>
the <other>
glass I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
forming <PRO>
ability <PRO>
is <other>
significantly <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
for <other>
ternary <other>
ln I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
TM <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
( <other>
ln <other>
= <other>
La I-<MAT>
or <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
; <other>
TM <other>
= <other>
Co I-<MAT>
or <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
critical I-<PRO>
diameters <PRO>
for <PRO>
glass <PRO>
- <PRO>
formation <PRO>
of <other>
several <other>
millimeters <other>
. <other>


we <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
the <other>
strong <other>
frustration <other>
of <other>
crystallization <other>
by <other>
utilizing <other>
the <other>
coexistence <other>
of <other>
La I-<MAT>
– <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
and <other>
Co I-<MAT>
– <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
to <other>
complicate <other>
competing <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
phases <other>
is <other>
helpful <other>
to <other>
construct <other>
BMG I-<PRO>
component <other>
with <other>
superior <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
our <other>
present <other>
work <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
similar <other>
elements <other>
( <other>
elements <other>
with <other>
similar <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
) <other>
have <other>
significant <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
of <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
growth <other>
of <other>
ca2-x I-<MAT>
Sr <MAT>
x <MAT>
O4Ru <MAT>


for <other>
the <other>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
quasi-two I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
mott I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
system <other>
Ca2-xSrxRuO4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
succeeded <other>
in <other>
synthesizing <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
samples <other>
and <other>
also <other>
growing <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
floating I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


details <other>
of <other>
the <other>
preparations <other>
for <other>
the <other>
entire <other>
solution <other>
range <other>
are <other>
described <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
transport I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
both <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
samples <other>
are <other>
fully <other>
in <other>
agreement <other>
. <other>


adhesion I-<PRO>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
martensitic I-<SPL>
stainless I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
and <other>
stellite I-<MAT>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputter <SMT>
ion <SMT>
plating <SMT>


NTi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
onto <other>
the <other>
turbine I-<APL>
blade <APL>
materials <other>
, <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
martensitic I-<SPL>
stainless I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
and <other>
stellite I-<MAT>
6B <MAT>
, <other>
using <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputter <SMT>
ion <SMT>
plating <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
increases <other>
with <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
and <other>
has <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kg <other>
/ <other>
mm2 <other>
at <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
bias <other>
of <other>
about <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
scratch I-<CMT>
adhesion <CMT>
test <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
loads <PRO>
for <other>
cohesive I-<PRO>
failure <PRO>
and <other>
adhesive I-<PRO>
failure <PRO>
are <other>
sensitively <other>
governed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
hardness I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
decreases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
has <other>
a <other>
minimum <other>
value <other>
at <other>
about <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ion I-<SMT>
plated <SMT>
NTi I-<MAT>
has <other>
a <other>
superior <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
than <other>
the <other>
bare <other>
stellite I-<MAT>
6B <MAT>
and <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
martensitic I-<SPL>
stainless I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
nanopowders I-<DSC>


nanopowdered I-<DSC>
solid <DSC>
solution <DSC>
Ce1-xCuxO2-g I-<MAT>
samples <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
propagating <SMT>
room <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
( <other>
SPRT I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
vibration I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
solubility <other>
in <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
lattice <other>
. <other>


the <other>
solubility <other>
limit <other>
of <other>
cu2+ <other>
in <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
lattice <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
published <other>
in <other>
the <other>
literature <other>
. <other>


results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
obtained <other>
powders I-<DSC>
with <other>
low <other>
dopant I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
are <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
fluorite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
with <other>
Cu I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mass <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
and <other>
two <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
phases <other>
, <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
, <other>
coexist <other>
. <other>


all <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
nanometric I-<DSC>
in <other>
size <other>
with <other>
high <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
. <other>


point I-<PRO>
defect <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
in <other>
b-PbF2 I-<MAT>
revisited <other>


the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
in <other>
b-PbF2 I-<MAT>
that <other>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
date <other>
from <other>
the <other>
association <other>
and <other>
extrinsic <other>
regions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
isobaric I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
plot <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
from <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
under <other>
various <other>
pressures <other>
, <other>
are <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
, <other>
in <other>
the <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
where <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
elastic I-<PRO>
and <other>
expansivity I-<PRO>
data <other>
are <other>
available <other>
, <other>
the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
volumes <PRO>
scale <other>
linearly <other>
with <other>
the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
enthalpies <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
slope <other>
which <other>
is <other>
governed <other>
by <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
qualities <other>
. <other>


A <other>
deviation <other>
from <other>
linearity <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
from <other>
which <other>
the <other>
relevant <other>
parameters <other>
for <other>
the <other>
anion I-<PRO>
frenkel <PRO>
formation <PRO>
process <PRO>
are <other>
deduced <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
BON I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
using <other>
low I-<SMT>
frequency <SMT>
RF <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
enhanced <SMT>
MOCVD <SMT>
: <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
deposition <other>
parameters <other>
on <other>
film I-<DSC>
hardness I-<PRO>


with <other>
the <other>
expectation <other>
of <other>
getting <other>
hard <other>
material <other>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
firstly <other>
grown <other>
the <other>
BON I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
by <other>
radio I-<SMT>
frequency <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
enhanced <SMT>
metal <SMT>
- <SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
kHz <other>
frequency <other>
and <other>
trimethyl <other>
borate <other>
precursor <other>
. <other>


the <other>
plasma <other>
source <other>
gases <other>
used <other>
in <other>
this <other>
study <other>
were <other>
Ar <other>
and <other>
H <other>
, <other>
and <other>
two <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
source <other>
gases <other>
, <other>
N <other>
and <other>
H3N <other>
, <other>
were <other>
also <other>
employed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
with <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
, <other>
IR I-<CMT>
, <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
knoop I-<CMT>
microhardness <CMT>
tester <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
film I-<DSC>
growth <other>
rate <other>
was <other>
influenced <other>
both <other>
by <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
and <other>
by <other>
nitrogen <other>
source <other>
gas <other>
. <other>


it <other>
decreased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
, <other>
and <other>
was <other>
higher <other>
by <other>
using <other>
H3N <other>
rather <other>
than <other>
by <other>
N <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
was <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
several <other>
factors <other>
such <other>
as <other>
nitrogen <other>
source <other>
gas <other>
, <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
and <other>
film I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


both <other>
nitrogen <other>
and <other>
carbon-content I-<MAT>
could <other>
raise <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
hardness I-<PRO>
, <other>
on <other>
which <other>
nitrogen <other>
content <other>
had <other>
stronger <other>
effect <other>
than <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
smooth <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
continuous <other>
structure I-<PRO>
yielded <other>
high <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
BON I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
was <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
. <other>


investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ground I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
in <other>
U I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
th1-x <MAT>
RuSi <MAT>


anomalous <other>
ln <other>
T <other>
- <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
, <other>
specific I-<PRO>
heat <PRO>
divided <other>
by <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
reported <other>
for <other>
UxTh1-xRu2Si2 I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
attempted <other>
to <other>
elucidate <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ground I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
in <other>
these <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
by <other>
systematic <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
trends <other>
in <other>
transport I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
for <other>
more <other>
concentrated <other>
u-alloys I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
particular <other>
, <other>
we <other>
believe <other>
, <other>
our <other>
results <other>
reveal <other>
proximity <other>
of <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
to <other>
a <other>
new <other>
ground I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
in <other>
these <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


superplasticity I-<PRO>
in <other>
Al2O3-20vol I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
spinel I-<SPL>
( <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
· <MAT>
1.5Al2O3 <MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>


superplasticity I-<PRO>
in <other>
Al2O3-20 I-<MAT>
vol <MAT>
% <MAT>
spinel I-<SPL>
( <other>
MgO I-<SPL>
· <SPL>
1.5Al2O3 <SPL>
) <other>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
tensile I-<CMT>
testing <CMT>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dispersion <other>
of <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
phase <other>
in <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
slightly <other>
reduces <other>
the <other>
flow I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
highly <other>
enhances <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
same <other>
stress I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
in <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
single <DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


A <other>
maximum I-<PRO>
elongation <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
is <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
a <other>
strain <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
s-1 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
flow I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
reduction <other>
is <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
a <other>
slight <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
for <other>
superplastic I-<PRO>
flow <other>
. <other>


the <other>
extensive <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
in <other>
Al2O3-20 I-<MAT>
vol <MAT>
% <MAT>
spinel I-<SPL>
can <other>
not <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
only <other>
from <other>
the <other>
stress <other>
reduction <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
boundaries <other>
are <other>
expected <other>
to <other>
have <other>
much <other>
larger <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
crack <PRO>
extension <PRO>
than <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
focus <other>
position <other>
on <other>
laser I-<SMT>
machining <SMT>
and <other>
laser I-<SMT>
micro-structuring <SMT>
monocrystalline I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>


micro-structured I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
on <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
is <other>
widely <other>
used <other>
in <other>
microelectronics I-<APL>
, <other>
optical I-<APL>
elements <APL>
, <other>
MEMS I-<APL>
and <other>
NEMS I-<APL>
components <APL>
, <other>
ultra-precision I-<APL>
machining <APL>
tools <APL>
, <other>
etc <other>
. <other>


the <other>
efficient <other>
micro-structuring I-<SMT>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
material <other>
is <other>
still <other>
a <other>
challenging <other>
task <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
article <other>
, <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
focus <other>
position <other>
on <other>
laser I-<SMT>
machining <SMT>
and <other>
laser I-<SMT>
micro-structuring <SMT>
monocrystalline I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
were <other>
researched <other>
. <other>


At <other>
the <other>
beginning <other>
, <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<PRO>
threshold <PRO>
and <other>
its <other>
incubation <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
monocrystalline I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
were <other>
determined <other>
and <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
accumulated <other>
laser <other>
pulses <other>
ranged <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
the <other>
laser I-<PRO>
ablation <PRO>
threshold <PRO>
decreased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
. <other>


subsequently <other>
, <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ablation <other>
width <other>
and <other>
ablation <other>
depth <other>
in <other>
laser I-<SMT>
machining <SMT>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


with <other>
enough <other>
pulse <other>
energy <other>
, <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
width <other>
mainly <other>
depended <other>
on <other>
the <other>
laser <other>
propagation <other>
attributes <other>
while <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
depth <other>
was <other>
a <other>
complex <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
focus <other>
position <other>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
detect <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
laser I-<SMT>
machined <SMT>
diamond I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
after <other>
the <other>
laser I-<SMT>
machining <SMT>
experiments <other>
. <other>


graphite I-<MAT>
formation <other>
was <other>
discovered <other>
on <other>
the <other>
machined I-<SMT>
diamond I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
graphitization I-<SMT>
was <other>
enhanced <other>
after <other>
the <other>
defocusing <other>
quantity <other>
exceeded <other>
<nUm> <other>
um <other>
. <other>


At <other>
last <other>
, <other>
several <other>
micro-structured I-<DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
were <other>
successfully <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
defined <other>
micro-structure I-<PRO>
patterns <PRO>
and <other>
structuring I-<PRO>
ratios <PRO>
just <other>
by <other>
adjusting <other>
the <other>
defocusing <other>
quantity <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
structuring I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
was <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
theoretical <other>
analysis <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
effects <other>
on <other>
interfacial <other>
layer <other>
formation <other>
between <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
and <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


this <other>
paper <other>
describes <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
condition <other>
of <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
rf I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
from <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
target <other>
with <other>
mixed <other>
gas <other>
of <other>
O <other>
and <other>
Ar <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
post-annealing I-<SMT>
in <other>
O <other>
ambient <other>
. <other>


the <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
smooth <other>
surface I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
at <other>
high <other>
oxygen <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thick <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
free <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
formed <other>
with <other>
both <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
and <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
silicate <MAT>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
between <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
during <other>
the <other>
post-annealing I-<SMT>
process <other>
due <other>
to <other>
rapid <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
atoms <other>
through <other>
the <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


after <other>
post <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
multi-interfacial I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
shows <other>
small <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
of <other>
less <other>
than <other>
10-8 <other>
A <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
that <other>
is <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
processed <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
oxidized <SMT>
O2Si I-<MAT>
. <other>


study <other>
on <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
and <other>
photocatalysis I-<APL>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
superhydrophobic I-<PRO>
coating I-<APL>
on <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>


A <other>
textured <other>
flower I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
cobalt I-<MAT>
superhydrophobic I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
( <other>
SHS I-<PRO>
) <other>
with <other>
a <other>
water I-<PRO>
contact <PRO>
angle <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
and <other>
a <other>
sliding I-<PRO>
angle <PRO>
of <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
was <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
immersing <other>
the <other>
processed <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
perpendicularly <other>
into <other>
cobalt <other>
( <other>
II <other>
) <other>
nitrate <other>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
and <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
SHS I-<PRO>
were <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
pattern <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
energy I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
was <other>
characterized <other>
via <other>
polarization I-<PRO>
, <other>
nyquist I-<CMT>
and <CMT>
bode <CMT>
modulus <CMT>
plots <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalysis I-<APL>
of <other>
samples <other>
was <other>
also <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
catalytic <other>
degradation <other>
of <other>
methyl <other>
orange <other>
under <other>
a <other>
UV <other>
lamp <other>
( <other>
λ <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
with <other>
a <other>
light <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
superhydrophobic I-<PRO>
sample <other>
not <other>
only <other>
exhibited <other>
excellent <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
also <other>
substantially <other>
improved <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
and <other>
H2MgO2 I-<MAT>
on <other>
phase <other>
formation <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
strontium I-<MAT>
– <other>
doped I-<DSC>
MgO3Ti I-<MAT>
microwave I-<APL>
dielectric <APL>
ceramics I-<DSC>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
and <other>
H2MgO2 I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
formation <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
0.97MgTiO3 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
0.03SrTiO3 <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


MgO5Ti2 I-<MAT>
formed <other>
in <other>
pellets I-<DSC>
added <other>
with <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
( <other>
MST I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
disappeared <other>
in <other>
pellets I-<DSC>
added <other>
with <other>
H2MgO2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
MHST I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


abnormal <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
MHST I-<MAT>
due <other>
to <other>
different <other>
reactions <other>
during <other>
the <other>
heating I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


values <other>
of <other>
er I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
q I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
f <PRO>
= <other>
16,500-23,000 <other>
GHz <other>
and <other>
tf I-<PRO>
= <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
of <other>
er I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
q I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
f <PRO>
= <other>
31,300-48,600 <other>
GHz <other>
and <other>
tf I-<PRO>
= <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
° <other>
C <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
MST I-<MAT>
and <other>
MHST I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


lower <other>
er I-<PRO>
for <other>
MHST I-<MAT>
was <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
density I-<PRO>
. <other>


q I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
f <PRO>
increased <other>
and <other>
tf I-<PRO>
shifted <other>
to <other>
more <other>
negative <other>
values <other>
when <other>
H2MgO2 I-<MAT>
was <other>
used <other>
instead <other>
of <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
. <other>


quantum I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
confined <PRO>
bandgap <PRO>
narrowing <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
by <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
for <other>
visible I-<APL>
- <APL>
light <APL>
- <APL>
driven <APL>
applications <APL>


we <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
report <other>
a <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
confined <PRO>
bandgap <PRO>
narrowing <other>
mechanism <other>
through <other>
which <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
of <other>
two <other>
UV I-<APL>
absorbers <APL>
, <other>
namely <other>
the <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
( <other>
GQDs I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
, <other>
can <other>
be <other>
easily <other>
extended <other>
into <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
light <other>
range <other>
in <other>
a <other>
controllable <other>
manner <other>
. <other>


such <other>
a <other>
mechanism <other>
may <other>
be <other>
of <other>
great <other>
importance <other>
for <other>
light I-<APL>
harvesting <APL>
, <other>
photocatalysis I-<APL>
and <other>
optoelectronics I-<APL>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
field I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
properties <PRO>
from <other>
graphene-TiO2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
ultraviolet I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
light <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
electrochemical <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


the <other>
graphene-TiO2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
( <other>
G-TiO2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
ultraviolet I-<SMT>
( <SMT>
UV <SMT>
) <SMT>
light <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
electrochemical <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
process <SMT>
using <other>
N <other>
, <other>
n-dimethylformamide <other>
( <other>
DMF <other>
) <other>
as <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
source <other>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
/ <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
as <other>
incorporated <other>
reagents <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
are <other>
uniformly <other>
dispersed <other>
into <other>
the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
UV I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
light <SMT>
illumination <SMT>
not <other>
only <other>
affects <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
but <other>
also <other>
promotes <other>
the <other>
field I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
probably <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
photoinduced <other>
electron <other>
- <other>
hole <other>
pairs <other>
produced <other>
from <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
G-TiO2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
exhibits <other>
the <other>
lowest <other>
turn-on I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
current I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
at <other>
the <other>
electric <other>
field <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


this <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
field I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
investigated <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
self <other>
- <other>
assembled <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
improved <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
, <other>
together <other>
with <other>
the <other>
reduced <other>
work I-<PRO>
function <PRO>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
addition <other>
on <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
AlFe I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>


mild I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
was <other>
coated I-<SMT>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
dipping <SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
molten <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
bath <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
alloyed I-<SMT>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
implanting I-<SMT>
the <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
into <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
coating I-<APL>
using <other>
a <other>
double I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
glow <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
surface <SMT>
metallurgy <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
element I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloyed I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
OM I-<CMT>
, <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
/ <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
and <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
the <other>
basic <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
two <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
measured <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
element <other>
exhibited <other>
gradient <other>
distribution <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
coating I-<APL>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
alloyed I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
consisted <other>
of <other>
pure <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al5Fe2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
AlFe3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
AlNb2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe7Nb6 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


after <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
improved <other>
for <other>
the <other>
diffusely I-<PRO>
distributed <PRO>
carbide I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
was <other>
enhanced <other>
with <other>
better <other>
plastic I-<PRO>
deformation <PRO>
. <other>


what <other>
's <other>
more <other>
, <other>
the <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
improved <other>
with <other>
a <other>
stronger <other>
ability I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
resist <PRO>
plastic <PRO>
deformation <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
greater <other>
plastic I-<PRO>
deformation <PRO>
work <PRO>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
TiN- I-<MAT>
and <other>
VN I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
ternary <other>
alloys I-<DSC>


improved <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
is <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
central <other>
goals <other>
in <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
wear I-<APL>
- <APL>
resistant <APL>
coatings <APL>
. <other>


previous <other>
studies <other>
of <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
in <other>
transition I-<MAT>
metal <MAT>
nitride <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
have <other>
addressed <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
in <other>
these <other>
compounds <other>
. <other>


herein <other>
, <other>
we <other>
use <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
various <other>
metal I-<PRO>
sublattice <PRO>
configurations <PRO>
, <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
fully <other>
ordered <other>
to <other>
fully <other>
disordered <other>
, <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
VM2N I-<MAT>
and <other>
TiM2N I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
M2 <MAT>
= <MAT>
W <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mo <MAT>
) <MAT>
ternary <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
all <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
display <other>
high <other>
incompressibility I-<PRO>
, <other>
indicating <other>
strong <other>
me I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
N <PRO>
bonds <PRO>
. <other>


disordered I-<PRO>
atomic <PRO>
arrangements <PRO>
yield <other>
lower <other>
values <other>
of <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
moduli <PRO>
and <other>
C11 I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
constants <PRO>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
higher <other>
values <other>
of <other>
C44 I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
constants <PRO>
, <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
ordered <other>
structures I-<PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
attribute <other>
the <other>
low <other>
C44 I-<PRO>
values <other>
of <other>
ordered I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
fully I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
bonding <PRO>
states <PRO>
perpendicular <other>
to <other>
the <other>
applied <other>
stress <other>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
the <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
compounds <other>
is <other>
primarily <other>
an <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
increased <other>
valence I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
induced <other>
upon <other>
alloying I-<SMT>
. <other>


ultra-efficient <other>
and <other>
durable <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<APL>
water <APL>
oxidation <APL>
using <other>
elaborately <other>
designed <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>


ultrahigh <other>
- <other>
efficiency <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<APL>
water <APL>
oxidation <APL>
using <other>
modified <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <other>
are <other>
synthesized <other>
using <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
bath <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
and <other>
further <other>
modified <other>
by <other>
hydrogen I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
, <other>
loading <other>
of <other>
a <other>
~ <other>
3.5-nm-thick <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
overlayer I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
a <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
( <other>
CoPi I-<MAT>
) <other>
catalyst I-<APL>
. <other>


although <other>
each <other>
modification <other>
method <other>
is <other>
well <other>
known <other>
, <other>
an <other>
elaborate <other>
optimization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
combined <other>
modification <other>
methods <other>
achieves <other>
a <other>
stable <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAcm-2 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
vs <other>
. <other>


RHE <other>
over <other>
100h <other>
under <other>
AM <other>
1.5G <other>
irradiation <other>
( <other>
100mWcm-2 <other>
) <other>
with <other>
the <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
O <other>
and <other>
H <other>
evolutions <other>
at <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
faradaic I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
. <other>


to <other>
the <other>
best <other>
of <other>
our <other>
knowledge <other>
, <other>
this <other>
is <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
obtained <other>
using <other>
a <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
photoanode I-<APL>
, <other>
and <other>
such <other>
long <other>
- <other>
term <other>
durability I-<PRO>
coupled <other>
with <other>
this <other>
level <other>
of <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
rarely <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
modified <other>
- <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
photoanodes I-<APL>
are <other>
thoroughly <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
various <other>
spectroscopic I-<CMT>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
techniques <CMT>
. <other>


while <other>
the <other>
hydrogen I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
enhances <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
ultrathin <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
overlayer I-<DSC>
reduces <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
recombination <PRO>
and <other>
effectively <other>
preserved <other>
the <other>
integrity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hydrogen I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treated <SMT>
hematite I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
. <other>


OZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
1D I-<DSC>
nanostructures <DSC>
for <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
applications <APL>


OZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
1D I-<DSC>
nanostructures <DSC>
( <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
and <other>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
) <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
cost <SMT>
, <SMT>
low <SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
, <SMT>
solution <SMT>
- <SMT>
based <SMT>
methods <SMT>
and <other>
their <other>
properties <other>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


OZn I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
samples <other>
with <other>
titania I-<MAT>
and <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
shells I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
solution I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
based <SMT>
methods <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
their <other>
properties <other>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
were <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
bare <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
found <other>
that <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
exhibited <other>
comparable <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


faster <other>
dye <other>
degradation <other>
under <other>
simulated <other>
solar <other>
illumination <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
, <other>
while <other>
under <other>
UV <other>
illumination <other>
faster <other>
degradation <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
with <other>
titania I-<MAT>
shells I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
inferior <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
for <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
shells I-<DSC>
the <other>
performance <other>
was <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
bare <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
. <other>


reasons <other>
for <other>
observed <other>
differences <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
shell <other>
on <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
native I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
/ <DSC>
shell <DSC>
interface <DSC>
. <other>


electric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
(As0.33S0.335Se0.335)100- <MAT>
x <MAT>
bulk I-<DSC>
glasses <DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
results <other>
of <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
glasses <DSC>
with <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
Agx(As0.33S0.335Se0.335)100-x I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
28at <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
are <other>
revealed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
structure <other>
of <other>
samples <other>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
was <other>
deduced <other>
from <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
all <other>
silver I-<PRO>
contents <PRO>
in <other>
As I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
S <MAT>
– <MAT>
Se <MAT>
matrix <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
point <other>
of <other>
their <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
all <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
behave <other>
as <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductors <PRO>
. <other>


their <other>
ac I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
content <other>
of <other>
silver I-<MAT>
. <other>


As <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
the <other>
comparison <other>
of <other>
ac I-<PRO>
and <other>
dc I-<PRO>
conductivities <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
contribution <other>
of <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
to <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
is <other>
very <other>
low <other>
and <other>
decreases <other>
from <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
for <other>
the <other>
glass I-<DSC>
with <other>
12at <other>
% <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
to <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
for <other>
the <other>
glass I-<DSC>
with <other>
22at <other>
% <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
antimony I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
tin I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>


tin I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
concentrations <other>
of <other>
antimony I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
from <other>
OSn I-<MAT>
and <other>
O3Sb2 I-<MAT>
mixture <other>
in <other>
a <other>
tube I-<SMT>
furnace <SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
flowing <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
argon <other>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
at <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
source <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
possess <other>
high <other>
structural I-<PRO>
perfection <PRO>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
Sb I-<MAT>
on <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
is <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


antimony I-<MAT>
doping <other>
allows <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
of <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
scattering <PRO>
in <other>
Nd2-xCexCuO4-d I-<MAT>


samples <other>
of <other>
Nd2-xCexCuO4-d I-<MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
under <other>
a <other>
high <other>
vacuum <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
torr <other>
) <other>
. <other>


powder I-<CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
patterns <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
consisted <other>
of <other>
a <other>
single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
CuNd2O4 I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
I4 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
mmm <SPL>
. <other>


the <other>
normal I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
samples <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
logarithmic <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
, <other>
which <other>
we <other>
show <other>
is <other>
a <other>
common <other>
feature <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electron <other>
cuprate <other>
superconductors I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
significant <other>
phonon <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
scattering <other>
by <other>
the <other>
lattice <other>
in <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
data <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
contribution <other>
to <other>
the <other>
normal I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
electron <other>
cuprate <other>
superconductors I-<PRO>
comes <other>
from <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
scattering <PRO>
. <other>


refractory I-<APL>
oxynitride I-<MAT>
joints <other>
in <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>


sintered I-<SMT>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
was <other>
joined <other>
to <other>
itself <other>
by <other>
heating I-<SMT>
interlayers I-<DSC>
of <other>
refractory I-<APL>
oxide I-<MAT>
compositions I-<PRO>
above <other>
their <other>
liquidus I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
in <other>
flowing <other>
nitrogen <other>
. <other>


only <other>
enough <other>
pressure <other>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
maintain <other>
alignment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
parts <other>
in <other>
the <other>
fixture <other>
. <other>


the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
compositions I-<PRO>
were <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
SrO-Al2O3-SiO2 I-<MAT>
families <other>
and <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
was <other>
from <other>
two <other>
commercial <other>
sources <other>
. <other>


joined <other>
specimens <other>
were <other>
tested <other>
in <other>
four I-<CMT>
point <CMT>
flexure <CMT>
from <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


A <other>
maximum <other>
strength I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
which <other>
as <other>
far <other>
as <other>
we <other>
know <other>
is <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
strength I-<PRO>
ever <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
joined <other>
without <other>
high <other>
applied <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


quantitative <other>
measurements <other>
of <other>
composition I-<PRO>
profiles <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
ceramic-oxide-ceramic I-<DSC>
interface <DSC>
revealed <other>
that <other>
interdiffusion <other>
of <other>
cations <other>
from <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
joining <other>
material <other>
maintains <other>
local <other>
charge <other>
balance <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
CoLiO2 I-<MAT>
cathodes I-<APL>
by <other>
an <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
reaction <SMT>
in <other>
solution <other>
and <other>
their <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


layered I-<DSC>
CoLiO2 I-<MAT>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
an <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
co2+ <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
aqueous <other>
solutions <other>
by <other>
lithium <other>
peroxide <other>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
excess <other>
lithium <other>
hydroxide <other>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
firing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
wet I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
chemical <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


although <other>
single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
Li1+xCo1-xO2 I-<MAT>
samples <other>
with <other>
a <other>
Li I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Co <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
could <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
lower <other>
firing I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
they <other>
were <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
and <other>
transformed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
CoLiO2 I-<MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
Li I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Co <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
firing I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
( <other>
T <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
fired I-<SMT>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
( <other>
T <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
exhibited <other>
lower <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
and <other>
poor <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
cyclability <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
lithium I-<APL>
cells <APL>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
a <other>
disordering <other>
of <other>
the <other>
li+ <other>
and <other>
co3+ <other>
ions <other>
, <other>
and <other>
poor <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
fired I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
in <other>
the <other>
voltage <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
, <other>
with <other>
excellent <other>
cyclability I-<PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
good <other>
cation I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
and <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
. <other>


surface I-<SMT>
roughening <SMT>
by <other>
anisotropic <other>
adatom I-<PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
in <other>
epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
Ca33La67Mn100O300 I-<MAT>


the <other>
growth I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
colossal I-<PRO>
magnetoresistance <PRO>
( <other>
CMR I-<PRO>
) <other>
Ca33La67Mn100O300 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
rf I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
on <other>
SrTiO3(001) I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
epitaxial <other>
, <other>
coherently I-<PRO>
strained <PRO>
and <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
at <other>
early <other>
growth <other>
stages <other>
, <other>
in <other>
nanometric I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
, <other>
a <other>
layer <other>
- <other>
by <other>
- <other>
layer <other>
mechanism <other>
dominates <other>
, <other>
which <other>
results <other>
in <other>
step <other>
and <other>
terrace <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
. <other>


upon <other>
further <other>
growth <other>
, <other>
the <other>
flat <other>
surface I-<DSC>
becomes <other>
unstable <other>
when <other>
large <other>
two <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
( <other>
2D <other>
) <other>
islands <other>
form <other>
. <other>


the <other>
erlich I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
schwoebel <PRO>
step <PRO>
- <PRO>
edge <PRO>
energy <PRO>
barrier <PRO>
induces <other>
an <other>
anisotropic <other>
adatom I-<PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
that <other>
favors <other>
2D <other>
nucleation <other>
on <other>
top <other>
of <other>
the <other>
islands <other>
as <other>
it <other>
reduces <other>
downhill I-<PRO>
adatom <PRO>
current <PRO>
. <other>


As <other>
a <other>
result <other>
, <other>
there <other>
is <other>
an <other>
evolution <other>
with <other>
growth <other>
to <other>
mound <other>
- <other>
like <other>
structures <other>
of <other>
increasing <other>
height <other>
. <other>


critical I-<PRO>
thickness <PRO>
for <PRO>
mound <PRO>
formation <PRO>
and <other>
average <other>
mound I-<PRO>
separation <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
tuned <other>
by <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
miscut I-<PRO>
angle <PRO>
and <other>
growth <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
provide <other>
a <other>
detailed <other>
understanding <other>
of <other>
the <other>
roughening I-<SMT>
process <other>
in <other>
manganites I-<MAT>
and <other>
are <other>
relevant <other>
for <other>
the <other>
controlled <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
CMR I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
in <other>
particular <other>
for <other>
its <other>
use <other>
in <other>
epitaxial <other>
heterostructures I-<DSC>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
quasicrystal I-<DSC>
phase <other>
on <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
damping I-<PRO>
capacities <PRO>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Y <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


four <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5x <MAT>
% <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
x <MAT>
% <MAT>
Y <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
reinforced <other>
with <other>
the <other>
I-Mg3YZn6 I-<MAT>
quasicrystal I-<DSC>
phase <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
introducing <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
and <other>
Y I-<MAT>
elements <other>
into <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
under <other>
conventional <other>
solidification I-<SMT>
condition <SMT>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
coherent <other>
lattice <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
I-Mg3YZn6 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
the <other>
a-Mg I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
, <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
sizes <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Y <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
are <other>
obviously <other>
refined <other>
and <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strengths <PRO>
are <other>
largely <other>
improved <other>
to <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
transformed <other>
from <other>
cleavage <other>
fracture <other>
to <other>
quasi-cleavage <other>
fracture <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
I-Mg3YZn6 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
damping I-<PRO>
capacities <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Y <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
decrease <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increasing <other>
I-Mg3YZn6 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
the <other>
damping I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
with <other>
the <other>
g I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
L <CMT>
dislocation <CMT>
model <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
forming <other>
of <other>
the <other>
I-Mg3YZn6 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
makes <other>
more <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
, <other>
phases <other>
and <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
generate <other>
in <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
densities <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
hardly <other>
changes <other>
as <other>
little <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
or <other>
entanglement <other>
of <other>
dislocation <other>
generates <other>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
between <other>
the <other>
I-Mg3YZn6 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
the <other>
a-Mg I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
. <other>


so <other>
the <other>
damping I-<PRO>
values <PRO>
are <other>
reduced <other>
accordingly <other>
with <other>
the <other>
strong <other>
pinning I-<PRO>
points <PRO>
on <other>
dislocations I-<PRO>
increasing <other>
tremendously <other>
. <other>


mechanical I-<SMT>
amorphization <SMT>
of <other>
B3Fe15Nb2 I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
: <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>


the <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
fraction <other>
developed <other>
during <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
alloying <SMT>
of <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
pure <other>
75at. I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
, <MAT>
10at. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
and <MAT>
15at. <MAT>
% <MAT>
B <MAT>
, <other>
XAm <other>
, <other>
has <other>
been <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
different <other>
techniques <other>
: <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
permeability <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
; <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
compare <other>
their <other>
sensitivity <other>
in <other>
the <other>
detection <other>
of <other>
small <other>
fractions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
values <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
fraction <other>
from <other>
the <other>
three <other>
techniques <other>
show <other>
a <other>
roughly <other>
linear <other>
correlation <other>
above <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
most <other>
sensitive <other>
technique <other>
was <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XAm <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
low <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
contributions <PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
the <other>
less <other>
sensitive <other>
technique <other>
was <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
phase <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
the <other>
milling I-<SMT>
time <other>
due <other>
to <other>
a <other>
slow <other>
and <other>
progressive <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
boron I-<MAT>
into <other>
this <other>
phase <other>
and <other>
the <other>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
from <other>
the <other>
boron I-<PRO>
inclusions <PRO>
. <other>


potential <other>
application <other>
of <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
composites <DSC>
to <other>
aero I-<APL>
- <APL>
engine <APL>
components <APL>


the <other>
present <other>
paper <other>
describes <other>
the <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
of <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
composites <DSC>
to <other>
aero I-<APL>
- <APL>
engine <APL>
components <APL>
by <other>
reviewing <other>
the <other>
related <other>
published <other>
papers <other>
and <other>
our <other>
experience <other>
in <other>
this <other>
field <other>
. <other>


it <other>
contains <other>
the <other>
material <other>
requirements <other>
for <other>
aero I-<APL>
- <APL>
engines <APL>
, <other>
trends <other>
in <other>
aero I-<APL>
- <APL>
engine <APL>
materials <APL>
use <other>
, <other>
japanese <other>
projects <other>
related <other>
to <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
composites <DSC>
( <other>
CMCs I-<DSC>
) <other>
and <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
of <other>
CMCs I-<DSC>
to <other>
aero I-<APL>
- <APL>
engines <APL>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
combustors I-<APL>
, <other>
nozzle I-<APL>
flaps <APL>
, <other>
bladed I-<APL>
disks <APL>
and <other>
others <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
point <other>
of <other>
application <other>
to <other>
aero I-<APL>
- <APL>
engines <APL>
, <other>
the <other>
remaining <other>
research <other>
and <other>
development <other>
issues <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
to <other>
some <other>
extent <other>
. <other>


material <other>
developments <other>
, <other>
particularly <other>
of <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
and <other>
fibers I-<DSC>
for <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
are <other>
still <other>
required <other>
and <other>
stressed <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
AgI I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
composites I-<DSC>


AgI I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
general <other>
formula <other>
AgIMxOy I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
MxOy <MAT>
= <MAT>
O2Zr <MAT>
, <MAT>
CeO2 <MAT>
, <MAT>
Fe2O3 <MAT>
, <MAT>
O3Sm2 <MAT>
, <MAT>
MoO3 <MAT>
and <MAT>
O3W <MAT>
) <MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhancement <other>
in <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
AgI I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
unusual <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
and <other>
amorphization <other>
are <other>
explained <other>
assuming <other>
a <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
- <other>
AgI I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


physical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
CuLaO2 I-<MAT>


high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
CuLaO2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
elaborated <other>
by <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
in <other>
sealed <other>
tube <other>
, <other>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
under <other>
reducing <other>
atmosphere <other>
( <other>
H <other>
/ <other>
N <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
revealed <other>
a <other>
stoichiometric I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
CuLaO2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
direct I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
- <PRO>
gap <PRO>
semiconductor <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
forbidden I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
follows <other>
a <other>
curie I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
weiss <CMT>
law <CMT>
from <other>
which <other>
a <other>
cu2+ I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
has <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
oxygen <other>
insertion <other>
in <other>
the <other>
layered I-<DSC>
crystal I-<PRO>
lattice <PRO>
induces <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
occurs <other>
predominantly <other>
by <other>
small <other>
polaron <other>
hopping <other>
between <other>
mixed <other>
valences <other>
cu+ <other>
/ <other>
2+ <other>
with <other>
an <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
and <other>
a <other>
hole I-<PRO>
mobility <PRO>
( <other>
m300K I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-7 <other>
cm2V-1s-1 <other>
) <other>
, <other>
thermally <other>
activated <other>
. <other>


most <other>
holes <other>
are <other>
trapped <other>
in <other>
surface I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
polaron <PRO>
states <PRO>
upon <other>
gap <other>
excitation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<CMT>
study <CMT>
, <other>
reported <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
, <other>
confirms <other>
the <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
conduction <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
flat I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
potential <PRO>
( <other>
vfb I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
VSCE <other>
) <other>
and <other>
the <other>
hole I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
NA I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
) <other>
were <other>
determined <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
by <other>
extrapolating <other>
the <other>
curve <other>
C-2 <other>
versus <other>
the <other>
potential <other>
to <other>
their <other>
intersection <other>
with <other>
C-2 <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
from <other>
the <other>
slope <other>
of <other>
the <other>
linear <other>
part <other>
in <other>
the <other>
mott I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
schottky <CMT>
plot <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
is <other>
made <other>
up <other>
of <other>
cu-3d <other>
orbital <other>
, <other>
positioned <other>
at <other>
4.9eV <other>
below <other>
vacuum <other>
. <other>


an <other>
energy I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
diagram <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
established <other>
predicting <other>
the <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
to <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
hydrogen I-<APL>
photocathode <APL>
. <other>


corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
CNZr I-<MAT>
coated I-<SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
with <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
as <other>
a <other>
bipolar I-<APL>
plate <APL>
for <other>
proton I-<APL>
exchange <APL>
membrane <APL>
fuel <APL>
cell <APL>


to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
electrical <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
wettability I-<PRO>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
6Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
4V <MAT>
used <other>
in <other>
polymer I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
membrane <APL>
fuel <APL>
cell <APL>
( <other>
PEMFC I-<APL>
) <other>
, <other>
a <other>
CNZr I-<MAT>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
6Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
4V <MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
using <other>
double I-<SMT>
cathode <SMT>
glow <SMT>
discharge <SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
new <other>
coating I-<APL>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
consisting <other>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
C I-<MAT>
, <other>
CNx I-<MAT>
and <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
CNZr I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
HF <other>
concentrations <other>
on <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
potentiodynamic I-<CMT>
, <other>
potentiostatic I-<CMT>
polarizations <CMT>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
in <other>
a <other>
simulated <other>
the <other>
operating <other>
conditions <other>
of <other>
a <other>
PEMFC I-<APL>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
HF <other>
concentrations <other>
, <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
( <other>
ecorr I-<PRO>
) <other>
decreased <other>
and <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
icorr I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
the <other>
CNZr I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
increased <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
decreased <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
HF <other>
concentrations <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
at <other>
any <other>
given <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
HF <other>
, <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CNZr I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
significantly <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
uncoated <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
6Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
4V <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
HF <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
passive I-<PRO>
film I-<DSC>
( <other>
Rb I-<MAT>
) <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
CNZr I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
decreased <other>
slightly <other>
, <other>
being <other>
of <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
cm2 <other>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
an <other>
improvement <other>
by <other>
four <other>
orders <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
uncoated <other>
Ti-6A1-4V I-<MAT>
. <other>


At <other>
a <other>
compaction <other>
force <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
N <other>
cm-2 <other>
, <other>
no <other>
perceptible <other>
difference <other>
in <other>
the <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
contact <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
( <other>
ICR I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
CNZr I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<DSC>
Ti-6A1-4V I-<MAT>
was <other>
observed <other>
before <other>
and <other>
after <other>
potentiostatic <other>
polarization <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
, <other>
and <other>
its <other>
ICR I-<PRO>
values <other>
were <other>
reduced <other>
by <other>
one <other>
order <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
in <other>
comparison <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
uncoated <other>
Ti-6A1-4V I-<MAT>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
CNZr I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<SMT>
Ti-6A1-4V I-<MAT>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
much <other>
low <other>
surface I-<PRO>
wettability <PRO>
than <other>
uncoated <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
6Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
4V <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
beneficial <other>
for <other>
both <other>
water <other>
management <other>
and <other>
improving <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


hydrothermal I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
and <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
in <other>
photo I-<APL>
- <APL>
generated <APL>
cathodic <APL>
protection <APL>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
through <other>
one I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
show <other>
an <other>
enhancement <other>
in <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
generated <PRO>
cathodic <PRO>
protection <PRO>
as <other>
the <other>
time <other>
- <other>
dependent <other>
profiles <other>
of <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
responses <PRO>
has <other>
confirmed <other>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
data <other>
show <other>
that <other>
a <other>
bicrystalline I-<DSC>
framework <other>
of <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
and <other>
brookite I-<SPL>
formed <other>
as <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
provided <other>
donor <other>
groups <other>
in <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
transfer <other>
of <other>
photoinduced <other>
electrons <other>
in <other>
the <other>
biphasic I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
results <other>
in <other>
effective <other>
electron <other>
- <other>
hole <other>
separation <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
lead <other>
to <other>
a <other>
negative <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
as <other>
evidenced <other>
by <other>
mott I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
schottky <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
, <other>
which <other>
decreases <other>
the <other>
schottky I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
formed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
stainless <MAT>
steel <MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
and <other>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
generated <PRO>
cathodic <PRO>
protection <PRO>
. <other>


first I-<CMT>
principles <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
and <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
WX I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
C <MAT>
, <MAT>
N <MAT>
) <MAT>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
and <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
( <other>
WC I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
WN I-<MAT>
) <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
first I-<CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
( <other>
DFT I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
computed <other>
ground I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
equilibrium I-<PRO>
lattice <PRO>
constant <PRO>
and <other>
cell I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
, <other>
are <other>
in <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
the <other>
available <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
. <other>


A <other>
pressure <other>
induced <other>
structural I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
both <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
and <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
, <other>
from <other>
a <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
phase <other>
( <other>
WC I-<SPL>
) <other>
to <other>
a <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
phase <other>
( <other>
ZB I-<SPL>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
from <other>
a <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
phase <other>
( <other>
ZB I-<SPL>
) <other>
to <other>
a <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
( <other>
WZ I-<SPL>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
reveals <other>
that <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
are <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
at <other>
ambient <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
calculated <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
obey <other>
the <other>
born I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
huang <CMT>
criteria <CMT>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
that <other>
they <other>
are <other>
mechanically I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
at <other>
normal <other>
and <other>
high <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
is <other>
estimated <other>
for <other>
the <other>
WC I-<MAT>
and <other>
WN I-<MAT>
in <other>
stable I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
at <other>
atmospheric <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
free I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
Ag87Al70Cu393Zr450 I-<MAT>
bulk I-<DSC>
metallic I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
by <other>
reverse I-<CMT>
monte <CMT>
carlo <CMT>
simulation <CMT>
and <other>
density I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>


the <other>
absolute <other>
contents <other>
of <other>
free I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
and <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
Ag87Al70Cu393Zr450 I-<MAT>
bulk I-<DSC>
metallic I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
( <other>
BMG I-<PRO>
) <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
quantified <other>
by <other>
density I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
and <other>
reverse I-<CMT>
monte <CMT>
carlo <CMT>
( <other>
RMC I-<CMT>
) <other>
simulation <other>
using <other>
the <other>
total <other>
structural I-<PRO>
factors <PRO>
F(Q) <PRO>
determined <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
experiments <other>
as <other>
fitting <other>
constraints <other>
. <other>


the <other>
densities I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
, <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
and <other>
crystallized I-<DSC>
samples <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
archimedes I-<CMT>
method <CMT>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
( <other>
precision <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
) <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
approach <other>
was <other>
used <other>
in <other>
the <other>
RMC I-<CMT>
simulation <CMT>
to <other>
define <other>
the <other>
free I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
as <other>
the <other>
difference <other>
between <other>
the <other>
volume <other>
of <other>
the <other>
voronoi I-<PRO>
polyhedron <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
volume <other>
of <other>
the <other>
wigner I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
seitz <PRO>
cell <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
constituent <other>
atoms <other>
. <other>


two <other>
types <other>
of <other>
initial <other>
configurations <other>
were <other>
constructed <other>
: <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
in <other>
configuration <other>
A <other>
, <other>
all <other>
types <other>
of <other>
potential <other>
atomic <other>
pairs <other>
are <other>
allowed <other>
; <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
in <other>
configuration <other>
B <other>
, <other>
Al-Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ag-Ag I-<MAT>
atomic <other>
pairs <other>
are <other>
excluded <other>
. <other>


the <other>
contents <other>
of <other>
free I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
and <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
samples <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
( <other>
configuration <other>
A <other>
) <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
( <other>
configuration <other>
B <other>
) <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
( <other>
precision <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
probability <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
as-calculated <other>
free I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
well <other>
- <other>
fitted <other>
by <other>
the <other>
equation <other>
proposed <other>
by <other>
turnbull <other>
and <other>
cohen <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
the <other>
contents <other>
of <other>
free I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
determined <other>
by <other>
density I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
and <other>
RMC I-<CMT>
are <other>
comparable <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
discrepancy <other>
of <other>
the <other>
results <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


graphene I-<MAT>
based <other>
new <other>
energy I-<APL>
materials <APL>


graphene I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
one <other>
- <other>
atom <other>
layer <other>
of <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
, <other>
possesses <other>
a <other>
unique <other>
two I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
( <other>
2D I-<PRO>
) <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
high <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
charge I-<PRO>
carrier <PRO>
mobility <PRO>
, <other>
huge <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
, <other>
high <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
and <other>
great <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


thus <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
expected <other>
to <other>
be <other>
an <other>
ideal <other>
material <other>
for <other>
energy I-<APL>
storage <APL>
and <other>
conversion I-<APL>
. <other>


during <other>
the <other>
past <other>
several <other>
years <other>
, <other>
a <other>
variety <other>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
based <other>
materials <other>
( <other>
GBMs I-<APL>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
and <other>
applied <other>
in <other>
supercapacitors I-<APL>
, <other>
lithium I-<APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
, <other>
water I-<APL>
splitting <APL>
, <other>
electrocatalysts I-<APL>
for <other>
fuel I-<APL>
cells <APL>
, <other>
and <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
review <other>
, <other>
we <other>
will <other>
summarize <other>
the <other>
recent <other>
advances <other>
in <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
applications <other>
of <other>
GBMs I-<APL>
in <other>
these <other>
energy <other>
related <other>
systems <other>
. <other>


the <other>
challenges <other>
and <other>
prospects <other>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
based <other>
new <other>
energy I-<APL>
materials <APL>
are <other>
also <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
YAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
phosphor I-<APL>
via <other>
different <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
sources <other>
and <other>
precipitation I-<SMT>
processes <SMT>


ce3+ <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
yttrium I-<MAT>
aluminum <MAT>
garnet <MAT>
( <other>
YAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
) <other>
phosphors I-<APL>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
four <other>
different <other>
precipitating I-<SMT>
processes <SMT>
, <other>
in <other>
which <other>
aluminum <other>
nitrate <other>
or <other>
aluminum <other>
ammonium <other>
sulfate <other>
was <other>
used <other>
as <other>
the <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
source <other>
. <other>


pure <other>
YAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
using <other>
aluminum <other>
nitrate <other>
combine <other>
normal <other>
strike I-<SMT>
precipitation <SMT>
method <other>
as <other>
calcined I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
2h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
property <other>
of <other>
YAG I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
is <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
the <other>
cation I-<PRO>
homogeneity <PRO>
of <other>
precursor <other>
powder I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
product <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
aluminum <other>
nitrate <other>
combine <other>
normal <other>
strike I-<SMT>
precipitation <SMT>
method <other>
has <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
emission <other>
peak <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
after <other>
excitation <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


growth <other>
of <other>
large <other>
- <other>
sized <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
NO8W2Y <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
and <other>
its <other>
spectral I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


this <other>
paper <other>
reports <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
nd3+ I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
NO8W2Y <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
optical I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
and <other>
large <other>
size <other>
. <other>


nd3+ I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
NO8W2Y <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
dimension <other>
Ph30 <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm2 <other>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
homogeneity <PRO>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
was <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
czhchoralski I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
: <other>
the <other>
seed <other>
used <other>
was <other>
[100] <other>
orientation <other>
, <other>
the <other>
pulling <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
rotating <other>
rate <other>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
/ <other>
h <other>
and <other>
15rpm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growing <other>
processes <other>
and <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
nd3+ I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
NO8W2Y <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
was <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


its <other>
unpolarized <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
and <other>
emission I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
cross-section <PRO>
and <other>
emission I-<PRO>
cross-section <PRO>
were <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
judd I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
ofelt <CMT>
theory <CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
obtained <other>
the <other>
three <other>
intensity I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
: <other>
Ω I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
- <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
Ω I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
- <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
Ω I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
- <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
radiative I-<PRO>
probabilities <PRO>
, <other>
radiative I-<PRO>
lifetimes <PRO>
, <other>
branch I-<PRO>
ratios <PRO>
and <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
nd3+ I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
NO8W2Y <MAT>
were <other>
calculated <other>
too <other>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
stabilization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
phase <other>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
Al I-<MAT>
or <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
a <other>
modified <other>
pechini I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
which <other>
allows <other>
us <other>
to <other>
reach <other>
high <other>
control <other>
in <other>
size <other>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
. <other>


microstructural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
confirms <other>
the <other>
good <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
anatase I-<SPL>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
with <other>
average <other>
sizes <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
dopant I-<PRO>
cationic <PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
anatase I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
rutile <PRO>
transition <PRO>
( <other>
ART I-<PRO>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
thermally <other>
driven <other>
and <other>
analyzed <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
doping I-<SMT>
. <other>


thermo I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
either <other>
promoted <other>
or <other>
inhibited <other>
by <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
or <other>
Al I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
discussed <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
with <other>
special <other>
attention <other>
paid <other>
to <other>
the <other>
role <other>
played <other>
by <other>
ti3+ <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
phase <other>
has <other>
been <other>
stabilized <other>
up <other>
to <other>
temperatures <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
by <other>
appropriate <other>
Al I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
. <other>


abrasive I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
ti1- I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
Al <MAT>
x <MAT>
N <MAT>
hard I-<APL>
coatings <APL>
deposited <other>
by <other>
a <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
arc <SMT>
system <SMT>
with <other>
lateral <other>
rotating <other>
cathodes I-<APL>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
Ti1-xAlxN I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
high <other>
speed <other>
steel I-<MAT>
( <other>
HSS I-<MAT>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
arc <SMT>
reactive <SMT>
evaporation <SMT>
process <other>
from <other>
two <other>
lateral <other>
rotating <other>
elemental <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
and <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
cathodes I-<APL>
in <other>
a <other>
pure <other>
nitrogen <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
experiments <other>
. <other>


the <other>
abrasion I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
was <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
a <other>
micro-abrasion I-<CMT>
tester <CMT>
with <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
water I-<DSC>
- <other>
based <other>
slurry <other>
with <other>
a <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
Al I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
atomic <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
initially <other>
increased <other>
up <other>
to <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
value <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
at <other>
around <other>
Al I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
then <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
hardness I-<PRO>
decreased <other>
rapidly <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
content <other>
further <other>
. <other>


the <other>
abrasion I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
is <other>
evidently <other>
better <other>
, <other>
with <other>
one <other>
order <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
lower <other>
in <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
, <other>
than <other>
the <other>
bare <other>
HSS I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
Al I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
atomic <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
trend <other>
of <other>
the <other>
abrasion I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
rate <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
is <other>
generally <other>
opposite <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
coating I-<APL>
hardness I-<PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
means <other>
the <other>
abrasion I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
PVD I-<SMT>
hard I-<APL>
coatings <APL>
is <other>
predominately <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
materials <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
also <other>
noted <other>
that <other>
, <other>
besides <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
hardness I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
also <other>
plays <other>
an <other>
important <other>
role <other>
in <other>
determining <other>
their <other>
abrasive I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
in <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
Al I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
range <other>
( <other>
Al I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
exhibited <other>
an <other>
evident <other>
better <other>
abrasive I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
than <other>
those <other>
in <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
aluminium I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
range <other>
( <other>
Al I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
when <other>
their <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
is <other>
similar <other>
. <other>


this <other>
fact <other>
could <other>
be <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
finer <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
incorporated <other>
with <other>
higher <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


graphene I-<MAT>
encapsulated I-<DSC>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
assembled <other>
into <other>
a <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
hybrid <DSC>
composite <DSC>
used <other>
as <other>
a <other>
high <other>
- <other>
performance <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
battery <APL>
anode <APL>
material <other>


the <other>
discovery <other>
of <other>
new <other>
anode I-<APL>
materials <other>
and <other>
engineering <other>
their <other>
fine I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
are <other>
the <other>
core <other>
elements <other>
in <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
new <other>
- <other>
generation <other>
lithium I-<APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
( <other>
LIBs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


to <other>
this <other>
end <other>
, <other>
we <other>
herein <other>
report <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
nanostructured I-<DSC>
composite <DSC>
consisting <other>
of <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


microscopy I-<CMT>
and <other>
spectroscopy I-<CMT>
analyses <CMT>
have <other>
identified <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
are <other>
wrapped <other>
( <other>
or <other>
encapsulated <other>
) <other>
by <other>
the <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
via <other>
covalent <other>
bonding <other>
, <other>
which <other>
further <other>
self <other>
- <other>
assemble <other>
into <other>
a <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
hybrid <DSC>
composite <DSC>
networked <other>
by <other>
the <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
has <other>
an <other>
average <other>
pore I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
high <other>
surface I-<PRO>
area <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
g-1 <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
that <other>
of <other>
conventional <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
used <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
as <other>
an <other>
LIB I-<APL>
anode <APL>
material <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
coin I-<APL>
- <APL>
type <APL>
prototype <APL>
cells <APL>
with <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
as <other>
the <other>
cathode I-<APL>
. <other>


systematic <other>
half I-<APL>
- <APL>
cell <APL>
testing <other>
evaluations <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
present <other>
composite I-<DSC>
material <other>
is <other>
amongst <other>
the <other>
best <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transition I-<MAT>
metal <MAT>
- <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
based <other>
LIB I-<APL>
anode <APL>
materials <other>
. <other>


the <other>
performances <other>
are <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
high <other>
reversible I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
h <other>
g-1 <other>
subjected <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
charge <other>
– <other>
discharge <other>
cycles <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
g-1 <other>
and <other>
an <other>
excellent <other>
rate I-<PRO>
capability <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
deliverable I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
h <other>
g-1 <other>
upon <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
high <other>
current <other>
densities <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
g-1 <other>
. <other>


overall <other>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
– <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
hybrid I-<DSC>
composite <DSC>
is <other>
an <other>
interesting <other>
and <other>
promising <other>
material <other>
for <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
LIB I-<APL>
anodes <APL>
. <other>


delamination I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
bi-layer I-<DSC>
electrolyte I-<APL>
for <other>
anode I-<APL>
- <other>
supported <other>
solid I-<APL>
oxide <APL>
fuel <APL>
cells <APL>


one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
critical <other>
fuel I-<APL>
cell <APL>
degradation <other>
phenomena <other>
is <other>
‘ <other>
cell <other>
imbalance <other>
’ <other>
in <other>
a <other>
series I-<APL>
- <APL>
connected <APL>
stack <APL>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
cause <other>
abnormal <other>
operation <other>
under <other>
a <other>
negative <other>
cell I-<APL>
voltage <other>
and <other>
consequently <other>
rapid <other>
degradation <other>
by <other>
anode I-<APL>
interface I-<DSC>
delamination <other>
. <other>


In <other>
a <other>
previous <other>
study <other>
, <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
composition I-<PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
degradation <PRO>
of <other>
solid I-<APL>
oxide <APL>
fuel <APL>
cell <APL>
( <other>
SOFC I-<APL>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
, <other>
and <other>
it <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
a <other>
small <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
( <other>
an <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
conducting <PRO>
material <other>
) <other>
prevents <other>
anode I-<APL>
delamination <other>
under <other>
abnormal <other>
( <other>
negative <other>
voltage <other>
) <other>
operation <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
open I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <other>
OCV I-<PRO>
) <other>
was <other>
lowered <other>
as <other>
a <other>
result <other>
of <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
study <other>
, <other>
bi-layer I-<DSC>
, <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
predominantly <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductor <PRO>
) <other>
at <other>
the <other>
cathode I-<APL>
side <other>
and <other>
8CYSZ I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
YSZ I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
mixed I-<PRO>
ionic <PRO>
- <PRO>
electronic <PRO>
conductor <PRO>
) <other>
at <other>
the <other>
anode I-<APL>
side <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
for <other>
anode I-<APL>
- <other>
supported <other>
cells I-<APL>
with <other>
a <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
probe <other>
embedded <other>
in <other>
each <other>
layer I-<DSC>
to <other>
estimate <other>
the <other>
internal <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
chemical <PRO>
potential <PRO>
and <other>
tested <other>
under <other>
a <other>
negative <other>
voltage <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
OCV I-<PRO>
was <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
theoretical <other>
value <other>
( <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
a <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
cell I-<APL>
) <other>
and <other>
no <other>
delamination <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
under <other>
negative <other>
voltage <other>
operation <other>
( <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
an <other>
8CYSZ I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
cell I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
bi-layer-structured I-<DSC>
electrolyte I-<APL>
( <other>
with <other>
locally <other>
increased <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
anode I-<APL>
side <other>
) <other>
is <other>
effective <other>
in <other>
preventing <other>
anode I-<APL>
/ <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
delamination <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
maintaining <other>
open I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
. <other>


improving <other>
the <other>
uniformity <other>
in <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
compact <other>
using <other>
a <other>
trace <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
internal <other>
lubricant I-<APL>


large <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
powder I-<DSC>
compacts <other>
are <other>
likely <other>
to <other>
be <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
variability <other>
in <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
; <other>
an <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
uniformity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
powder I-<DSC>
compacts <other>
is <other>
important <other>
for <other>
powder I-<APL>
metallurgy <APL>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
1wt. <other>
% <other>
stearic <other>
acid <other>
( <other>
SA <other>
) <other>
or <other>
magnesium <other>
stearate <other>
( <other>
MgSt <other>
) <other>
was <other>
added <other>
to <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
compacts <other>
with <other>
height <other>
to <other>
depth <other>
( <other>
H <other>
/ <other>
d <other>
) <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
unity <other>
to <other>
give <other>
a <other>
more <other>
uniform <other>
green I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
. <other>


tensile I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
pieces <other>
were <other>
cut <other>
from <other>
selected <other>
positions <other>
in <other>
each <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
compact <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
the <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
variations <other>
in <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
pore I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
size <other>
, <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
and <other>
preferred I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
trace <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
lubricant I-<APL>
significantly <other>
improves <other>
the <other>
uniformity <other>
in <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
by <other>
optimizing <other>
the <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
and <other>
minimizing <other>
the <other>
pore I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
aspect I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <PRO>
pores <PRO>
after <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
. <other>


such <other>
an <other>
effect <other>
was <other>
achieved <other>
by <other>
reducing <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
green I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
inhomogeneity <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
stress I-<PRO>
induced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
mismatch <other>
of <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
shrinkage <other>
. <other>


however <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
high <other>
1wt. <other>
% <other>
SA <other>
addition <other>
with <other>
a <other>
large <other>
particle <other>
size <other>
created <other>
burnt <other>
- <other>
off <other>
pores <other>
in <other>
the <other>
top <other>
and <other>
bottom <other>
zones <other>
. <other>


MgSt <other>
is <other>
not <other>
recommended <other>
since <other>
it <other>
significantly <other>
increases <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
. <other>


an <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
0.6wt. <other>
% <other>
SA <other>
is <other>
the <other>
best <other>
choice <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
even <other>
pore I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
, <other>
small <other>
pore I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
acceptable <other>
level <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
pick <PRO>
up <PRO>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
refinement <PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
BFe14Pr2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
magnets I-<APL>
by <other>
small <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
m I-<MAT>
for <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
and <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
) <MAT>


A <other>
comprehensive <other>
study <other>
on <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
various <other>
substitutions <other>
of <other>
m <other>
on <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
melt I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
spun <SMT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
Pr8Fe84M2B6 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
and <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
) <MAT>
magnets I-<APL>
has <other>
been <other>
performed <other>
with <other>
the <other>
aim <other>
of <other>
refining <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
therefore <other>
enhancing <other>
the <other>
hard I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
that <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
all <other>
the <other>
substitutions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
largest <other>
enhancement <other>
is <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
substituted <other>
B3Fe42NbPr4 I-<MAT>
magnets I-<APL>
where <other>
a <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kOe <other>
and <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
energy I-<PRO>
product <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MGOe <other>
have <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
, <other>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kOe <other>
and <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
product <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MGOe <other>
in <other>
the <other>
B3Fe43Pr4 I-<MAT>
magnet I-<APL>
. <other>


microstructure I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
revealed <other>
a <other>
finer <other>
and <other>
more <other>
uniform <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
nanoscale <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
with <other>
m <other>
substitutions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
most <other>
uniform <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
smallest <other>
average <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
is <other>
developed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
substituted <other>
magnets I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
by <other>
m <other>
substitution <other>
is <other>
believed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
refinement <PRO>
which <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
an <other>
enhanced <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
between <other>
BFe14Pr2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
. <other>


possible <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
in <other>
Cd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
: <other>
A <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
study <CMT>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Cd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
system <other>
favors <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
polarized <PRO>
state <PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
curie I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
ferromagnetism <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
expected <other>
in <other>
it <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
p-d I-<PRO>
hybridization <PRO>
between <other>
Cd I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
surrounded <other>
oxygen <other>
atoms <other>
. <other>


Cd I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
do <other>
not <other>
tend <other>
to <other>
form <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
system <other>
can <other>
be <other>
favorably <other>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
oxygen <other>
- <other>
rich <other>
condition <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
Ti I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
are <other>
much <other>
easier <other>
to <other>
form <other>
than <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
system <other>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
are <other>
harmful <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
system <other>
while <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
vacancies <other>
are <other>
beneficial <other>
to <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
. <other>


work I-<SMT>
hardening <SMT>
characteristics <other>
in <other>
Al I-<MAT>
base <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
45wt. <other>
% <other>
Zn I-<MAT>


the <other>
stress I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
strain <PRO>
curves <PRO>
were <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
of <other>
12.6wt. <other>
% <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
( <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
I <other>
) <other>
and <other>
45wt. <other>
% <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
( <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
II <other>
) <other>
with <other>
elements <other>
of <other>
purity <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
monotonic <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
these <other>
curves <other>
towards <other>
lower <other>
flow I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
and <other>
higher <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
was <other>
interrupted <other>
at <other>
the <other>
transformation I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
( <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
I <other>
) <other>
and <other>
both <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
( <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
II <other>
) <other>
. <other>


by <other>
increasing <other>
deformation I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
Y I-<PRO>
, <other>
yield I-<PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
, <other>
sy I-<PRO>
and <other>
sf I-<PRO>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
time <PRO>
, <other>
tf I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
coefficient I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
parabolic <PRO>
work <PRO>
hardening <PRO>
, <other>
χ I-<PRO>
, <other>
decreased <other>
while <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
, <other>
ef I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
slip <PRO>
distance <PRO>
, <other>
L I-<PRO>
, <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
x-rays I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
patterns <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
, <other>
ɛ I-<PRO>
, <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
, <other>
η I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
, <other>
ρ I-<PRO>
, <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
different <other>
deformation <other>
temperatures <other>
around <other>
transformation <other>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
copper I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
by <other>
leaching I-<SMT>
of <other>
chill <other>
- <other>
zone <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
– <MAT>
Hf <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


In <other>
present <other>
work <other>
we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
using <other>
a <other>
copper I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
via <other>
leaching I-<SMT>
the <other>
less <other>
noble <other>
element <other>
- <other>
rich <other>
phase <other>
out <other>
of <other>
nanostructured I-<DSC>
ternary <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Hf <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
removal <other>
of <other>
Hf I-<MAT>
and <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
by <other>
mixed <other>
acid <other>
etchants <other>
in <other>
the <other>
chill <other>
- <other>
zone <other>
region <other>
of <other>
rapidly I-<SMT>
solidified <SMT>
ingots I-<DSC>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
nano-roughened I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
layer <DSC>
constituted <other>
of <other>
copper I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
average <other>
pore I-<PRO>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
structure I-<PRO>
were <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


plasma I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
enhanced <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>


we <other>
have <other>
studied <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
different <other>
deposition <other>
conditions <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
enhanced <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
at <other>
total <other>
pressures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
Pa <other>
and <other>
r.f. <other>
frequencies <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
MHz <other>
using <other>
SiH4Ar I-<MAT>
mixtures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
hydrogen <other>
and <other>
argon <other>
incorporated <other>
in <other>
the <other>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
IR <CMT>
( <CMT>
FTIR <CMT>
) <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
rutherford I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
respectively <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
measure <other>
the <other>
H2Si I-<MAT>
: <other>
HSi I-<MAT>
ratio <other>
in <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
argon <other>
and <other>
hydrogen <other>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
H2Si I-<MAT>
: <other>
HSi I-<MAT>
ratio <other>
, <other>
is <other>
highly <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
conditions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


all <other>
three <other>
parameters <other>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
total <other>
gas <other>
pressures <other>
and <other>
r.f. <other>
frequencies <other>
. <other>


these <other>
reductions <other>
are <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
energetic <other>
ions <other>
which <other>
reach <other>
the <other>
growing <other>
layer I-<DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
result <other>
of <other>
ion <other>
scattering <other>
in <other>
the <other>
dark <other>
space <other>
and <other>
the <other>
fact <other>
the <other>
ions <other>
can <other>
not <other>
respond <other>
to <other>
the <other>
r.f. <other>
field <other>
at <other>
frequencies <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
MHz <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
depends <other>
on <other>
ion I-<SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
during <other>
deposition <other>
and <other>
stress <other>
relaxation <other>
during <other>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
after <other>
deposition <other>
. <other>


layers I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
do <other>
not <other>
show <other>
blistering <other>
after <other>
or <other>
during <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


remarkable <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
visible I-<PRO>
light <PRO>
photocatalytic <PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
sequentially <other>
with <other>
noble <other>
metals <other>
for <other>
removing I-<APL>
of <APL>
organic <APL>
and <APL>
microbial <APL>
pollutants <APL>


the <other>
aim <other>
of <other>
this <other>
study <other>
was <other>
to <other>
show <other>
that <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
( <other>
NPs I-<DSC>
) <other>
can <other>
have <other>
a <other>
synergistic <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
and <other>
antibacterial I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
( <other>
NTs I-<DSC>
) <other>
under <other>
visible I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
. <other>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
anodic I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
and <other>
modified <other>
with <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
NPs I-<DSC>
by <other>
dip I-<SMT>
coating <SMT>
and <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
methods <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
spherical <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
NPs I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
with <other>
diameter <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
to <other>
obtained <other>
results <other>
under <other>
UV I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
, <other>
visible I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
light <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
range <PRO>
and <other>
visible I-<PRO>
photocatalytic <PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
co-modified <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
were <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
without <other>
modification <other>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
modified <other>
with <other>
monometallic I-<PRO>
NPs I-<DSC>
. <other>


photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
modified <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
increased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
and <other>
appearing <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


antibacterial I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
- <other>
comodified <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
against <other>
E. <other>
coli <other>
was <other>
noticeably <other>
more <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NTs I-<DSC>
modified <other>
with <other>
monometallic I-<PRO>
NPs I-<DSC>
. <other>


optoelectronic I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
single <other>
AlOZn I-<MAT>
nanotetrapod I-<DSC>


the <other>
AlOZn I-<MAT>
nanotetrapods I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
evaporation <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
typical <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
I I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
curves <PRO>
for <other>
one <other>
of <other>
our <other>
devices <other>
illustrated <other>
that <other>
both <other>
the <other>
green <other>
light <other>
and <other>
the <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
could <other>
induce <other>
the <other>
increasing <other>
of <other>
conductance I-<PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
conductance I-<PRO>
under <other>
the <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
is <other>
much <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
that <other>
under <other>
the <other>
illumination <other>
of <other>
green <other>
light <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
increasing <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
the <other>
conductance I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
is <other>
also <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
change <other>
of <other>
current I-<PRO>
versus <PRO>
time <PRO>
as <other>
the <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
is <other>
switched <other>
on <other>
and <other>
off <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
has <other>
good <other>
switch I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
findings <other>
illustrate <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
may <other>
be <other>
used <other>
in <other>
room I-<APL>
temperature <APL>
light <APL>
sensors <APL>
. <other>


A <other>
novel <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
based <other>
on <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Cu2O I-<MAT>
/ <other>
reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
solar I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
light <PRO>
- <PRO>
driven <PRO>
photocatalytic <PRO>
activity <PRO>


A <other>
novel <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
composed <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu2O I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
combined <other>
with <other>
reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
and <other>
characterized <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
HRTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
vis <CMT>
diffuse <CMT>
reflectance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
vis <CMT>
DRS <CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
thermogravimetry I-<CMT>
( <other>
TG I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
elemental I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
were <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
intermediate <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Cu2O I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
individual <other>
materials <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
through <other>
the <other>
photodegradation <other>
of <other>
methylene <other>
blue <other>
under <other>
solar <other>
radiation <other>
. <other>


A <other>
considerable <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
photodegradation I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
using <other>
the <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
was <other>
obtained <other>
after <other>
5h <other>
( <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
MB <other>
degradation <other>
) <other>
. <other>


photoelectrochemical I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
and <other>
confirmed <other>
the <other>
superiority <other>
of <other>
the <other>
novel <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
generation <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
highest <other>
activity I-<PRO>
resulted <other>
from <other>
the <other>
synergy <other>
of <other>
this <other>
carbonaceous I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
with <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu2O I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
could <other>
absorb <other>
a <other>
wider <other>
portion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
solar <other>
spectrum <other>
, <other>
adsorb <other>
higher <other>
quantities <other>
of <other>
methylene <other>
blue <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
effective <other>
separation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
generated <other>
electron I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
hole <PRO>
pairs <PRO>
. <other>


transparent I-<PRO>
conductive <PRO>
CrCuO2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
injection <SMT>
metal <SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
: <other>
up <other>
- <other>
scalable <other>
process <other>
technology <other>
for <other>
an <other>
improved <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
/ <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
trade <other>
- <other>
off <other>


metal I-<SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
is <other>
carefully <other>
optimized <other>
for <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
pure I-<DSC>
CrCuO2 I-<MAT>
delafossite I-<SPL>
coatings I-<APL>
on <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
pulsed <other>
direct <other>
liquid <other>
delivery <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
process <other>
technology <other>
for <other>
the <other>
controlled <other>
supply <other>
of <other>
the <other>
precursor <other>
solution <other>
in <other>
the <other>
evaporation <other>
chamber <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
main <other>
process <other>
parameters <other>
to <other>
tailor <other>
the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
film <DSC>
properties <other>
. <other>


we <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
precursor <other>
concentration <other>
ratio <other>
cu(thd)2 <other>
( <other>
bis[2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato]copper(II) <other>
) <other>
and <other>
cr(thd)3 <other>
( <other>
tris[2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato]chromium(III) <other>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
, <other>
at <other>
a <other>
reduced <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


we <other>
observe <other>
for <other>
a <other>
low <other>
ratio <other>
, <other>
a <other>
pure <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
with <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
poor <other>
/ <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
at <other>
a <other>
high <other>
ratio <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
copper I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
and <other>
CrCuO2 I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
- <other>
thick <other>
pure <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
films I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
an <other>
exceptional <other>
high <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
for <other>
a <other>
non-intentionally I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
CrCuO2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
S <other>
cm-1 <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
near <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
spectral <other>
range <other>
. <other>


the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
related <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
La0.8Sr0.2Co1- I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
x <MAT>
O3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>


La0.8Sr0.2Co1-xFexO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
AC I-<CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
susceptibility <CMT>
, <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
and <other>
57Fe I-<CMT>
mossbauer <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
. <other>


iron I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
take <other>
on <other>
a <other>
high I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
3d5-a <PRO>
electronic <PRO>
state <PRO>
in <other>
each <other>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
, <other>
where <other>
α <other>
refers <other>
to <other>
a <other>
partly <other>
delocalized <other>
3d <other>
electron <other>
. <other>


the <other>
compounds <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
spin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
cluster <PRO>
glass <PRO>
transition <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
common <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
cluster <PRO>
glass <PRO>
transition <PRO>
is <other>
visualized <other>
in <other>
the <other>
57Fe I-<CMT>
mossbauer <CMT>
spectra <CMT>
as <other>
the <other>
slowing <other>
down <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
below <other>
∼ <other>
70K <other>
, <other>
thereby <other>
showing <other>
that <other>
iron I-<MAT>
takes <other>
part <other>
in <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
glassy I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
phase <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
- <other>
like <other>
phase <other>
found <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
temperatures <other>
is <other>
identified <other>
below <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
as <other>
being <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
weakly <other>
interacting <other>
, <other>
magnetically I-<PRO>
ordered <PRO>
nanosized I-<DSC>
clusters <DSC>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ions <other>
in <other>
part <other>
with <other>
a <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
oriented <other>
opposite <other>
to <other>
the <other>
net <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
cluster I-<DSC>
. <other>


for <other>
each <other>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
a <other>
considerable <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
negative I-<PRO>
magnetoresistance <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
, <other>
whose <other>
magnitude <other>
in <other>
the <other>
studied <other>
range <other>
decreases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
iron I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
present <other>
compounds <other>
are <other>
qualitatively <other>
explained <other>
assuming <other>
that <other>
the <other>
absolute <other>
strengths <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
are <other>
subject <other>
to <other>
the <other>
relation <other>
|JCo I-<PRO>
– <other>
co| I-<PRO>
< <other>
|JFe I-<PRO>
– <other>
co| I-<PRO>
< <other>
|JFe I-<PRO>
– <other>
fe| I-<PRO>
. <other>


Cu2O I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
thin <DSC>
- <DSC>
film <DSC>
heterojunctions I-<APL>
: <other>
fabrication <other>
and <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
cuprous I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
Cu2O I-<MAT>
) <other>
/ <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
diodes I-<APL>
have <other>
been <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
facile <other>
and <other>
inexpensive <other>
method <other>
for <other>
possible <other>
use <other>
in <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
through <other>
anodization I-<SMT>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
foil I-<DSC>
and <other>
Cu2O I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
it <other>
to <other>
make <other>
the <other>
diode I-<APL>
through <other>
electrodeposition I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
morphological I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <other>
I I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <PRO>
C <PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
) <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
diodes I-<APL>
were <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
linear <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
C I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
V <CMT>
curve <CMT>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
was <other>
homogeneous <other>
in <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
region <other>
adjacent <other>
to <other>
the <other>
equilibrium <other>
space <other>
- <other>
charge <other>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
depletion <other>
region <other>
o I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
N I-<PRO>
= <other>
8 <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
m-3 <other>
and <other>
built I-<PRO>
in <PRO>
potential <PRO>
= <other>
0.80 <other>
V <other>
was <other>
estimated <other>
from <other>
C I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
V <CMT>
graph <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
transport I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
was <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
poole I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
frankel <PRO>
field <PRO>
effect <PRO>
because <other>
the <other>
experimentally <other>
obtained <other>
value <other>
of <other>
β I-<PRO>
was <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
theoretical <other>
value <other>
calculated <other>
for <other>
the <other>
poole <other>
– <other>
frenkel <other>
in <other>
logI <other>
against <other>
V1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
graph <other>
. <other>


the <other>
values <other>
of <other>
several <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
such <other>
as <other>
ideality I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
, <other>
barrier I-<PRO>
height <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
series I-<PRO>
resistances <PRO>
were <other>
calculated <other>
from <other>
I I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
, <other>
cheung I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
and <CMT>
norde <CMT>
's <CMT>
functions <CMT>
. <other>


microstructural I-<PRO>
evolution <PRO>
and <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
solder I-<APL>
alloy I-<DSC>
containing <other>
small <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>


the <other>
near <other>
peritectic <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
Pb <MAT>
- <other>
free <other>
solder I-<APL>
alloy I-<DSC>
has <other>
received <other>
considerable <other>
attention <other>
for <other>
high I-<APL>
temperature <APL>
electronic <APL>
applications <APL>
, <other>
especially <other>
on <other>
step I-<APL>
soldering <APL>
technology <APL>
, <other>
flip I-<APL>
- <APL>
chip <APL>
connection <APL>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
study <other>
, <other>
a <other>
separate <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
same <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
are <other>
added <other>
with <other>
the <other>
near <other>
- <other>
peritectic <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
solder I-<APL>
alloy I-<DSC>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
a <other>
third <other>
element <other>
addition <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
newly <other>
developed <other>
ternary <other>
solder I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
melting I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
solder I-<APL>
is <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
additions <other>
. <other>


besides <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
content <other>
refine <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
form <other>
new <other>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
( <other>
IMCs I-<PRO>
) <other>
with <other>
the <other>
near <other>
- <other>
peritectic <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
solder I-<APL>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
tensile I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
revealed <other>
that <other>
all <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
higher <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
with <other>
increasing <other>
strain <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
decreasing <other>
testing <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
that <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
three <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
is <other>
strain <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
. <other>


the <other>
yield I-<PRO>
and <other>
ultimate <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
are <other>
higher <other>
for <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.7Cu <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
compared <other>
with <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
and <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.7Ag <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


good <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
5Sb <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.7Cu <MAT>
solder I-<APL>
is <other>
often <other>
correlated <other>
to <other>
a <other>
fine <other>
b-Sn I-<MAT>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
more <other>
dispersed <other>
Cu-Sn I-<MAT>
IMC I-<PRO>
particles I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
makes <other>
the <other>
solder I-<APL>
exhibit <other>
high <other>
strength I-<PRO>
and <other>
yield I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
. <other>


microwave I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
porous <DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
anchoring <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
as <other>
anode I-<APL>
materials <other>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>


hybridizing <other>
nanostructured I-<DSC>
metal I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
with <other>
reduced <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
highly <other>
appropriate <other>
for <other>
the <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
( <other>
LIBs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


herein <other>
, <other>
a <other>
AlNi I-<MAT>
- <other>
layered I-<DSC>
double I-<MAT>
hydroxide <MAT>
( <other>
LDH I-<MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
vertically <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
a <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
by <other>
the <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
method <SMT>
without <other>
any <other>
surfactant <other>
or <other>
template <other>
. <other>


the <other>
AlNi I-<MAT>
- <other>
LDH I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
is <other>
used <other>
as <other>
precursor <other>
to <other>
synthesize <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
porous <DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
anchoring <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
( <other>
NiO-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
by <other>
subsequent <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
and <other>
etching I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
doping <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
can <other>
prevent <other>
active <other>
materials <other>
from <other>
agglomeration <other>
and <other>
generate <other>
porous I-<DSC>
structure <other>
in <other>
etching I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


when <other>
used <other>
as <other>
anode I-<APL>
materials <other>
for <other>
LIBs I-<APL>
, <other>
the <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
high <other>
reversible I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
charge <other>
- <other>
discharge <other>
cycles <other>
at <other>
a <other>
current <other>
density <other>
of <other>
100mAg-1 <other>
. <other>


even <other>
at <other>
500mAg-1 <other>
, <other>
a <other>
stable <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAhg-1 <other>
could <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhanced <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
storage <PRO>
performance <PRO>
is <other>
mainly <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
RGO I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
phase <other>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
relieve <other>
structural I-<PRO>
collapse <PRO>
and <other>
offer <other>
high <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
sensor I-<APL>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
planar I-<APL>
- <APL>
polarization <APL>
interferometer <APL>


we <other>
have <other>
successfully <other>
used <other>
a <other>
single I-<APL>
- <APL>
beam <APL>
planar <APL>
interferometer <APL>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
- <MAT>
silicon <MAT>
nitride-phosphosilicate <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
multilayer <DSC>
structure <other>
, <other>
s-and <other>
p-polarizations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
same <other>
light <other>
beam <other>
are <other>
used <other>
as <other>
its <other>
individual <other>
arms <other>
. <other>


the <other>
high <other>
sensitivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
device <other>
when <other>
serving <other>
as <other>
a <other>
refractometer I-<APL>
and <other>
an <other>
immunosensor I-<APL>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
are <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
in <other>
a <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
those <other>
calculated <other>
within <other>
the <other>
framework <other>
of <other>
a <other>
transverse I-<CMT>
synchronism <CMT>
. <other>


do <other>
defects <other>
get <other>
ordered <other>
in <other>
Cu2S4SnZn I-<MAT>
? <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
ordered <other>
defect I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
and <other>
anomalous <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
physics <PRO>
are <other>
unique <other>
to <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
chalcogenides <MAT>
CuInX2 <MAT>
( <MAT>
S <MAT>
/ <MAT>
Se <MAT>
) <MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
studies <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
on <other>
Cu2-xZn1.3SnS4 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
position <other>
of <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
edge <PRO>
and <other>
explore <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
ordered <other>
vacancy I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
along <other>
with <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
. <other>


conductive I-<CMT>
atomic <CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
C-AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
studies <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
Cu2S4SnZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
CZTS I-<MAT>
) <other>
film I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
sodalime I-<MAT>
glass <MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
to <other>
understand <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
physics <PRO>
. <other>


growth <other>
of <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>


YBa2-xSrxCu3O7-y I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ba2Cu3O7Y I-<MAT>
high-Tc I-<PRO>
superconducting <PRO>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
having <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
lattices <other>
and <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
. <other>


conductivity I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
confirmed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
grown <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
exhibit <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
even <other>
without <other>
additional <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
Si(001) I-<MAT>
c(4 I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
surface <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
: <other>
a <other>
comprehensive <other>
experimental <other>
study <other>


we <other>
have <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
a <other>
comprehensive <other>
experimental <other>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Si(001) I-<MAT>
c(4 I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
surface <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
STM I-<CMT>
) <other>
( <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>
) <other>
, <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AES I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
reflection I-<CMT>
high <CMT>
- <CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
RHEED I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
low I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
LEED I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


Si(001) I-<MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
kept <other>
under <other>
ultra-high <other>
vacuum <other>
( <other>
UHV <other>
) <other>
at <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
until <other>
the <other>
c(4 I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
appeared <other>
. <other>


STM I-<CMT>
contrast <other>
of <other>
the <other>
c(4 I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
is <other>
strongly <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
effects <PRO>
and <other>
changes <other>
considerably <other>
over <other>
a <other>
range <other>
of <other>
bias <other>
voltages <other>
. <other>


the <other>
c(4 I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
surface <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
is <other>
a <other>
result <other>
of <other>
stress <other>
which <other>
is <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
impurities <other>
or <other>
adsorbates <other>
in <other>
sub-surface <other>
locations <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resulting <other>
c(4 I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
top I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
is <other>
a <other>
pure I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
main <other>
structural <other>
element <other>
is <other>
a <other>
one I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimer <PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
( <other>
1-DV I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


At <other>
this <other>
vacancy I-<PRO>
, <other>
second <other>
layer <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
atoms <other>
rebond <other>
and <other>
cause <other>
the <other>
adjacent <other>
top <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
dimers <other>
to <other>
brighten <other>
up <other>
in <other>
the <other>
STM I-<CMT>
image <other>
at <other>
low <other>
bias <other>
voltages <other>
. <other>


At <other>
higher <other>
bias <other>
voltage <other>
the <other>
contrast <other>
is <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
dimers <other>
on <other>
the <other>
( I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
reconstructed <PRO>
Si(001) I-<MAT>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
besides <other>
the <other>
1-DV I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
two <other>
adjacent <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
dimers <other>
, <other>
another <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
dimer <other>
under <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
may <other>
complete <other>
the <other>
<nUm> I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
unit <PRO>
cell <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
a <other>
refinement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
missing I-<CMT>
dimer <CMT>
model <CMT>
. <other>


additional <other>
polymorphism I-<PRO>
and <other>
non-stoichiometry I-<PRO>
in <other>
AgF I-<MAT>


A <other>
phase <other>
forming <other>
from <other>
B2 <other>
type <other>
AgF I-<MAT>
on <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
pressure <other>
found <other>
recently <other>
by <other>
vaidya <other>
and <other>
kennedy <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
indexed <other>
as <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
with <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
and <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


this <other>
structure I-<PRO>
is <other>
probably <other>
inverse <other>
AsNi I-<MAT>
. <other>


its <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
formation <other>
is <other>
highly <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
history <other>
of <other>
pressure <other>
variation <other>
. <other>


all <other>
three <other>
phases <other>
, <other>
B1 <other>
, <other>
B2 <other>
and <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
have <other>
been <other>
made <other>
to <other>
give <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
patterns <CMT>
with <other>
each <other>
line <other>
split <other>
into <other>
two <other>
lines <other>
of <other>
equal <other>
intensity <other>
. <other>


we <other>
interpret <other>
this <other>
as <other>
a <other>
decomposition <other>
into <other>
two <other>
non-stoichiometric I-<DSC>
phases <other>
, <other>
one <other>
Ag I-<PRO>
rich <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
other <other>
F I-<PRO>
rich <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
conditions <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
these <other>
split <other>
phases <other>
are <other>
not <other>
always <other>
reproducible <other>
which <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
this <other>
is <other>
a <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
phenomenon <other>
possibly <other>
due <other>
to <other>
pressure I-<PRO>
gradients <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
. <other>


the <other>
splitting <other>
could <other>
, <other>
however <other>
, <other>
also <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
equilibrium I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <other>
stabilized I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
: <other>
A <other>
combined <other>
experimental <other>
and <other>
theoretical <other>
study <other>


A <other>
combined <other>
experimental <other>
and <other>
theoretical <other>
investigation <other>
into <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <other>
stabilized I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
( <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


measurements <other>
of <other>
acoustic I-<PRO>
phonon <PRO>
dispersion <PRO>
curves <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
inelastic I-<CMT>
neutron <CMT>
scattering <CMT>
investigations <other>
using <other>
a <other>
triple I-<CMT>
axis <CMT>
spectrometer <CMT>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
calculations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
- <PRO>
of <PRO>
- <PRO>
states <PRO>
( <other>
vDOS I-<PRO>
) <other>
using <other>
density I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
present <other>
measurements <other>
agree <other>
closely <other>
with <other>
, <other>
and <other>
extend <other>
, <other>
previously <other>
published <other>
results <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phonons <other>
become <other>
broader <other>
and <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
intensity <other>
as <other>
the <other>
brillouin I-<PRO>
zone <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
is <other>
approached <other>
, <other>
particularly <other>
in <other>
the <other>
γ <other>
– <other>
δ <other>
– <other>
x <other>
direction <other>
. <other>


interestingly <other>
, <other>
there <other>
is <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
previously <other>
unreported <other>
low <other>
energy <other>
phonon I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
meV <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
γ <other>
– <other>
σ <other>
– <other>
x <other>
direction <other>
, <other>
which <other>
could <other>
possibly <other>
be <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
stabilization <other>
( <other>
by <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
) <other>
of <other>
the <other>
imaginary <other>
mode <other>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
about <other>
the <other>
x-point <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
to <other>
pure <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
vDOS I-<PRO>
of <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
are <other>
broader <other>
and <other>
extend <other>
to <other>
higher <other>
frequency <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
prominent <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
related <other>
feature <other>
in <other>
the <other>
vDOS I-<PRO>
of <other>
c-ZrO2 I-<MAT>
at <other>
≈ <other>
14meV <other>
is <other>
shifted <other>
to <other>
higher <other>
energy <other>
in <other>
the <other>
vDOS I-<MAT>
of <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
. <other>


this <other>
behavior <other>
is <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
measured <other>
dispersion I-<PRO>
bands <PRO>
( <other>
first I-<PRO>
acoustic <PRO>
branch <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
γ <other>
– <other>
x <other>
direction <other>
, <other>
about <other>
the <other>
x-point <other>
) <other>
of <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
which <other>
is <other>
higher <other>
in <other>
energy <other>
by <other>
a <other>
similar <other>
amount <other>
relative <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
c-ZrO2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
thus <other>
providing <other>
support <other>
for <other>
the <other>
structural I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
considered <other>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
solvothermally I-<SMT>
synthesized <SMT>
SZn I-<MAT>
nano-materials I-<DSC>
using <other>
Na2S*9H2O I-<MAT>
and <other>
ZnSO4*7H2O I-<MAT>
precursors <other>


hexagonal I-<SPL>
wurtzite <SPL>
( <other>
HWZ I-<SPL>
) <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
were <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
specimens <other>
with <other>
a <other>
S I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Zn <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
synthesized <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
a <other>
solution <other>
containing <other>
80vol <other>
% <other>
water <other>
and <other>
20vol <other>
% <other>
of <other>
ethylenediamine <other>
( <other>
EN <other>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
HWZ I-<SPL>
SZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
specimens <other>
synthesized <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
zinc <SPL>
blende <SPL>
( <other>
CZB I-<SPL>
) <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
specimen <other>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
water <other>
. <other>


the <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
peak <other>
for <other>
the <other>
HWZ I-<SPL>
nanorods I-<DSC>
and <other>
CZB I-<SPL>
SZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
was <other>
at <other>
wavelength <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
former <other>
is <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
latter <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
HWZ I-<SPL>
SZn I-<MAT>
exhibited <other>
two <other>
emission I-<CMT>
peaks <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
peak <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
vacancies <other>
but <other>
the <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
the <other>
peak <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
remains <other>
undetermined <other>
. <other>


since <other>
the <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
emission <other>
peak <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
was <other>
significantly <other>
higher <other>
for <other>
the <other>
HWZ I-<SPL>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
than <other>
for <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
, <other>
this <other>
peak <other>
might <other>
be <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
defects <other>
in <other>
the <other>
HWZ I-<SPL>
SZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


low <other>
temperature <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
and <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
CsMgO4P I-<MAT>


CsMgO4P I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
radioisotopes <other>
is <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
compound <other>
for <other>
usage <other>
as <other>
a <other>
radioactive I-<APL>
medical <APL>
source <APL>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
a <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
phase <other>
transition <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
close <other>
to <other>
ambient <other>
conditions <other>
( <other>
~ <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


information <other>
about <other>
such <other>
kind <other>
of <other>
structural <other>
changes <other>
is <other>
important <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
whether <other>
it <other>
can <other>
cause <other>
any <other>
problem <other>
for <other>
medical I-<APL>
use <APL>
of <other>
this <other>
compound <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
using <other>
synchrotron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
DFT I-<CMT>
calculations <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structure <other>
undergoes <other>
a <other>
transformation <other>
from <other>
an <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
modification <other>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
pnma I-<SPL>
( <other>
RT <other>
phase <other>
) <other>
to <other>
a <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
polymorph <other>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P21 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
n <SPL>
( <other>
LT <other>
phase <other>
) <other>
. <other>


new <other>
LT <other>
modification <other>
adopts <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
RT <other>
but <other>
slightly <other>
distorted <other>
unit <other>
cell <other>
: <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
, <other>
V I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
A3 <other>
. <other>


CsMgO4P I-<MAT>
belongs <other>
to <other>
the <other>
group <other>
of <other>
framework <other>
compounds <other>
and <other>
is <other>
made <other>
up <other>
of <other>
strictly <other>
alternating <other>
MgO4- I-<MAT>
and <other>
PO4-tetrahedra <other>
sharing <other>
vertices <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cesium I-<MAT>
counter <other>
cations <other>
are <other>
located <other>
in <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
channel <other>
- <other>
like <other>
cavities <other>
. <other>


upon <other>
the <other>
transformation <other>
a <other>
combined <other>
tilting <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tetrahedra <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


A <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
other <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transitions <PRO>
in <other>
ABW <other>
- <other>
type <other>
framework <other>
compounds <other>
is <other>
given <other>
. <other>


silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
formation <other>
with <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
and <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beams <SMT>


poly-crystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
through <other>
nanosecond I-<SMT>
pulse <SMT>
heating <SMT>
of <other>
thin <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
wafers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
submitted <other>
to <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
pulses <SMT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
kev <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
ns <other>
) <other>
at <other>
various <other>
current <other>
densities <other>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
( <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
mbar <other>
) <other>
and <other>
to <other>
ClXe I-<SMT>
excimer <SMT>
laser <SMT>
pulses <SMT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
ns <other>
) <other>
in <other>
air <other>
. <other>


rutherford I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
( <other>
RBS I-<CMT>
) <other>
evidenced <other>
that <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
annealed <SMT>
samples <other>
mixing <other>
of <other>
elements <other>
at <other>
the <other>
C I-<MAT>
Si <MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
starts <other>
at <other>
current <other>
densities <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mixed <other>
layer I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
increases <other>
almost <other>
linearly <other>
with <other>
current <other>
density <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
RBS I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
a <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
intermixed <other>
layers I-<DSC>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
compound <other>
was <other>
deduced <other>
. <other>


transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
electron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
studies <other>
clearly <other>
evidenced <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
poly-crystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


using <other>
the <other>
ClXe <other>
laser <other>
, <other>
intermixing <other>
of <other>
the <other>
deposited <other>
C I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
was <other>
observed <other>
after <other>
a <other>
single <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
pulse <other>
. <other>


further <other>
analysis <other>
evidenced <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
, <other>
embedded <other>
in <other>
a <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


properties <other>
of <other>
B2Mg I-<MAT>
bulks I-<DSC>
after <other>
combined <other>
doping I-<SMT>
with <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
C I-<MAT>
by <other>
adding <other>
Iron(II) <other>
lactate <other>
( <other>
C6FeH10O6 <other>
) <other>


bulk I-<DSC>
B2Mg I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
C I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
using <other>
the <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
method <other>
with <other>
C6FeH10O6 <other>
as <other>
dopant <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
after <other>
the <other>
doping I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
C6FeH10O6 <other>
increases <other>
the <other>
a- I-<PRO>
and <other>
c-axis I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
of <other>
B2Mg I-<MAT>
, <other>
as <other>
evidenced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
shifting <other>
of <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
peaks <other>
to <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
angle <other>
on <other>
the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
patterns <other>
. <other>


Fe I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
were <other>
distributed <other>
uniformly <other>
, <other>
as <other>
shown <other>
by <other>
the <other>
field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
images <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
was <other>
dominated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
signals <other>
from <other>
the <other>
B2Mg I-<MAT>
superconductor I-<PRO>
, <other>
although <other>
the <other>
iron I-<MAT>
- <other>
containing <other>
materials <other>
also <other>
contributed <other>
a <other>
minor <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
residual I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
was <other>
decreased <other>
as <other>
the <other>
C6FeH10O6 <other>
doping <other>
level <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
also <other>
decreased <other>
with <other>
increased <other>
doping I-<SMT>
level <other>
, <other>
as <other>
did <other>
the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
, <other>
jc I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
doping I-<SMT>
also <other>
caused <other>
decreases <other>
in <other>
the <other>
irreversibility I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
, <other>
hirr I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
upper I-<PRO>
critical <PRO>
field <PRO>
, <other>
hc2 I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
hc2 I-<PRO>
and <other>
hirr I-<PRO>
, <other>
together <other>
with <other>
the <other>
harmful <other>
effects <other>
from <other>
impurity <other>
phases <other>
such <other>
as <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
is <other>
the <other>
reason <other>
for <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
jc I-<PRO>
. <other>


optical I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
se1-x <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
quartz I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
ablation <SMT>
technique <other>


CdSxSe1-xalloys I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
quartz I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
ablation <SMT>
, <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
new <other>
technique <other>
for <other>
growing <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
obtained <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
which <other>
present <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
efficiency <other>
up <other>
to <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
x <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
shows <other>
an <other>
upwards <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
bowing <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
real <other>
part <other>
of <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
region <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
well <other>
described <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sellmeier I-<CMT>
relation <CMT>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
effects <PRO>
of <other>
NiOx I-<MAT>
interlayer I-<DSC>
for <other>
OLEDs I-<APL>
with <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
embedded <other>
anodes I-<APL>


insertion <other>
of <other>
a <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
NiOx I-<MAT>
) <other>
in <other>
an <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
zinc <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
embedded <other>
organic I-<APL>
light <APL>
- <APL>
emitting <APL>
diode <APL>
( <other>
OLED I-<APL>
) <other>
has <other>
successfully <other>
obtained <other>
additional <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
light I-<PRO>
extraction <PRO>
and <other>
led <other>
to <other>
an <other>
enhanced <other>
current I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
introduced <other>
NiOx I-<MAT>
has <other>
a <other>
high <other>
reflective I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
which <other>
allows <other>
more <other>
emitted <other>
light <other>
to <other>
travel <other>
through <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
provide <other>
deflection <other>
and <other>
scattering <other>
effect <other>
to <other>
redirect <other>
light <other>
away <other>
from <other>
being <other>
totally <other>
reflected <other>
in <other>
the <other>
reflective-index-mismatched I-<PRO>
OLED I-<APL>
structures <other>
and <other>
thus <other>
are <other>
able <other>
to <other>
enhance <other>
external <other>
light <other>
out <other>
- <other>
coupling <other>
. <other>


results <other>
also <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
of <other>
NiOx I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
increased <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
embedded <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
which <other>
limited <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
introduced <other>
NiOx I-<MAT>
showed <other>
no <other>
benefit <other>
on <other>
carrier <other>
injection <other>
as <other>
expected <other>
. <other>


comparative <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
ternary <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
obtained <other>
by <other>
laser I-<SMT>
ablation <SMT>
, <other>
magnetron I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
and <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
techniques <other>


thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
ternary <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
of <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
( <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
( <other>
Y I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
, <other>
magnetron I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
and <other>
laser I-<SMT>
ablation <SMT>
techniques <other>
. <other>


zirconium <other>
propoxide <other>
, <other>
titanium <other>
isopropoxide <other>
and <other>
yttrium <other>
nitrate <other>
hexahydrate <other>
reagents <other>
were <other>
used <other>
as <other>
precursors <other>
in <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Y I-<MAT>
molar <other>
ratios <other>
have <other>
been <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
varying <other>
the <other>
precursors <other>
and <other>
surfactant <other>
concentration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
gels <other>
were <other>
supported <other>
by <other>
dip I-<SMT>
coating <SMT>
on <other>
a-alumina I-<MAT>
supports <other>
, <other>
dried I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
calcinated I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
powders I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
after <other>
the <other>
removal <other>
of <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
residuals <other>
were <other>
subsequently <other>
pressed I-<SMT>
and <other>
calcinated I-<SMT>
for <other>
using <other>
as <other>
targets <other>
for <other>
the <other>
magnetron I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
and <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
techniques <other>
. <other>


the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
topography <PRO>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
was <other>
evaluated <other>
from <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
deposits <other>
to <other>
nitrogen <other>
oxides <other>
( <other>
NOx <other>
) <other>
toxic <other>
gas <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
according <other>
to <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
effective I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
in <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
related <other>
perovskites I-<SPL>


the <other>
effective I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
is <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
main <other>
factors <other>
determining <other>
the <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
thermo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electrics <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
ab I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
initio <CMT>
LDA <CMT>
- <CMT>
GGA <CMT>
study <other>
the <other>
effective I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
is <other>
estimated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
curvature I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
electronic <PRO>
bands <PRO>
by <other>
one-band-approximation I-<CMT>
and <other>
is <other>
in <other>
excellent <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
of <other>
nb- I-<MAT>
and <other>
La I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
clarified <other>
that <other>
the <other>
deformation <other>
of <other>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
, <other>
effective I-<PRO>
electronic <PRO>
DOS <PRO>
- <PRO>
mass <PRO>
and <other>
band I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
mass <PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
electronic <other>
effect <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
eg I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
band <PRO>
flattening <PRO>
near <other>
the <other>
g-point <other>
due <other>
to <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
up <other>
to <other>
0.2at <other>
% <other>
is <other>
the <other>
main <other>
factor <other>
for <other>
the <other>
effective I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
increase <other>
. <other>


doping I-<SMT>
of <other>
La I-<MAT>
shows <other>
a <other>
linear <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
the <other>
effective I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
; <other>
this <other>
can <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
different <other>
surroundings <other>
of <other>
A- <other>
and <other>
b-sites <other>
in <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
. <other>


substitution <other>
with <other>
other <other>
elements <other>
such <other>
as <other>
Ba I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
a-site <other>
and <other>
V I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
b-site <other>
in <other>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
increases <other>
the <other>
effective I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
. <other>


A <other>
study <other>
of <other>
defects I-<PRO>
in <other>
deformed I-<DSC>
FeSi I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
using <other>
positron I-<CMT>
annihilation <CMT>
techniques <other>


steels I-<MAT>
with <other>
high <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
are <other>
used <other>
in <other>
electrical I-<APL>
applications <APL>
due <other>
to <other>
their <other>
low <other>
magnetostriction I-<PRO>
, <other>
high <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
and <other>
reduced <other>
energy I-<PRO>
losses <PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
they <other>
exhibit <other>
poor <other>
formability I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
slow <other>
positron <other>
beam <other>
of <other>
gent <other>
is <other>
used <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
defects I-<PRO>
in <other>
different <other>
deformed I-<DSC>
FeSi I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
defects I-<PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
deformed <other>
at <other>
high <other>
temperatures <other>
are <other>
different <other>
from <other>
the <other>
ones <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
deformed I-<SMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
are <other>
correlated <other>
to <other>
the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
positron I-<CMT>
annihilation <CMT>
lifetime <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
PALS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


an <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
crystallographic <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
bismuth I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
lead <MAT>
cuprates <MAT>
without <other>
superlattice I-<DSC>
modulation <other>


A <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
x-ray I-<CMT>
crystallographic <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
bismuth I-<MAT>
cuprate <MAT>
of <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
Bi2CaCu4O16Pb2Sr4Y I-<MAT>
without <other>
any <other>
superlattice I-<DSC>
modulation <other>
has <other>
been <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cuprate I-<MAT>
has <other>
an <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
symmetry <other>
with <other>
the <other>
space <other>
group <other>
pnan I-<SPL>
. <other>


rietveld I-<CMT>
profile <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
with <other>
high <other>
- <other>
resolution <other>
powder I-<DSC>
data <other>
for <other>
this <other>
composition I-<PRO>
along <other>
with <other>
BiCu2O8PbSr2Y I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
so <other>
obtained <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


sputter I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
and <other>
surface I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
for <other>
dye I-<APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
using <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
RF <SMT>
plasma <SMT>


sputter I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
followed <other>
by <other>
surface I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
was <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
RF <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
as <other>
a <other>
method <other>
for <other>
preparing <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
indium I-<MAT>
tin <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
) <other>
coated I-<SMT>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
for <other>
dye I-<APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
DSCs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


anatase I-<SPL>
structure <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
RF <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
under <other>
the <other>
conditions <other>
of <other>
Ar <other>
/ <other>
O2(5 <other>
% <other>
) <other>
mixtures <other>
, <other>
RF <other>
power <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
and <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
were <other>
surface I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treated <SMT>
by <other>
inductive I-<SMT>
coupled <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
( <other>
ICP I-<SMT>
) <other>
with <other>
Ar <other>
/ <other>
O <other>
mixtures <other>
at <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
and <other>
thus <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
the <other>
DSCs I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
made <other>
on <other>
these <other>
experimental <other>
bases <other>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
BET I-<CMT>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
, <other>
the <other>
pore I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
and <other>
the <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
particle <other>
size <other>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
DSCs I-<APL>
made <other>
of <other>
this <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
material <other>
exhibited <other>
an <other>
energy I-<PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mW <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
light <other>
intensity <other>
. <other>


