variable <other>
temperature <other>
electron I-<CMT>
paramagnetic <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
the <other>
NiZn I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>


effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
silica I-<MAT>
content <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Fe4NiO8Zn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
paramagnetic <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
( <other>
EPR I-<CMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
. <other>


the <other>
peak I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
peak <PRO>
linewidth <PRO>
( <other>
DHPP I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
g I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
and <other>
spin I-<PRO>
number <PRO>
( <other>
NS I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
decreased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
spin <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
time <PRO>
( <other>
T2 I-<PRO>
) <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
these <other>
parameters <other>
( <other>
DHPP I-<PRO>
, <other>
g I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
, <other>
NS I-<PRO>
and <other>
T2 I-<PRO>
) <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
as <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
DHPP I-<PRO>
, <other>
g I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
and <other>
NS I-<PRO>
decreased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
temperature <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
T2 I-<PRO>
increased <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
produced <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
of <other>
stacked <other>
elemental <other>
layers I-<DSC>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
thin <DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
produced <other>
onto <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
the <other>
processing <other>
of <other>
stacked <other>
elemental <other>
layer I-<DSC>
followed <other>
by <other>
either <other>
vacuum <other>
or <other>
air I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
air I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obvious <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
stepped <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
were <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
depending <other>
upon <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
response I-<PRO>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
loaded <other>
vanadium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
gas I-<APL>
sensor <APL>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
response I-<PRO>
of <other>
an <other>
ethanol I-<APL>
sensor <APL>
based <other>
on <other>
vanadium I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
loaded <other>
with <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
( <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
VONTs I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
this <other>
work <other>
. <other>


the <other>
particle I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
loaded <other>
on <other>
VONTs I-<MAT>
was <other>
varied <other>
by <other>
using <other>
novel <other>
citric I-<SMT>
acid <SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
progress <other>
, <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
was <other>
used <other>
as <other>
a <other>
surfactant <other>
and <other>
chelate <other>
agent <other>
, <other>
which <other>
ensured <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
a <other>
uniform <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
loading <other>
on <other>
the <other>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
ethanol I-<PRO>
sensing <PRO>
properties <PRO>
was <other>
then <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
these <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
VONTs I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
sensor I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
increased <other>
with <other>
the <other>
particles I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
loading <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


it <other>
appears <other>
that <other>
the <other>
load <other>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
VONTs I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
increases <other>
the <other>
concentration I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
oxygen <PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
and <other>
decreases <other>
the <other>
concentration I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
free <PRO>
electrons <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
sensor I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
were <other>
interpreted <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
debye I-<PRO>
length <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
difference <other>
in <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
active <other>
sites <other>
. <other>


the <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
— <MAT>
tungsten <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
CoCrW I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
containing <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
and <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
W I-<MAT>
in <other>
oxygen <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


In <other>
CoW I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
slight <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
as <other>
the <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
content <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
, <other>
hwoever <other>
this <other>
is <other>
much <other>
mor <other>
emarked <other>
in <other>
Co15CrW I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


tungsten I-<MAT>
has <other>
little <other>
effect <other>
in <other>
Co25CrW I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
binary I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>
and <other>
CoCrW I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
which <other>
do <other>
not <other>
form <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
scale <other>
has <other>
two <other>
layers I-<DSC>
: <other>
an <other>
outer <other>
, <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
- <other>
free <other>
layer I-<DSC>
of <other>
columnar I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
grained <DSC>
CoO I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
an <other>
inner <other>
layer I-<DSC>
of <other>
CoO I-<MAT>
containing <other>
CoO4W I-<MAT>
precipitates I-<DSC>
together <other>
with <other>
CoCr2O4 I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
ternary <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
relative <other>
thicknesses <other>
of <other>
the <other>
two <other>
layers I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
constituents <other>
in <other>
the <other>
inner <other>
layer I-<DSC>
depends <other>
in <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
CoO4W I-<MAT>
and <other>
CoCr2O4 I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
appear <other>
to <other>
be <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
by <other>
a <other>
blocking <other>
mechanism <other>
in <other>
the <other>
inner <other>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


there <other>
is <other>
some <other>
evidence <other>
to <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
additions <other>
to <other>
co-25 I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
assist <other>
the <other>
exclusive <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


BFeO3 I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
: <other>
synthesis <other>
, <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
type <other>
Fe1-xMxBO3 I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
where <other>
m <other>
= <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
, <other>
or <other>
In I-<MAT>
. <other>


for <other>
m <other>
= <other>
In I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
, <other>
or <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
x <other>
can <other>
vary <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
range <other>
is <other>
more <other>
restricted <other>
for <other>
m <other>
= <other>
Al I-<MAT>
( <other>
O <other>
≤ <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
( <other>
O <other>
≤ <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
present <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
includes <other>
their <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
calcite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
unit I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
cell <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
follow <other>
closely <other>
vegard I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
law <CMT>
. <other>


DTA I-<CMT>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
m <other>
content <other>
for <other>
m <other>
= <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
or <other>
in. I-<MAT>
room <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Fe1-xMxBO3 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
remain <other>
canted I-<PRO>
antiferromagnets <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
substitution <other>
level <other>
, <other>
with <other>
monotonic <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
and <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
m <other>
( <other>
dilution <other>
effect <other>
) <other>
. <other>


low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
systems <other>
Fe1-xCrxBO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe1-xInxBO3 I-<MAT>
show <other>
anomalous I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
Cr I-<PRO>
and <PRO>
In <PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
. <other>


electrical I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
sputter I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
- <other>
induced <other>
defects <other>
in <other>
epitaxially <other>
grown <other>
n-GaAs I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>


sputter I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
of <other>
metal <other>
schottky I-<APL>
contacts <APL>
on <other>
semiconductors I-<PRO>
creates <other>
damage <other>
at <other>
and <other>
below <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
, <other>
often <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
inferior <other>
rectification I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
employed <other>
deep I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
level <CMT>
transient <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
DLTS I-<CMT>
) <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
defects <other>
introduced <other>
during <other>
sputter I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
of <other>
AI I-<MAT>
schottky I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
diodes <APL>
( <other>
SBDs I-<APL>
) <other>
on <other>
epitaxially <other>
grown <other>
n-GaAs I-<MAT>
with <other>
free I-<PRO>
carrier <PRO>
densities <PRO>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
. <other>


six <other>
sputter I-<SMT>
- <other>
induced <other>
electron I-<PRO>
traps <PRO>
, <other>
es1 <other>
– <other>
es6 <other>
, <other>
were <other>
detected <other>
at <other>
energy <other>
levels <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
below <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
DLTS I-<CMT>
‘ <other>
signatures <other>
’ <other>
of <other>
es1 <other>
– <other>
es4 <other>
were <other>
the <other>
same <other>
as <other>
those <other>
of <other>
defects <other>
introduced <other>
by <other>
sub-threshold I-<SMT>
electron <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
in <other>
the <other>
same <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
es5 <other>
at <other>
ec <other>
- <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
could <other>
only <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
, <other>
but <other>
not <other>
in <other>
undoped I-<DSC>
AsGa I-<MAT>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
that <other>
it <other>
may <other>
be <other>
a <other>
complex <other>
involving <other>
Si I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
concentrations <other>
of <other>
these <other>
defects <other>
decreased <other>
away <other>
from <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
to <other>
a <other>
depth <other>
that <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
decreasing <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
free I-<PRO>
carrier <PRO>
density <PRO>
. <other>


CoMoO4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
storage <PRO>
performance <PRO>
as <other>
the <other>
anode I-<APL>
of <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
battery <APL>


CoMoO4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
are <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
two I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
as <other>
shell <other>
are <other>
uniformly <other>
distributed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
whole <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
CoMoO4 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
core I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
as <other>
the <other>
anode I-<APL>
of <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
battery <APL>
exhibit <other>
high <other>
reversible I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
g-1 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
C <other>
rate <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
per <other>
half <other>
cycle <other>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
bare <other>
CoMoO4 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
can <other>
still <other>
maintain <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
g-1 <other>
( <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
) <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
g-1 <other>
( <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
retention <PRO>
between <other>
2nd <other>
and <other>
50th <other>
cycles <other>
is <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
superior <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
storage <PRO>
performance <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
owned <other>
to <other>
the <other>
stable <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
good <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
complex <other>
synergistic <other>
effect <other>
between <other>
CoMoO4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
present <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
CoMoO4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
are <other>
promising <other>
candidates <other>
for <other>
the <other>
anode I-<APL>
of <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
battery <APL>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
martensitic I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
in <other>
co-containing I-<DSC>
Ni I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ga <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
to <other>
a <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ga <MAT>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
alloy <DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
analyzed <other>
through <other>
a <other>
comparative <other>
calorimetric I-<CMT>
study <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
on <other>
both <other>
co-free I-<DSC>
and <other>
co-containing I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
martensitic I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
( <other>
MT I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ternary <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
show <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
temperature <other>
, <other>
while <other>
in <other>
the <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
- <other>
containing <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
, <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
and <other>
a <other>
subsequent <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
MT I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
take <other>
place <other>
. <other>


the <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ternary <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
agrees <other>
with <other>
the <other>
occurrence <other>
of <other>
an <other>
ordering <other>
process <other>
, <other>
while <other>
in <other>
the <other>
quaternary <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
, <other>
a <other>
process <other>
of <other>
elimination <other>
of <other>
defects I-<PRO>
seems <other>
to <other>
occur <other>
at <other>
the <other>
same <other>
time <other>
, <other>
slightly <other>
affecting <other>
the <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transformation I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
, <other>
besides <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
martensitic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
, <other>
increases <other>
the <other>
quench-in <other>
defects I-<PRO>
influence <other>
on <other>
these <other>
transformations <other>
. <other>


abnormal <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
LPCVD I-<SMT>
O2Si I-<MAT>
on <other>
CoSi2 I-<MAT>
by <other>
high <other>
dose <other>
As I-<SMT>
implantation <SMT>


we <other>
have <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
As <other>
dose <other>
on <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
growth <other>
on <other>
CoSi2 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


As <other>
ions <other>
were <other>
implanted <other>
into <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
with <other>
doses <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
. <other>


after <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
CoSi2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
was <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pressure <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
LPCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
using <other>
tetraethyl <other>
orthosilicate <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
rates <other>
of <other>
LPCVD I-<SMT>
O2Si I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
CoSi2 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
rapidly <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
arsenic <other>
doses <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
. <other>


arsenic <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
diffused <other>
into <other>
the <other>
CoSi2 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
during <other>
the <other>
LPCVD I-<SMT>
O2Si I-<MAT>
deposition <other>
, <other>
is <other>
a <other>
major <other>
cause <other>
of <other>
abnormal <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
growth <other>
. <other>


thus <other>
, <other>
the <other>
arsenic <other>
doping <other>
level <other>
in <other>
Si I-<MAT>
has <other>
to <other>
be <other>
carefully <other>
controlled <other>
to <other>
prevent <other>
abnormal <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
growth <other>
on <other>
CoSi2 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


flash I-<SMT>
sintering <SMT>
of <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductors <PRO>
: <other>
the <other>
need <other>
of <other>
a <other>
reversible <other>
electrochemical <other>
reaction <other>


flash I-<SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
FS I-<SMT>
) <other>
is <other>
a <other>
current I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
technique <other>
able <other>
to <other>
densify I-<SMT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
in <other>
short <other>
periods <other>
of <other>
time <other>
( <other>
just <other>
a <other>
few <other>
seconds <other>
) <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
significantly <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
in <other>
conventional <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
processes <other>
. <other>


FS I-<SMT>
technique <other>
was <other>
firstly <other>
reported <other>
for <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
- <other>
stabilized I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
and <other>
later <other>
it <other>
had <other>
been <other>
proved <other>
successful <other>
for <other>
a <other>
large <other>
range <other>
of <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
materials <other>
that <other>
present <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
by <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
paper <other>
describes <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
FS I-<SMT>
on <other>
a <other>
sodium I-<PRO>
ion <PRO>
conductor <PRO>
based <other>
on <other>
a <other>
model <other>
compound <other>
, <other>
the <other>
beta-alumina I-<MAT>
. <other>


different <other>
electrode I-<APL>
materials <other>
have <other>
been <other>
tested <other>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
, <other>
silver I-<MAT>
and <other>
platinum I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
impact <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electrode I-<APL>
reaction <other>
on <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
flow <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
thus <other>
, <other>
on <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
efficiency <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


it <other>
appears <other>
that <other>
the <other>
densification I-<SMT>
by <other>
FS I-<SMT>
can <other>
only <other>
be <other>
possible <other>
if <other>
the <other>
current I-<APL>
collectors <APL>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
, <other>
the <other>
electrodes I-<APL>
, <other>
are <other>
specifically <other>
designed <other>
to <other>
enable <other>
reversible <other>
electrochemical <other>
reactions <other>
at <other>
the <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
between <other>
the <other>
electrodes I-<APL>
and <other>
the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
compound <other>
, <other>
insuring <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
flow <PRO>
through <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
compact <other>
. <other>


crossed I-<DSC>
ferric I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
supported <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
on <other>
3-dimensional I-<DSC>
macroporous <DSC>
Ni I-<MAT>
foam I-<DSC>
substrate <DSC>
used <other>
for <other>
diesel I-<APL>
soot <APL>
elimination <APL>
under <other>
self <other>
- <other>
capture <other>
contact <other>
mode <other>


crossed I-<DSC>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
supported <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
on <other>
three I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensionally <DSC>
macroporous <DSC>
nickel I-<MAT>
foam I-<DSC>
substrate <DSC>
( I-<MAT>
xCo <MAT>
/ <MAT>
Fe-NF <MAT>
) <MAT>
was <other>
designed <other>
and <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
through <other>
a <other>
facile I-<SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
and <SMT>
impregnation <SMT>
route <SMT>
. <other>


these <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
showed <other>
high <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
soot <PRO>
combustion <PRO>
activities <PRO>
under <other>
self <other>
- <other>
capture <other>
contact <other>
mode <other>
. <other>


the <other>
three I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
macroporous <DSC>
structures <other>
of <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
foam I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
crossed I-<DSC>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
constituted <other>
macroporous I-<DSC>
voids <other>
can <other>
greatly <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
contact I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
between <other>
soot I-<MAT>
particulates I-<DSC>
and <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
interaction <other>
between <other>
Co I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
facilitated <other>
the <other>
activation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
bond <other>
and <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
active <other>
oxygen <other>
species <other>
, <other>
thus <other>
improving <other>
the <other>
redox I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
0.6Co I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe-NF I-<MAT>
catalyst I-<APL>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
turnover I-<PRO>
frequency <PRO>
( <other>
TOF I-<PRO>
) <other>
for <other>
soot I-<APL>
combustion <APL>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
in <other>
good <other>
accordance <other>
with <other>
the <other>
largest <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
active <other>
oxygen <other>
species <other>
. <other>


based <other>
upon <other>
the <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
and <other>
multiple <other>
characterization <other>
results <other>
, <other>
two <other>
reaction <other>
pathways <other>
for <other>
soot I-<APL>
oxidation <APL>
are <other>
identified <other>
, <other>
namely <other>
, <other>
the <other>
direct <other>
oxidation <other>
by <other>
the <other>
activated <other>
oxygen <other>
species <other>
via <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
NOx <other>
- <other>
aided <other>
soot I-<APL>
oxidation <APL>
. <other>


characterization <other>
and <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
sensing I-<APL>
of <APL>
ammonia <APL>
and <APL>
ethanol <APL>
by <other>
thermally I-<SMT>
oxidized <SMT>
indium I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


indium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
of <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
deposited <SMT>
indium I-<MAT>
( <other>
In I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
onto <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
kept <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
gas I-<PRO>
sensing <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
films I-<DSC>
oxidized I-<SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
measurements <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
oxidized I-<SMT>
at <other>
these <other>
temperatures <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
high <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
along <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
. <other>


field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
shows <other>
large <other>
and <other>
small <other>
grains <other>
scattered <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<CMT>
and <CMT>
sensing <CMT>
studies <CMT>
show <other>
that <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
oxidized I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
exhibits <other>
comparatively <other>
higher <other>
optical I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
and <other>
large <other>
gas I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
when <other>
exposed <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
of <other>
ammonia <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


also <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
optical I-<PRO>
absorbance <PRO>
towards <other>
ammonia <other>
for <other>
different <other>
concentrations <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


properties <other>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
dispersed <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


zirconia I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
incorporated <other>
with <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
with <other>
the <other>
dip I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
coating <SMT>
technique <other>
in <other>
air <other>
. <other>


amorphous I-<DSC>
and <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
gained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


O2Zr I-<MAT>
: <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
optical I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
/ <other>
fluorescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


the <other>
size <other>
control <other>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
was <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
different <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
: <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
blue <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
fluorescence I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


© <other>
<nUm> <other>
acta <other>
metallurgica <other>
inc. <other>
published <other>
by <other>
elsevier <other>
science <other>
ltd. <other>


all <other>
rights <other>
reserved <other>
. <other>


model <other>
for <other>
vickers I-<PRO>
microhardness <PRO>
prediction <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
normal <other>
and <other>
high <other>
pressure <other>
phases <other>


the <other>
vickers I-<PRO>
microhardness <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
is <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
obtained <other>
by <other>
first I-<CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
combined <other>
with <other>
discrete I-<CMT>
elements <CMT>
method <CMT>
( <other>
DEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
calculation <other>
is <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
in <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
and <other>
cotunnite I-<SPL>
phases <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
has <other>
a <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
for <other>
the <other>
failure I-<PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
in <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
range <other>
. <other>


In <other>
cotunnite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
for <PRO>
failure <PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
close <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
applying <other>
simunek I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
. <other>


to <other>
give <other>
insight <other>
to <other>
this <other>
methodology <other>
, <other>
the <other>
calculation I-<SMT>
is <other>
extended <other>
to <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
normal <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
value <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
the <other>
failure I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
. <other>


the <other>
method <other>
developed <other>
here <other>
, <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
the <other>
vickers I-<PRO>
microhardness <PRO>
, <other>
could <other>
be <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
a <other>
systematic <other>
study <other>
of <other>
tailoring <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


since <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
shear <PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
our <other>
results <other>
can <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
an <other>
assessment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
properties <other>
as <other>
solid I-<APL>
lubricating <APL>
at <other>
first <other>
order <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
seed I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
bias <PRO>
in <other>
Co I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoO I-<MAT>
heterostructures I-<DSC>


magnetic I-<PRO>
multilayers I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
form <other>
Co I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoO I-<MAT>
, <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
, <other>
with <other>
seed I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
or <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
of <other>
various <other>
thicknesses <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
dramatic <other>
difference <other>
between <other>
the <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
fields <PRO>
and <other>
between <other>
the <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
fields <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
differing <other>
seed I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
such <other>
that <other>
, <other>
for <other>
a <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
seed I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
loop <other>
can <other>
be <other>
fully <other>
shifted <other>
to <other>
one <other>
side <other>
of <other>
zero <other>
field <other>
whereas <other>
, <other>
with <other>
a <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
seed I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
, <other>
this <other>
behavior <other>
is <other>
not <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


one <other>
important <other>
difference <other>
in <other>
the <other>
seed I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
is <other>
the <other>
layer I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
; <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
seed I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
is <other>
as <other>
much <other>
as <other>
six <other>
times <other>
rougher <other>
than <other>
the <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
, <other>
as <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


realization <other>
of <other>
an <other>
atomic I-<APL>
sieve <APL>
: <other>
silica I-<MAT>
on <other>
Mo(112) I-<MAT>


the <other>
adsorption <other>
of <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
on <other>
a <other>
porous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
on <other>
Mo(112) I-<MAT>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


while <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
able <other>
to <other>
penetrate <other>
the <other>
holes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
silica I-<MAT>
top I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
with <other>
virtually <other>
no <other>
barrier <other>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
experience <other>
an <other>
intermediate <other>
barrier <other>
value <other>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
completely <other>
unable <other>
to <other>
pass <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
penetration I-<PRO>
probability <PRO>
does <other>
not <other>
correlate <other>
with <other>
the <other>
effective <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
atoms <other>
, <other>
but <other>
depends <other>
on <other>
their <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


whereas <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
with <other>
an <other>
unoccupied <other>
valence <other>
s-orbital <other>
has <other>
a <other>
low <other>
penetration I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
with <other>
occupied <other>
s-states <other>
experience <other>
a <other>
substantial <other>
repulsion <other>
with <other>
the <other>
filled <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
states <other>
, <other>
leading <other>
to <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
barrier <other>
for <other>
penetration <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
barrier I-<PRO>
height <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
temporally <other>
lowered <other>
by <other>
promoting <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
5s-electron <other>
into <other>
the <other>
support <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
- <other>
supported <other>
silica I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
can <other>
thus <other>
be <other>
considered <other>
as <other>
a <other>
primitive <other>
form <other>
of <other>
an <other>
atomic I-<APL>
sieve <APL>
whose <other>
selectivity <other>
is <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
adatoms <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
C I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
laser I-<SMT>
ignited <SMT>
self <SMT>
- <SMT>
propagating <SMT>
high <SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
C <MAT>
system <other>
for <other>
fabricating <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>


CTi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
utilizing <other>
laser I-<SMT>
ignited <SMT>
self <SMT>
- <SMT>
propagating <SMT>
high <SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
( <other>
SHS I-<SMT>
) <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
C <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
system <other>
with <other>
the <other>
different <other>
C I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
molar <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
molar <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
C I-<MAT>
to <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
is <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
in <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
, <other>
in <other>
addition <other>
to <other>
fine <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
particulates I-<DSC>
, <other>
a <other>
large <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
phase <other>
was <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
; <other>
however <other>
, <other>
when <other>
the <other>
molar <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
C I-<MAT>
to <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
in <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
phase <other>
was <other>
almost <other>
completely <other>
eliminated <other>
and <other>
the <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
particulates I-<DSC>
generally <other>
appeared <other>
to <other>
be <other>
more <other>
homogeneous <other>
throughout <other>
the <other>
products <other>
synthesized <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
pressure <other>
on <other>
the <other>
luminescence I-<CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
and <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
of <other>
248CmCl3 I-<MAT>


luminescence I-<CMT>
, <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
and <other>
phonon I-<CMT>
raman <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
Cl3Cm I-<MAT>
under <other>
pressure <other>
in <other>
a <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
anvil I-<APL>
cell <APL>
. <other>


transformation <other>
from <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
to <other>
an <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
one <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
also <other>
suggest <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
potentially <other>
new <other>
, <other>
as <other>
yet <other>
unidentified <other>
, <other>
higher <other>
pressure <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
present <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
are <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
from <other>
previous <other>
studies <other>
on <other>
CfCl3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cl3Pr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Br3Pr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Br3Nd I-<MAT>
under <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


changes <other>
in <other>
coordination I-<PRO>
number <PRO>
are <other>
used <other>
to <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
phase <other>
changes <other>
and <other>
to <other>
speculate <other>
on <other>
potential <other>
structures <other>
of <other>
the <other>
“ <other>
new <other>
” <other>
higher <other>
pressure <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


substrate I-<DSC>
effect <other>
on <other>
texture I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


titanium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
thin <DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
different <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
AlLaO3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
a-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
by <other>
dc I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
in <other>
an <other>
Ar+O2 <other>
gas <other>
mixture <other>
. <other>


pure <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
or <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
or <other>
mixed <other>
( <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
and <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
) <other>
phase <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
grown <other>
at <other>
fixed <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
pressure <other>
and <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
on <other>
various <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
and <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
fixed <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-2Torr <other>
and <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
preferred <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
oriented <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
phase <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
case <other>
of <other>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
over <other>
AlLaO3 I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
and <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
with <other>
preferred <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
case <other>
of <other>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
over <other>
the <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
growth <other>
direction <other>
is <other>
highly <other>
affected <other>
with <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
orientation <other>
. <other>


further <other>
, <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
and <other>
FESEM I-<CMT>
images <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
nanostructured I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
all <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


low <other>
temperature <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
Ar I-<SMT>
/ <SMT>
O <SMT>
low <SMT>
- <SMT>
field <SMT>
helicon <SMT>
plasma <SMT>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
wafer I-<DSC>
substrates <DSC>
by <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
field <SMT>
( <SMT>
<nUm> <SMT>
< <SMT>
B <SMT>
< <SMT>
5mT <SMT>
) <SMT>
helicon <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
reactive <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
pure <other>
argon <other>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
positive <other>
ion <other>
density <other>
on <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
post-annealing I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
on <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
density I-<PRO>
, <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
, <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
and <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
was <other>
analysed <other>
by <other>
reflectometry I-<CMT>
, <other>
rutherford I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
RBS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


amorphous I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
was <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
ion <other>
density <other>
on <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
1016m-3 <other>
. <other>


increasing <other>
the <other>
ion <other>
density <other>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
1016m-3 <other>
led <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
( <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
post-annealing I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
in <other>
air <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
induced <other>
the <other>
complete <other>
crystallisation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
to <other>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
of <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
( <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
while <other>
the <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
films I-<DSC>
shows <other>
no <other>
significant <other>
change <other>
meaning <other>
that <other>
they <other>
were <other>
already <other>
fully <other>
crystallised <other>
by <other>
the <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


all <other>
these <other>
results <other>
show <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
process <other>
by <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
field <SMT>
helicon <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
process <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
or <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
rutile I-<SPL>
structure <other>
directly <other>
from <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
processing <SMT>
conditions <other>
and <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
anatase I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
a <other>
moderate <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
. <other>


oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
related <PRO>
defect <PRO>
dipoles <PRO>
in <other>
CaCu3O12Ti4 I-<MAT>
: <other>
detected <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
paramagnetic <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
associate <other>
defects I-<PRO>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
paramagnetic <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
( <other>
EPR I-<CMT>
) <other>
for <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
oxide <other>
CaCu3O12Ti4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
CCTO I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
have <other>
a <other>
colossal <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
EPR I-<SMT>
line <other>
width <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cu2+ <other>
– <other>
host <other>
signal <other>
of <other>
CCTO I-<MAT>
correlates <other>
with <other>
its <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
signal <other>
was <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
second <other>
differential <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cu2+ <other>
– <other>
host <other>
signal <other>
, <other>
which <other>
we <other>
think <other>
is <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
a <other>
specific <other>
copper I-<MAT>
– <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
defect <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
signal <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
negative <other>
g I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
shift <other>
with <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
a <other>
contribution <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
. <other>


assuming <other>
solid <other>
state <other>
reactions <other>
between <other>
the <other>
various <other>
defects I-<PRO>
and <other>
using <other>
the <other>
mass I-<CMT>
action <CMT>
law <CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
offer <other>
a <other>
more <other>
specific <other>
relation <other>
between <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
content <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
new <other>
signal <other>
, <other>
which <other>
might <other>
be <other>
useful <other>
for <other>
an <other>
indirect <other>
but <other>
fast <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
content <other>
determination <other>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
of <other>
MgN2Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
and <other>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
of <other>
MgN2Si I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
1600K <other>
) <other>
, <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
1600K <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
1300K <other>
) <other>
was <other>
evaluated <other>
from <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
expansion <PRO>
, <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
and <other>
heat I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
data <other>
of <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


for <other>
all <other>
compounds <other>
the <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
increases <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
reduced <other>
temperature <other>
approaching <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
value <other>
at <other>
high <other>
temperatures <other>
( <other>
T <other>
/ <other>
θ <other>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
limit <other>
of <other>
the <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
type <other>
materials <other>
MgN2Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
is <other>
about <other>
the <other>
same <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
) <other>
whereas <other>
these <other>
are <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
phenacite I-<SPL>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


this <other>
behaviour <other>
can <other>
be <other>
understood <other>
quantitatively <other>
from <other>
the <other>
relation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
bond I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
W <PRO>
as <other>
established <other>
by <other>
slack <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>


we <other>
present <other>
a <other>
discussion <other>
of <other>
some <other>
of <other>
the <other>
physical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
particular <other>
, <other>
we <other>
focus <other>
our <other>
attention <other>
on <other>
the <other>
calculation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
and <other>
on <other>
the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
biased <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
is <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fine I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
constant <PRO>
over <other>
a <other>
frequency <other>
range <other>
from <other>
the <other>
infra-red <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ultra-violet <other>
. <other>


we <other>
derive <other>
the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
external <other>
applied <other>
electric <other>
field <other>
. <other>


sintering I-<SMT>
and <other>
HIPping I-<SMT>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
- <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>


N4Si3 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
containing <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
dispersed <other>
b-SiC I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
were <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
with <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
0*1 <other>
MPa <other>
N <other>
. <other>


fractional I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
decreased <other>
from <other>
0*97 <other>
to <other>
0*91 <other>
when <other>
the <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
content <other>
increased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


simultaneously <other>
a <other>
retardation <other>
of <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
reduced <other>
pore I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
. <other>


subsequent <other>
HIPping I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
with <other>
N <other>
- <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
almost <other>
complete <other>
elimination <other>
of <other>
presintered I-<SMT>
closed <other>
pores <other>
and <other>
a <other>
final <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
0*99 <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
. <other>


during <other>
HIPping I-<SMT>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
is <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
or <other>
C I-<MAT>
with <other>
the <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
intergranular I-<DSC>
glass <DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
high <other>
N <other>
- <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


while <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
shows <other>
no <other>
significant <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
a <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
critical I-<PRO>
defect <PRO>
size <PRO>
with <other>
increasing <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
content <other>
results <other>
in <other>
a <other>
distinct <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
particularly <other>
after <other>
HIPping I-<SMT>
. <other>


stabilizing <other>
gold I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
by <other>
heterostructured I-<DSC>
transition I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
metal <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
– <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
supports <other>
for <other>
enhanced <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activities <PRO>
for <other>
CO I-<APL>
oxidation <APL>


A <other>
strategy <other>
for <other>
stabilizing <other>
ultrasmall <other>
gold I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
under <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
has <other>
been <other>
developed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
essence <other>
of <other>
this <other>
methodology <other>
lies <other>
in <other>
construction <other>
of <other>
heterostructured I-<DSC>
transition I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
metal <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
– <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
supports <other>
. <other>


the <other>
supported <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
demonstrated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
sintering I-<PRO>
resistant <PRO>
and <other>
highly <other>
active <other>
for <other>
catalytic I-<APL>
CO <APL>
oxidation <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
novel <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
/ <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
and <other>
their <other>
greatly <other>
enhanced <other>
field I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
properties <PRO>


novel <other>
field I-<APL>
emitters <APL>
with <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
/ <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
simply <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
dipping <other>
the <other>
iron I-<MAT>
into <other>
the <other>
oxalic <other>
acid <other>
solution <other>
, <other>
drop I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
coating <SMT>
CNTs I-<MAT>
to <other>
the <other>
iron I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
followed <other>
by <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
products <other>
has <other>
been <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


and <other>
further <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
and <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
homogenously <other>
dispersed <other>
and <other>
partly <other>
wrapped <other>
on <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
. <other>


a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
/ <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
had <other>
exhibited <other>
greatly <other>
enhanced <other>
field I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
properties <PRO>
with <other>
low <other>
turn-on I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
( <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
high <other>
field I-<PRO>
enhancement <PRO>
factor <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
/ <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
are <other>
promising <other>
field I-<APL>
emitters <APL>
for <other>
field I-<APL>
emission <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
short <PRO>
- <PRO>
range <PRO>
order <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
linear I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
chain <PRO>
antiferromagnet <PRO>
Cl3CsMn I-<MAT>
· <MAT>
2H2O <MAT>
studied <other>
by <other>
optical I-<CMT>
birefringence <CMT>


the <other>
linear <other>
optical I-<PRO>
birefringence <PRO>
of <other>
Cl3CsMn I-<MAT>
· <MAT>
2H2O <MAT>
shows <other>
a <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
contribution <PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
one I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
short <PRO>
- <PRO>
range <PRO>
order <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
derivative <other>
of <other>
this <other>
part <other>
is <other>
proportional <other>
to <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
specific <PRO>
heat <PRO>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
intrachain I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
we <other>
find <other>
|J| I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
k <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


around <other>
the <other>
neel I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
the <other>
interchain I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
causes <other>
a <other>
small <other>
birefringence I-<PRO>
change <other>
with <other>
the <other>
opposite <other>
sign <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
1-D I-<DSC>
/ <other>
3-D I-<DSC>
structured <other>
AgNWs I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


A <other>
novel <other>
and <other>
facile <other>
approach <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
to <other>
dramatically <other>
enhance <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
introducing <other>
one I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
( <other>
1-D I-<DSC>
) <other>
silver I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
( <other>
AgNWs I-<MAT>
) <other>
into <other>
a <other>
three I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
( <other>
3-D I-<DSC>
) <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
construct <other>
1-D I-<DSC>
/ <other>
3-D I-<DSC>
structured <other>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
different <other>
concentrations <other>
of <other>
AgNWs I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
is <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
dispersed <other>
AgNWs I-<MAT>
effectively <other>
suppress <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
form <other>
new <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
to <other>
pure I-<DSC>
bulk <DSC>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
almost <other>
all <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
samples <other>
dispersed <other>
with <other>
AgNWs I-<MAT>
exhibit <other>
the <other>
much <other>
lower <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
higher <other>
power I-<PRO>
factors <PRO>
. <other>


consequently <other>
, <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
ZT I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AgNW I-<MAT>
- <other>
dispersed <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
is <other>
amazingly <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
pure <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
dispersion <other>
of <other>
AgNWs I-<MAT>
could <other>
form <other>
new <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
matrix <other>
and <other>
introduce <other>
defects I-<PRO>
to <other>
cause <other>
strong <other>
scattering <other>
of <other>
long I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
wavelength <PRO>
phonons <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
therefore <other>
significantly <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
thermal <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


our <other>
study <other>
confirms <other>
that <other>
introducing <other>
1-D I-<DSC>
nanodispersoids <DSC>
into <other>
a <other>
3-D I-<DSC>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
matrix <other>
is <other>
promising <other>
approach <other>
to <other>
improving <other>
ZT I-<PRO>
values <other>
significantly <other>
. <other>


temperature <other>
and <other>
time I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
MnZn I-<MAT>
ferrites <MAT>


the <other>
commercially <other>
important <other>
parameters <other>
of <other>
a <other>
MnZn I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
post <other>
sinter I-<SPL>
cooling I-<SMT>
rate <other>
. <other>


the <other>
disaccommodation I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
( <other>
DF I-<PRO>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
vary <other>
markedly <other>
with <other>
cooling I-<SPL>
rate <other>
, <other>
whilst <other>
other <other>
parameters <other>
vary <other>
to <other>
a <other>
much <other>
smaller <other>
extent <other>
. <other>


the <other>
change <other>
in <other>
DF I-<PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
surface I-<PRO>
volatilisation <PRO>
of <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
. <other>


A <other>
facile <other>
strategy <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
large <other>
- <other>
scale <other>
uniform <other>
brookite I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanospindles I-<DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
and <other>
superior <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


A <other>
facile <other>
strategy <other>
was <other>
initiated <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
large <other>
- <other>
scale <other>
uniform <other>
brookite I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanospindles I-<DSC>
preferentially <other>
grown <other>
along <other>
the <other>
[001] <other>
direction <other>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
highly <other>
thermally I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
and <other>
exhibited <other>
superior <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
, <other>
about <other>
two <other>
orders <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
and <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
counterparts <other>
. <other>


superconducting I-<PRO>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
BaCuOY I-<MAT>
compound <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


BaCuY I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
using <other>
various <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
methods <other>
. <other>


resistivity I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
during <other>
post-deposition I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
under <other>
O <other>
exhibit <other>
two <other>
distinct <other>
transitions <other>
near <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


transport I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


XPS I-<CMT>
core <other>
levels <other>
and <other>
auger I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
demonstrate <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
and <other>
air <other>
exposure <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
distinctions <other>
between <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
and <other>
non-superconducting I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
between <other>
high-Tc I-<PRO>
film I-<DSC>
and <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
is <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
STEM I-<CMT>
: <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
various <other>
species <other>
is <other>
revealed <other>
. <other>


ion I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
plated <SMT>
aluminium I-<MAT>
bronze <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
for <other>
sheet I-<APL>
metal <APL>
forming <APL>
dies <APL>


aluminium I-<MAT>
bronze <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
on <other>
steel I-<MAT>
were <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
the <other>
ion I-<SMT>
plating <SMT>
process <SMT>
using <other>
a <other>
slug I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
fed <SMT>
resistively <SMT>
heated <SMT>
evaporator <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
coating I-<APL>
material <other>
was <other>
Cu14Al4.5Fe1Ni I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
which <other>
is <other>
known <other>
to <other>
have <other>
good <other>
non-galling I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
sheet I-<APL>
metal <APL>
forming <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
structures I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
deposited <other>
at <other>
various <other>
evaporation <other>
rates <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
chemical I-<CMT>
microanalysis <CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
varied <other>
in <other>
a <other>
regular <other>
manner <other>
through <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
and <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
was <other>
small <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
, <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
order <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
layered I-<DSC>
iron I-<MAT>
oxycarbonate <MAT>
CFe2O9Sr4 <MAT>


the <other>
iron I-<MAT>
oxycarbonate <MAT>
CFe2O9Sr4 <MAT>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
order <PRO>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
susceptibility <CMT>
, <other>
powder I-<CMT>
neutron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
studies <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structure <other>
is <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
( <other>
I4 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
mmm <SPL>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
and <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
type <other>
ruddlesden I-<SPL>
– <SPL>
popper <SPL>
phase <other>
with <other>
CO3 I-<MAT>
plaques I-<DSC>
in <other>
place <other>
of <other>
the <other>
middle <other>
layer <other>
of <other>
transition <other>
metal <other>
octahedra <other>
. <other>


the <other>
three <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
transition <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
order <PRO>
is <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
within <other>
the <other>
FeO2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OSr I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OSr I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FeO2 I-<MAT>
blocks <other>
and <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
between <other>
blocks <other>
. <other>


temperature <other>
and <other>
pressure <other>
dependent <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>


Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
large <other>
scale <other>
by <other>
a <other>
typical <other>
surfactant I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
free <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
single I-<DSC>
nanorod <DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
between <other>
two <other>
gold I-<MAT>
nanoelectrodes I-<APL>
. <other>


nonlinear <other>
I I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
V <CMT>
curves <CMT>
were <other>
got <other>
under <other>
different <other>
temperatures <other>
and <other>
pressures <other>
respectively <other>
as <other>
the <other>
bias <other>
ranged <other>
from <other>
– <other>
3V <other>
to <other>
3V <other>
. <other>


such <other>
a <other>
nonlinear <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
was <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
barriers <other>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
barrier I-<PRO>
height <PRO>
was <other>
estimated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
0.13eV <other>
by <other>
linear I-<CMT>
fitting <CMT>
ln(I <CMT>
/ <CMT>
T2 <CMT>
) <CMT>
and <CMT>
( <CMT>
− <CMT>
<nUm> <CMT>
/ <CMT>
kT <CMT>
) <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
pressure <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conductance I-<PRO>
is <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conversion <other>
from <other>
depletion <other>
layer <other>
to <other>
inversion <other>
layer <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
the <other>
oxygen-controlled <other>
surface I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
small <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
effect <other>
on <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
and <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
in <other>
Co2Fe190Ni49O100Zn49 I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
ferrite <MAT>


the <other>
effect <other>
that <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
has <other>
on <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
in <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
substituted I-<DSC>
NiZn I-<MAT>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
bulk <DSC>
ferrite I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
visualized <other>
by <other>
taking <other>
measurements <other>
with <other>
a <other>
photoemission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
PEEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


complex <other>
permeability I-<PRO>
shows <other>
that <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
smaller <other>
than <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
is <other>
dominated <other>
only <other>
by <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
rotation <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
wall <PRO>
motion <PRO>
contributes <other>
when <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
is <other>
larger <other>
. <other>


PEEM I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
small <other>
grain <other>
induces <other>
the <other>
small <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
and <other>
it <other>
becomes <other>
larger <other>
when <other>
the <other>
grain <other>
is <other>
large <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
a <other>
result <other>
that <other>
agrees <other>
with <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
process <other>
. <other>


At <other>
the <other>
same <other>
time <other>
, <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
domain I-<PRO>
wall <PRO>
across <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
confirmed <other>
regardless <other>
of <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
suggests <other>
the <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
there <other>
being <other>
a <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
between <other>
the <other>
grains <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
that <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
has <other>
on <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
in <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
substituted I-<DSC>
NiZn I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
. <other>


Cu I-<MAT>
diffusion <other>
into <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
during <other>
BSCCO I-<MAT>
tape I-<DSC>
processing <other>


diffusion I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Bi2CaCu2O8Sr2 I-<MAT>
tapes I-<DSC>
wrapped <other>
in <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
show <other>
that <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
diffuses <other>
into <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
sheath <other>
during <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
that <other>
results <other>
in <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
diffusion I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
range <other>
between <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2s-1 <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


A <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
Bi I-<MAT>
, <other>
Pb I-<MAT>
, <other>
Sr I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
into <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
has <other>
not <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
acoustic <other>
waves <other>
generated <other>
on <other>
a <other>
positively <other>
polarized <other>
lead I-<MAT>
strontium <MAT>
zirconium <MAT>
titanate <MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
upon <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
deposited <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>


A <other>
positively <other>
polarized <other>
lead I-<MAT>
strontium <MAT>
zirconium <MAT>
titanate <MAT>
( <other>
PSZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
was <other>
employed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
generation <other>
of <other>
thickness <other>
- <other>
extensional <other>
mode <other>
resonance <other>
oscillation <other>
( <other>
TERO <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
TERO <other>
on <other>
the <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
100-nm <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
catalyst I-<APL>
deposited <other>
on <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
for <other>
ethanol I-<APL>
oxidation <APL>
increased <other>
18-fold <other>
with <other>
TERO <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
. <other>


In <other>
low I-<CMT>
energy <CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
a <other>
threshold <other>
energy <other>
for <other>
photoelectric I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
from <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
shifted <other>
linearly <other>
to <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
energy <other>
side <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
power <other>
of <other>
TERO <other>
, <other>
thus <other>
indicating <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
work I-<PRO>
function <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
displacement <PRO>
measured <other>
by <other>
a <other>
laser I-<CMT>
doppler <CMT>
method <CMT>
, <other>
a <other>
model <other>
for <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
and <other>
work I-<PRO>
function <PRO>
is <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


aging I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
SiCw I-<MAT>
reinforced <other>
eutectoid I-<DSC>
zinc-aluminium-copper I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
composite <DSC>


A <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
whisker I-<DSC>
- <other>
reinforced <other>
eutectoid I-<DSC>
zinc-aluminum-copper I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
composite <DSC>
( <other>
SiCw I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
fabricated <other>
via <other>
a <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
pressure <SMT>
infiltration <SMT>
technique <other>
and <other>
investigated <other>
comprehensively <other>
by <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
the <other>
unreinforced <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
, <other>
Al3Cu5Zn I-<MAT>
phases <other>
and <other>
eutectoids I-<DSC>
of <other>
α I-<SPL>
( <other>
Al I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
rich <PRO>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
) <other>
and <other>
η I-<SPL>
( <other>
Zn I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
rich <PRO>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
) <other>
with <other>
an <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
Al3Cu5Zn I-<MAT>
phase <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
that <other>
in <other>
the <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
density I-<PRO>
and <other>
coefficient I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
thermal <PRO>
expansion <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
K <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
had <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
peak <other>
aging I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
but <other>
a <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
peak <other>
aging I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
SiCw I-<MAT>
dramatically <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
strength I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
but <other>
greatly <other>
decreased <other>
the <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
ductile I-<PRO>
and <other>
fractured <other>
in <other>
the <other>
mode <other>
of <other>
microvoid I-<PRO>
coalescence <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
the <other>
SiCw I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ZAC I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
to <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
, <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
Al3Cu5Zn I-<MAT>
phases <other>
were <other>
also <other>
the <other>
nucleation <other>
sites <other>
of <other>
microcracks I-<PRO>
and <other>
hence <other>
also <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
much <other>
lower <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
. <other>


controlled <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
immobilized <other>
on <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
membranes <DSC>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
( <other>
NRAs I-<DSC>
) <other>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
directly <other>
on <other>
flat I-<DSC>
sheet <DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
membrane <DSC>
( <other>
CM I-<DSC>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
two I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
anions <other>
and <other>
cations <other>
and <other>
the <other>
preparation <other>
parameters <other>
in <other>
the <other>
second <other>
step <other>
on <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
size <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activities <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
loaded <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
membranes <DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
degradation I-<CMT>
of <CMT>
methylene <CMT>
blue <CMT>
( <other>
MB <other>
) <other>
under <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
highlighted <other>
that <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
CM I-<DSC>
strongly <other>
depended <other>
on <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
anions <other>
of <other>
cl- <other>
and <other>
br- <other>
were <other>
favorable <other>
for <other>
the <other>
further <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
anions <other>
of <other>
SO42- <other>
and <other>
PO43- <other>
with <other>
larger <other>
ionic <other>
radius <other>
and <other>
higher <other>
charge I-<PRO>
number <PRO>
could <other>
retard <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
SO42- <other>
and <other>
PO43- <other>
could <other>
accelerate <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
nanospheres I-<DSC>
or <other>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cation <other>
like <other>
na+ <other>
, <other>
K+ <other>
, <other>
mg2+ <other>
and <other>
ca2+ <other>
had <other>
no <other>
obvious <other>
impact <other>
on <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NRAs I-<DSC>
. <other>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
, <other>
as <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanospheres I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


more <other>
importantly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NRAs I-<DSC>
- <other>
loaded <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
membrane <DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
easily <other>
reused <other>
and <other>
exhibited <other>
better <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
findings <other>
would <other>
aid <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
materials <APL>
with <other>
high <other>
performance <other>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
and <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
high <other>
performance <other>
bipolar I-<APL>
resistive <APL>
switching <APL>
device <APL>
based <other>
on <other>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
stacked <other>
heterostructure I-<DSC>


this <other>
paper <other>
reports <other>
the <other>
bipolar I-<PRO>
resistive <PRO>
switching <PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
stacked <other>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
which <other>
was <other>
epitaxially <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
an <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


this <other>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
shows <other>
high <other>
resistive I-<PRO>
switching <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
the <other>
read <other>
voltage <other>
of <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
and <other>
an <other>
expected <other>
retention I-<PRO>
ability <PRO>
of <other>
ten <other>
years <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
better <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
NiO-based I-<MAT>
device <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resistive I-<PRO>
switching <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
adjusted <other>
by <other>
changing <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
applied <other>
voltage <other>
or <other>
compliance <other>
current <other>
, <other>
which <other>
shows <other>
promising <other>
for <other>
multilevel I-<APL>
nonvolatile <APL>
memories <APL>
application <APL>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
these <other>
results <other>
have <other>
been <other>
discussed <other>
by <other>
carrier <other>
injection <other>
- <other>
trapped <other>
/ <other>
detrapped <other>
process <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
and <other>
memory I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
system <other>


A <other>
close <other>
examination <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
experienced <other>
in <other>
the <other>
C-V I-<CMT>
curves <CMT>
and <other>
of <other>
the <other>
memory I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
MNS I-<APL>
capacitors <APL>
has <other>
been <other>
made <other>
. <other>


both <other>
the <other>
gate I-<APL>
and <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
inject <other>
carriers <other>
into <other>
the <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
giving <other>
hysteresis I-<CMT>
curves <CMT>
which <other>
change <other>
in <other>
sense <other>
as <other>
the <other>
bias <other>
sweep <other>
- <other>
frequency <other>
is <other>
reduced <other>
. <other>


from <other>
these <other>
measurements <other>
it <other>
was <other>
seen <other>
that <other>
the <other>
trapping I-<PRO>
time <PRO>
constants <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
were <other>
much <other>
slower <other>
for <other>
holes <other>
than <other>
for <other>
electrons <other>
, <other>
and <other>
that <other>
there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
traps <other>
throughout <other>
the <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
which <other>
contribute <other>
to <other>
the <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
phenomenon <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
movement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
C-V I-<CMT>
curves <CMT>
along <other>
the <other>
bias <other>
axis <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
vary <other>
somewhat <other>
depending <other>
upon <other>
whether <other>
an <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
present <other>
between <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
. <other>


switching <other>
was <other>
difficult <other>
without <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
present <other>
but <other>
very <other>
stable <other>
, <other>
with <other>
a <other>
thin I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
present <other>
switching <other>
was <other>
easier <other>
but <other>
instabilities <other>
existed <other>
, <other>
and <other>
with <other>
a <other>
thick <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
present <other>
no <other>
switching <other>
occurred <other>
at <other>
all <other>
. <other>


At <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
there <other>
was <other>
absolutely <other>
no <other>
movement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
C-V I-<CMT>
curves <CMT>
even <other>
at <other>
very <other>
high <other>
voltages <other>
( <other>
≃ <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
) <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
measurements <other>
it <other>
may <other>
be <other>
concluded <other>
that <other>
the <other>
traps <other>
causing <other>
the <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
are <other>
different <other>
from <other>
the <other>
traps <other>
causing <other>
the <other>
switching <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
energy <SMT>
electron <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
on <other>
( I-<MAT>
Bi <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pb <MAT>
) <MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
superconductors I-<PRO>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
energy <SMT>
electron <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bi-based I-<MAT>
superconductors I-<PRO>
is <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


two <other>
sets <other>
of <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
( I-<MAT>
Bi <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pb <MAT>
) <MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
heating I-<SMT>
the <other>
appropriate <other>
mixtures <other>
of <other>
powders I-<DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
, <other>
then <other>
quenched I-<SMT>
or <other>
furnace I-<SMT>
cooled <SMT>
to <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
irradiated I-<SMT>
by <other>
low <other>
- <other>
energy <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
keV <other>
) <other>
, <other>
pulsed <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
ns <other>
) <other>
electron <other>
beam <other>
up <other>
to <other>
a <other>
dose <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
patterns <other>
, <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
behaviours <PRO>
, <other>
critical I-<PRO>
currents <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
micrographs I-<CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
examined <other>
before <other>
and <other>
after <other>
the <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
quenched I-<SMT>
samples <other>
, <other>
the <other>
normal I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
increases <other>
and <other>
the <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
drastically <other>
decreases <other>
with <other>
electron I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
furnace I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
cooled <SMT>
samples <other>
, <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
first <other>
improves <other>
by <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
up <other>
to <other>
a <other>
dose <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
, <other>
then <other>
drops <other>
down <other>
with <other>
further <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
. <other>


At <other>
high <other>
levels <other>
of <other>
doses <other>
, <other>
the <other>
super I-<PRO>
conducting <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
degrade <other>
or <other>
vanish <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
increased <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


we <other>
propose <other>
that <other>
the <other>
electron I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
causes <other>
ionizations <other>
that <other>
may <other>
alter <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
and <other>
hole I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
pining I-<PRO>
centers <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
links <other>
between <other>
the <other>
grains <other>
leading <other>
the <other>
changes <other>
reported <other>
here <other>
. <other>


photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activities <PRO>
of <other>
hydrothermally I-<SMT>
synthesized <SMT>
H3InO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>


indium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
[In2O3] <MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
through <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
hydrothermally I-<SMT>
synthesized <SMT>
indium I-<MAT>
hydroxide <MAT>
[In(OH)3] <MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activities <PRO>
of <other>
H3InO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
evaluated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
degradation <other>
of <other>
crystal <other>
violet <other>
in <other>
an <other>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


the <other>
degradation <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
crystal <other>
violet <other>
under <other>
UV <other>
irradiation <other>
in <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
containing <other>
aqueous <other>
is <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
in <other>
H3InO3 I-<MAT>
aqueous <other>
, <other>
which <other>
may <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
more <other>
defects <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
more <other>
active <other>
sites <other>
for <other>
interactions <other>
after <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
H3InO3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


improving <other>
the <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
solid I-<APL>
- <APL>
state <APL>
dye <APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cell <APL>
using <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
film <DSC>


an <other>
ultrathin I-<DSC>
overlayer <DSC>
of <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
on <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
is <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
drastically <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
solid I-<APL>
- <APL>
state <APL>
dye <APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cell <APL>
using <other>
CuI I-<MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
hole I-<PRO>
conductor <PRO>
in <other>
addition <other>
to <other>
solar I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
. <other>


growth <other>
of <other>
variable <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
by <other>
solochemical I-<SMT>
processing <SMT>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
variable <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
( <other>
length <other>
divided <other>
by <other>
diameter <other>
) <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
through <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
solochemical I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
by <other>
reacting <other>
a <other>
zn2+ <other>
precursor <other>
with <other>
sodium <other>
hydroxide <other>
at <other>
low <other>
reaction <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
data <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
had <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
wurtzite <SPL>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
nanometric <other>
size <other>
crystallites I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
images <other>
of <other>
the <other>
products <other>
prepared <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
exhibited <other>
rod I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
architecture <other>
, <other>
showing <other>
that <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
did <other>
not <other>
affect <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
morphology I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
average <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
decreased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
when <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
was <other>
raised <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
presented <other>
a <other>
blue <other>
shift <other>
in <other>
the <other>
excitonic I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
compared <other>
to <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
bulk I-<DSC>
that <other>
increased <other>
alongside <other>
with <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
this <other>
research <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
varying <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
zinc <other>
chloride <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


At <other>
the <other>
same <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
it <other>
could <other>
be <other>
verified <other>
that <other>
when <other>
the <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
was <other>
increased <other>
, <other>
the <other>
diameter <other>
of <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
also <other>
slightly <other>
increased <other>
, <other>
and <other>
much <other>
shorter <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
were <other>
achieved <other>
, <other>
especially <other>
in <other>
the <other>
reactions <other>
performed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
, <other>
the <other>
growth I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
was <other>
proposed <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
changing <other>
the <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
precursor <other>
concentration <other>
and <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


optically <other>
monitored <other>
electrodeposition I-<SMT>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
CdSe I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


interference <other>
in <other>
the <other>
light <other>
reflected <other>
from <other>
a <other>
semiconducting I-<PRO>
non-oxide I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
was <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
during <other>
the <other>
electrodeposition I-<SMT>
of <other>
CdSe I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
experimental <other>
curve <other>
was <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
that <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
fresnel I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
equations <CMT>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
modified <other>
to <other>
take <other>
into <other>
account <other>
the <other>
non-unformity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
doped I-<DSC>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


A <other>
nitrogen <other>
doped I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
N <MAT>
) <other>
film I-<DSC>
was <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
a <other>
quartz I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
radio-frequency <SMT>
( <SMT>
rf <SMT>
) <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
using <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
as <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
gas <other>
. <other>


hall I-<CMT>
measurement <CMT>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
N <MAT>
film I-<DSC>
behaves <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
conduction <PRO>
after <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
which <other>
has <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
cm <other>
, <other>
hall I-<PRO>
mobility <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
/ <other>
vs <other>
and <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


compositional I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
confirmed <other>
the <other>
nitrogen <other>
( <other>
N <other>
) <other>
is <other>
incorporated <other>
into <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
N <other>
occupies <other>
two <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
N <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
N <MAT>
film I-<DSC>
has <other>
high <other>
optical I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
and <other>
displays <other>
the <other>
stronger <other>
near I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
edge <PRO>
( <PRO>
NBE <PRO>
) <PRO>
emission <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dependent <CMT>
photoluminescence <CMT>
spectrum <other>
, <other>
the <other>
acceptor I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
level <PRO>
was <other>
estimated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
located <other>
<nUm> <other>
meV <other>
above <other>
the <other>
valence <other>
band <other>
. <other>


mechanism <other>
of <other>
the <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
N <MAT>
film I-<DSC>
was <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
selective I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
melting <SMT>
of <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
stabilized <MAT>
zirconia <MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>


selective I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
melting <SMT>
( <other>
SLM I-<SMT>
) <other>
is <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
current <other>
rapid <other>
fabrication <other>
technology <other>
methods <other>
which <other>
has <other>
wide <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
in <other>
the <other>
aerospace I-<APL>
, <other>
medical I-<APL>
, <other>
consumer I-<APL>
products <APL>
and <other>
automotive I-<APL>
industries <APL>
. <other>


currently <other>
, <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
materials <other>
are <other>
not <other>
used <other>
as <other>
widely <other>
as <other>
metal <other>
and <other>
polymer <other>
materials <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
high <other>
melting I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
, <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
strength I-<PRO>
and <other>
low <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
influence <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
samples <other>
during <other>
SLM I-<SMT>
fabrication <other>
. <other>


the <other>
most <other>
effective <other>
method <other>
of <other>
reducing <other>
cracks <other>
is <other>
the <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
at <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
during <other>
SLM I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


this <other>
paper <other>
presents <other>
the <other>
selective I-<SMT>
melting <SMT>
of <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
stabilized <MAT>
zirconia <MAT>
( <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
using <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
wavelength <other>
fibre <other>
laser <other>
with <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
and <other>
an <other>
additional <other>
CHEVAL I-<APL>
Nd <APL>
- <APL>
YAG <APL>
laser <APL>
for <other>
the <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
bed <other>
before <other>
scanning <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
different <other>
laser <other>
powers <other>
and <other>
different <other>
scanning <other>
velocities <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
relative I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
deformation I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
sample <other>
is <other>
investigated <other>
; <other>
in <other>
particular <other>
, <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
micro-cracks <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


experimental <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
range <other>
is <other>
possible <other>
with <other>
the <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
- <other>
YAG I-<MAT>
laser I-<APL>
, <other>
and <other>
that <other>
orderly <other>
cracks <other>
are <other>
transformed <other>
into <other>
disordered <other>
little <other>
cracks <other>
by <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
. <other>


with <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
relative I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
made <other>
by <other>
mixing <other>
fine <other>
powder I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
20wt <other>
% <other>
) <other>
and <other>
coarse <other>
powder I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
80wt <other>
% <other>
) <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
( <other>
without <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
) <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
transformation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
and <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
structures <other>
to <other>
a <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
during <other>
the <other>
process <other>
of <other>
melting I-<SMT>
and <other>
cooling I-<SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
is <other>
more <other>
suited <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
crystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
metalorganic I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
- <other>
derived <other>
Bi2O9SrTa2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
preparation <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
Bi2O9SrTa2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
SBT I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
derived <other>
from <other>
metalorganic I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
( <other>
MOD I-<SMT>
) <other>
along <other>
with <other>
the <other>
spin-on I-<SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


film I-<DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
inductively I-<CMT>
coupled <CMT>
plasma <CMT>
( <CMT>
ICP <CMT>
) <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
and <other>
rutherfold I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
( <CMT>
RBS <CMT>
) <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
showed <other>
well <other>
- <other>
crystallized <other>
SBT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
uniform <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
excellent <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
in <other>
O <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
remanent I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
( <other>
Pr I-<PRO>
) <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
stimulus <other>
voltage <other>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
- <other>
thick <other>
films I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
was <other>
only <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
. <other>


good <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
against <PRO>
fatigue <PRO>
and <other>
excellent <other>
retention I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
observed <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
bipolar <other>
switching <other>
cycles <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
s <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
by <other>
citric I-<SMT>
acid <SMT>
sol <SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Li4O12Ti5 I-<MAT>
anode I-<APL>
material <other>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
battery <APL>


spinel I-<SPL>
Li4O12Ti5 I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
with <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
as <other>
a <other>
chelating <other>
agent <other>
and <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
tetrabutyl <other>
titanate <other>
( <other>
C16H36O4Ti <other>
) <other>
as <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
have <other>
been <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
IR I-<CMT>
, <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
and <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
. <other>


these <other>
analyses <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
Li I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
O <MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
belonged <other>
to <other>
a <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
structure <other>
and <other>
had <other>
a <other>
uniform <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
morphology I-<PRO>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
particle <other>
size <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


citric <other>
acid <other>
has <other>
a <other>
great <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
obtaining <other>
excellent <other>
phase I-<PRO>
purity <PRO>
and <other>
good <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
inorganic <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
. <other>


its <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
was <other>
evaluated <other>
in <other>
a <other>
liquid I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
in <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
. <other>


At <other>
a <other>
voltage <other>
plateau <other>
located <other>
at <other>
1.55V(versus <other>
Li I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Li4O12Ti5 I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
exhibited <other>
an <other>
initial <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAhg-1 <other>
and <other>
a <other>
subsequent <other>
charge I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAhg-1 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
very <other>
flat <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
and <other>
charge I-<PRO>
curves <PRO>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
electrochemical <other>
reaction <other>
based <other>
on <other>
ti4+ <other>
/ <other>
ti3+redox <other>
couple <other>
was <other>
a <other>
typical <other>
two <other>
- <other>
phase <other>
reaction <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammetry <CMT>
for <other>
Li4O12Ti5 I-<MAT>
showed <other>
that <other>
at <other>
the <other>
potential I-<PRO>
range <PRO>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
( <other>
versus <other>
Li I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
there <other>
was <other>
a <other>
pair <other>
of <other>
reversible <other>
redox I-<PRO>
peaks <PRO>
correspond <other>
to <other>
the <other>
process <other>
of <other>
li+ <other>
intercalation <other>
and <other>
de-intercalation <other>
in <other>
the <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
Li I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
O <MAT>
oxides <MAT>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
surfactant <other>
Sb I-<MAT>
on <other>
In I-<MAT>
incorporation <other>
and <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
GaInN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
organometallic I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
phase <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surfactant <other>
Sb I-<MAT>
on <other>
GaInN I-<MAT>
grown <other>
by <other>
organometallic I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
phase <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
OMVPE I-<SMT>
) <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


eight <other>
samples <other>
of <other>
GaInN I-<MAT>
were <other>
grown <other>
with <other>
Sb I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
was <other>
done <other>
by <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


an <other>
abrupt <other>
change <other>
in <other>
PL I-<CMT>
emission <other>
peak <other>
energy <other>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
occurred <other>
at <other>
a <other>
certain <other>
critical <other>
Sb I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


above <other>
and <other>
below <other>
this <other>
threshold <other>
concentration <other>
two <other>
distinct <other>
regimes <other>
of <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
PL I-<CMT>
emission <other>
characteristics <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


this <other>
effect <other>
was <other>
interpreted <other>
as <other>
due <other>
to <other>
a <other>
surfactant <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
change <other>
of <other>
surface I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
GaInN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
zn1-x <MAT>
O <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


the <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
epitaxial <other>
MgxZn1-xO I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
< <MAT>
x <MAT>
< <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
wide <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
AlLaO3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
LAO I-<MAT>
) <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
measurement <other>
and <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
photograph <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
could <other>
be <other>
stabilized <other>
up <other>
to <other>
Zn I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
without <other>
any <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
. <other>


films I-<DSC>
and <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
have <other>
a <other>
good <other>
heteroepitaxial <other>
relationship <other>
of <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
MgxZn1-xO||(100)LAO I-<MAT>
( <other>
out <other>
- <other>
of <other>
- <other>
plane <other>
) <other>
and <other>
(011)MgxZn1-xO||(010)LAO I-<MAT>
( <other>
in-plane <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
a <other>
of <other>
MgxZn1-xO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
increase <other>
almost <other>
linearly <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
materials <other>
increases <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
by <other>
alloying I-<SMT>
with <other>
more <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
cross-section I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
reveals <other>
layer <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
scan <other>
over <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
area <other>
reveals <other>
a <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
Ra <PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


dielectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
electromechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
prepared <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
substrates I-<DSC>


this <other>
article <other>
reports <other>
about <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
electromechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
derived <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
PZT I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


PZT(53 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
directly <other>
on <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
substrates I-<DSC>
( <other>
hastelloy I-<MAT>
C-276 <MAT>
) <other>
show <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
thickness <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
their <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
electromechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
. <other>


this <other>
dependence <other>
can <other>
be <other>
described <other>
by <other>
a <other>
model <other>
assuming <other>
an <other>
interface I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
between <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


by <other>
applying <other>
an <other>
additional <other>
electrode I-<APL>
between <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
minimized <other>
and <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
dependence <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
a <other>
general <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
properties <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


by <other>
varying <other>
the <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
- <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
extrema <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
are <other>
shifted <other>
towards <other>
Ti I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
rich <PRO>
stoichiometries <PRO>
compared <other>
to <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
ceramics <DSC>
. <other>


for <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
optimized <other>
preparation <other>
conditions <other>
nearly <other>
rectangular <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
loops <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
a <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
d33 <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
pm <other>
/ <other>
V <other>
and <other>
strains <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
PZT I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
/ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
deposited <other>
in <other>
a <other>
good <other>
quality <other>
on <other>
an <other>
oxidic I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
, <other>
too <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
field <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
ferroelectric <PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
is <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
high <other>
strains <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
bending I-<PRO>
resonance <PRO>
modes <PRO>
of <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
different <other>
geometries <other>
and <other>
the <other>
tip <other>
displacement <other>
of <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
cantilever <other>
under <other>
a <other>
dc <other>
- <other>
field <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


by <other>
controlled <other>
bending <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
charges <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
could <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
tip <other>
displacements <other>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
could <other>
be <other>
realized <other>
by <other>
applying <other>
a <other>
voltage <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
using <other>
surfactant I-<CMT>
free <CMT>
in-air <CMT>
and <CMT>
microwave <CMT>
method <CMT>


zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
facile <other>
route <other>
involving <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
sulphate <MAT>
heptahydrate <MAT>
and <other>
sodium <other>
hydroxide <other>
through <other>
drop I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
by <SMT>
- <SMT>
drop <SMT>
mixing <SMT>
synthesis-IA <SMT>
, <other>
instant I-<SMT>
mixing <SMT>
synthesis-IA <SMT>
and <other>
under <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
radiations <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesis <other>
under <other>
different <other>
reaction <other>
conditions <other>
played <other>
an <other>
important <other>
role <other>
and <other>
led <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
of <other>
different <other>
size <other>
and <other>
shapes <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesized <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
techniques <other>
. <other>


the <other>
concentration <other>
dependent <other>
antimicrobial I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
synthesized <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
was <other>
evaluated <other>
using <other>
the <other>
photodegradation I-<CMT>
of <CMT>
methylene <CMT>
blue <CMT>
( <CMT>
MB <CMT>
) <CMT>
dye <CMT>
under <CMT>
UV <CMT>
irradiation <CMT>
. <other>


further <other>
, <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
vis <CMT>
spectrophotometry <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
surfactant <other>
led <other>
to <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
, <other>
cheap <other>
and <other>
fast <other>
method <other>
of <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


iodide <other>
substitution <other>
in <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
borohydride <MAT>
, <other>
BH4Li I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
ILi <MAT>


the <other>
new <other>
concept <other>
, <other>
anion <other>
substitution <other>
, <other>
is <other>
explored <other>
for <other>
possible <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
hydrogen I-<PRO>
storage <PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
system <other>
BH4Li I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
ILi <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
substitution I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
are <other>
analyzed <other>
using <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinement <CMT>
of <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
synchrotron I-<CMT>
radiation <CMT>
powder <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
SR I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
PXD <CMT>
) <other>
data <other>
, <other>
attenuated I-<CMT>
total <CMT>
reflectance <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
ATR-IR I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
differential I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
( <other>
DSC I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
sieverts I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


anion <other>
substitution <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
as <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
two <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
of <other>
Li(BH4)1-xIx I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
merge <other>
into <other>
one <other>
upon <other>
heating I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
have <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
structures <other>
( <other>
space <other>
group <other>
p63mc I-<SPL>
) <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
the <other>
structures <other>
of <other>
h-LiBH4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
b-LiI I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
have <other>
iodide I-<PRO>
contents <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
and <other>
are <other>
stable <other>
from <other>
below <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
the <other>
melting I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


thus <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
is <other>
higher <other>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
and <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
polymorphs <other>
of <other>
BH4Li I-<MAT>
and <other>
a- I-<MAT>
and <other>
b-LiI I-<MAT>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
rehydrogenation I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
iodide <other>
substituted <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
Li(BH4)1-xIx I-<MAT>
, <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sieverts I-<CMT>
method <CMT>
, <other>
are <other>
improved <other>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
those <other>
of <other>
BH4Li I-<MAT>
. <other>


after <other>
four <other>
cycles <other>
of <other>
hydrogen <other>
release <other>
and <other>
uptake <other>
the <other>
Li(BH4)1-xIx I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
maintains <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
hydrogen I-<PRO>
storage <PRO>
capacity <PRO>
in <other>
contrast <other>
to <other>
BH4Li I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
maintains <other>
only <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
the <other>
storage I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
after <other>
two <other>
cycles <other>
under <other>
identical <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


an <other>
infra-red <other>
study <other>
of <other>
defects <other>
produced <other>
in <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
silicon I-<MAT>
by <other>
electron I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>


the <other>
infra-red I-<CMT>
local <CMT>
mode <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
produced <other>
by <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
of <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
silicon I-<MAT>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
MeV <other>
electrons <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
K <other>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
band <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
and <other>
interpreted <other>
as <other>
due <other>
to <other>
a <other>
vacancy I-<PRO>
— <PRO>
oxygen <PRO>
complex <PRO>
( <other>
a-centre I-<PRO>
) <other>
with <other>
a <other>
trapped <other>
electron <other>
. <other>


morphology I-<PRO>
- <other>
controlled <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
sunlight I-<APL>
- <APL>
driven <APL>
plasmonic <APL>
photocatalysts <APL>
Ag I-<MAT>
@ <MAT>
AgX <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cl <MAT>
, <MAT>
Br <MAT>
) <MAT>
with <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
template <other>


novel <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
Ag I-<MAT>
@ <MAT>
AgX <MAT>
@ <MAT>
graphene <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cl <MAT>
, <MAT>
Br <MAT>
) <MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
are <other>
facilely <other>
manipulated <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
a <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
GO I-<MAT>
) <other>
sheet I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
assembly <SMT>
protocol <other>
, <other>
where <other>
GO I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
act <other>
as <other>
an <other>
amphiphilic I-<PRO>
template <other>
for <other>
hetero <other>
- <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
AgX I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
transformation <other>
of <other>
AgX I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
from <other>
sphere <other>
to <other>
cube <other>
- <other>
like <other>
shape <other>
was <other>
accomplished <other>
by <other>
involving <other>
GO I-<MAT>
. <other>


with <other>
further <other>
UV I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
reduction I-<SMT>
of <other>
GO I-<MAT>
to <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
generation <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
on <other>
AgX I-<MAT>
occur <other>
simultaneously <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
thus <other>
- <other>
produced <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
@ <other>
AgX I-<MAT>
@ <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
employed <other>
as <other>
stable <other>
plasmonic I-<APL>
photocatalysts <APL>
to <other>
decompose <other>
acridine <other>
orange <other>
as <other>
a <other>
typical <other>
dye <other>
pollutant <other>
under <other>
sunlight <other>
irradiation <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
bare <other>
quasi-spherical <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
@ <other>
AgX I-<MAT>
, <other>
such <other>
graphene-interfaced I-<MAT>
cubic I-<SPL>
Ag I-<MAT>
@ <other>
AgX I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
display <other>
distinctly <other>
higher <other>
adsorptive I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
, <other>
smaller <other>
crystal <other>
size <other>
and <other>
reinforced <other>
electron I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
hole <PRO>
pair <PRO>
separation <PRO>
owing <other>
to <other>
the <other>
interfacial <other>
contact <other>
between <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
@ <other>
AgX I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
sheet I-<DSC>
components <other>
, <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
an <other>
enhanced <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
decomposition <PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
investigation <other>
provides <other>
new <other>
possibilities <other>
for <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
- <other>
controlled <other>
plasmonic I-<APL>
photocatalysts <APL>
and <other>
facilitates <other>
their <other>
practical <other>
application <other>
in <other>
environmental I-<APL>
issues <APL>
. <other>


studies <other>
of <other>
fast I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
ion <PRO>
conducting <PRO>
Li3O12P3V2 I-<MAT>
coated I-<SMT>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
via <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>


to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
and <other>
energy I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
, <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
are <other>
firstly <other>
coated I-<SMT>
with <other>
the <other>
fast I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
ion <PRO>
conducting <PRO>
Li3O12P3V2 I-<MAT>
using <other>
a <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
HRTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
are <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
a <other>
uniform <other>
coating I-<APL>
layer I-<DSC>
of <other>
Li3O12P3V2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
exists <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
modified <other>
sample <other>
contains <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
and <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
Li3O12P3V2 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


some <other>
V3+ <other>
and <other>
fe2+ <other>
ions <other>
are <other>
doped I-<DSC>
into <other>
the <other>
lattices <other>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
and <other>
Li3O12P3V2 I-<MAT>
separately <other>
, <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
contraction <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
commercial <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
diffusion I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
ion <other>
and <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
modified <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
is <other>
both <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
one <other>
order <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
. <other>


electrochemical I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
rate I-<PRO>
capability <PRO>
and <other>
cycle I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
are <other>
significantly <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
coating I-<SMT>
with <other>
Li3O12P3V2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
especially <other>
at <other>
high <other>
current <other>
rates <other>
. <other>


At <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
rates <other>
, <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
exhibits <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
capacities <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAhg-1 <other>
and <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
retentions <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
after <other>
190cycles <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
commercial <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
shows <other>
much <other>
lower <other>
capacities I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAhg-1 <other>
at <other>
the <other>
same <other>
current <other>
rates <other>
. <other>


kinetics <other>
and <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
molybdenum I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
VI <MAT>
) <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
reduction I-<SMT>


kinetics <other>
of <other>
the <other>
reduction I-<SMT>
of <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
under <other>
hydrogen <other>
, <other>
propene <other>
, <other>
butene-1 <other>
, <other>
and <other>
CO <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
that <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
MoO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
platinum I-<MAT>
affect <other>
the <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
reduction <other>
under <other>
hydrogen <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
findings <other>
confirm <other>
the <other>
validity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
CAR I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
proposed <other>
earlier <other>
, <other>
according <other>
to <other>
which <other>
the <other>
reduction I-<SMT>
of <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
to <other>
MoO2 I-<MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
consecutive <other>
reaction <other>
and <other>
Mo4O11 I-<MAT>
is <other>
the <other>
intermediate <other>
product <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dissociative <other>
adsorption <other>
of <other>
the <other>
reductant <other>
yielding <other>
atomic <other>
hydrogen <other>
is <other>
the <other>
rate <other>
- <other>
determining <other>
step <other>
. <other>


the <other>
process <other>
is <other>
autocatalytically <other>
accelerated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
product <other>
, <other>
MoO2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


neutron I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
nuclear I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
YBa2(Cu1-yZny)3O6+x I-<MAT>


elastic I-<CMT>
neutron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
experiments <other>
were <other>
performed <other>
on <other>
YBa2(Cu1-yZny)3O6+x I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
, <other>
nuclear I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
refined <other>
using <other>
the <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
method <CMT>
on <other>
powders I-<DSC>
of <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
y <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
a <other>
solubility <other>
limit <other>
of <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
coper I-<MAT>
planes <other>
at <other>
y <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
may <other>
start <other>
to <other>
substitute <other>
for <other>
chain <other>
coper I-<MAT>
sites <other>
for <other>
higher <other>
y <other>
values <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
y <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
powder I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
elastic <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
is <other>
not <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
non-magnetic I-<PRO>
zinc I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
but <other>
the <other>
ordering I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
is <other>
strongly <other>
reduced <other>
. <other>


atom I-<CMT>
probe <CMT>
tomography <CMT>
investigation <other>
of <other>
heterogeneous <other>
short I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
range <PRO>
ordering <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
‘ <other>
komplex <other>
’ <other>
phase <other>
state <other>
( <other>
k-state <other>
) <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
18Al <MAT>
( <MAT>
at. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>


we <other>
study <other>
an <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
18Al <MAT>
( <MAT>
at. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
after <other>
various <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
at <other>
different <other>
times <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
) <other>
and <other>
temperatures <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
so <other>
- <other>
called <other>
‘ <other>
komplex <other>
’ <other>
phase <other>
state <other>
( <other>
or <other>
“ <other>
k-state <other>
” <other>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
common <other>
to <other>
other <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
systems <other>
having <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
boundaries <other>
of <other>
known <other>
order I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
disorder <PRO>
transitions <PRO>
and <other>
is <other>
characterised <other>
by <other>
heterogeneous <other>
short-range-ordering I-<PRO>
( <other>
SRO I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


this <other>
has <other>
been <other>
done <other>
by <other>
direct <other>
observation <other>
using <other>
atom I-<CMT>
probe <CMT>
tomography <CMT>
( <other>
APT I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
reveals <other>
that <other>
nano-sized I-<DSC>
, <other>
ordered <other>
regions <other>
/ <other>
particles I-<DSC>
do <other>
not <other>
exist <other>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
by <other>
employing <other>
shell I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
based <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
three I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
atomic <PRO>
positions <PRO>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
determined <other>
chemically I-<PRO>
sensitive <PRO>
, <other>
generalised I-<PRO>
multicomponent <PRO>
short <PRO>
- <PRO>
range <PRO>
order <PRO>
( <PRO>
GM <PRO>
- <PRO>
SRO <PRO>
) <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
published <other>
pairwise <other>
SRO I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
derived <other>
from <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
, <other>
volume I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
averaged <CMT>
measurement <CMT>
techniques <CMT>
( <other>
e.g. <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
, <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
combined <other>
ab I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
initio <CMT>
and <other>
monte I-<CMT>
carlo <CMT>
simulations <CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
analysis <other>
procedure <other>
has <other>
general <other>
relevance <other>
for <other>
other <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
systems <other>
where <other>
quantitative <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
structure <PRO>
evaluation <other>
of <other>
local I-<PRO>
atomic <PRO>
environments <PRO>
is <other>
required <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
ordering <other>
and <other>
partial <other>
ordering <other>
phenomena <other>
that <other>
affect <other>
physical I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


3D I-<DSC>
hierarchical <other>
MnO2 I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
/ <other>
welded I-<SMT>
ag-nanowire-network I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
for <other>
high <other>
- <other>
performance <other>
supercapacitor I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>


3D I-<DSC>
MnO2 I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
/ <other>
welded I-<SMT>
ag-nanowire-network I-<MAT>
supercapacitor I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>
were <other>
prepared <other>
. <other>


welding I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanowire I-<DSC>
- <other>
network <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
low <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
and <other>
long <other>
lifetime I-<PRO>
. <other>


galvanostatic <other>
charge <other>
/ <other>
discharge <other>
( <other>
GCD <other>
) <other>
induces <other>
an <other>
ever <other>
- <other>
lasting <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
changing <other>
from <other>
flower I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
to <other>
honeycomb I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
for <other>
MnO2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
manifests <other>
as <other>
increasing <other>
specific I-<PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
F <other>
g-1 <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
GCD <other>
cycles <other>
. <other>


study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
as <other>
active I-<PRO>
sites <PRO>
in <other>
reduced <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
- <other>
modified <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>


In <other>
recent <other>
years <other>
, <other>
substantial <other>
efforts <other>
have <other>
been <other>
devoted <other>
to <other>
exploring <other>
reduced <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
( <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
; <other>
however <other>
, <other>
there <other>
is <other>
still <other>
a <other>
paucity <other>
of <other>
reports <other>
on <other>
the <other>
construction <other>
of <other>
reduced <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
with <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
( <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
TiO2-OV I-<MAT>
) <other>
via <other>
a <other>
facile I-<SMT>
two <SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
wet <SMT>
chemistry <SMT>
approach <SMT>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
we <other>
show <other>
a <other>
proof <other>
- <other>
of <other>
- <other>
concept <other>
study <other>
follow <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
introduced <other>
into <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
with <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
as <other>
active I-<PRO>
sites <PRO>
in <other>
reduced <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
- <other>
modified <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
and <other>
related <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
blank <other>
- <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
blank <other>
- <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
with <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
( <other>
blank-TiO2-OV I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
TiO2-OV I-<MAT>
were <other>
comparatively <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
, <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
TiO2-OV I-<MAT>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
under <other>
simulated <other>
solar <other>
light <other>
irradiation <other>
than <other>
their <other>
counterparts <other>
without <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
. <other>


more <other>
importantly <other>
, <other>
it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
blank <other>
- <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
has <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
than <other>
blank-TiO2-OV I-<MAT>
under <other>
simulated <other>
solar <other>
light <other>
irradiation <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
shows <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
than <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
TiO2-OV I-<MAT>
. <other>


by <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
combined <other>
techniques <other>
, <other>
we <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
introduction <other>
of <other>
a <other>
component <other>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
matched <other>
energy I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
to <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
could <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
long <other>
- <other>
lived <other>
electron I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
transfer <PRO>
state <PRO>
, <other>
thus <other>
prolonging <other>
the <other>
lifetime I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
photogenerated I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
carriers <PRO>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
during <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
process <other>
, <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
could <other>
tune <other>
the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
from <other>
recombination <other>
centers <other>
to <other>
active I-<PRO>
sites <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
findings <other>
are <other>
of <other>
great <other>
significance <other>
for <other>
the <other>
design <other>
of <other>
effective <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
materials <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
field <other>
of <other>
solar I-<APL>
energy <APL>
conversion <APL>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
patterned I-<DSC>
PbS I-<MAT>
and <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assembled <SMT>
monolayers I-<DSC>


patterned I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
of <other>
PbS I-<MAT>
and <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
were <other>
produced <other>
using <other>
growth <other>
templates <other>
of <other>
patterned I-<DSC>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assembled <SMT>
monolayers I-<DSC>
( <other>
SAMs I-<DSC>
) <other>
, <other>
prepared <other>
with <other>
methyl <other>
and <other>
carboxylate <other>
terminated <other>
thiols <other>
on <other>
Au I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
PbS I-<MAT>
and <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
using <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
solution <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
and <other>
the <other>
successive I-<SMT>
ionic <SMT>
layer <SMT>
adsorption <SMT>
and <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
( <other>
SILAR I-<SMT>
) <other>
methods <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


crystal I-<DSC>
growth <other>
was <other>
necessarily <other>
directed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
hydrophilic I-<PRO>
areas <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


characterisation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
using <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
surface I-<CMT>
plasmon <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SPM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


SPM I-<CMT>
, <other>
as <other>
a <other>
very <other>
sensitive <other>
technique <other>
for <other>
imaging <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
low <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
was <other>
demonstrated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
highly <other>
suited <other>
to <other>
the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
samples <other>
. <other>


A <other>
comparative <other>
study <other>
of <other>
molybdate I-<MAT>
/ <other>
silane <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
galvanized I-<SMT>
steel I-<MAT>
with <other>
different <other>
treatment <other>
processes <other>


two <other>
types <other>
of <other>
molybdate I-<MAT>
/ <other>
silane <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
dip <SMT>
galvanized <SMT>
steel I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
by <other>
either <other>
directly <other>
immersing <other>
in <other>
a <other>
solution <other>
containing <other>
silane <other>
and <other>
molybdate I-<MAT>
as <other>
additive <other>
( <other>
single <other>
- <other>
step <other>
process <other>
) <other>
, <other>
or <other>
firstly <other>
immersing <other>
in <other>
a <other>
molybdate I-<MAT>
solution <other>
, <other>
then <other>
in <other>
a <other>
silane <other>
solution <other>
( <other>
two <other>
- <other>
step <other>
process <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
compositions <PRO>
and <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
examined <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AES I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
reflection I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
RAIR I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistances <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
and <other>
neutral I-<CMT>
salt <CMT>
spray <CMT>
( <other>
NSS I-<CMT>
) <other>
test <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
molybdate I-<MAT>
/ <other>
silane <other>
composite I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
formed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
single <other>
- <other>
step <other>
process <other>
had <other>
a <other>
similar <other>
double I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
layer <PRO>
structure <PRO>
as <other>
that <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
the <other>
two <other>
- <other>
step <other>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
inner <other>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
composed <other>
mainly <other>
of <other>
the <other>
elements <other>
O <other>
, <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
, <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
P I-<MAT>
, <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
the <other>
single <other>
molybdate I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
; <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
outer <other>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
composed <other>
mainly <other>
of <other>
the <other>
elements <other>
C I-<MAT>
, <other>
O <other>
and <other>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
the <other>
single <other>
silane <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
single <other>
molybdate I-<MAT>
or <other>
silane <other>
film I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
was <other>
reduced <other>
and <other>
the <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


accordingly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
was <other>
remarkably <other>
enhanced <other>
to <other>
a <other>
level <other>
which <other>
was <other>
comparable <other>
to <other>
or <other>
even <other>
surpassing <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
chromate I-<MAT>
passivation <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


radiation I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
of <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
and <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
scintillator I-<APL>
crystals <APL>


single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
, <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
and <other>
un-doped <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
were <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
the <other>
vertical I-<SMT>
bridgman <SMT>
method <SMT>
and <other>
studied <other>
for <other>
radiation I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
under <other>
gamma-rays <other>
with <other>
doses <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
105Gy <other>
( <other>
60Co <other>
) <other>
. <other>


A <other>
wide <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
peaking <other>
at <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
springs <other>
up <other>
in <other>
all <other>
three <other>
types <other>
of <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
after <other>
the <other>
irradiations I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
second <other>
band <other>
peaking <other>
at <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
appears <other>
in <other>
both <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
and <other>
un-doped <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
. <other>


compositional <other>
variations <other>
have <other>
been <other>
done <other>
to <other>
reveal <other>
the <other>
spectral I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
induced <other>
color I-<PRO>
centers <PRO>
in <other>
more <other>
detail <other>
and <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
their <other>
origin <other>
. <other>


similarities <other>
in <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
yb2+ <other>
centers <other>
in <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
garnets I-<SPL>
are <other>
found <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
radiation I-<SMT>
induced <other>
color I-<PRO>
centers <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
residual <other>
trace <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
Yb I-<MAT>
present <other>
in <other>
the <other>
raw <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


un-doped <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
and <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
demonstrate <other>
moderate <other>
radiation I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
( <other>
the <other>
induced <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
being <other>
equal <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
for <other>
accumulated <other>
doses <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
104Gy <other>
) <other>
, <other>
while <other>
LuAG I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
is <other>
less <other>
radiation I-<PRO>
hard <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
ways <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
radiation I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ammonolysis I-<SMT>
product <other>
of <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
containing <other>
a <other>
small <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>


magnetite I-<MAT>
was <other>
prepared <other>
containing <other>
a <other>
small <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
was <other>
generated <other>
through <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
ammonolysis I-<SMT>
following <other>
reduction <other>
under <other>
hydrogen <other>
. <other>


the <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
product <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
to <other>
be <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
“ <other>
a''-Fe16N2 I-<MAT>
” <other>
having <other>
a <other>
slightly <other>
deformed <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
from <other>
a''-Fe16N2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
coercivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
mixture <other>
was <other>
decreased <other>
from <other>
the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mT <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
the <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
product <other>
made <other>
without <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
precipitation <other>
of <other>
nonmagnetic I-<PRO>
amorphous I-<DSC>
alumina I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
bcc I-<SPL>
( <other>
Fe1-xAlx I-<MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
nitride I-<MAT>
product <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
“ <other>
a''-Fe16N2 I-<MAT>
” <other>
fraction <other>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
% <other>
exhibited <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
at <other>
1.5T <other>
of <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
am2kg-1 <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
its <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
coercivity <PRO>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
mT <other>
. <other>


evolution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
rolling <SMT>
and <other>
recrystallization I-<PRO>
textures <PRO>
in <other>
AlBCoFeNbNi I-<MAT>
shape I-<APL>
memory <APL>
alloy <APL>


the <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
rolling <SMT>
and <other>
recrystallization I-<PRO>
textures <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
newly <other>
- <other>
developed <other>
ferrous I-<APL>
shape <APL>
memory <APL>
alloy <APL>
( <other>
AlBCoFeNbNi I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
and <other>
the <other>
improving <other>
mechanism <other>
on <other>
superelasticy I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
severe I-<SMT>
cold <SMT>
- <SMT>
rolled <SMT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


A <other>
weaker <other>
copper I-<MAT>
rolling I-<SMT>
texture <other>
( <other>
{112}<111>  <other>
) <other>
was <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
AlBCoFeNbNi I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
at <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
reductions <other>
( <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
; <other>
the <other>
copper I-<MAT>
rolling I-<SMT>
texture <other>
transformed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
goss <other>
{110}<001>  <other>
and <other>
brass I-<MAT>
{110}<112>  <other>
orientations <other>
through <other>
twinning I-<PRO>
and <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
slipping <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
reductions <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
; <other>
significantly <other>
enhanced <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
texture <other>
of <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
brass I-<MAT>
orientation <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
with <other>
the <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
reduction <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
rolled <SMT>
AlBCoFeNbNi I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
after <other>
solution I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
with <other>
strong <other>
{hk0}<001>  <other>
recrystallization I-<PRO>
texture <PRO>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
aging I-<SMT>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
exhibited <other>
good <other>
superelasticity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
with <other>
residual I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
only <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
was <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
non-superelasticity I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
as-forged I-<DSC>
AlBCoFeNbNi I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
considerably <other>
improving <other>
superelasticity I-<PRO>
in <other>
this <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
mainly <other>
attributes <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
strong <other>
favorable <other>
textures <other>
and <other>
the <other>
suppression <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
precipitation <other>
. <other>


periodic I-<CMT>
hartree <CMT>
– <CMT>
fock <CMT>
and <other>
hybrid I-<CMT>
density <CMT>
functional <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
on <other>
the <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
insulating I-<PRO>
phase <other>
of <other>
(EDO-TTF)2PF6 I-<MAT>


the <other>
insulating I-<PRO>
and <other>
conducting I-<PRO>
phases <other>
of <other>
(EDO-TTF)2PF6 I-<MAT>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
all I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
, <CMT>
periodic <CMT>
hartree <CMT>
– <CMT>
fock <CMT>
and <other>
hybrid I-<CMT>
density <CMT>
functional <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
relation <other>
to <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
insulator <PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
this <other>
material <other>
. <other>


the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
is <other>
confirmed <other>
in <other>
both <other>
phases <other>
from <other>
their <other>
band I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
and <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
hybrid I-<CMT>
DFT <CMT>
band I-<PRO>
gaps <PRO>
are <other>
in <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
experiment <other>
. <other>


interactions <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
band I-<PRO>
dispersion <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
inter-stack <other>
, <other>
intra-stack <other>
and <other>
inter-sheet <other>
directions <other>
. <other>


we <other>
discuss <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
peierls I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
and <other>
our <other>
results <other>
fully <other>
support <other>
this <other>
view <other>
. <other>


the <other>
preparation <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
preferred <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


the <other>
preferred <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
oriented <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
on <other>
p-Si I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
with <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
well <other>
- <other>
crystallized <other>
when <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
is <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mJ <other>
/ <other>
puls <other>
. <other>


the <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
images <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
deposited <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
gradually <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphologies <PRO>
are <other>
still <other>
very <other>
smooth <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
and <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
strongly <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
the <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
. <other>


low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
crystal <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
melted <other>
viscous <other>
liquid <other>
of <other>
alkylammonium <other>
nitrates <other>
for <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
their <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
crystal I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


we <other>
fabricated <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
via <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
drop I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
coating <SMT>
process <other>
of <other>
alcoholic <other>
dispersion <other>
solutions <other>
of <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
size <other>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
hydrolysis I-<SMT>
reactions <SMT>
of <other>
Zn(NO3)2*6H2O I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al(NO3)3*9H2O I-<MAT>
with <other>
an <other>
excess <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
isopropylamine <other>
. <other>


after <other>
heating I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
to <other>
completely <other>
remove <other>
the <other>
alcoholic <other>
solvents <other>
, <other>
a <other>
by <other>
- <other>
product <other>
that <other>
remained <other>
, <other>
isopropylammonium <other>
nitrate <other>
, <other>
was <other>
melted <other>
and <other>
functioned <other>
as <other>
a <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
medium <other>
for <other>
the <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


even <other>
in <other>
the <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
medium <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
could <other>
readily <other>
grow <other>
up <other>
to <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
based <other>
on <other>
ostwald <other>
ripening <other>
as <other>
a <other>
plausible <other>
crystal <other>
growth <other>
mechanism <other>
. <other>


the <other>
medium <other>
was <other>
evaporated <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
AZO I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
appeared <other>
on <other>
the <other>
glass I-<MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
post-annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
a <other>
stream <other>
of <other>
a <other>
mixed <other>
gas <other>
of <other>
N <other>
and <other>
H <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
reached <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
cm <other>
in <other>
an <other>
Al I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Zn <PRO>
molar <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


incorporation <other>
of <other>
indium I-<MAT>
and <other>
gallium I-<MAT>
in <other>
atomic I-<SMT>
layer <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
of <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
on <other>
InP I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
indium I-<MAT>
( <other>
In I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
gallium I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
) <other>
group <other>
III <other>
elements <other>
in <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
ternary <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
by <other>
atomic I-<SMT>
layer <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
ALE I-<SMT>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
various <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


by <other>
dividing <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
into <other>
AsIn I-<MAT>
and <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
components <other>
, <other>
it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
In I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
strongly <other>
depends <other>
on <other>
the <other>
source <other>
exposure <other>
time <other>
, <other>
H <other>
purge <other>
, <other>
and <other>
growth <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


At <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
AsIn I-<MAT>
is <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
metalorganic <other>
precursor <other>
supply <other>
duration <other>
and <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
is <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
AsH3 <other>
exposure <other>
duration <other>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
H <other>
purge <other>
time <other>
, <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
incorporation <other>
is <other>
enhanced <other>
. <other>


At <other>
an <other>
elevated <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
both <other>
In I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
is <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
metalorganic <other>
precursor <other>
exposure <other>
, <other>
while <other>
at <other>
a <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
the <other>
In I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
incorporation <other>
is <other>
limited <other>
by <other>
the <other>
AsH3 <other>
exposure <other>
. <other>


A <other>
growth <other>
model <other>
was <other>
proposed <other>
to <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
ALE I-<SMT>
growth <other>
of <other>
a <other>
ternary <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
which <other>
may <other>
involve <other>
metal I-<PRO>
In I-<MAT>
and <other>
CGaH3 <other>
adsorbates <other>
as <other>
the <other>
In I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
species <other>
on <other>
the <other>
growing <other>
surface I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
borate I-<MAT>
glasses I-<DSC>
containing <other>
Tl I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ba I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>


the <other>
structures <other>
of <other>
two <other>
borate I-<MAT>
glasses I-<DSC>
containing <other>
heavy <other>
metals <other>
B5O8Tl5 I-<MAT>
and <other>
B10Ba5O16 I-<MAT>
, <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
both <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


structural I-<CMT>
models <CMT>
were <other>
built <other>
and <other>
radial I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
functions <PRO>
were <other>
calculated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
pair I-<CMT>
function <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


In <other>
Tl2OB2O3 I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
3-coordinated <other>
oxygen <other>
atom <other>
proposed <other>
from <other>
an <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
study <other>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
neither <other>
by <other>
this <other>
analysis <other>
nor <other>
by <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
B10Ba5O16 I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
PDF I-<PRO>
( <other>
pair I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
function <PRO>
) <other>
for <other>
the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
same <other>
composition I-<PRO>
showed <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
PDF I-<PRO>
. <other>


electrical I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
a-site I-<PRO>
deficient <PRO>
( <other>
Y I-<MAT>
, <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
) <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
mixed I-<PRO>
ionic <PRO>
– <PRO>
electronic <PRO>
conductor <PRO>


mixed I-<PRO>
ionic <PRO>
– <PRO>
electronic <PRO>
conductors <PRO>
with <other>
high <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
have <other>
an <other>
important <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
modern <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


As <other>
a <other>
mixed I-<PRO>
ionic <PRO>
– <PRO>
electronic <PRO>
conductor <PRO>
, <other>
a <other>
single <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
(Y0.08Sr0.92)1-xTi0.6Fe0.4O3-d I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
was <other>
fabricated <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
air <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
total <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
materials <other>
can <other>
be <other>
significantly <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
deficiency <other>
of <other>
a-site <other>
and <other>
acceptor <other>
- <other>
doping <other>
on <other>
b-site <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
a <other>
remarkable <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
total <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
sinterability I-<PRO>
of <other>
a-site I-<PRO>
deficient <PRO>
( <other>
Y I-<MAT>
, <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
) <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
possible <other>
charge I-<PRO>
compensation <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
a-site I-<PRO>
deficient <PRO>
Y I-<MAT>
, <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
co-doped I-<DSC>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
described <other>
as <other>
(Y0.08Sr0.92)1-xFe0.4Ti4+0.92(1-x)-0.4Ti3+0.08(1-x)O3-(d+0.4 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
or <other>
(Y0.08Sr0.92)1-xFe0.4Ti4+0.92(1-x)-y1Ti3+0.08(1-x)-y2O3-(d+y1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
( <MAT>
y1+y2 <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
. <other>


high <other>
pressure <other>
transformations <other>
in <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
silicates <MAT>


phase <other>
transformations <other>
in <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
O3SiZn I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
at <other>
high <other>
pressure <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
kbar <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
high <other>
pressure <other>
polymorphs <other>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
and <other>
powder I-<DSC>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analyses <other>
. <other>


chemical I-<PRO>
compositions <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
microprobe <CMT>
and <other>
wet I-<CMT>
chemical <CMT>
analyses <CMT>
. <other>


five <other>
polymorphs <other>
have <other>
been <other>
identified <other>
in <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
designated <other>
as <other>
I <other>
– <other>
V <other>
in <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
increasing <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


coordination I-<PRO>
numbers <PRO>
of <other>
metal <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
II <other>
– <other>
IV <other>
are <other>
four <other>
, <other>
the <other>
same <other>
as <other>
those <other>
in <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
I <other>
with <other>
the <other>
phenacite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
II <other>
is <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
an <other>
approximately <other>
body I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
centered <SPL>
tetragonal <SPL>
arrangement <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
ions <other>
. <other>


O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
III <other>
and <other>
IV <other>
are <other>
suggested <other>
to <other>
be <other>
nonstoichiometric I-<DSC>
. <other>


O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
V <other>
, <other>
appearing <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
kbar <other>
, <other>
is <other>
identified <other>
to <other>
be <other>
of <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


zn2+ <other>
ions <other>
enter <other>
the <other>
octahedrally <other>
coordinated <other>
sites <other>
in <other>
it <other>
, <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
a <other>
large <other>
density I-<PRO>
increase <other>
. <other>


No <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
- <other>
like <other>
structures <other>
could <other>
be <other>
found <other>
among <other>
five <other>
polymorphs <other>
in <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
solubility <other>
limit <other>
of <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
in <other>
Mg2O4Si I-<MAT>
with <other>
the <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
structure <other>
is <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
close <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
kbar <other>
. <other>


only <other>
a <other>
clinopyroxene I-<SPL>
form <other>
of <other>
O3SiZn I-<MAT>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
stable <other>
over <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
wide <other>
region <other>
in <other>
the <other>
pressure <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
diagram <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
it <other>
has <other>
anomalous <other>
unit I-<PRO>
cell <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
when <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
more <other>
conventional <other>
pyroxenes I-<SPL>
. <other>


the <other>
extreme <other>
instability <other>
of <other>
the <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
structure <other>
in <other>
O4SiZn2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
unusual <other>
cell I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
in <other>
O3SiZn I-<MAT>
pyroxene I-<SPL>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
. <other>


stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
structure <other>
is <other>
also <other>
inferred <other>
in <other>
some <other>
detail <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
from <other>
the <other>
study <other>
of <other>
phase <other>
transformations <other>
in <other>
GeO4Zn2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
GeO3Zn I-<MAT>
that <other>
simple <other>
analogy <other>
in <other>
the <other>
mode <other>
of <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
pressure <other>
transformation <other>
between <other>
silicates I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
germanates I-<MAT>
should <other>
be <other>
reexamined <other>
carefully <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
chemisorptive I-<PRO>
propertles <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
monolayers I-<DSC>
on <other>
platinum I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
: <other>
an <other>
AES I-<CMT>
, <other>
TDS I-<CMT>
and <other>
LEED I-<CMT>
study <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
chemisorptive I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
monolayer I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
deposited <other>
on <other>
both <other>
the <other>
Pt(111) I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
stepped <other>
Pt(553) I-<MAT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
were <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AES I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
thermal I-<CMT>
desorption <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TDS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
low I-<CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
LEED I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


AES I-<CMT>
studies <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
Au I-<MAT>
on <other>
Pt(111) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Pt(553) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
on <other>
Pt(111) I-<MAT>
proceeds <other>
via <other>
a <other>
stranski <other>
- <other>
krastanov <other>
mechanism <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
Pt(553) I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
follows <other>
a <other>
volmer <other>
- <other>
weber <other>
mechanism <other>
. <other>


Au I-<MAT>
dissolves <other>
into <other>
the <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
bulk <DSC>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
desorbs <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
K. <other>
TDS I-<CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
covered <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
AgPt I-<PRO>
bond <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
mol-1 <other>
) <other>
is <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
mol-1 <other>
stronger <other>
than <other>
the <other>
AgAg I-<PRO>
bond <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
mol-1 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
Pt(553) I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
the <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
uniformly <other>
distributed <other>
between <other>
terrace <other>
and <other>
step <other>
sites <other>
, <other>
but <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
preferentially <other>
segregates <other>
to <other>
the <other>
terraces <other>
. <other>


the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
CO <other>
adsorption <other>
on <other>
the <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
is <other>
in <other>
direct <other>
proportion <other>
to <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
or <other>
Au I-<MAT>
coverage <other>
. <other>


No <other>
CO <other>
adsorption <other>
could <other>
be <other>
detected <other>
for <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
or <other>
Au I-<MAT>
coverages <other>
above <other>
one <other>
monolayer <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
Torr <other>
. <other>


the <other>
heat I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
adsorption <PRO>
of <other>
CO <other>
on <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
is <other>
unaltered <other>
by <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
or <other>
Au I-<MAT>
. <other>


evidence <other>
of <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
Fe12O19Sr I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
hexaferrite I-<MAT>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
strontium I-<MAT>
hexaferrite <MAT>
, <other>
Fe12O19Sr I-<MAT>
, <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
realized <other>
under <other>
controlled <other>
oxygen <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


such <other>
technique <other>
allows <other>
obtaining <other>
of <other>
Fe12O19Sr I-<MAT>
at <other>
lower <other>
temperatures <other>
than <other>
those <other>
by <other>
traditional <other>
methods <other>
( <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


phase <other>
transformation <other>
occurred <other>
during <other>
a <other>
measurement <other>
of <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
vs. <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
heating I-<SMT>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
induces <other>
a <other>
change <other>
from <other>
Fe12O19Sr I-<MAT>
to <other>
g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
as <other>
the <other>
main <other>
phase <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
Fe50O137Sr50 I-<MAT>
to <other>
Fe2O5Sr2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


together <other>
with <other>
these <other>
phase <other>
transformations <other>
, <other>
an <other>
increment <other>
in <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
CO3Sr I-<MAT>
is <other>
detected <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
, <other>
before <other>
and <other>
after <other>
the <other>
heating I-<SMT>
, <other>
supports <other>
the <other>
structural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
conclusions <other>
. <other>


cationic I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
in <other>
copper I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
cobalt <MAT>
CuxCo3-xO4 <MAT>
spinels I-<SPL>
prepared <other>
by <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <SMT>
nitrates <SMT>


crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
CuxCo3-xO4 I-<MAT>
spinels I-<SPL>
with <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <SMT>
mixed <SMT>
nitrates <SMT>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
refined <other>
from <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
data <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cationic I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
of <other>
copper I-<MAT>
and <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
ions <other>
over <other>
the <other>
A- <other>
and <other>
B- <other>
sites <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lattice <other>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
a <other>
partially <other>
inverse <other>
spinels I-<SPL>
. <other>


crystallization <other>
process <other>
of <other>
a <other>
rapidly I-<SMT>
quenched <SMT>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
B <MAT>
– <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
magnet I-<APL>


superior <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
B <MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
magnets I-<APL>
rely <other>
on <other>
their <other>
nanoscaled I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
composed <other>
of <other>
hard I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
BFe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
soft I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
BFe3 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
, <other>
which <other>
results <other>
from <other>
a <other>
glassy I-<DSC>
state <other>
upon <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
known <other>
from <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
that <other>
for <other>
this <other>
system <other>
, <other>
an <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
is <other>
critical <other>
to <other>
control <other>
the <other>
crystallization <other>
route <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
the <other>
desired <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
BFe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
BFe3 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
partitioning <other>
of <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
in <other>
a <other>
B36Cr5Fe149Nd10 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
throughout <other>
its <other>
crystallization <other>
process <other>
using <other>
atom I-<CMT>
probe <CMT>
field <CMT>
ion <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
APFIM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


Cr I-<MAT>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
enriched <other>
in <other>
BFe3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
Cr I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
in <other>
BFe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
is <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


together <other>
with <other>
the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
discussed <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
idea <other>
that <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
alters <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
decomposition <other>
route <other>
by <other>
stabilizing <other>
the <other>
BFe3 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
emission <other>
of <other>
er3+ <other>
from <other>
alternately <other>
Er I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
multilayer I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
with <other>
Si I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
as <other>
broadband I-<APL>
sensitizers <APL>


alternately <other>
Er I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
Er I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
SRA <MAT>
) <other>
multilayer I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
, <other>
consisting <other>
of <other>
alternate <other>
Er I-<MAT>
– <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
codoped I-<DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
Er I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Si <MAT>
: <MAT>
Al2O3 <MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Al2O3 <MAT>
) <other>
sublayers I-<DSC>
, <other>
has <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
co-sputtering I-<SMT>
from <other>
separated <other>
Er I-<MAT>
, <other>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
targets <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
er3+ <other>
related <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
properties <other>
on <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
er3+ <other>
PL I-<CMT>
, <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
monolayer I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
, <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
multilayer I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
er3+ <other>
PL I-<CMT>
intensity <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
energy <other>
transfer <other>
from <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Al2O3 <MAT>
sublayers I-<DSC>
to <other>
the <other>
neighboring <other>
er3+ <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Er I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Si <MAT>
: <MAT>
Al2O3 <MAT>
sublayers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
PL I-<CMT>
intensity <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
nonmonotonic <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
: <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
the <other>
integrated <other>
intensity <other>
almost <other>
remains <other>
constant <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
50K <other>
, <other>
then <other>
reaches <other>
maximum <other>
at <other>
225K <other>
, <other>
and <other>
slightly <other>
increases <other>
again <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
the <other>
PL I-<CMT>
integrated <other>
intensity <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
at <other>
14K <other>
. <other>


research <other>
and <other>
development <other>
of <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
woodworking I-<APL>
tools <APL>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
( <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
a <other>
kind <other>
of <other>
high <other>
performance <other>
synthetic <other>
ultrahard I-<PRO>
material <other>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
its <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
, <other>
abrasion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
many <other>
other <other>
outstanding <other>
properties <other>
, <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
is <other>
widely <other>
used <other>
in <other>
many <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
industry <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
the <other>
worldwide <other>
population <other>
the <other>
consumption <other>
of <other>
wood <other>
- <other>
based <other>
products <other>
is <other>
increasing <other>
significantly <other>
. <other>


the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
woodworking I-<APL>
industry <APL>
has <other>
both <other>
benefited <other>
this <other>
industry <other>
and <other>
extended <other>
the <other>
application <other>
range <other>
of <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
. <other>


an <other>
overview <other>
on <other>
the <other>
current <other>
status <other>
of <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
tools I-<APL>
is <other>
given <other>
in <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
with <other>
a <other>
special <other>
focus <other>
on <other>
application <other>
in <other>
the <other>
woodworking I-<APL>
industry <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
excellent <other>
cutting I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
woodworking I-<APL>
tools <APL>
is <other>
described <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
research <other>
contents <other>
, <other>
the <other>
investigation <other>
direction <other>
and <other>
future <other>
development <other>
of <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
woodworking I-<APL>
tools <APL>
have <other>
been <other>
reviewed <other>
. <other>


this <other>
paper <other>
points <other>
out <other>
that <other>
PCD I-<MAT>
tools I-<APL>
will <other>
have <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
application <other>
in <other>
woodworking I-<APL>
industry <APL>
during <other>
the <other>
21st <other>
century <other>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
nitrides I-<MAT>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
U I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
ternary <other>
system <other>
U I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
surface I-<DSC>
analysis <DSC>
of <other>
U I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
reacted <other>
with <other>
nitrogen <other>
gas <other>
by <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AES I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
electron I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
probe <CMT>
microanalysis <CMT>
( <other>
EPMA I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


U I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
at. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
were <other>
reacted <other>
with <other>
nitrogen <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
kPa <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
layers <other>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reaction <other>
layers <other>
formed <other>
at <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
were <other>
(U,Zr)N I-<MAT>
/ <other>
NZr I-<MAT>
/ <other>
aZr I-<MAT>
/ <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
(U,Zr)N I-<MAT>
mononitride <MAT>
phases <other>
changed <other>
from <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
matrix I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>
to <other>
NZr I-<MAT>
continuously <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thicknesses <other>
of <other>
the <other>
(U,Zr)N I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
below <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
were <other>
larger <other>
for <other>
u-rich <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


1H I-<CMT>
NMR <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
proton I-<PRO>
dynamics <PRO>
in <other>
[ I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
H4N <MAT>
) <MAT>
1- <MAT>
x <MAT>
Rb <MAT>
x <MAT>
]3H(SO4)2 <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>


proton I-<PRO>
dynamics <PRO>
in <other>
[(NH4)1-xRbx]3H(SO4)2 I-<MAT>
with <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
1H I-<CMT>
solid <CMT>
- <CMT>
state <CMT>
NMR <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
1H I-<CMT>
magic-angle-spinning <CMT>
( <CMT>
MAS <CMT>
) <CMT>
NMR <CMT>
spectra <other>
were <other>
traced <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
RT <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
1H I-<CMT>
static <CMT>
NMR <CMT>
spectra <other>
and <other>
spin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
lattice <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
times <PRO>
( <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
) <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
1H I-<PRO>
chemical <PRO>
shift <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
acidic <other>
proton <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
) <other>
indicates <other>
hydrogen <other>
bonds <other>
of <other>
intermediate <other>
strength <other>
between <other>
H13N3O8S2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
HO8Rb3S2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
phase <other>
II <other>
, <other>
a <other>
very <other>
fast <other>
local <other>
and <other>
anisotropic <other>
motion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
acidic <other>
protons <other>
takes <other>
place <other>
and <other>
NH4+ <other>
ions <other>
start <other>
to <other>
diffuse <other>
translationally <other>
just <other>
below <other>
the <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
phase <other>
I <other>
, <other>
both <other>
NH4+ <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
the <other>
acidic <other>
protons <other>
diffuse <other>
translationally <other>
. <other>


the <other>
acidic <other>
protons <other>
diffuse <other>
with <other>
an <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
mol-1 <other>
and <other>
the <other>
inverse <other>
of <other>
a <other>
frequency I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
s <other>
. <other>


No <other>
proton <other>
exchange <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
between <other>
NH4+ <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
the <other>
acidic <other>
protons <other>
in <other>
both <other>
phases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
— <MAT>
tungsten <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
NiW I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
and <other>
NiWCr I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
containing <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
W I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
parabolic I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
constant <PRO>
for <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
content <other>
in <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


addition <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
causes <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
— <MAT>
7*5W <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
, <other>
spherical <other>
internal <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
particle I-<DSC>
of <other>
O3W I-<MAT>
are <other>
formed <other>
within <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
, <other>
whereas <other>
as <other>
the <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
content <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
tendency <other>
to <other>
internal <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
diminishes <other>
but <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
/ <other>
scale <other>
interface I-<DSC>
develops <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
irregular <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
roughened <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
/ <other>
scale <other>
interface I-<DSC>
is <other>
less <other>
marked <other>
at <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
and <other>
also <other>
when <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
is <other>
present <other>
in <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
is <other>
probably <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
interdiffusion I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
in <other>
NiW I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
coordination <other>
in <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
derived <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>


sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
derived <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
in <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
form <other>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


anatase I-<SPL>
micro-crystallites I-<DSC>
and <other>
residuals <other>
of <other>
the <other>
alkoxide <other>
precursor <other>
are <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
glass I-<DSC>
and <other>
no <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
tetrahedrally <other>
coordinated <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
may <other>
be <other>
inferred <other>
from <other>
the <other>
XANES I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


pure I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
phases <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
. <other>


tantalum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
integrated <other>
with <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
conductive <PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
via <other>
atomic I-<SMT>
layer <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
for <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<APL>
water <APL>
splitting <APL>


tantalum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
, <other>
N5Ta3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
is <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
most <other>
promising <other>
materials <other>
for <other>
solar I-<APL>
energy <APL>
driven <APL>
water <APL>
oxidation <APL>
. <other>


one <other>
significant <other>
challenge <other>
of <other>
this <other>
material <other>
is <other>
the <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
long <other>
duration <other>
of <other>
ammonolysis I-<SMT>
previously <other>
required <other>
to <other>
synthesize <other>
it <other>
, <other>
which <other>
has <other>
so <other>
far <other>
prevented <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
conductive <PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
( <other>
TCO I-<PRO>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
to <other>
be <other>
used <other>
which <other>
would <other>
allow <other>
sub-bandgap <other>
light <other>
to <other>
be <other>
transmitted <other>
to <other>
a <other>
photocathode I-<APL>
. <other>


here <other>
, <other>
we <other>
overcome <other>
this <other>
challenge <other>
by <other>
utilizing <other>
atomic I-<SMT>
layer <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
ALD I-<SMT>
) <other>
to <other>
directly <other>
deposit <other>
tantalum I-<MAT>
oxynitride <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
fully <other>
converted <other>
to <other>
Ta3N5via I-<MAT>
ammonolysis I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
minutes <other>
. <other>


this <other>
synthesis <other>
employs <other>
far <other>
more <other>
moderate <other>
conditions <other>
than <other>
previous <other>
reports <other>
of <other>
efficient <other>
N5Ta3 I-<MAT>
photoanodes I-<APL>
. <other>


further <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
first <other>
ALD I-<SMT>
of <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
which <other>
we <other>
show <other>
is <other>
a <other>
viable <other>
TCO I-<PRO>
material <other>
that <other>
is <other>
stable I-<PRO>
under <other>
the <other>
relatively <other>
mild <other>
ammonolysis I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
employed <other>
. <other>


As <other>
a <other>
result <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
first <other>
example <other>
of <other>
a <other>
N5Ta3 I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
deposited <other>
on <other>
a <other>
TCO I-<PRO>
substrate I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
open <other>
the <other>
door <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
efficient <other>
overall <other>
water I-<APL>
splitting <APL>
using <other>
a <other>
N5Ta3 I-<MAT>
photoanode I-<APL>
. <other>


new <other>
oxypnictide <other>
superconductors I-<PRO>
: <other>
PrOFe1- I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
Co <MAT>
x <MAT>
As <MAT>


oxypnictides <other>
of <other>
the <other>
type <other>
PrOFe1-xCoxAs I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sealed I-<SMT>
tube <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


all <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
monophasic I-<PRO>
and <other>
crystallize <other>
in <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
AsCuSiZr I-<MAT>
type <other>
structure <other>
( <other>
space <other>
group <other>
= <other>
P4 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
nmm <SPL>
) <other>
and <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
( <other>
a I-<PRO>
and <other>
c I-<PRO>
) <other>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


mossbauer I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
indicate <other>
low I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
fe2+ <other>
in <other>
tetrahedral <other>
coordination <other>
. <other>


resistivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
studies <other>
reveal <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
transitions <PRO>
in <other>
compounds <other>
with <other>
‘ <other>
x <other>
’ <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
with <other>
maximum <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
) <other>
at <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
in <other>
the <other>
compound <other>
with <other>
‘ <other>
x <other>
’ <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
with <other>
temperature <other>
under <other>
different <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
to <other>
estimate <other>
the <other>
upper I-<PRO>
critical <PRO>
field <PRO>
( <other>
hc2 I-<PRO>
) <other>
( <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
T <other>
for <other>
the <other>
‘ <other>
x <other>
’ <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
composition <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
and <other>
hall I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
( <other>
RH I-<PRO>
) <other>
suggests <other>
electron <other>
type <other>
charge <other>
carriers <other>
in <other>
these <other>
compound <other>
and <other>
the <other>
charge I-<PRO>
carrier <PRO>
density <PRO>
increases <other>
with <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
co-doping I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
coexistence <other>
of <other>
cluster I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
long <other>
- <other>
range <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
in <other>
La14Mn14NaO60Sr5Ti6 I-<MAT>
manganite <MAT>


the <other>
electron <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
La14Mn14NaO60Sr5Ti6 I-<MAT>
( <other>
LSNMTi0.3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
sample <other>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
conventional <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


rietveld I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
data <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
compound <other>
crystallized <other>
in <other>
the <other>
space <other>
group <other>
r I-<SPL>
<nUm> <SPL>
-c <SPL>
. <other>


magnetic I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
present <other>
a <other>
signature <other>
of <other>
a <other>
coexisting <other>
AFM I-<PRO>
– <other>
FM I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
cluster I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
glass <PRO>
phase <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
M2 I-<CMT>
vs <CMT>
. <CMT>


H I-<CMT>
/ <CMT>
m <CMT>
curves <CMT>
prove <other>
that <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
second <other>
- <other>
order <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
critical <other>
properties <other>
near <other>
the <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
paramagnetic <PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
analyzed <other>
from <other>
data <other>
of <other>
the <other>
static I-<CMT>
magnetization <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
for <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
, <other>
through <other>
various <other>
techniques <other>
such <other>
as <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
arrott I-<CMT>
plot <CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
critical I-<CMT>
isotherm <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
exponent <PRO>
values <other>
estimated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
isothermal I-<CMT>
magnetization <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
consistent <other>
and <other>
comparable <other>
to <other>
those <other>
predicted <other>
by <other>
the <other>
long I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
range <CMT>
mean <CMT>
- <CMT>
field <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
nanocrystal I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
sulfosalicylic I-<SMT>
acid <SMT>
(C7H6O6S)-assisted <SMT>
galvanostatic <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
with <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>


zinc I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
( <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
) <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
nanocrystal I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
on <other>
indium I-<MAT>
tin <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
coated I-<SMT>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
sulfosalicylic I-<SMT>
acid <SMT>
(C7H6O6S)-assisted <SMT>
galvanostatic <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
with <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
deposition <other>
was <other>
performed <other>
at <other>
10mAcm-2 <other>
in <other>
acidic <other>
electrolytes <other>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mM <other>
C4H6O4Zn <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
mM <other>
Na2O3S2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
mM <other>
ClLi I-<MAT>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
mM <other>
Na2O3S I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
mM <other>
C7H6O6S <other>
. <other>


results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
C7H6O6S <other>
can <other>
suppress <other>
the <other>
precipitation <other>
of <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
and <other>
S I-<MAT>
impurity <other>
phases <other>
during <other>
the <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
deposition <other>
process <other>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
[C7H6O6S] <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mM <other>
and <other>
[Zn2+] <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mM <other>
, <other>
the <other>
deposited <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
exhibits <other>
only <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
an <other>
ideal <other>
Zn I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
S <PRO>
atomic <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
a <other>
close <other>
- <other>
packed <other>
granular <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
. <other>


but <other>
its <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
is <other>
narrower <other>
than <other>
the <other>
common <other>
value <other>
of <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
, <other>
probably <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
some <other>
spurious <other>
acetate <other>
species <other>
and <other>
defect I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
. <other>


by <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
, <other>
its <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
increased <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
despite <other>
that <other>
its <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transformed <other>
into <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
structure I-<PRO>
which <other>
usually <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
narrower <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
than <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
SZn I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
significant <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
widening <other>
could <other>
be <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
degradation <other>
of <other>
spurious <other>
acetate <other>
species <other>
and <other>
the <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
various <other>
possible <other>
defect I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


A <other>
raman I-<CMT>
and <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
F6KSb I-<MAT>


the <other>
19F I-<CMT>
spin <CMT>
- <CMT>
lattice <CMT>
relaxation <CMT>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
laboratory <other>
frame <other>
show <other>
that <other>
upon <other>
cooling I-<SMT>
from <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
KSbF6(I) I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
transition <other>
to <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
KSbF6(II) I-<MAT>
, <other>
occurs <other>
over <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
( <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
two <other>
phases <other>
co-exist <other>
. <other>


the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
results <other>
using <other>
powdered I-<DSC>
samples <other>
agree <other>
with <other>
this <other>
observation <other>
but <other>
co-existence <other>
of <other>
phases <other>
has <other>
of <other>
course <other>
not <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
raman I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
. <other>


upon <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
cooling <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
powdered I-<DSC>
samples <other>
in <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
studies <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
could <other>
be <other>
super-cooled I-<SMT>
. <other>


upon <other>
heating I-<SMT>
from <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
the <other>
transition <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
in <other>
all <other>
the <other>
measurements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
KSbF6(I) I-<MAT>
give <other>
no <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
non-centrosymmetric <other>
structure I-<PRO>
but <other>
it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
this <other>
is <other>
so <other>
because <other>
the <other>
Sb I-<MAT>
- <other>
atoms <other>
are <other>
only <other>
very <other>
slightly <other>
displaced <other>
from <other>
centro <other>
- <other>
symmetrical <other>
positions <other>
. <other>


19F I-<CMT>
second <CMT>
moment <CMT>
results <other>
are <other>
in <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
a <other>
model <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
SbF-6 I-<MAT>
- <other>
octahedra <other>
are <other>
stationary <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
reorient <other>
isotropically <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
importance <other>
of <other>
scalar I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
- <PRO>
spin <PRO>
coupling <PRO>
between <other>
fluorine <other>
and <other>
antimony I-<MAT>
nuclei <other>
is <other>
reflected <other>
by <other>
the <other>
t1p <other>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
vicinity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
T1 <other>
minimum <other>
. <other>


the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
and <other>
lower <other>
temperatures <other>
are <other>
different <other>
and <other>
the <other>
polarized <other>
spectra <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
are <other>
used <other>
to <other>
assign <other>
the <other>
bands <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
a <other>
C3 <other>
- <other>
site <other>
group I-<PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
SbF-6 I-<MAT>
- <other>
groups <other>
and <other>
a <other>
T <other>
unit I-<PRO>
cell <PRO>
group <PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
structure I-<PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>


this <other>
paper <other>
describes <other>
the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
an <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
structural I-<PRO>
disorder <PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
multi-angle I-<CMT>
ellipsometry <CMT>
and <other>
these <other>
results <other>
are <other>
correlated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
characteristic <other>
energy <other>
of <other>
the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
tail <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
density <PRO>
as <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
constant I-<CMT>
photocurrent <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
δ I-<SPL>
phase <other>
and <other>
its <other>
effects <other>
on <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
magnetostriction I-<PRO>
of <other>
Tb0.5Pr0.5(Fe0.4+x I-<MAT>
co0.6-x <MAT>
)1.9 <MAT>
( <MAT>
0x0.6 <MAT>
) <MAT>


structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
magnetostriction I-<PRO>
of <other>
Tb0.5Pr0.5(Fe0.4+xCo0.6-x)1.9 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
0x0.6 <MAT>
) <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
δ I-<SPL>
phase <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Tb I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Pr I-<MAT>
is <other>
beneficial <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Cu2Mg I-<MAT>
- <other>
type <other>
laves I-<SPL>
phase <SPL>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
has <other>
the <other>
same <other>
trend <other>
as <other>
the <other>
slater I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
pauling <CMT>
curve <CMT>
for <other>
the <other>
moment I-<PRO>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Co <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
ms <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
remanence I-<PRO>
MR <PRO>
decrease <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
iHc <PRO>
increases <other>
with <other>
decreasing <other>
Co I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
increased <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
the <other>
non-cubic I-<SPL>
Ni3Pu <SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
magnetostriction I-<MAT>
|l[?]-l| <MAT>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
and <other>
does <other>
not <other>
achieve <other>
saturation <other>
up <other>
to <other>
796kA <other>
/ <other>
m <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
using <other>
ionic <other>
liquid <other>
as <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
source <other>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>


FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
( <other>
LFP I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
) <other>
materials <other>
are <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
with <other>
ionic <other>
liquid <other>
1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium <other>
bis(trifluoromethylsulfony)imide <other>
( <other>
[VEIm]NTf2 <other>
) <other>
as <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
source <other>
. <other>


carbon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
are <other>
successfully <other>
coated <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
( <other>
LFP I-<MAT>
) <other>
particles I-<DSC>
and <other>
serve <other>
as <other>
the <other>
protective I-<APL>
layers <APL>
of <other>
LFP I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
during <other>
cycling <other>
. <other>


the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
materials <other>
also <other>
fill <other>
the <other>
gap <other>
between <other>
LFP I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
creates <other>
electron <other>
transfer <other>
paths <other>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
integrated <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
materials <other>
, <other>
the <other>
LFP I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
exhibits <other>
significantly <other>
improved <other>
reversibility I-<PRO>
, <other>
cycle I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
rate I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
charge I-<PRO>
and <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
demonstrate <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
and <other>
scalable <other>
application <other>
of <other>
ionic <other>
liquid <other>
[VEIm]NTf2 <other>
as <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
source <other>
toward <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
energy <APL>
storage <APL>
. <other>


low I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
field <CMT>
microwave <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
in <other>
pulse I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposited <SMT>
FeSi I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>


low I-<CMT>
field <CMT>
microwave <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
( <other>
LFMA I-<CMT>
) <other>
measurements <other>
at <other>
9.4GHz <other>
( <other>
x-band <other>
) <other>
, <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
on <other>
pulse I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposited <SMT>
( <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
) <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
B20 I-<MAT>
cubic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
FeSi I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
LFMA I-<CMT>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
DC <other>
field <other>
, <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
microwave <other>
power <other>
and <other>
the <other>
orientation <other>
of <other>
DC <other>
field <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
LFMA I-<CMT>
signal <other>
is <other>
very <other>
strong <other>
when <other>
the <other>
DC <other>
field <other>
is <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
and <other>
vanishes <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
angles <other>
. <other>


the <other>
LFMA I-<CMT>
signal <other>
strength <other>
increases <other>
as <other>
the <other>
microwave <other>
power <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


the <other>
LFMA I-<CMT>
signal <other>
disappears <other>
around <other>
340K <other>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
disappearance <other>
of <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
well <other>
above <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
in <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
believe <other>
that <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
evolution <other>
in <other>
low <other>
fields <other>
, <other>
which <other>
in <other>
turn <other>
modifies <other>
the <other>
low I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
permeability <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
, <other>
could <other>
be <other>
the <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
the <other>
LFMA I-<CMT>
observed <other>
in <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
observation <other>
of <other>
LFMA I-<CMT>
opens <other>
the <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
the <other>
FeSi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
to <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
low I-<APL>
magnetic <APL>
field <APL>
sensors <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
microwave <other>
and <other>
rf <other>
frequency <other>
regions <other>
. <other>


mossbauer I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
R3(Fe,Ti)29 I-<MAT>
compounds <other>


mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
R3(Fe,Ti)29 I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
( <MAT>
r <MAT>
 <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Sm <MAT>
) <MAT>
compounds <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
iron I-<MAT>
sites <other>
are <other>
quite <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


fitting <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
has <other>
yielded <other>
average <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
values <PRO>
which <other>
are <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
compounds <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
results <other>
also <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
do <other>
not <other>
substitute <other>
in <other>
the <other>
dumbbell <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
sites <other>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
structure <other>
. <other>


antimony I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
whiskers <DSC>
of <other>
OSn I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
grown <other>
from <other>
vapor I-<SMT>
phase <SMT>


single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
antimony I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
0.25at <other>
% <other>
Sb I-<MAT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
in I-<SMT>
situ <SMT>
doping <SMT>
process <other>
in <other>
horizontal I-<SMT>
flow <SMT>
reactor <SMT>
. <other>


antimony I-<MAT>
introduction <other>
results <other>
in <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
morphology I-<PRO>
change <other>
. <other>


antimony I-<MAT>
allows <other>
to <other>
control <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
present <other>
high <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
in <other>
visible <other>
region <other>
being <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
several <other>
applications <other>
where <other>
good <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
and <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
is <other>
necessary <other>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CuS I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
/ <other>
shell I-<DSC>
nanoarrays <DSC>
for <other>
inorganic <other>
– <other>
organic <other>
heterojunction I-<APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>


uniform <other>
CuS I-<MAT>
shell I-<DSC>
was <other>
prepared <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
arrays <other>
via <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
and <SMT>
ion <SMT>
exchange <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


then <other>
, <other>
the <other>
solid <other>
state <other>
inorganic <other>
– <other>
organic <other>
heterojunction I-<APL>
solar <APL>
cell <APL>
( <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CuS I-<MAT>
/ <other>
P3HT I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
constructed <other>
using <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CuS I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
/ <other>
shell I-<DSC>
nanoarrays <DSC>
as <other>
photoanode I-<APL>
and <other>
P3HT I-<MAT>
as <other>
both <other>
hole I-<APL>
conductor <APL>
and <other>
light I-<APL>
absorber <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
CuS I-<MAT>
semiconductor I-<APL>
sensitizer <APL>
layers <APL>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
the <other>
immersing <other>
time <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
in <other>
reaction <other>
solution <other>
, <other>
has <other>
an <other>
important <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
cell I-<PRO>
performances <PRO>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
cell I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
improved <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
spectrum <PRO>
and <other>
appropriate <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
structure <PRO>
in <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CuS I-<MAT>
/ <other>
P3HT I-<MAT>
. <other>


an <other>
ultrasound I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
approach <other>
to <other>
synthesize <other>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
hybrids <other>
with <other>
high <other>
capability <other>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>


A <other>
facile <other>
, <other>
low <other>
- <other>
cost <other>
and <other>
green I-<SMT>
ultrasound <SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
method <SMT>
was <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
ultra-fast <other>
synthesize <other>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
supported <other>
on <other>
reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


such <other>
hybrid <other>
materials <other>
exhibited <other>
ultrahigh <other>
performance <other>
as <other>
lithium I-<APL>
ion <APL>
battery <APL>
( <other>
LIB I-<APL>
) <other>
anodes I-<APL>
, <other>
whose <other>
specific I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
reached <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
h <other>
g-1 <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
at <other>
a <other>
current <other>
density <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
g-1 <other>
( <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mass <other>
of <other>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
remarkably <other>
enhanced <other>
LIB I-<APL>
performance <other>
could <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
their <other>
layer <other>
- <other>
by <other>
- <other>
layer <other>
aggregation <other>
structures <other>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
polymorph <other>
of <other>
H4NO7V3 I-<MAT>
: <other>
synthesis <other>
, <other>
structure <other>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


H4NO7V3 I-<MAT>
micro-sized I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
a <other>
conventional <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
route <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
products <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
static I-<CMT>
magnetization <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
cycling <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
diffraction I-<CMT>
patterns <CMT>
of <other>
H4NO7V3 I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
indexed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
space <other>
group <other>
P21 I-<SPL>
with <other>
the <other>
cell I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
a <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
, <other>
and <other>
V I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
A3 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
is <other>
built <other>
up <other>
of <other>
(V3O7)-layers <other>
with <other>
V4+ <other>
- <other>
and <other>
V5+ <other>
- <other>
ions <other>
, <other>
which <other>
occupy <other>
oxygen <other>
octahedra <other>
and <other>
tetrahedra <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
(V3O7)-layers <other>
are <other>
bonded <other>
by <other>
(NH4)+ <other>
- <other>
ions <other>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
data <other>
confirms <other>
that <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
of <other>
the <other>
V I-<MAT>
- <other>
ions <other>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
+ <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
S I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


roughly <other>
half <other>
of <other>
them <other>
are <other>
strongly <other>
coupled <other>
to <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
dimers <other>
( <other>
J I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
other <other>
half <other>
is <other>
only <other>
weakly <other>
( <other>
J I-<PRO>
of <other>
several <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
antiferromagnetically I-<PRO>
interacting <other>
. <other>


electrochemical I-<CMT>
cycling <CMT>
shows <other>
reversible <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
de- <other>
/ <other>
intercalation <other>
into <other>
the <other>
layered I-<DSC>
H4NO7V3 I-<MAT>
host <other>
structure I-<PRO>
with <other>
an <other>
initial <other>
specific <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
doping I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
highly <other>
- <other>
oriented <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


transparent I-<PRO>
and <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
high <other>
- <other>
preferential <other>
c-axis-oriented <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Al <MAT>
, <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
route <other>
. <other>


film I-<DSC>
deposition <other>
was <other>
performed <other>
by <other>
spin I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
coating <SMT>
technique <other>
on <other>
Si(100) I-<MAT>
and <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
performed <other>
by <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
four I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
point <CMT>
probe <CMT>
, <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
UV I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
VIS <CMT>
spectrum <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
and <other>
dopant I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
well <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
both <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
and <other>
doping I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
alter <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
of <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
PL I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
show <other>
two <other>
main <other>
peaks <other>
centered <other>
at <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
( <other>
UV <other>
) <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
( <other>
green <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
UV I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
green <PRO>
band <PRO>
emission <PRO>
was <other>
greatly <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
and <other>
doping I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
. <other>


reduction <other>
in <other>
intensity I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <PRO>
UV <PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
green <PRO>
might <other>
possibly <other>
originate <other>
from <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
Al I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
O <PRO>
bonds <PRO>
and <other>
localized <other>
Al I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
impurity <PRO>
states <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
minimum <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
/ <other>
□ <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
all <other>
AZO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
glass I-<MAT>
are <other>
very <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
, <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
, <other>
within <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
wavelength <other>
region <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
imply <other>
that <other>
the <other>
doping I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
did <other>
not <other>
have <other>
significant <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
diversify <other>
emission I-<PRO>
features <PRO>
. <other>


physical <other>
investigations <other>
on <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
sprayed I-<SMT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
for <other>
selective I-<APL>
sensitivity <APL>
applications <APL>


molybdenum I-<MAT>
trioxide <MAT>
( <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
spray I-<SMT>
pyrolysis <SMT>
technique <other>
on <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
using <other>
(NH4)6Mo7O24*4H2O I-<MAT>
( <other>
ACROS <other>
pure <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
as <other>
precursor <other>
in <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
shows <other>
that <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
a <other>
preferred <other>
orientation I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
crystallites I-<DSC>
along <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
directions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
topography <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
performed <other>
by <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
through <other>
reflectance I-<PRO>
and <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
value <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
and <other>
the <other>
urbach I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
is <other>
of <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
meV <other>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
shows <other>
the <other>
bands' <other>
positions <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
a-MoO3 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


PL I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
show <other>
two <other>
large <other>
bands <other>
located <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
, <other>
the <other>
electric I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
impedance I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
technique <other>
in <other>
the <other>
frequency <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
Hz <other>
– <other>
13MHz <other>
at <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
two <other>
ranges <other>
with <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
. <other>


AC I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
is <other>
investigated <other>
through <other>
jonsher I-<CMT>
law <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
optical <other>
pump <other>
on <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
0.65CaTiO3-0.35NdAlO3 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
in <other>
terahertz <other>
range <other>


the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
0.65CaTiO3-0.35NdAlO3 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
under <other>
external <other>
optical <other>
fields <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
terahertz I-<CMT>
time <CMT>
- <CMT>
domain <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
in <other>
a <other>
frequency <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
THz <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
THz <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


it <other>
could <other>
be <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
is <other>
approximately <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
in <other>
the <other>
frequency <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
THz <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
THz <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
tuning <other>
range <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
THz <other>
which <other>
almost <other>
reaches <other>
up <other>
to <other>
nearly <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
micromechanism <other>
of <other>
these <other>
results <other>
was <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
excited <other>
free <other>
carriers <other>
by <other>
the <other>
external <other>
optical <other>
pump <other>
intensity <other>
. <other>


syntheses <other>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
interlanthanide I-<MAT>
sulfides <MAT>
d-Ln <MAT>
2- <MAT>
x <MAT>
Lu <MAT>
x <MAT>
S3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
ln <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
) <MAT>


d-Ln2-xLuxS3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
ln <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
; <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
compounds <other>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
through <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
elemental <other>
rare <other>
- <other>
earth <other>
metals <other>
and <other>
S I-<MAT>
using <other>
a <other>
S3Sb2 I-<MAT>
flux <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


these <other>
compounds <other>
are <other>
isotypic I-<PRO>
with <other>
CeS3Tm I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
has <other>
a <other>
complex <other>
three <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
structure I-<PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
includes <other>
four <other>
larger <other>
ln3+ <other>
sites <other>
in <other>
eight- <other>
and <other>
nine <other>
- <other>
coordinate <other>
environments <other>
, <other>
two <other>
disordered <other>
seven <other>
- <other>
coordinate <other>
ln3+ <other>
/ <other>
lu3+ <other>
positions <other>
, <other>
and <other>
two <other>
six <other>
- <other>
coordinate <other>
lu3+ <other>
ions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
is <other>
constructed <other>
from <other>
one <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
chains <other>
of <other>
LnSn I-<MAT>
( <other>
n <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
polyhedra <other>
that <other>
extend <other>
along <other>
the <other>
b-axis <other>
. <other>


these <other>
polyhedra <other>
share <other>
faces <other>
or <other>
edges <other>
with <other>
two <other>
neighbors <other>
within <other>
the <other>
chains <other>
, <other>
while <other>
in <other>
the <other>
[ac] <other>
plane <other>
they <other>
share <other>
edges <other>
and <other>
corners <other>
with <other>
other <other>
chains <other>
. <other>


least I-<CMT>
square <CMT>
refinements <CMT>
gave <other>
rise <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formulas <other>
of <other>
d-Ce1.30Lu0.70S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
d-Pr1.29Lu0.71S3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
d-Nd1.33Lu0.67S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
data <other>
. <other>


d-Ln2-xLuxS3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
ln <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
; <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
show <other>
no <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
down <other>
to <other>
5K <other>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
measurements <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gaps <PRO>
for <other>
d-Ce1.30Lu0.70S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
d-Pr1.29Lu0.71S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
d-Nd1.33Lu0.67S3 I-<MAT>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


crystallographic <other>
data <other>
: <other>
d-Ce1.30Lu0.70S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P21 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
m <SPL>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
V I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
; <other>
d-Pr1.29Lu0.71S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P21 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
m <SPL>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
V I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
; <other>
d-Nd1.33Lu0.67S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P21 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
m <SPL>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
V I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
cast I-<SMT>
Mg I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Li <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ca <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


microstructural I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
Mg-12Li-xCa I-<MAT>
alloys <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
was <other>
performed <other>
via <other>
a <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
several <other>
analytical <other>
techniques <other>
. <other>


the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
to <other>
a <other>
Mg-12Li I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
resulted <other>
in <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
microstructure I-<PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
primary <other>
dendrites I-<DSC>
of <other>
b-(Mg I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
Li <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
in <other>
bcc I-<SPL>
Li I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
lamellar I-<DSC>
interdendritic <DSC>
eutectic <DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
b-phase <other>
and <other>
CaMg2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
the <other>
eutectic I-<DSC>
in <other>
cast I-<SMT>
Mg-12Li-xCa I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
corresponded <other>
to <other>
the <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
rolling <SMT>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
re-distributed <other>
the <other>
micro-constituents <other>
. <other>


surface I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
was <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
preferentially <other>
occur <other>
on <other>
the <other>
b-phase <other>
. <other>


high <other>
hole I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
Li I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
NiOZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
photo I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
metal <SMT>
– <SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


high <other>
hole I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
Li I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
NiOZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
metal I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
MOCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
NiOZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
studied <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
decreased <other>
and <other>
the <other>
hole I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
greatly <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
observed <other>
to <other>
degrade <other>
as <other>
the <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
was <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


to <other>
relieve <other>
the <other>
degradation <other>
, <other>
a <other>
photo I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
MOCVD <SMT>
method <other>
was <other>
used <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
restrict <other>
this <other>
degradation <other>
and <other>
this <other>
represents <other>
a <other>
new <other>
way <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
stable <other>
high <other>
hole I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
NiOZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
( <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
via <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


monoclinic I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
using <other>
Cl4Zr I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
starting <other>
material <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
760Torr <other>
. <other>


graphite I-<MAT>
was <other>
employed <other>
as <other>
a <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
an <other>
Au I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
was <other>
pre-deposited <other>
on <other>
the <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
catalyst I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
morphology I-<PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
through <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
selected I-<CMT>
area <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
data <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
homogeneous <other>
distributions <other>
of <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
O I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
with <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
mapping <other>
, <other>
and <other>
there <other>
was <other>
no <other>
metal <other>
droplet <other>
at <other>
the <other>
nanowire I-<DSC>
tips <other>
despite <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
an <other>
Au I-<MAT>
metal <other>
catalyst I-<APL>
. <other>


this <other>
result <other>
is <other>
apart <other>
from <other>
that <other>
of <other>
conventional <other>
metal <other>
catalyzed <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
substituents <other>
on <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
and <other>
physicochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
lanthanide I-<MAT>
chromates <MAT>
( <other>
V <other>
) <other>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
substituents <other>
on <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
and <other>
physicochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
chromate I-<MAT>
( <other>
V <other>
) <other>
phase <other>
, <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
in <other>
lanthanum I-<MAT>
chromate <MAT>
( <other>
V <other>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
partially <other>
substituted <other>
by <other>
ti4+ <other>
, <other>
cu2+ <other>
and <other>
mg2+ <other>
ions <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
material <other>
La(Cr1-xMx) I-<MAT>
o4-d <MAT>
where <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
or <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
can <other>
exist <other>
as <other>
a <other>
single <other>
phase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
compositional <other>
range <other>
of <other>
x <other>
⩽ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


substitution <other>
affects <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
to <other>
a <other>
considerable <other>
extent <other>
apart <other>
from <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CrLaO4 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
substituents <other>
also <other>
modify <other>
the <other>
physicochemical I-<PRO>
and <other>
spectral I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
CrLaO4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
V <other>
) <other>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
not <other>
been <other>
possible <other>
to <other>
incorporate <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
to <other>
any <other>
appreciable <other>
extent <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CrLaO4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
V <other>
) <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
radiation <PRO>
efficiencies <PRO>
of <other>
metal <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
for <other>
optoelectronic I-<APL>
applications <APL>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
radiation <PRO>
efficiencies <PRO>
, <other>
defined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
the <other>
scattering I-<PRO>
cross-section <PRO>
to <other>
the <other>
extinction I-<PRO>
cross-section <PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
spherical I-<DSC>
nanoparticles <DSC>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
metal <other>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
Au I-<MAT>
, <other>
Co I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
, <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
, <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
, <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
in <other>
the <other>
air <other>
were <other>
calculated <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
classical I-<CMT>
electromagnetic <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
optical I-<PRO>
radiation <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
represents <other>
the <other>
energy <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
incident <other>
light <other>
reradiated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
particle I-<DSC>
, <other>
not <other>
wasted <other>
as <other>
heat <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
data <other>
is <other>
an <other>
effective <other>
guide <other>
for <other>
the <other>
selection <other>
of <other>
metal <other>
elements <other>
for <other>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
- <other>
enhanced <other>
optoelectronic I-<APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


Ag I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
Au I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
optical I-<PRO>
radiation <PRO>
efficiencies <PRO>
than <other>
the <other>
other <other>
metals <other>
for <other>
most <other>
range <other>
of <other>
wavelengths <other>
. <other>


strikingly <other>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
with <other>
diameters <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
exhibit <other>
over <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
optical I-<PRO>
radiation <PRO>
efficiencies <PRO>
at <other>
most <other>
optical <other>
frequencies <other>
. <other>


crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
of <other>
Ag2As2Ba I-<MAT>


the <other>
ternary <other>
arsenide I-<MAT>
Ag2As2Ba <MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
elements <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
and <other>
powder I-<DSC>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
it <other>
adopts <other>
the <other>
Cr2Si2Th I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
structure <other>
( <other>
pearson <other>
symbol <other>
tI10 I-<SPL>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
I4 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
mmm <SPL>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
at <other>
295K <other>
) <other>
featuring <other>
[Ag2As2] I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
interconnected <other>
by <other>
homoatomic <other>
As I-<MAT>
– <other>
As I-<MAT>
bonds <other>
along <other>
the <other>
c-direction <other>
. <other>


band I-<CMT>
structure <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
indicate <other>
no <other>
gap <other>
at <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
support <other>
the <other>
occurrence <other>
of <other>
strong <other>
As I-<MAT>
– <other>
As I-<MAT>
and <other>
weak <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
bonding <other>
. <other>


the <other>
asymmetric I-<PRO>
lineshape <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
BE <other>
shift <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
3d5 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
core <other>
- <other>
line <other>
peak <other>
relative <other>
to <other>
the <other>
element <other>
suggest <other>
delocalization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
valence I-<PRO>
electrons <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
significant <other>
negative <other>
BE <other>
shift <other>
( <other>
1.0eV <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
As I-<MAT>
3d5 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
core <other>
- <other>
line <other>
peak <other>
relative <other>
to <other>
the <other>
element <other>
confirms <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
anionic <other>
As I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
. <other>


A <other>
reversible <other>
transition <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
175K <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
is <other>
probably <other>
related <other>
to <other>
a <other>
structural I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
. <other>


CrN I-<MAT>
– <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
: <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
growth <other>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>


CrN I-<MAT>
– <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
, <other>
5-um-thick <other>
and <other>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
, <other>
were <other>
co-deposited <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
on <other>
Si(001) I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
Pa <other>
pure <other>
nitrogen <other>
atmosphere <other>
at <other>
growth <other>
temperatures <other>
Ts <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


A <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
cross-sectional I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
analyses <other>
show <other>
that <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
segregates <other>
to <other>
form <other>
precipitates I-<DSC>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
size <other>
that <other>
increases <other>
from <other>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
to <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm3 <other>
to <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm3 <other>
for <other>
Ts <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


At <other>
high <other>
Ts <other>
, <other>
the <other>
precipitates I-<DSC>
extend <other>
along <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
plane <other>
to <other>
form <other>
horizontal <other>
lamellae <other>
that <other>
cause <other>
grain <other>
re-nucleation <other>
and <other>
, <other>
in <other>
turn <other>
, <other>
a <other>
disruption <other>
of <other>
the <other>
columnar <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
<nUm> <other>
texture <other>
for <other>
pure <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
to <other>
a <other>
mixed <other>
preferred <other>
orientation <other>
for <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
segregates <other>
to <other>
form <other>
mounds <other>
on <other>
the <other>
growing <other>
layer I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
that <other>
result <other>
in <other>
the <other>
nucleation <other>
of <other>
nodules <other>
which <other>
exhibit <other>
an <other>
increased <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
extend <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
um <other>
above <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
for <other>
Ts <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
but <other>
are <other>
absent <other>
for <other>
Ts <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cross-sectional I-<PRO>
microhardness <PRO>
increases <other>
with <other>
Ts <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
for <other>
Ts <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
effective <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
temperature <other>
- <other>
activated <other>
segregation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
measured <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
for <other>
pure <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
. <other>


experimental <other>
and <other>
theoretical <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
parameter <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
ultra-short <other>
gate I-<APL>
standard <other>
and <other>
pseudomorphic I-<DSC>
HEMTs I-<APL>


we <other>
present <other>
a <other>
coordinated <other>
experimental <other>
and <other>
theoretical <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
parameter <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
ultra-short <other>
gate I-<APL>
HEMTs <APL>
down <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
gate I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
length <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
of <other>
the <other>
physical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
limitations <PRO>
to <other>
performance <other>
improvements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
study <other>
encompasses <other>
a <other>
broad <other>
range <other>
of <other>
well <other>
qualified <other>
situations <other>
allowing <other>
comparisons <other>
with <other>
previous <other>
investigations[1 <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
] <other>
. <other>


the <other>
main <other>
features <other>
are,- <other>
the <other>
exploitation <other>
of <other>
two <other>
reliable <other>
technological <other>
processes <other>
namely <other>
planar I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
doped <DSC>
double <DSC>
- <DSC>
recessed <DSC>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
HEMT I-<APL>
( <other>
S-HEMT I-<APL>
) <other>
and <other>
planar I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
doped <DSC>
pseudomorphic <DSC>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
HEMT I-<APL>
with <other>
t-shaped <other>
and <other>
rectangular <other>
gate I-<APL>
( <other>
PM I-<APL>
- <APL>
HEMT <APL>
) <other>
, <other>
represented <other>
in <other>
fig.1 <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
- <other>
coherent <other>
evolutions <other>
of <other>
full <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
extractions <other>
from <other>
dc <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
40GHz <other>
HF <other>
coplanar I-<CMT>
probe <CMT>
on <CMT>
- <CMT>
chip <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
, <other>
including <other>
capacitances I-<PRO>
versus <other>
gate I-<APL>
length <other>
down <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
- <other>
physical <other>
modeling <other>
based <other>
on <other>
a <other>
quasibidimensional I-<CMT>
hydrodynamic <CMT>
approach <CMT>
( <other>
Q-2D I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
allowing <other>
systematic <other>
parametrisation <other>
of <other>
HEMTs I-<APL>
, <other>
completed <other>
with <other>
electromagnetic I-<CMT>
finite <CMT>
element <CMT>
2-D <CMT>
modeling <CMT>
of <other>
electrostatic I-<PRO>
parasitic <PRO>
capacitances,- <PRO>
physical <other>
modeling <other>
based <other>
on <other>
monte I-<CMT>
carlo <CMT>
simulations <CMT>
( <other>
MC I-<CMT>
) <other>
for <other>
the <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
short I-<APL>
1g <APL>
transistors <APL>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
gate <other>
width <other>
1g <other>
≤ <other>
0,1mm <other>
this <other>
analysis <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
optimization <other>
of <other>
S- <other>
and <other>
PM I-<APL>
- <APL>
HEMT <APL>
depends <other>
on <other>
three <other>
parameters <other>
: <other>
- <other>
a <other>
weak <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
vds <other>
on <other>
the <other>
diffusion <other>
under <other>
the <other>
gate I-<APL>
, <other>
— <other>
a <other>
low <other>
parasitic I-<PRO>
electrostatic <PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
, <other>
- <other>
a <other>
high <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
velocity <PRO>
. <other>


graphene I-<MAT>
nanoribbon I-<DSC>
tunneling I-<APL>
field <APL>
effect <APL>
transistors <APL>


the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
hole <PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
characteristic <PRO>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
nanoribbons I-<DSC>
( <other>
GNRs I-<MAT>
) <other>
gives <other>
rise <other>
to <other>
the <other>
electron <other>
( <other>
hole <other>
) <other>
tunneling <other>
through <other>
valence I-<PRO>
( <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
) <PRO>
band <PRO>
states <PRO>
. <other>


by <other>
employing <other>
this <other>
property <other>
we <other>
have <other>
numerically <other>
investigated <other>
GNR I-<MAT>
field I-<APL>
effect <APL>
transistors <APL>
with <other>
p+ I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
source I-<APL>
and <other>
drain I-<APL>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
gate <other>
voltage <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
channel I-<APL>
using <other>
the <other>
non-equilibrium I-<CMT>
green <CMT>
's <CMT>
function <CMT>
formalism <CMT>
. <other>


for <other>
long <other>
channels <other>
, <other>
the <other>
traditional <other>
FET I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
I-V <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
is <other>
achieved <other>
, <other>
but <other>
at <other>
short <other>
channels <other>
, <other>
the <other>
sub I-<PRO>
threshold <PRO>
current <PRO>
opens <other>
up <other>
an <other>
oscillatory <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
gate <other>
voltage <other>
with <other>
a <other>
considerable <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
current <other>
of <other>
over <other>
10-6A <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
the <other>
characteristic I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
resonant I-<APL>
tunneling <APL>
transistors <APL>
that <other>
exhibit <other>
regions <other>
of <other>
negative I-<PRO>
differential <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
calculated <other>
discrete <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
channel <other>
attributes <other>
this <other>
behavior <other>
to <other>
the <other>
constructed <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
channel <other>
island <other>
between <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
source I-<APL>
and <other>
drain I-<APL>
with <other>
thin <other>
barriers <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
. <other>


neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
study <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
Nd0.7Pb0.3Mn1- I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
x <MAT>
O3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
0x0.1 <MAT>
) <MAT>
perovskites I-<SPL>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
Nd0.7Pb0.3Mn1-xFexO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
phases <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
analyze <other>
the <other>
double I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
exchange <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
study <other>
has <other>
been <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
susceptibility I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
300K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
at <other>
the <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
site <other>
results <other>
in <other>
reductions <other>
in <other>
both <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
Tc <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
per <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
ion <other>
without <other>
appreciable <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
. <other>


all <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
crystallize <other>
in <other>
pnma I-<SPL>
space <other>
group <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Nd0.7Pb0.3Mn1-xFexO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
compounds <other>
shows <other>
discontinuities <other>
in <other>
volume <other>
and <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
. <other>


increasing <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
fe3+ <other>
reduces <other>
the <other>
double I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
and <other>
no <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
contribution <PRO>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
Nd0.7Pb0.3Mn1-xFexO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
compounds <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
ions <other>
are <other>
ferromagnetically I-<PRO>
ordered <PRO>
. <other>


structure I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
direct <SMT>
assembly <SMT>
of <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
pencil I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
group I-<DSC>
whiskers <DSC>


hexagonal I-<SPL>
OZn I-<MAT>
group I-<DSC>
whiskers <DSC>
synthesized <other>
from <other>
Zn(NH3)42+ <other>
precursor <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
a <other>
structure I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
directing <SMT>
template <SMT>
solvent <SMT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
v <other>
/ <other>
v <other>
alcohol <other>
) <other>
show <other>
strong <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


FE I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
SEM <CMT>
and <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
observation <other>
reveals <other>
that <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
group I-<DSC>
whiskers <DSC>
consist <other>
of <other>
uniform <other>
pencil I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
whiskers <DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
diameter <other>
of <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
the <other>
length <other>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


A <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
unimorph <other>
actuator I-<APL>
based <other>
tip-tilt-piston I-<APL>
micromirror <APL>
with <other>
high <other>
fill I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
and <other>
small <other>
tilt I-<PRO>
and <other>
lateral I-<PRO>
shift <PRO>


this <other>
paper <other>
presents <other>
the <other>
design <other>
, <other>
fabrication <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
a <other>
piezoelectrically I-<APL>
actuated <APL>
high-fill-factor <APL>
tip-tilt-piston <APL>
( <other>
TTP I-<APL>
) <other>
micromirror I-<APL>
with <other>
small <other>
tilt I-<PRO>
and <other>
lateral I-<PRO>
shift <PRO>
during <other>
scanning <other>
. <other>


the <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
material <other>
is <other>
a <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
lead I-<MAT>
zirconate <MAT>
titanate <MAT>
( <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
small <other>
initial <other>
tilt I-<PRO>
and <other>
lateral I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
shift <PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
( <other>
LSF I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mirror I-<APL>
plate <APL>
is <other>
achieved <other>
by <other>
a <other>
folded <other>
, <other>
three <other>
- <other>
segment <other>
piezoelectric I-<APL>
unimorph <APL>
actuator <APL>
design <other>
. <other>


the <other>
piezoelectric I-<APL>
unimorph <APL>
actuation <APL>
beams <APL>
consist <other>
of <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
multilayers I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
released <other>
via <other>
undercutting <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
fabricated <other>
piezoelectric I-<APL>
micromirror <APL>
can <other>
be <other>
actuated <other>
about <other>
two <other>
rotational <other>
axes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
mirror <other>
plane <other>
and <other>
for <other>
translational <other>
vertical <other>
scan <other>
( <other>
piston I-<APL>
actuation <APL>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resonant I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
piston I-<APL>
and <other>
rotation I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
Hz <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
Hz <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


At <other>
their <other>
respective <other>
resonant I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
piston I-<PRO>
magnitude <PRO>
at <other>
resonant <other>
driving <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
two I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
rotating <PRO>
scan <PRO>
ranges <PRO>
are <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
, <other>
both <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
a <other>
2Vpp <other>
sinusoidal <other>
driving <other>
voltage <other>
. <other>


temperature <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
low <other>
cycle I-<PRO>
fatigue <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Pb <MAT>
eutectic I-<APL>
solder <APL>


low <other>
cycle <other>
fatigue I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
on <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Pb <MAT>
eutectic I-<APL>
solder <APL>
( <other>
63Sn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
37Pb <MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
under <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
stress <other>
range <other>
and <other>
inverse <other>
temperature <other>
followed <other>
the <other>
dorn I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
equation <CMT>
with <other>
the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
. <other>


multiple <other>
surface <other>
cracks <other>
and <other>
propagating <other>
cracks <other>
predominantly <other>
occurred <other>
in <other>
an <other>
intergranular <other>
manner <other>
along <other>
the <other>
colony <other>
boundaries <other>
. <other>


propagation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
stage <other>
II <other>
crack <other>
at <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
could <other>
be <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
C* I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
parameter <PRO>
. <other>


high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>


Mg I-<MAT>
/ <other>
1.1Al2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
using <other>
solidification I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
called <other>
disintegrated I-<SMT>
melt <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
technique <SMT>
followed <other>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
extrusion <SMT>
. <other>


microstructural I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
reasonably <other>
uniform <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
reinforcement <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
significant <other>
grain I-<PRO>
refinement <PRO>
of <other>
commercially <other>
pure I-<DSC>
magnesium I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
and <other>
effectively <other>
restricted <other>
the <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
during <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
tensile I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
. <other>


physical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
characterization <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
nano-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
particulates I-<DSC>
as <other>
reinforcement <other>
improves <other>
the <other>
dimensional I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
pure <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
. <other>


mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
characterization <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
thermally I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
nano-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
particulates I-<DSC>
as <other>
reinforcement <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
, <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
<nUm> I-<PRO>
% <PRO>
yield <PRO>
strength <PRO>
, <other>
UTS I-<PRO>
and <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
of <other>
pure <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
and <other>
efficiently <other>
maintained <other>
the <other>
strengthening I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


fractography I-<CMT>
revealed <other>
that <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
change <other>
from <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
to <other>
mixed <other>
ductile I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
with <other>
activation <other>
of <other>
non-basal <other>
slip <other>
system <other>
in <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
complete <other>
ductile I-<PRO>
mode <other>
at <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
nano-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
particulates I-<DSC>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
alkali <other>
or <other>
alkaline I-<MAT>
earth <MAT>
metal <MAT>
gallate <MAT>
glasses I-<DSC>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
30Cs2O*70Ga2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
66.7CaO*33.3Ga2O3 I-<MAT>
glasses I-<DSC>
is <other>
investi- <other>
gated <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
molar I-<CMT>
volume <CMT>
measurement <CMT>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
30Cs2O* I-<MAT>
70Ga2O3 <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
main <other>
portion <other>
of <other>
ga3+ <other>
ions <other>
forms <other>
GaO4 I-<MAT>
tetrahedra <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
of <other>
this <other>
glass I-<DSC>
is <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
Li2O- I-<MAT>
, <other>
Na2O- I-<MAT>
, <other>
CaO- I-<MAT>
, <other>
SrO- I-<MAT>
and <other>
BaO-Ga2O3 I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
rather <other>
than <other>
to <other>
Cs2O-Ga2O3 I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
gallium I-<MAT>
ions <other>
are <other>
coordinated <other>
by <other>
four <other>
oxygens <other>
in <other>
the <other>
66.7CaO*33.3Ga2O3 I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
glass I-<DSC>
is <other>
expressed <other>
by <other>
layer I-<DSC>
structures I-<PRO>
consisting <other>
of <other>
five <other>
- <other>
membered <other>
rings <other>
of <other>
GaO4 I-<MAT>
tetrahedra <other>
. <other>


the <other>
average <other>
Ga-O-Ga I-<PRO>
angle <PRO>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
degree <other>
. <other>


electron I-<PRO>
effective <PRO>
mass <PRO>
and <other>
nonparabolicity I-<PRO>
in <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAsIn I-<MAT>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
lattice <other>
- <other>
matched <other>
to <other>
InP I-<MAT>


nonparabolic I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
effective <PRO>
masses <PRO>
in <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
( <other>
QWs I-<APL>
) <other>
, <other>
sandwiched <other>
by <other>
thick <other>
AlAsIn I-<MAT>
barriers <other>
of <other>
0.52- <other>
eV <other>
band I-<PRO>
offset <PRO>
, <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
normal <other>
and <other>
parallel <other>
directions <other>
to <other>
the <other>
QW I-<APL>
plane <other>
. <other>


the <other>
normal I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
was <other>
experimentally <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
observing <other>
interband I-<CMT>
photocurrent <CMT>
spectra <CMT>
of <other>
undoped <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
multi-QW I-<APL>
structures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mass I-<PRO>
increased <other>
by <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
from <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
band I-<PRO>
edge <PRO>
mass <PRO>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
m0 <other>
. <other>


electron I-<PRO>
eigenenergies <PRO>
were <other>
calculated <other>
in <other>
QWs I-<APL>
based <other>
on <other>
kane I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
three <CMT>
- <CMT>
level <CMT>
band <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
calculated <other>
‘ <other>
apparent <other>
’ <other>
normal I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
kinetic <other>
energy <other>
up <other>
to <other>
0.5eV <other>
agreed <other>
well <other>
with <other>
experiments <other>
. <other>


the <other>
parallel I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
in <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
modulation I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
doped <DSC>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
QWs I-<APL>
was <other>
experimentally <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
pulse I-<CMT>
cyclotron <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
up <other>
to <other>
100T <other>
. <other>


the <other>
analysis <other>
in <other>
quantizing <other>
magnetic <other>
fields <other>
, <other>
modified <other>
for <other>
two I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
QWs I-<APL>
, <other>
fits <other>
well <other>
with <other>
cyclotron I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
‘ <other>
apparent <other>
’ <other>
parallel I-<PRO>
mass <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
energy <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
consistently <other>
. <other>


Ca I-<MAT>
- <other>
induced <other>
surface I-<PRO>
reconstructions <PRO>
on <other>
TiO2(110) I-<MAT>
studied <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
reflection I-<CMT>
high <CMT>
- <CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
atomistic I-<CMT>
simulation <CMT>


we <other>
have <other>
prepared <other>
and <other>
investigated <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
- <other>
induced <other>
surface I-<PRO>
reconstructions <PRO>
on <other>
TiO2(110) I-<MAT>
. <other>


experimental <other>
investigations <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
STM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
reflection I-<CMT>
high <CMT>
- <CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
low I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


atomistic I-<CMT>
simulation <CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
segregation I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
calcium I-<MAT>
and <other>
to <other>
calculate <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
between <other>
experiment <other>
and <other>
calculations <other>
the <other>
( I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
surface <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
consist <other>
of <other>
elevated <other>
ca2+ <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
the <other>
top <other>
layer <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


this <other>
strongly <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
the <other>
STM I-<CMT>
contrast <other>
is <other>
mainly <other>
of <other>
geometric <other>
origin <other>
. <other>


after <other>
further <other>
oxygen <other>
loss <other>
trenches <other>
are <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
described <other>
as <other>
a <other>
disordered <other>
( I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
× <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
) <PRO>
reconstruction <PRO>
. <other>


though <other>
energy I-<CMT>
calculations <CMT>
did <other>
not <other>
show <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
energy <other>
gain <other>
by <other>
forming <other>
the <other>
trench <other>
structure <other>
it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
oxygen <other>
loss <other>
and <other>
subsequent <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
contribute <other>
to <other>
their <other>
formation <other>
. <other>


correlation <other>
between <other>
irreversibility I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
fields <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
longest <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
layer I-<PRO>
spacing <PRO>
in <other>
high-T I-<PRO>
c <PRO>
superconductors <PRO>


thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
phase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
TlSrCaCuO I-<MAT>
system <other>
( <other>
Tl <other>
- <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
single <other>
TlO <other>
layer <other>
) <other>
and <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
phase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
TlBaCaCuO I-<MAT>
system <other>
( <other>
Tl <other>
- <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
double <other>
TlO <other>
layers <other>
) <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
laser I-<SMT>
ablation <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
irreversibility I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
field <PRO>
( <other>
ifH* I-<PRO>
) <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
change <other>
in <other>
magnetic <other>
fields <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
T <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
T <other>
at <other>
T <other>
/ <other>
Tc <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
Tl <other>
- <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
Tl <other>
- <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
H* I-<PRO>
of <other>
high I-<PRO>
Tc <PRO>
- <PRO>
superconductors <PRO>
including <other>
YBaCuO I-<MAT>
and <other>
biSrCaCuO I-<MAT>
systems <other>
are <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
depend <other>
strongly <other>
on <other>
the <other>
longest <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
layer I-<PRO>
spacing <PRO>
( <other>
d I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
the <other>
H* I-<PRO>
decreases <other>
in <other>
the <other>
order <other>
, <other>
Y-(1223) <other>
> <other>
Tl <other>
- <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
> <other>
Tl <other>
- <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
> <other>
bi-(2212) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phenomenon <other>
may <other>
be <other>
the <other>
result <other>
of <other>
josephson <other>
weak <other>
coupling <other>
between <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
CuO I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
seems <other>
that <other>
the <other>
longest <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
interlayer I-<PRO>
spacing <PRO>
determines <other>
the <other>
H* I-<PRO>
for <other>
a <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
applied <other>
perpendicular <other>
to <other>
the <other>
a <other>
− <other>
b <other>
plane <other>
. <other>


perturbed I-<CMT>
angular <CMT>
correlation <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
181Ta I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
PbTi1-x I-<MAT>
Hf <MAT>
x <MAT>
O3 <MAT>
compounds <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
the <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
quadrupole <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
at <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
PbTi1-xHfxO3 I-<MAT>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
samples <other>
is <other>
studied <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


powders I-<DSC>
with <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
and <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
. <other>


perturbed I-<CMT>
angular <CMT>
correlation <CMT>
( <other>
PAC I-<CMT>
) <other>
analyses <other>
were <other>
done <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
using <other>
low <other>
concentration <other>
181Ta I-<MAT>
nuclei <other>
as <other>
probes <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
paraelectric I-<PRO>
phases <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
compounds <other>
two <other>
sites <other>
were <other>
occupied <other>
by <other>
the <other>
probes <other>
. <other>


for <other>
each <other>
site <other>
the <other>
quadrupole I-<PRO>
frequency <PRO>
, <other>
asymmetry I-<PRO>
and <other>
relative I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
width <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
were <other>
obtained <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
above <other>
and <other>
below <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TC I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


one <other>
of <other>
these <other>
sites <other>
was <other>
assigned <other>
to <other>
the <other>
regular <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
Hf I-<MAT>
site <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
other <other>
one <other>
was <other>
assigned <other>
to <other>
some <other>
kind <other>
of <other>
defect <other>
. <other>


the <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
a <other>
recent <other>
published <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
disorder <other>
below <other>
and <other>
above <other>
TC I-<PRO>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
three <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
measured <other>
, <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
present <other>
discontinuities <other>
which <other>
correspond <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
paraelectric <PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
both <other>
phases <other>
it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
broad <other>
frequency <other>
distributed <other>
interactions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
disorder <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
would <other>
be <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
broad <other>
line <other>
width <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
. <other>


an <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
study <other>
of <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
conversion I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
on <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
surfaces I-<DSC>


this <other>
study <other>
is <other>
focused <other>
on <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
process <other>
of <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
conversion I-<APL>
layers <APL>
on <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
analysis <other>
approach <other>
is <other>
based <other>
on <other>
a <other>
kretschmann I-<CMT>
configuration <CMT>
in <other>
which <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
ATR I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
FTIR <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
is <other>
combined <other>
with <other>
open I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
potential <PRO>
( <other>
OCP I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
near I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
pH <PRO>
measurements <other>
. <other>


differently <other>
pretreated <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
were <other>
subjected <other>
to <other>
conversion I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
deposition <other>
mechanism <other>
was <other>
probed <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
hydroxyl <other>
fraction <other>
promotes <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
conversion <other>
process <other>
as <other>
the <other>
near I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
pH <PRO>
values <other>
are <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
hydroxyl <other>
fraction <other>
. <other>


kinetics <other>
of <other>
the <other>
early <other>
surface I-<PRO>
activation <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
subsequent <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
conversion <other>
process <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
and <other>
correlated <other>
to <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
hydroxyl <other>
fractions <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
Nd2O3 I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
by <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
hot <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
sintering <SMT>


A <other>
range <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
Nd2O3 I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
hot <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
under <other>
the <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
samples <other>
with <other>
Nd2O3 I-<MAT>
additives <other>
exhibited <other>
more <other>
superior <other>
performances <other>
than <other>
those <other>
without <other>
additives <other>
. <other>


when <other>
<nUm> <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
Nd2O3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
added <other>
, <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
showed <other>
optimal <other>
density I-<PRO>
( <other>
relative I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
, <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
( <other>
vickers I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
, <other>
strength I-<PRO>
( <other>
flexural I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
) <other>
, <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
( <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
m1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
( <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
depth <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
excessive <other>
additive <other>
( <other>
>3.0 <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
would <other>
weaken <other>
these <other>
positive <other>
effects <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
superior <other>
performances <other>
could <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
grain <other>
refinement <other>
and <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
densification I-<SMT>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
plate I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
grains <PRO>
were <other>
found <other>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
and <other>
additional <other>
experiments <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
their <other>
formation <other>
was <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
enrichment <other>
of <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
element <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
beneficial <other>
to <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
densification I-<SMT>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
(BaLa)(MgMn)O6-x <MAT>
( <MAT>
x[?]0.21 <MAT>
) <MAT>
prepared <other>
under <other>
high <other>
oxygen <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
its <other>
physico I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
chemical <CMT>
characterization <CMT>


A <other>
new <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
perovskite <SPL>
compound <other>
BaLaMgMnO6-x I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
under <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
and <other>
high <other>
oxygen <other>
pressure <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
kbar <other>
) <other>
using <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <other>
ClKO3 I-<MAT>
in <other>
a <other>
belt I-<SMT>
apparatus <SMT>
. <other>


X-Ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
redox I-<CMT>
titration <CMT>
, <other>
thermogravimetric I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
( <other>
XPE I-<CMT>
) <other>
spectroscopy <other>
investigation <other>
have <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
x <other>
is <other>
close <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
under <other>
these <other>
synthetic <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


Mn(V) I-<MAT>
in <other>
octahedral <other>
coordination <other>
could <other>
be <other>
postulated <other>
. <other>


origin <other>
of <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ta <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>


alloying <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
with <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
has <other>
proven <other>
to <other>
enhance <other>
their <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
especially <other>
for <other>
arc I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
evaporated <SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ta <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
only <other>
limited <other>
information <other>
on <other>
the <other>
detailed <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
elements <other>
on <other>
various <other>
properties <other>
is <other>
available <other>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
developed <other>
arc I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
evaporated <SMT>
ti1-x I-<MAT>
− <MAT>
yAlxTayN <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
with <other>
various <other>
Al I-<MAT>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
( <other>
y <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
contents <other>
. <other>


while <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
our <other>
coatings I-<APL>
during <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
in <other>
inert <other>
He <other>
atmosphere <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
best <other>
results <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
specific <other>
Ta I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
Al <PRO>
ratios <PRO>
during <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
cubic I-<SPL>
Al15N25Ta2Ti8 I-<MAT>
yields <other>
a <other>
mass <other>
- <other>
gain <other>
of <other>
only <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
after <other>
5h <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
synthetic <other>
air <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
Al13N20Ti7 I-<MAT>
is <other>
completely <other>
oxidized <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
in <other>
part <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
suppressed <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
and <other>
direct <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
formation <other>
at <other>
a <other>
defined <other>
Ta I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
Al <PRO>
content <PRO>
. <other>


consequently <other>
, <other>
the <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
transformation <other>
, <other>
generally <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
Ti1-xAlxN I-<MAT>
, <other>
is <other>
absent <other>
. <other>


this <other>
reduces <other>
the <other>
generation <other>
of <other>
pores <other>
and <other>
cracks <other>
within <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
scale <other>
and <other>
especially <other>
at <other>
the <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
– <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
, <other>
leading <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
protective <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
and <other>
corundum I-<MAT>
based <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
scale <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
also <other>
reflected <other>
in <other>
the <other>
pronounced <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
protective <other>
scale <other>
formation <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
for <other>
Al13N20Ti7 I-<MAT>
down <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
for <other>
Al15N25Ta2Ti8 I-<MAT>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
our <other>
results <other>
we <other>
can <other>
conclude <other>
that <other>
especially <other>
phase <other>
transformations <other>
within <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
scale <other>
need <other>
to <other>
be <other>
suppressed <other>
, <other>
as <other>
the <other>
connected <other>
volume <other>
changes <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
cracks <other>
and <other>
pores <other>
. <other>


A <other>
novel <other>
method <other>
for <other>
fabricating <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanobelts I-<DSC>


free <other>
- <other>
standing <other>
, <other>
ultralong <other>
( <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
method <other>
. <other>


this <other>
method <other>
is <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
fact <other>
that <other>
the <other>
solubility <other>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
in <other>
copper I-<MAT>
is <other>
very <other>
low <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
are <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
copper I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
by <other>
forging I-<SMT>
and <other>
wire I-<SMT>
drawing <SMT>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
a <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
through <other>
selective <other>
etching I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
copper I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
to <other>
release <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
from <other>
the <other>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
have <other>
an <other>
average <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
a <other>
width <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
exhibiting <other>
width <other>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
thickness <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
have <other>
high <other>
remanence I-<PRO>
, <other>
relatively <other>
high <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
shape I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
. <other>


conduction I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
in <other>
O5Ta2 I-<MAT>
stack <other>
in <other>
response <other>
to <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
annealing <SMT>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
( <other>
RTA I-<SMT>
) <other>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
on <other>
the <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
and <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
in <other>
thermal <other>
O5Ta2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
established <other>
that <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
RTA I-<SMT>
depends <other>
on <other>
both <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
parameters <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
( <other>
defined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
and <other>
film I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
) <other>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
time <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
60s <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
RTA I-<SMT>
tends <other>
to <other>
change <other>
the <other>
distribution <other>
and <other>
the <other>
density <other>
of <other>
the <other>
traps <other>
in <other>
stack <other>
, <other>
and <other>
this <other>
reflects <other>
on <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
thinner <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
poorer <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
more <other>
susceptible <other>
the <other>
layer <other>
to <other>
heating I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
short <other>
( <other>
15s <other>
) <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
is <other>
effective <other>
in <other>
improving <other>
the <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
poorly <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
samples <other>
. <other>


the <other>
RTA I-<SMT>
effect <other>
, <other>
however <other>
, <other>
is <other>
rather <other>
deleterious <other>
than <other>
beneficial <other>
, <other>
for <other>
the <other>
thinner <other>
layers I-<DSC>
with <other>
good <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
stoichiometry <PRO>
. <other>


RTA I-<SMT>
modifies <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
O5Ta2 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
only <other>
in <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
field <other>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
time <other>
has <other>
strong <other>
impact <other>
on <other>
the <other>
appearance <other>
of <other>
a <other>
certain <other>
type <other>
of <other>
reactions <other>
upon <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
resulting <other>
to <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ratio <other>
between <other>
donors <other>
and <other>
traps <other>
into <other>
O5Ta2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
causing <other>
different <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
compensation <other>
, <other>
and <other>
consequently <other>
to <other>
domination <other>
of <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
two <other>
mechanisms <other>
at <other>
high <other>
fields <other>
( <other>
schottky I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
or <other>
poole I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
frenkel <PRO>
effect <PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


trends <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
simultaneous <other>
action <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
and <other>
generation <other>
of <other>
traps <other>
during <other>
RTA I-<SMT>
processing <other>
, <other>
and <other>
respectively <other>
the <other>
domination <other>
of <other>
one <other>
of <other>
them <other>
, <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


rapid <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
superhydrophobic I-<PRO>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanothermite I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
with <other>
excellent <other>
energy I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
release <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
and <other>
long I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
term <PRO>
storage <PRO>
stability <PRO>


one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
challenges <other>
for <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
energetic <other>
materials <other>
is <other>
their <other>
energy I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
retaining <PRO>
capabilities <PRO>
after <other>
long <other>
- <other>
term <other>
storage <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
study <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
a <other>
facile <other>
method <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
superhydrophobic I-<PRO>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanothermite I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
by <other>
combining <other>
electrophoretic I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
and <other>
surface I-<SMT>
modification <SMT>
technologies <other>
. <other>


different <other>
concentrations <other>
of <other>
dispersion <other>
solvents <other>
and <other>
additives <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
to <other>
optimize <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
parameters <other>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
deposition <other>
rates <other>
on <other>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
concentrations <other>
is <other>
also <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
are <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
field I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
energy <CMT>
- <CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
static I-<PRO>
contact <PRO>
angles <PRO>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
superhydrophobicity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanothermite I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
. <other>


natural <other>
and <other>
accelerated <other>
aging I-<SMT>
tests <other>
are <other>
performed <other>
and <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
is <other>
analyzed <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
surface I-<SMT>
modification <SMT>
contributes <other>
to <other>
significantly <other>
improved <other>
energy I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
release <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
for <other>
both <other>
fresh <other>
and <other>
aged I-<SMT>
samples <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
supposed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
preignition <other>
reaction <other>
between <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
shell I-<DSC>
and <other>
FAS-17 I-<MAT>
. <other>


superhydrophobic I-<PRO>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanothermite I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
exhibits <other>
excellent <other>
long I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
time <PRO>
storage <PRO>
stability <PRO>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
energy <other>
left <other>
in <other>
natural I-<CMT>
aging <CMT>
test <CMT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
in <other>
accelerated I-<CMT>
aging <CMT>
test <CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
study <other>
is <other>
instructive <other>
to <other>
the <other>
practical <other>
applications <other>
of <other>
nanothermites I-<DSC>
, <other>
especially <other>
in <other>
highly <other>
humid <other>
environment <other>
. <other>


A <other>
DFT I-<CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
and <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phases <other>
of <other>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>


A <other>
geometry <other>
optimisation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
and <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phases <other>
of <other>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
conducted <other>
using <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
( <other>
DFT I-<CMT>
) <other>
within <other>
the <other>
local I-<CMT>
density <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
( <other>
LDA I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
generalised I-<CMT>
gradient <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
( <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
) <other>
schemes <other>
. <other>


the <other>
LDA I-<CMT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
give <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
closer <other>
to <other>
experiment <other>
than <other>
the <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
study <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
vacancies <other>
in <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
has <other>
been <other>
performed <other>
and <other>
the <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
an <other>
O(1) <other>
type <other>
( <other>
face <other>
sharing <other>
) <other>
vacancy <other>
is <other>
more <other>
stable <other>
than <other>
an <other>
O(2) <other>
type <other>
( <other>
corner <other>
sharing <other>
) <other>
vacancy <other>
in <other>
the <other>
octahedral <other>
structure <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
different <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
doping <other>
concentrations <other>
on <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


A <other>
theoretical <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hydrogenation I-<SMT>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
to <other>
graphane I-<MAT>
on <other>
its <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


we <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hydrogenation I-<SMT>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
to <other>
graphane I-<MAT>
on <other>
its <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
using <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
density I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
hydrogenation I-<SMT>
reduces <other>
the <other>
ultimate I-<PRO>
strengths <PRO>
in <other>
all <other>
three <other>
tested <other>
deformation I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
– <other>
armchair <other>
, <other>
zigzag <other>
, <other>
and <other>
biaxial <other>
– <other>
and <other>
the <other>
in-plane I-<PRO>
stiffness <PRO>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
poisson I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
was <other>
reduced <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
decrease <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
ultimate <other>
strain <other>
in <other>
zigzag <other>
deformation <other>
was <other>
increased <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
shear I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
constants <PRO>
are <other>
more <other>
sensitive <other>
than <other>
longitudinal <other>
ones <other>
to <other>
hydrogenation I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
fourth <other>
and <other>
fifth I-<PRO>
order <PRO>
longitudinal <PRO>
mode <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
constants <PRO>
are <other>
inert <other>
to <other>
the <other>
hydrogenation I-<SMT>
, <other>
in <other>
contrast <other>
to <other>
a <other>
large <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
those <other>
in <other>
second <other>
and <other>
third <other>
order <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hydrogenation I-<SMT>
does <other>
not <other>
change <other>
the <other>
monotonic <other>
decrement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
poisson I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
with <other>
increasing <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
rate <other>
is <other>
tripled <other>
. <other>


our <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
– <other>
graphane I-<MAT>
systems <other>
could <other>
be <other>
used <other>
for <other>
hydrogen I-<APL>
storage <APL>
with <other>
high <other>
speed <other>
of <other>
charge I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
discharge <PRO>
of <PRO>
hydrogen <PRO>
. <other>


plain I-<PRO>
fatigue <PRO>
and <other>
fretting I-<PRO>
fatigue <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
nitrided <SMT>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>


fatigue I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
fretting <other>
against <other>
unnitrided <other>
fretting I-<APL>
pads <APL>
were <other>
conducted <other>
on <other>
unnitrided <other>
and <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
nitrided <SMT>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
samples <other>
. <other>


plasma I-<SMT>
nitrided <SMT>
samples <other>
exhibited <other>
higher <other>
surface I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
, <other>
higher <other>
surface I-<PRO>
compressive <PRO>
residual <PRO>
stress <PRO>
, <other>
lower <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
and <other>
reduced <other>
friction I-<PRO>
force <PRO>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
unnitrided <other>
specimens <other>
. <other>


plasma I-<SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
enhanced <other>
the <other>
lives <other>
of <other>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
specimens <other>
under <other>
both <other>
plain I-<PRO>
fatigue <PRO>
and <other>
fretting I-<PRO>
fatigue <PRO>
loadings <other>
. <other>


this <other>
was <other>
explained <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
surface I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
residual <PRO>
stress <PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
and <other>
friction I-<PRO>
force <PRO>
between <other>
the <other>
unnitrided <other>
and <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
samples <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
decorated <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
acicular <other>
nanowire I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
and <other>
their <other>
application <other>
as <other>
an <other>
ethanol I-<APL>
sensor <APL>


A <other>
novel <other>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
modified <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
) <other>
acicular <other>
nanowire I-<DSC>
( <other>
NW I-<DSC>
) <other>
arrays <other>
has <other>
been <other>
fabricated <other>
in <other>
this <other>
study <other>
, <other>
which <other>
demonstrates <other>
a <other>
good <other>
performance <other>
for <other>
ethanol I-<APL>
detection <APL>
at <other>
working <other>
temperatures <other>
as <other>
low <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


Co3O4 I-<MAT>
NW I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
were <other>
first <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
an <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
patterned <other>
with <other>
an <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
by <other>
a <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
then <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
decorated <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
NW I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
by <other>
using <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
after <other>
decoration <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
NW I-<DSC>
array <DSC>
sensor I-<APL>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
response I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
ethanol <PRO>
( <other>
Rg I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ra <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
Rg I-<PRO>
is <other>
the <other>
sensor I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
measured <other>
in <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
target <other>
gases <other>
and <other>
Ra I-<PRO>
is <other>
the <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
measured <other>
in <other>
air <other>
) <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
pristine <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
NW I-<DSC>
sensor I-<APL>
( <other>
Rg I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Ra <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


importantly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
sensor I-<APL>
has <other>
shown <other>
a <other>
detection I-<PRO>
limit <PRO>
as <other>
low <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
good <other>
reproducibility <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reason <other>
for <other>
the <other>
enhanced <other>
sensing I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
is <other>
considered <other>
to <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
p I-<APL>
– <APL>
n <APL>
junction <APL>
between <other>
the <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
Co3O4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


tailoring <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanotube I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
connected <other>
with <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
by <other>
anodization I-<SMT>


different <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphologies <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanotube I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
were <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
anodization I-<SMT>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
foils I-<DSC>
in <other>
various <other>
water <other>
- <other>
containing <other>
electrolytes <other>
at <other>
various <other>
voltages <other>
. <other>


field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
FESEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
is <other>
apparently <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
viscosity <other>
of <other>
electrolytes <other>
and <other>
voltage <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
case <other>
, <other>
we <other>
introduce <other>
a <other>
detailed <other>
formation <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
that <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
and <other>
TiF62- <other>
concentration <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
also <other>
found <other>
that <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
are <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
with <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
phase <other>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
3h <other>
. <other>


ruthenium I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
lithium I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>


the <other>
maximum <other>
solubility <other>
of <other>
ruthenium I-<MAT>
in <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
, <other>
xlim I-<PRO>
, <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
firing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
T( <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
by <other>
the <other>
empirical <other>
formula <other>
xlim I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-3(T-900) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ruthenium I-<MAT>
enters <other>
the <other>
octahedral <other>
( <other>
B <other>
) <other>
sites <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
structure <other>
as <other>
ru3+ <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
a <other>
low I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
state <PRO>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
BaCeO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-d I-<MAT>
from <other>
mixed <other>
oxalate I-<MAT>
precursors <other>


an <other>
oxalate I-<MAT>
precipitation I-<SMT>
route <SMT>
is <other>
proposed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
BaCe1-xYxO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
after <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
precipitation I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
was <other>
a <other>
determinant <other>
parameter <other>
for <other>
producing <other>
a <other>
pure <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
after <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
1h <other>
. <other>


TG I-<CMT>
/ <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
co-precipitated I-<DSC>
( <other>
Ba I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
and <other>
Y I-<MAT>
) <other>
oxalate I-<MAT>
had <other>
a <other>
different <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
from <other>
single <other>
oxalates I-<MAT>
. <other>


despite <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
grinding I-<SMT>
procedure <other>
, <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-d I-<MAT>
pellets I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
48h <other>
) <other>
presented <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
relative I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
preliminary <other>
impedance I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
showed <other>
an <other>
overall <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-4 <other>
Scm-1 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
electromagnetic I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<PRO>
- <other>
coated I-<SMT>
reduced <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
with <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>


A <other>
ternary <other>
composite I-<DSC>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
reduced <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
facile I-<SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
electromagnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
composite <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
, <other>
VSM I-<CMT>
and <other>
vector I-<CMT>
network <CMT>
analyzer <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum I-<PRO>
reflection <PRO>
loss <PRO>
( <other>
RL I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
RGO I-<MAT>
composite <other>
shows <other>
maximum <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
of <other>
-38 <other>
dB <other>
at <other>
6GHz <other>
with <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
bandwidth <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
RL I-<PRO>
below <other>
-10 <other>
dB <other>
is <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
( <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
result <other>
demonstrates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
introduction <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
significantly <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
multiple <other>
absorbing <other>
mechanisms <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
believed <other>
that <other>
such <other>
composite I-<DSC>
could <other>
serve <other>
as <other>
a <other>
powerful <other>
candidate <other>
for <other>
microwave I-<APL>
absorber <APL>
. <other>


amorphous I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
doped <DSC>
by <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
: <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
sub-surface I-<DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
bonding I-<PRO>


hydrogen <other>
free <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
amorphous <DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
dual I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
pulsed <SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
using <other>
two <other>
excimer <other>
lasers <other>
. <other>


the <other>
air I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
exposed <SMT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
energy <CMT>
resolved <CMT>
and <CMT>
angular <CMT>
- <CMT>
resolved <CMT>
core <CMT>
- <CMT>
level <CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
were <other>
then <other>
step <other>
- <other>
by <other>
- <other>
step <other>
sputtered I-<SMT>
with <other>
an <other>
argon I-<SMT>
gas <SMT>
cluster <SMT>
ion <SMT>
beam <SMT>
( <other>
ArGCIB I-<SMT>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
known <other>
to <other>
be <other>
a <other>
very <other>
gentle <other>
technique <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
surface I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
top <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
and <other>
its <other>
sub-surface <other>
region <other>
differ <other>
in <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
in <other>
bonding I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
top <other>
surface I-<DSC>
is <other>
enriched <other>
by <other>
oxygen <other>
- <other>
bearing <other>
species <other>
. <other>


carbon I-<MAT>
- <other>
bearing <other>
species <other>
located <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
are <other>
mostly <other>
in <other>
sp3 <other>
hybridization <other>
. <other>


titanium I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
, <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
, <other>
are <other>
not <other>
directly <other>
exposed <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


they <other>
are <other>
embedded <other>
in <other>
a <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
network <other>
with <other>
dominating <other>
C I-<MAT>
sp2 <other>
hybridization <other>
. <other>


their <other>
interface I-<DSC>
is <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
a <other>
distinct <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
with <other>
stoichiometry I-<PRO>
close <other>
to <other>
C3Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
damage <other>
induced <other>
by <other>
ArGCIB I-<SMT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
minimal <other>
, <other>
verifiably <other>
affecting <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
in <other>
the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
network <other>
. <other>


processing <other>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
diboride <MAT>
- <other>
boron I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>


the <other>
processing <other>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
diboride <MAT>
- <other>
boron I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
( <other>
ZrB2-B4C I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
. <other>


ceramics I-<DSC>
containing <other>
nominally <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
40vol <other>
% <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
were <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pressed <SMT>
to <other>
full <other>
density I-<PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
decreased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
um <other>
and <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
inclusion I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
increased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
um <other>
for <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
additions <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
40vol <other>
% <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
decreased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
vickers I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
increased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
as <other>
the <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
content <other>
increased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
40vol <other>
% <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
following <other>
trends <other>
predicted <other>
using <other>
linear I-<CMT>
rules <CMT>
of <CMT>
mixtures <CMT>
. <other>


flexure I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
both <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
increased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam 1/2  <other>
at <other>
5vol <other>
% <other>
B4C <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam 1/2  <other>
at <other>
40vol <other>
% <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
additions <other>
. <other>


flexure I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
with <other>
a <other>
5vol <other>
% <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
addition <other>
, <other>
increasing <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
for <other>
a <other>
40vol <other>
% <other>
addition <other>
. <other>


the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
flaw <PRO>
size <PRO>
was <other>
calculated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
um <other>
for <other>
all <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
surfaces <PRO>
indicated <other>
that <other>
strength I-<PRO>
was <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
edge I-<PRO>
flaws <PRO>
generated <other>
by <other>
machining I-<SMT>
induced <other>
sub-surface I-<PRO>
damage <PRO>
. <other>


increasing <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
added <other>
to <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
led <other>
to <other>
increasing <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
compared <other>
to <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
increased <other>
crack I-<PRO>
deflection <PRO>
. <other>


additions <other>
of <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
also <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
increases <other>
in <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
increased <other>
crack I-<PRO>
deflection <PRO>
and <other>
intergranular I-<PRO>
fracture <PRO>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
and <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
Sm2Fe17-x I-<MAT>
Cr <MAT>
x <MAT>
materials <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
alloying <SMT>
followed <other>
by <other>
an <other>
appropriate <other>
short <other>
annealing I-<SMT>


samples <other>
of <other>
Sm2Fe17-xCrx I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
ball I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
milled <SMT>
and <other>
subsequently <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
using <other>
the <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
method <CMT>
coupled <other>
to <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
Tc <PRO>
measurements <other>
and <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
investigation <other>
have <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
for <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
Sm2Fe17-xCrx I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
crystallize <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Th2Zn17 I-<MAT>
type <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
structure <other>
and <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Nd3(Fe I-<SPL>
, <SPL>
ti)29 <SPL>
type <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
for <other>
x <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
studies <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
occupy <other>
6c <other>
sites <other>
in <other>
the <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
structure <other>
in <other>
all <other>
cases <other>
. <other>


for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
the <other>
six <other>
( <other>
6c <other>
) <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
substituted <other>
by <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
and <other>
the <other>
fe(6c) I-<MAT>
sites <other>
disappear <other>
. <other>


the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
increases <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
decreases <other>
to <other>
a <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
was <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
distance <other>
between <other>
the <other>
‘ <other>
dumbbell <other>
’ <other>
fe(6c) I-<MAT>
sites <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


the <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
is <other>
assigned <other>
to <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
dilution <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Fe17Sm2 I-<MAT>
lattice <other>
by <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
strong <other>
magnetically I-<PRO>
Fe I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
by <other>
weak <other>
magnetically I-<PRO>
Cr I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
and <other>
the <other>
smaller <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
– <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
– <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
exchange I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
. <other>


anomalous <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
normal I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
of <other>
y1-x I-<MAT>
Pr <MAT>
x <MAT>
Ba2Cu3O <MAT>
y <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
≥ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
films I-<DSC>


the <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
was <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
both <other>
h[?]c <other>
- <other>
axis <other>
and <other>
H[?] <other>
; <other>
c-axis <other>
, <other>
using <other>
c-axis I-<PRO>
oriented <PRO>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
x <other>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3Oy I-<MAT>
system <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
CuO2 I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
with <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
is <other>
in <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
h I-<PRO>
4e2 <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
□ <other>
which <other>
is <other>
the <other>
threshold <other>
value <other>
of <other>
a <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
insulator <PRO>
( <PRO>
SI <PRO>
) <PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
two I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
system <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
in <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
a <other>
negative <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


its <other>
magnitude <other>
is <other>
much <other>
larger <other>
for <other>
h[?]c <other>
- <other>
axis <other>
than <other>
for <other>
H <other>
⊥ <other>
; <other>
c-axis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
the <other>
negative <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
is <other>
interpreted <other>
as <other>
a <other>
localization I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
because <other>
those <other>
samples <other>
have <other>
the <other>
Pr I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
around <other>
the <other>
SI I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
present <other>
system <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
pointed <other>
out <other>
that <other>
the <other>
disappearance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
at <other>
xcr I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
originates <other>
from <other>
the <other>
localization <other>
effect <other>
by <other>
Pr I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
. <other>


deposition <other>
of <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
, <other>
germanium I-<MAT>
and <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
germanium <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
hollow I-<SMT>
cathode <SMT>
reactive <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
system <other>


high <other>
quality <other>
hydrogenated I-<DSC>
amorphous <DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
germanium I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Ge I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
germanium <MAT>
( <other>
a-SiGe I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
a <other>
d.c. I-<SMT>
hollow <SMT>
cathode <SMT>
system <SMT>
with <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
confinement <other>
. <other>


high <other>
purity <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
germanium I-<MAT>
nozzles I-<DSC>
were <other>
reactively I-<SMT>
sputtered <SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
density <SMT>
hollow <SMT>
cathode <SMT>
discharge <SMT>
of <other>
argon <other>
and <other>
hydrogen <other>
. <other>


this <other>
process <other>
avoids <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
the <other>
toxic <other>
and <other>
pyrophoric <other>
gases <other>
, <other>
germane <other>
and <other>
silane <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
had <other>
light I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
dark <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
ratios <PRO>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
with <other>
light I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
S <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
range <other>
. <other>


the <other>
best <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
have <other>
a <other>
tauc I-<CMT>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
near <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
with <other>
an <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
hydrogen <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
was <other>
in <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
/ <other>
h <other>
range <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
a-Ge I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
the <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
have <other>
hydrogen <other>
bonding <other>
as <other>
a <other>
single <other>
atom <other>
, <other>
as <other>
did <other>
the <other>
hydrogenated I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
tauc I-<CMT>
bandgap I-<PRO>
was <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
all <other>
the <other>
germanium I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
slight <other>
photoresponse I-<PRO>
was <other>
noted <other>
for <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
deposited <other>
at <other>
a <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
/ <other>
h <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
a-SiGe I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
two <other>
hollow I-<APL>
cathodes <APL>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ge I-<MAT>
are <other>
reactively I-<SMT>
sputtered <SMT>
simultaneously <other>
. <other>


A <other>
description <other>
of <other>
the <other>
complete <other>
system <other>
will <other>
be <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
promising <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photoresponse I-<PRO>
is <other>
dependent <other>
upon <other>
the <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
the <other>
germanium I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
as <other>
expected <other>
. <other>


A <other>
light I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
dark <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
has <other>
been <other>
achieved <other>
for <other>
a <other>
film I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
. <other>


the <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
data <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
HSi I-<MAT>
bonds <other>
dominate <other>
over <other>
Ge I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
bonds <other>
by <other>
the <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
peaks <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
. <other>


synergistic <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
hybrid <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotube I-<DSC>
and <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
nanoplatelets I-<DSC>
reinforcement <other>
on <other>
processing <other>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>


Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al2O3-1wt I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
nanotube <MAT>
( <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
Al2O3-1wt I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
CNT-0.5wt <MAT>
% <MAT>
graphene <MAT>
nanoplatelets I-<DSC>
( <other>
GNP I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
consolidated <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
at <other>
a <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


spray I-<SMT>
drying <SMT>
technique <other>
was <other>
used <other>
for <other>
uniformly <other>
distributing <other>
the <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
and <other>
GNPs I-<MAT>
. <other>


fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
pellet I-<DSC>
drastically <other>
increased <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
on <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
, <other>
while <other>
substantial <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
was <other>
seen <other>
on <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
both <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
and <other>
GNPs I-<MAT>
. <other>


interfacial I-<PRO>
shear <PRO>
stress <PRO>
for <other>
Al2O3-CNT-GNP I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


novel <other>
toughening <other>
mechanisms <other>
such <other>
as <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
yarning <other>
and <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
embedded <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
drastic <other>
improvement <other>
in <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
. <other>


epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
oriented <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
AI <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
oriented <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
heated I-<SMT>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
with <other>
an <other>
RF <other>
power <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
by <other>
RF I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
from <other>
a <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
target <other>
mixed <other>
with <other>
AI2O3 I-<MAT>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
. <other>


films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
heated I-<SMT>
to <other>
a <other>
temperature <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
50-350 <other>
° <other>
C <other>
were <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
oriented <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
but <other>
those <other>
grown <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
consisted <other>
of <other>
crystallites I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
epitaxial <other>
relationships <other>
between <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
AI <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
using <other>
the <other>
reflective I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
patterns <CMT>
from <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
back I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
reflection <CMT>
laue <CMT>
patterns <CMT>
from <other>
the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


from <other>
these <other>
measurements <other>
, <other>
it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
there <other>
were <other>
two <other>
types <other>
of <other>
epitaxial <other>
relationships <other>
between <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
AI <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


one <other>
was <other>
[1010]ZnO I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
AI <MAT>
ll[00111]sapphire <MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
other <other>
[2110]ZnO I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
AI <MAT>
||[0001]sapphire <MAT>
. <other>


Sn I-<MAT>
whisker I-<DSC>
growth <other>
during <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
cycling <SMT>


pure I-<DSC>
Sn I-<MAT>
plating I-<APL>
on <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
chip I-<APL>
capacitors <APL>
was <other>
tested <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
cycling <SMT>
both <other>
in <other>
air <other>
and <other>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
for <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
and <other>
the <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
growth I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
was <other>
clarified <other>
. <other>


A <other>
thin I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
OSn I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
is <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
plating I-<APL>
and <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
high <other>
level <other>
of <other>
cracking <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<SMT>
cycling <SMT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
two <other>
distinct <other>
features <other>
: <other>
fine <other>
striation <other>
rings <other>
on <other>
the <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
side <other>
face <other>
vertical <other>
to <other>
the <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
growth <other>
axis <other>
; <other>
and <other>
deep <other>
grooves <other>
at <other>
the <other>
root <other>
of <other>
the <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
. <other>


one <other>
ring <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fine <other>
striations <other>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
each <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
cycle <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
grooves <other>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
cycle <SMT>
cracking <other>
along <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
followed <other>
by <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
and <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
from <other>
the <other>
root <other>
grains <other>
. <other>


the <other>
characteristic <other>
winding <other>
feature <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
cycling <SMT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
root <other>
grooves <other>
with <other>
severe <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
. <other>


whisker I-<DSC>
growth <other>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
is <other>
faster <other>
than <other>
in <other>
air <other>
. <other>


whiskers I-<DSC>
grown <other>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
are <other>
thinner <other>
and <other>
longer <other>
than <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
grown <other>
in <other>
air <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
density I-<PRO>
is <other>
not <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


the <other>
interval <other>
of <other>
striation <other>
rings <other>
is <other>
wider <other>
for <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
grown <SMT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
as <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
air I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
grown <SMT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
. <other>


magnetostriction I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
process <other>
of <other>
Dy73Fe200Tb27 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>


the <other>
magnetostriction I-<PRO>
, <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
and <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
process <other>
of <other>
a <other>
<111>  <other>
oriented <other>
twin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
Dy73Fe200Tb27 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
along <other>
the <other>
<111>  <other>
, <other>
<112>  <other>
and <other>
<110>  <other>
directions <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
strain I-<CMT>
gauge <CMT>
, <other>
lock-in I-<CMT>
amplifier <CMT>
, <other>
double I-<CMT>
coiled <CMT>
induction <CMT>
and <other>
bitter I-<CMT>
colloid <CMT>
techniques <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
a <other>
‘ <other>
jump <other>
’ <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
magnetostriction I-<PRO>
along <other>
[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
̄ <other>
] <other>
and <other>
[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
1 <other>
] <other>
directions <other>
occurs <other>
at <other>
a <other>
particular <other>
field <other>
and <other>
no <other>
‘ <other>
jump <other>
’ <other>
effect <other>
occurs <other>
in <other>
the <other>
direction <other>
of <other>
[011] <other>
. <other>


the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetostriction I-<PRO>
along <other>
[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
̄ <other>
] <other>
direction <other>
is <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
along <other>
[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
1 <other>
] <other>
direction <other>
and <other>
the <other>
‘ I-<PRO>
jump <PRO>
’ <PRO>
field <PRO>
for <other>
[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
̄ <other>
] <other>
direction <other>
is <other>
much <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
that <other>
for <other>
[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
1 <other>
] <other>
direction <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
process <other>
and <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
, <other>
d33 I-<PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Dy73Fe200Tb27 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
along <other>
the <other>
<111>  <other>
, <other>
<112>  <other>
and <other>
<110>  <other>
directions <other>
were <other>
also <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
<111>  <other>
oriented <other>
twin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
Dy73Fe200Tb27 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
possesses <other>
excellent <other>
magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
along <other>
the <other>
rod <other>
direction <other>
( <other>
<111>  <other>
) <other>
in <other>
low <other>
magnetic <other>
fields <other>
and <other>
it <other>
is <other>
very <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
applications <other>
of <other>
industry <other>
. <other>


another <other>
approach <other>
to <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
superconductor <PRO>
Ge2U I-<MAT>


we <other>
study <other>
the <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
superconductor <PRO>
of <other>
Ge2U I-<MAT>
applying <other>
our <other>
previous <other>
model <other>
[ <other>
phys. <other>
rev. <other>
B <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
] <other>
for <other>
the <other>
high <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
superconductivity <PRO>
( <other>
HTSC I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
coulomb I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
for <other>
triplet I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
pairs <PRO>
is <other>
reduced <other>
by <other>
a <other>
difference <other>
of <other>
the <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
Ge2U I-<MAT>
including <other>
other <other>
heavy I-<PRO>
fermion <PRO>
superconductors <PRO>
, <other>
coexistence <other>
of <other>
triplet <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
is <other>
possible <other>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
our <other>
scheme <other>
. <other>


we <other>
also <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
pressure <other>
- <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
and <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
tsc I-<PRO>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
by <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>


OZn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
an <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
using <other>
a <other>
solution <other>
containing <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
precursors <other>
, <other>
polymer <other>
and <other>
solvent <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-spun I-<DSC>
and <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
poly(4 <other>
- <other>
vinyl <other>
phenol <other>
) <other>
composite I-<DSC>
fibers <DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
both <other>
structurally I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrically I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
fibers <DSC>
were <other>
completely <other>
decomposed <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
improved <other>
with <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
diameters <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
ranged <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
for <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
was <other>
inversely <other>
proportional <other>
to <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
showed <other>
CO I-<APL>
gas <APL>
sensing <APL>
capacity <other>
at <other>
concentration <other>
as <other>
low <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
. <other>


phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
of <other>
FexV1-xO2 I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
region <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
FexV1-xO2 I-<MAT>
system <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
differential I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
( <other>
DSC I-<DSC>
) <other>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
result <other>
, <other>
there <other>
appear <other>
succesively <other>
six <other>
phases <other>
, <other>
M1-T-M2-M4-O-X <other>
( <other>
the <other>
same <other>
notation <other>
as <other>
the <other>
CrxV1-xO2 I-<MAT>
system <other>
. <other>


O <other>
; <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
, <other>
x <other>
; <other>
unknown <other>
) <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
x <other>
. <other>


change <other>
of <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
tt <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
heat I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
transformation <PRO>
DH <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
impurity I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
x <other>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


mechanical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
measurement <other>
of <other>
InP I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
MEMS I-<APL>
for <other>
optical I-<APL>
communications <APL>


we <other>
investigate <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
indium I-<MAT>
phosphide <MAT>
( <other>
InP I-<MAT>
) <other>
for <other>
optical I-<APL>
micro-electro-mechanical <APL>
systems <APL>
( <other>
MEMS I-<APL>
) <other>
applications <other>
. <other>


A <other>
material <other>
system <other>
and <other>
fabrication <other>
process <other>
for <other>
InP I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
beam I-<APL>
- <APL>
type <APL>
electrostatic <APL>
actuators <APL>
is <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


strain I-<PRO>
gradient <PRO>
, <other>
intrinsic I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
, <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
are <other>
evaluated <other>
by <other>
beam I-<CMT>
profile <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
, <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
, <other>
beam I-<CMT>
bending <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
electrostatic I-<CMT>
testing <CMT>
methods <other>
. <other>


we <other>
measured <other>
an <other>
average <other>
strain I-<PRO>
gradient <PRO>
of <other>
de0 I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
dt <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm-1 <other>
, <other>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
intrinsic I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
of <other>
s0 I-<PRO>
= <other>
-5.4 <other>
MPa <other>
for <other>
[011] <other>
beams <other>
. <other>


the <other>
intrinsic I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
results <other>
from <other>
arsenic <other>
contamination <other>
during <other>
molecular I-<CMT>
beam <CMT>
epitaxy <CMT>
and <other>
( <other>
MBE I-<SMT>
) <other>
can <other>
be <other>
minimized <other>
by <other>
careful <other>
MBE I-<CMT>
growth <other>
and <other>
through <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
stress <other>
compensating <other>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


nanoindentation I-<CMT>
of <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
InP I-<MAT>
resulted <other>
in <other>
e I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
H I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
while <other>
beam I-<CMT>
bending <CMT>
of <other>
[011] <other>
doubly <other>
clamped <other>
beams <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
e I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
s0 I-<PRO>
= <other>
-5.6 <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


we <other>
discuss <other>
the <other>
discrepancy <other>
in <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
between <other>
the <other>
two <other>
measurements <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
we <other>
present <other>
a <other>
method <other>
for <other>
simultaneously <other>
measuring <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
using <other>
beam I-<CMT>
bending <CMT>
. <other>


electrostatic I-<PRO>
actuation <PRO>
in <other>
excess <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
without <other>
breakdown <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
2-2 <other>
type <other>
CoFe2O4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
structures I-<PRO>


2-2 <other>
type <other>
layered I-<DSC>
CFO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
( <other>
CoFe2O4 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O75Pb25Ti12Zr13 I-<MAT>
) <other>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
four <other>
different <other>
structures I-<PRO>
were <other>
prepared <other>
on <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
via <other>
a <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


these <other>
films <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
contain <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
and <other>
CFO I-<MAT>
phase <other>
without <other>
impurity <other>
phases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
prepared <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
exhibit <other>
2-2 <other>
type <other>
layered I-<DSC>
structures I-<PRO>
with <other>
obvious <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
and <other>
no <other>
diffusions <other>
exist <other>
between <other>
CFO I-<MAT>
and <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
responses <PRO>
were <other>
simultaneously <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


these <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
exhibit <other>
good <other>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
effects <other>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
( <other>
aE I-<PRO>
) <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
volume <other>
contents <other>
of <other>
CFO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
in <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
aE I-<PRO>
value <other>
of <other>
composite I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
( <other>
2PZT I-<MAT>
/ <other>
4CFO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
2PZT I-<MAT>
/ <other>
4CFO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
2PZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
reaches <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mVcm-1Oe-1 <other>
) <other>
among <other>
all <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<CMT>
characterizations <CMT>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
MOCVD I-<SMT>


one <other>
dimensional <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<PRO>
nanowires I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
c-plane I-<DSC>
sapphire I-<MAT>
using <other>
metal I-<SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapour <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


nanowires I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
micro-Raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
and <other>
micro-photoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
has <other>
shown <other>
a <other>
high <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
nitrogen <other>
incorporation <other>
was <other>
emphasized <other>
by <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectral <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
and <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
along <other>
the <other>
wire I-<DSC>
, <other>
from <other>
the <other>
bottom <other>
to <other>
the <other>
top <other>
was <other>
found <other>
by <other>
local I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


low <other>
temperature <other>
micro-photoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
exhibit <other>
donor I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
acceptor <PRO>
pair <PRO>
transitions <PRO>
. <other>


topotactic I-<SMT>
dehydration <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
lamellar I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
HK2NbO14Ti5 <MAT>
· <MAT>
H2O <MAT>
: <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
K4Nb2O27Ti10 <MAT>


the <other>
lamellar I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
HK2NbO14Ti5 <MAT>
· <MAT>
H2O <MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
topotactically I-<SMT>
dehydrated <SMT>
to <other>
K4Nb2O27Ti10 I-<MAT>
. <other>


electron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
this <other>
phase <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
a <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
cell <other>
with <other>
the <other>
parametersa I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
a@and <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
. <other>


diffusion <other>
streaks <other>
on <other>
the <other>
electron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
patterns <other>
indicate <other>
disorder I-<PRO>
whereas <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
two <other>
sets <other>
of <other>
lattices <other>
on <other>
the <other>
same <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
give <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
topotactic I-<PRO>
character <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
. <other>


A <other>
structural I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
is <other>
proposed <other>
for <other>
K4Nb2O27Ti10 I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
the <other>
intergrowth <other>
of <other>
K3NbO14Ti5 I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
K2O13Ti6 I-<MAT>
tunnel I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
various <other>
intergrowths <other>
such <other>
as <other>
(KTi5NbO13)n I-<MAT>
(HK2Ti5NbO14)'n <MAT>
is <other>
suggested <other>
. <other>


tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
aluminum I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
AA5182 I-<MAT>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
solidus I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>


In <other>
response <other>
to <other>
the <other>
demand <other>
for <other>
accurate <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
data <other>
in <other>
the <other>
partially <other>
solidified <other>
state <other>
, <other>
an <other>
experimental <other>
apparatus <other>
has <other>
been <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
perform <other>
tensile I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
solidus I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
. <other>


measurements <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
an <other>
industrially <other>
direct <other>
chill I-<SMT>
cast <SMT>
AA5182 I-<MAT>
aluminum <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
at <other>
a <other>
range <other>
of <other>
strain <other>
rates <other>
between <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
s-1 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
surfaces <PRO>
and <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
tested <other>
specimens <other>
have <other>
been <other>
examined <other>
using <other>
optical I-<CMT>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
in <other>
an <other>
attempt <other>
to <other>
correlate <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
with <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
and <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
properties <other>
have <other>
also <other>
been <other>
linked <other>
to <other>
the <other>
liquid <other>
fraction <other>
present <other>
in <other>
the <other>
specimen <other>
based <other>
on <other>
data <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
literature <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
Y2O3-PSZ I-<MAT>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
co-precipitation I-<SMT>
process <SMT>


two <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
Y2O3-PSZ I-<MAT>
precursor <other>
powders I-<DSC>
for <other>
dental I-<APL>
applications <APL>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
using <other>
ZrOCl2*8H2O I-<MAT>
and <other>
Y(NO3)3*6H2O I-<MAT>
by <other>
a <other>
co-precipitation I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
at <other>
pH <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
348K <other>
for <other>
2h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
phase <other>
transformation <other>
of <other>
2Y-PSZ I-<MAT>
nanocrystallite I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
a <other>
thermogravimetric I-<CMT>
and <other>
difference I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimeter <CMT>
( <other>
TG I-<CMT>
/ <CMT>
DSC <CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
selected I-<CMT>
area <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
dilatometric I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


two <other>
weaker <other>
broad <other>
exothermic <other>
peaks <other>
appear <other>
at <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
718K <other>
were <other>
explored <other>
in <other>
DSC I-<CMT>
results <other>
. <other>


the <other>
TG I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
minor <other>
weight <other>
loss <other>
occurs <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
348K <other>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
three <other>
major <other>
weight <other>
losses <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
773K <other>
. <other>


calcinated I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
1273K <other>
, <other>
the <other>
crystallized <other>
phases <other>
are <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
the <other>
major <other>
phase <other>
of <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
minor <other>
phase <other>
of <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
. <other>


TEM I-<CMT>
reveals <other>
that <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
size <other>
of <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
is <other>
mainly <other>
aggregated <other>
into <other>
the <other>
secondary <other>
aggregates <other>
with <other>
a <other>
size <other>
of <other>
small <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
curve <other>
of <other>
the <other>
compact <other>
pellet I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
shrinkage <other>
with <other>
a <other>
linear <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
about <other>
1341K <other>
. <other>


maximum <other>
densification I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
happened <other>
at <other>
1473K <other>
, <other>
demonstrating <other>
the <other>
good <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
sinterability I-<PRO>
for <other>
dental I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


thermodynamics I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
enthalpy <PRO>
, <other>
volume I-<PRO>
and <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
in <other>
a-Pu I-<MAT>


the <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
interrelationship <PRO>
between <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
at <other>
constant <other>
pressure <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
from <other>
the <other>
point <other>
of <other>
view <other>
of <other>
an <other>
empirical <other>
linear <other>
relation <other>
between <other>
adiabatic I-<PRO>
bulk <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
( <other>
BS I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
enthalpy I-<PRO>
increment <PRO>
( <other>
DH I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


A <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
this <other>
linear <other>
scaling <other>
suggests <other>
several <other>
possible <other>
simple <other>
relations <other>
for <other>
expressing <other>
the <other>
isobaric <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
various <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
quantities <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
approximations <other>
invoke <other>
one <other>
or <other>
more <other>
thermoelastic I-<PRO>
quantities <PRO>
such <other>
as <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
anderson I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
gruneisen <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
proposed <other>
BS I-<PRO>
– <other>
DH I-<PRO>
linear <other>
relation <other>
together <other>
with <other>
the <other>
auxiliary <other>
thermoelastic I-<CMT>
relations <CMT>
deduced <other>
thereof <other>
constitute <other>
a <other>
self <other>
- <other>
consistent <other>
thermodynamic <other>
framework <other>
which <other>
will <other>
be <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
a <other>
critical <other>
appraisal <other>
of <other>
the <other>
internal <other>
consistency <other>
of <other>
diverse <other>
sources <other>
of <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
data <other>
. <other>


the <other>
applicability <other>
of <other>
this <other>
framework <other>
is <other>
highlighted <other>
by <other>
modelling <other>
the <other>
available <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
on <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a-plutonium I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
particular <other>
, <other>
a <other>
successful <other>
prediction <other>
of <other>
its <other>
molar I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
could <other>
be <other>
made <other>
from <other>
the <other>
recent <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
on <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
assessed <other>
information <other>
on <other>
enthalpy I-<PRO>
increment <PRO>
. <other>


magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
and <other>
kondo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
in <other>
CoCu19 I-<MAT>
microwires I-<DSC>


we <other>
studied <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
of <other>
CoCu I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
coated <DSC>
microwires <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
taylor I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
ulitovsky <SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


we <other>
observed <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
, <other>
MR I-<PRO>
, <other>
effect <other>
in <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
allowed <other>
stress <other>
relaxation <other>
and <other>
elimination <other>
of <other>
the <other>
texture <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
samples <other>
, <other>
although <other>
only <other>
slightly <other>
affects <other>
the <other>
MR I-<PRO>
effect <other>
. <other>


annealing I-<SMT>
considerably <other>
affects <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
observed <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
minimum <other>
in <other>
both <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
and <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
samples <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
kondo I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
minimum <other>
persists <other>
even <other>
under <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
in <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
samples <other>
. <other>


In <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
sample <other>
minimum <other>
disappears <other>
under <other>
applied <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


observed <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
MR I-<PRO>
effect <other>
therefore <other>
must <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
structural <other>
changes <other>
of <other>
the <other>
studied <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
superelasticity I-<PRO>
of <other>
Ti-19Zr-10Nb-1Fe I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
superelasticity I-<PRO>
of <other>
Ti-19Zr-10Nb-1Fe I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-rolled I-<SMT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
823K <other>
and <other>
1173K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
823K <other>
consisted <other>
of <other>
major <other>
β I-<SPL>
and <other>
partial <other>
α I-<SPL>
phases <other>
. <other>


equiaxed <other>
β I-<SPL>
grains <other>
with <other>
nanoscale <other>
ω I-<SPL>
precipitates <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
above <other>
873K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
α I-<SPL>
/ <other>
β I-<SPL>
transus I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
and <other>
recrystallization I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
of <other>
Ti-19Zr-10Nb-1Fe I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
were <other>
both <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
between <other>
823K <other>
and <other>
873K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
823K <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
ultimate I-<PRO>
tensile <PRO>
strengthen <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
than <other>
other <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
work I-<SMT>
hardening <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
coarse <other>
and <other>
non-uniformly <other>
distributed <other>
α I-<SPL>
precipitates <other>
. <other>


Ti-19Zr-10Nb-1Fe I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
873K <other>
and <other>
973K <other>
exhibited <other>
superelasticity I-<PRO>
in <other>
tension <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
stress <other>
induced <other>
martensitic I-<SPL>
transformation <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
no <other>
obvious <other>
superelasticity I-<PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
during <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<SMT>
deformation <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
823K <other>
or <other>
1173K <other>
, <other>
implying <other>
the <other>
suppression <other>
of <other>
stress <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
martensite I-<SPL>
transformation <other>
by <other>
high <other>
- <other>
density <other>
dislocations I-<PRO>
or <other>
increased <other>
β I-<SPL>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
873K <other>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
good <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
large <other>
elongation <other>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
low <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
high <other>
ultimate I-<PRO>
tensile <PRO>
stress <PRO>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
and <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
superelasticity I-<PRO>
of <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


interlayers I-<DSC>
formed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
carbide I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
of <other>
steel I-<MAT>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapour <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


the <other>
sequence <other>
of <other>
carbide I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
actually <other>
formed <other>
when <other>
steels I-<MAT>
are <other>
coated <other>
with <other>
either <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
or <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapour <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
CVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
level <other>
is <other>
sufficiently <other>
high <other>
an <other>
interlayer <other>
of <other>
cementite I-<MAT>
is <other>
always <other>
formed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
also <other>
show <other>
, <other>
however <other>
, <other>
that <other>
the <other>
CVD I-<SMT>
coating I-<DSC>
is <other>
not <other>
necessarily <other>
of <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
expected <other>
from <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
. <other>


further <other>
, <other>
when <other>
high <other>
chrome I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
is <other>
coated <other>
with <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
a <other>
C3Cr7 I-<MAT>
interlayer I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
possible <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
, <other>
does <other>
not <other>
occur <other>
unless <other>
sufficient <other>
time <other>
is <other>
allowed <other>
for <other>
diffusion <other>
. <other>


the <other>
solubility <other>
of <other>
the <other>
steel I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
interlayers I-<DSC>
in <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
is <other>
also <other>
considered <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
synthesized <other>
y2O3-CeO2-ZrO2 I-<MAT>


fine <other>
powders I-<DSC>
of <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
stabilized <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
polycrystal I-<DSC>
( <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
TZP <MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
dopants <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
through <other>
a <other>
coprecipitation I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
characteristics <other>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<CMT>
differential <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
thermogravimetric I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
infrared I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
( <other>
IR I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


CeO2 I-<MAT>
doping <other>
reduces <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
transformation <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
significantly <other>
stabilizes <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


IR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
imply <other>
that <other>
OH <other>
group <other>
is <other>
not <other>
closely <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


size <other>
effect <other>
may <other>
, <other>
however <other>
, <other>
play <other>
a <other>
role <other>
in <other>
stabilizing <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


No <other>
appreciable <other>
distinction <other>
between <other>
undoped I-<DSC>
and <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
Ce I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
TZP <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
either <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
or <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
thermograms <other>
. <other>


the <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
thermogram <other>
for <other>
the <other>
alcohol <other>
- <other>
washed <other>
gel <other>
exhibits <other>
rather <other>
complicated <other>
exothermic <other>
peaks <other>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
coprecipitates <DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
argued <other>
that <other>
this <other>
difference <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
interaction <other>
between <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
ethyl <other>
alcohol <other>
during <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
process <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
x <MAT>
Ni <MAT>
x <MAT>
O <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
diluted I-<APL>
magnetic <APL>
semiconductors <APL>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
Sn1-xNixO2 I-<MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
in <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
form <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
several <other>
experimental <other>
techniques <other>
. <other>


room <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
with <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
T I-<PRO>
c <PRO>
, <other>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
from <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
magnetization I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


nanoparticles I-<DSC>
of <other>
uniform <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
were <other>
identified <other>
from <other>
the <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
images <other>
. <other>


the <other>
initial <other>
magnetization I-<CMT>
curves <CMT>
recorded <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
for <other>
both <other>
samples <other>
could <other>
be <other>
analyzed <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
bound I-<CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
polaron <CMT>
( <CMT>
BMP <CMT>
) <CMT>
model <CMT>
, <other>
where <other>
the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
BMP I-<PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
decrease <other>
with <other>
doping I-<SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
its <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
could <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
variable I-<PRO>
range <PRO>
hopping <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
H <APL>
production <APL>
on <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
using <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
as <other>
oxidation I-<APL>
cocatalyst <APL>


employing <other>
visible <other>
light <other>
responsive <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
for <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
hydrogen <APL>
production <APL>
by <other>
water I-<APL>
splitting <APL>
is <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
way <other>
for <other>
utilizing <other>
renewable I-<APL>
solar <APL>
energy <APL>
to <other>
solve <other>
the <other>
depletion <other>
of <other>
fossil <other>
fuel <other>
and <other>
environmental <other>
contamination <other>
. <other>


herein <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
enhanced <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
H <APL>
- <APL>
production <APL>
performance <other>
over <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
using <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
( <other>
Co-Pi I-<MAT>
) <other>
as <other>
a <other>
water I-<APL>
oxdation <APL>
cocatalyst <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
optimal <other>
Co-Pi I-<MAT>
modified <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
photocatalyst I-<APL>
with <other>
the <other>
Co-Pi I-<MAT>
content <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
has <other>
a <other>
superior <other>
visible I-<PRO>
light <PRO>
H <PRO>
- <PRO>
production <PRO>
rate <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mmolh-1g-1 <other>
with <other>
an <other>
apparent <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
even <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
1wt <other>
% <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
- <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mmolh-1g-1 <other>
) <other>
under <other>
the <other>
same <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhanced <other>
visible I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
light <PRO>
photocatalytic <PRO>
H <PRO>
production <PRO>
activity <PRO>
was <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
hole I-<PRO>
trapping <PRO>
and <PRO>
collecting <PRO>
ability <PRO>
of <other>
Co-Pi I-<MAT>
cocatalyst I-<APL>
, <other>
which <other>
could <other>
effectively <other>
suppress <other>
the <other>
recombination <other>
of <other>
photogenerated I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
- <PRO>
hole <PRO>
pairs <PRO>
and <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
for <other>
hydrogen I-<APL>
production <APL>
. <other>


this <other>
work <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
using <other>
earth <other>
- <other>
abundant <other>
Co-Pi I-<MAT>
as <other>
cocatalyst I-<APL>
for <other>
enhancing <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
H <APL>
production <APL>
. <other>


magnetron I-<SMT>
sputtered <SMT>
hard I-<PRO>
a-C I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
of <other>
very <other>
high <other>
toughness I-<PRO>


hydrogen <other>
- <other>
free <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
of <other>
high <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
( <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
and <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
( <other>
plasticity I-<PRO>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
440C I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
DC I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
at <other>
target <other>
power <other>
density <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
in <other>
the <other>
bias <other>
range <other>
from <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
topography <PRO>
, <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
bias <other>
voltage <other>
, <other>
coating I-<APL>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
smoothness <PRO>
increased <other>
at <other>
expense <other>
of <other>
some <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
coefficient I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
friction <PRO>
. <other>


all <other>
coatings I-<APL>
showed <other>
low <other>
friction I-<PRO>
in <other>
humid <other>
air <other>
and <other>
graphitization I-<SMT>
was <other>
observed <other>
after <other>
a <other>
high <other>
number <other>
of <other>
rotation <other>
cycles <other>
. <other>


the <other>
graphitization I-<SMT>
adds <other>
more <other>
benefit <other>
aside <other>
from <other>
reducing <other>
friction I-<PRO>
: <other>
the <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
can <other>
considerably <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
adhesive I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
since <other>
it <other>
prevents <other>
the <other>
asperities <other>
of <other>
the <other>
two <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
to <other>
be <other>
adhered <other>
to <other>
each <other>
other <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
A I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
of <other>
LSM I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
on <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
CsFOS I-<APL>
with <other>
stabilized <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
electrolyte I-<APL>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
A I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
strontium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
lanthanum I-<MAT>
manganite <MAT>
( <other>
LSM I-<MAT>
) <other>
cathode I-<APL>
in <other>
an <other>
ScSZ I-<MAT>
electrolyte I-<APL>
- <other>
supported <other>
solid I-<APL>
oxide <APL>
fuel <APL>
cell <APL>
( <other>
SOFC I-<APL>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
characterization <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
(La0.75Sr0.25)xMnO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
precipitated <other>
into <other>
(LS)xM I-<MAT>
when <other>
the <other>
deficiency I-<PRO>
value <PRO>
was <other>
over <other>
a <other>
certain <other>
threshold <other>
value <other>
. <other>


the <other>
chemical <other>
reaction <other>
occurred <other>
between <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
LSM I-<MAT>
and <other>
ScSZ I-<MAT>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
high <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
of <PRO>
La <PRO>
. <other>


an <other>
A I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
LSM I-<MAT>
can <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
of <PRO>
La <PRO>
and <other>
suppress <other>
the <other>
interfacial <other>
reaction <other>
between <other>
the <other>
LSM I-<MAT>
and <other>
ScSZ I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
precipitation <other>
of <other>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
due <other>
to <other>
a <other>
larger <other>
A I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
LZO I-<MAT>
occurring <other>
at <other>
the <other>
A I-<DSC>
site <DSC>
- <DSC>
deficient <DSC>
(LS)xM I-<MAT>
and <other>
ScSZ I-<MAT>
. <other>


an <other>
A I-<DSC>
site <DSC>
- <DSC>
deficient <DSC>
(LS)xM I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
appears <other>
to <other>
possess <other>
good <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
ScSZ I-<MAT>
electrolyte I-<APL>
and <other>
a <other>
longer <other>
active <other>
TPB I-<PRO>
length <PRO>
after <other>
being <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


an <other>
optimal <other>
A I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
was <other>
considered <other>
to <other>
exist <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
improvement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
A I-<DSC>
site <DSC>
- <DSC>
deficient <DSC>
LSM I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
SOFC <APL>
. <other>


stacking I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fault <PRO>
anomalies <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
measurement <other>
of <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fault <PRO>
free <PRO>
energy <PRO>
in <other>
f.c.c. I-<SPL>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


the <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fault <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
stainless <MAT>
steel <MAT>
and <other>
inconel I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
techniques <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
ergs <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


electron I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
studies <other>
also <other>
revealed <other>
anomalous <other>
, <other>
wide <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
faults <PRO>
in <other>
copper I-<MAT>
and <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
having <other>
a <other>
predominantly <other>
extrinsic <other>
nature <other>
. <other>


bright- I-<CMT>
and <CMT>
dark- <CMT>
field <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
techniques <other>
allowed <other>
the <other>
faults <other>
in <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
to <other>
be <other>
identified <other>
as <other>
essentially <other>
N I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
layer <PRO>
twins <PRO>
; <other>
leading <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conclusion <other>
that <other>
twin I-<PRO>
formation <other>
is <other>
energetically <other>
more <other>
favorable <other>
in <other>
high <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fault <PRO>
energy <PRO>
thin I-<DSC>
foils <DSC>
than <other>
single <other>
intrinsic <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
faults <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
N I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
layer <PRO>
twins <PRO>
in <other>
thin I-<DSC>
foils <DSC>
of <other>
high <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fault <PRO>
energy <PRO>
is <other>
further <other>
supported <other>
by <other>
direct <other>
observation <other>
of <other>
vapor I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
deposited <SMT>
foils I-<DSC>
of <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
, <other>
Au I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
for <other>
plane <other>
- <other>
strain <other>
, <other>
explosive I-<SMT>
shock <SMT>
- <SMT>
deformation <SMT>
where <other>
temperature <other>
effects <other>
are <other>
presumed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
negligible <other>
, <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fault <PRO>
free <PRO>
energy <PRO>
dominates <other>
the <other>
cross-slip <other>
of <other>
dislocations I-<PRO>
leading <other>
to <other>
coplanar <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
arrays <PRO>
for <other>
lSF I-<PRO>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
ergs <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
, <other>
and <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
cells <PRO>
for <other>
λ I-<PRO>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
ergs <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
. <other>


high <other>
- <other>
pressure <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
NiO3Te I-<MAT>
perovskite I-<SPL>


NiO3Te I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
under <other>
moderate <other>
pressure <other>
conditions <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
, <other>
starting <other>
from <other>
a <other>
reactive <other>
O2Te I-<MAT>
and <other>
H2NiO2 I-<MAT>
mixture <other>
contained <other>
in <other>
a <other>
sealed <other>
platinum I-<MAT>
capsule <other>
under <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
conditions <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sample <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
NPD I-<CMT>
) <other>
data <other>
and <other>
magnetization I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


NiO3Te I-<MAT>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
an <other>
orthorhombically I-<SPL>
- <other>
distorted <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
( <other>
space <other>
group <other>
pnma I-<SPL>
) <other>
with <other>
the <other>
unit I-<PRO>
cell <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
a <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
and <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


the <other>
NiO6 I-<MAT>
octahedral <other>
network <other>
is <other>
extremely <other>
tilted <other>
, <other>
shaping <other>
a <other>
trigonal <other>
- <other>
pyramidal <other>
environment <other>
for <other>
the <other>
Te I-<MAT>
, <other>
where <other>
it <other>
is <other>
effectively <other>
coordinated <other>
to <other>
three <other>
oxygen <other>
atoms <other>
at <other>
Te I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
O <PRO>
distances <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


below <other>
TN I-<PRO>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
it <other>
experiences <other>
an <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
, <other>
as <other>
demonstrated <other>
by <other>
susceptibility I-<PRO>
and <other>
NPD I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
. <other>


above <other>
the <other>
neel I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
a <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mB <other>
/ <other>
f.u <other>
. <other>


and <other>
thWeiss I-<PRO>
= <other>
-199(1) <other>
K <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
reciprocal I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
. <other>


below <other>
TN I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
reflections <PRO>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
patterns <CMT>
can <other>
be <other>
indexed <other>
with <other>
a <other>
propagation I-<PRO>
vector <PRO>
k <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
GyFz <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moments <PRO>
are <other>
oriented <other>
along <other>
the <other>
y-direction <other>
, <other>
with <other>
a <other>
canting I-<PRO>
along <other>
the <other>
z-axis <other>
. <other>


this <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
component <other>
explains <other>
the <other>
weak <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<CMT>
isotherms <CMT>
; <other>
the <other>
infrequent <other>
shape <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
cycles <other>
suggests <other>
a <other>
metamagnetic I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
T <other>
. <other>


At <other>
T <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
the <other>
ordered <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
ni2+ <other>
ions <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
mB <other>
for <other>
the <other>
Gy I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mB <other>
for <other>
the <other>
fx I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
RE <other>
doped I-<DSC>
co-ferrite I-<MAT>
( <other>
REaNd I-<MAT>
, <other>
Eu I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
) <other>
nano-particles I-<DSC>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
co-precipitation I-<SMT>


cobalt I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
nano-particles I-<DSC>
, <other>
Co0.9RE0.1Fe2O4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
with <other>
three <other>
different <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
ions <other>
( <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
, <other>
Eu I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
co-precipitation <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
( <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
vibrating I-<CMT>
sample <CMT>
magnetometry <CMT>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
crystal <other>
size <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
for <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Co <MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
particle <other>
sizes <other>
observed <other>
from <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
images <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
confirmed <other>
the <other>
intrinsic <other>
cation <other>
vibrations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
RE <other>
ions <other>
increase <other>
both <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
and <other>
bond I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
coercivity <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
loop <other>
area <other>
correspond <other>
to <other>
the <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Co <MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
, <other>
making <other>
it <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
hyperthermia I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
was <other>
decreased <other>
by <other>
the <other>
RE <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
had <other>
its <other>
lowest <other>
value <other>
for <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Co <MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


formation <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Si2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
from <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
titanium I-<MAT>
was <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


high <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
rapidly <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
above <other>
. <other>


rutherford I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
and <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
data <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
only <other>
Si2Ti I-<MAT>
is <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
these <other>
cases <other>
. <other>


oxygen <other>
present <other>
in <other>
the <other>
original <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
is <other>
not <other>
incorporated <other>
into <other>
the <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
but <other>
remains <other>
concentrated <other>
in <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
metal <other>
film I-<DSC>
, <other>
probably <other>
in <other>
the <other>
form <other>
of <other>
an <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
. <other>


this <other>
layer I-<DSC>
does <other>
not <other>
further <other>
react <other>
with <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
on <other>
prolonged <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
also <other>
shows <other>
up <other>
as <other>
a <other>
barrier <other>
towards <other>
structuring <other>
the <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
by <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
etching <SMT>
. <other>


structures I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
fe- I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
- <other>
incorporated <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
: <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
study <CMT>


the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
into <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
were <other>
theoretically <other>
studied <other>
at <other>
the <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
PBE <CMT>
/ <other>
USP I-<CMT>
level <other>
of <other>
theory <other>
. <other>


the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
shows <other>
remarkable <other>
site <other>
preferences <other>
in <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
binding I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
between <other>
the <other>
incorporated <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
and <other>
the <other>
parent <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
are <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
both <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
@ <MAT>
b-Si5AlON7 <MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
@ <MAT>
b-Si5AlON7 <MAT>
are <other>
thermodynamically I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
. <other>


Fe I-<MAT>
incorporation <other>
at <other>
the <other>
A <other>
, <other>
B <other>
and <other>
g <other>
sites <other>
induces <other>
remarkable <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
shear I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
; <other>
all <other>
other <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
incorporated <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
structures <other>
exhibit <other>
lowered <other>
shear I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
than <other>
the <other>
parent <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
. <other>


except <other>
CrG I-<MAT>
@ <MAT>
b-Si5AlON7 <MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
poisson I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
b-Si5AlON7 I-<MAT>
decreases <other>
in <other>
all <other>
cases <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
incorporation <other>
. <other>


structural <other>
optimisation <other>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
AlCrN I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>


AlCrN I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
316L I-<MAT>
stainless <MAT>
steel <MAT>
by <other>
multi-arc I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
plating <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
were <other>
controlled <other>
and <other>
optimised <other>
by <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
each <other>
for <other>
2h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
examined <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
, <other>
in <other>
association <other>
with <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
measurement <other>
, <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
measurement <other>
and <other>
potentiodynamic I-<PRO>
polarisation <PRO>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
ClNa I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
H2O4S <other>
solutions <other>
. <other>


results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
hcp I-<SPL>
- <other>
( <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al)N I-<MAT>
phase <other>
of <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
AlCrN I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
decomposes <other>
into <other>
hcp I-<SPL>
- <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
and <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
phases <other>
, <other>
then <other>
further <other>
decompose <other>
into <other>
N <other>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
with <other>
increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


metal <other>
particles I-<DSC>
and <other>
droplets I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
surface I-<DSC>
were <other>
gradually <other>
removed <other>
simultaneously <other>
when <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
highest <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
was <other>
obtained <other>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


it <other>
decreased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
s-FeCr I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
Cr2N I-<MAT>
phases <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
decreasing <other>
. <other>


the <other>
potentiodynamic I-<CMT>
polarisation <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
such <other>
coatings I-<APL>
was <other>
significantly <other>
improved <other>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
: <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
showed <other>
the <other>
best <other>
protective I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
because <other>
some <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
phases <other>
( <other>
h-AlN I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Cr2N I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
generated <other>
. <other>


A <other>
novel <other>
and <other>
efficient <other>
surfactant <other>
- <other>
free <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
microflowers I-<DSC>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>


rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
microflowers I-<DSC>
with <other>
three <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
spiky <other>
flower <other>
like <other>
architecture <other>
at <other>
the <other>
nanometer <other>
level <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
a <other>
fast <other>
single <other>
step <other>
surfactant <other>
free <other>
ethylene <other>
glycol <other>
based <other>
solvothermal I-<SMT>
scheme <other>
of <other>
synthesis <other>
. <other>


these <other>
structures <other>
are <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
FESEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


these <other>
measurements <other>
confirm <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
flowers I-<DSC>
with <other>
very <other>
high <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
. <other>


photodegradation <other>
of <other>
rhodamine <other>
B <other>
with <other>
UV <other>
exposure <other>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
visible <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
measurements <other>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
these <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


they <other>
are <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
have <other>
high <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
large <other>
surface I-<PRO>
area <PRO>
contributed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
highly <other>
dense <other>
spiky <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
plasmonic <other>
( <other>
Au I-<MAT>
) <other>
loading <other>
in <other>
these <other>
structures <other>
are <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
significantly <other>
enhance <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>


A <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>
and <other>
subsequent <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
was <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
identified <other>
that <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
are <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
in <other>
nature <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
also <other>
found <other>
that <other>
some <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
branch <other>
. <other>


the <other>
formation I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
considered <other>
that <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
acted <other>
as <other>
the <other>
chelate <other>
played <other>
a <other>
critical <other>
role <other>
in <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
vapor I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
solid <SMT>
( <other>
VS I-<SMT>
) <other>
mechanism <other>
was <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
. <other>


two I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
electron <other>
high-T I-<PRO>
c <PRO>
superconductor <PRO>
nd2-x I-<MAT>
Ce <MAT>
x <MAT>
CuO <MAT>
y <MAT>
in <other>
high <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>


electron <other>
high-Tc I-<PRO>
superconductor <PRO>
Nd2-xCexCuOy I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
are <other>
studied <other>
under <other>
high <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
T <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
clear <other>
ln <other>
T <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
normal I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
is <other>
understood <other>
by <other>
the <other>
two I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dimensional <CMT>
weak <CMT>
localization <CMT>
model <CMT>
with <other>
a <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
thickness <PRO>
of <other>
c I-<PRO>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
the <other>
material <other>
is <other>
regarded <other>
as <other>
an <other>
intrinsic <other>
two I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
conduction <PRO>
system <other>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
gadolinium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


rare <other>
earth <other>
(RE)-doping I-<SMT>
is <other>
an <other>
effective <other>
approach <other>
for <other>
modulating <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
semiconductors I-<PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
gadolinium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
metal <PRO>
transition <PRO>
( <other>
SMT I-<PRO>
) <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
reactively I-<SMT>
co-sputtering <SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
of <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
, <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphologies <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2V I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
four I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
point <CMT>
probe <CMT>
measurement <CMT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


Gd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
obviously <other>
reduces <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
even <other>
induces <other>
amorphization <other>
in <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
for <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
high <other>
doping I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
SMT I-<PRO>
temperature <other>
of <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2V I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
decreases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
doping I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
( <other>
x <other>
, <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
to <other>
( <other>
V I-<MAT>
+ <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
) <other>
) <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
SMT I-<PRO>
feature <other>
disappears <other>
as <other>
x <other>
increases <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2V I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
is <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
undoped <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
by <other>
nearly <other>
three <other>
orders <other>
. <other>


this <other>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
weakened <other>
dimerization <other>
of <other>
V I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
and <other>
induced <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
4f <other>
state <other>
above <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
d||V <other>
band <other>
due <other>
to <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
. <other>


near I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
edge <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
fine <CMT>
- <CMT>
structure <CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
under <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
energy <SMT>
nitrogen <SMT>
ion <SMT>
bombardment <SMT>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
GaN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
exposed <other>
to <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
energy <SMT>
nitrogen <SMT>
ion <SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
near I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
edge <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
fine <CMT>
- <CMT>
structure <CMT>
( <other>
NEXAFS I-<CMT>
) <other>
spectroscopy <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
ion I-<SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
lead <other>
to <other>
the <other>
creation <other>
of <other>
states <other>
lying <other>
below <other>
the <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
edge <PRO>
which <other>
posses <other>
p-symmetry I-<PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
states <other>
are <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
nitrogen <other>
interstitials <other>
with <other>
different <other>
local <other>
topologies <other>
created <other>
during <other>
ion I-<SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
NEXAFS I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
also <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
π I-<PRO>
∗ <PRO>
-resonance <PRO>
above <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
edge <PRO>
with <other>
increasing <other>
incident <other>
nitrogen <other>
ion <other>
energy <other>
. <other>


this <other>
peak <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
molecular <other>
nitrogen <other>
at <other>
interstitial <other>
positions <other>
, <other>
arising <other>
from <other>
a <other>
build <other>
up <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
ions <other>
on <other>
these <other>
sites <other>
. <other>


growth <other>
, <other>
stability I-<PRO>
and <other>
decomposition <other>
of <other>
Mg2Si I-<MAT>
ultra-thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>


using <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AES I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
/ <other>
spectroscopy I-<CMT>
( <other>
STM I-<CMT>
/ <other>
STS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
low I-<CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
LEED I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
an <other>
in-situ <other>
study <other>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
magnesium I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
( <other>
Mg2Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
ultra-thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
thermally I-<SMT>
enhanced <SMT>
solid <SMT>
- <SMT>
phase <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
of <other>
few <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
monolayers I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
RT <other>
) <other>
on <other>
a <other>
Si(100) I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


silicidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
achieved <other>
in <other>
the <other>
nanometric I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
range <other>
with <other>
high <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
purity <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
high <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
before <other>
reaching <other>
a <other>
regime <other>
of <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
desorption <other>
for <other>
temperatures <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thermally <other>
enhanced <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
one <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
monolayer I-<DSC>
( <other>
ML I-<DSC>
) <other>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
appearance <other>
of <other>
Mg2Si I-<MAT>
nanometric I-<DSC>
crystallites <DSC>
leaving <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
partially <other>
uncovered <other>
. <other>


for <other>
thicker <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
deposition <other>
nevertheless <other>
, <other>
continuous <other>
2D I-<DSC>
silicide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
formed <other>
with <other>
a <other>
volcano <other>
shape <other>
surface I-<PRO>
topography <PRO>
characteristic <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
MLs I-<DSC>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
high <other>
reactivity <other>
between <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
species <other>
, <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
process <other>
in <other>
which <other>
a <other>
thin <other>
Mg2Si I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
is <other>
fully <other>
decomposed <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
) <other>
into <other>
a <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
also <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


tribological I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
produced <other>
by <other>
rf I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
PCVD <SMT>
based <other>
on <other>
energetic I-<CMT>
evaluation <CMT>


two <other>
types <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
( <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
for <other>
their <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tribometer <other>
input <other>
energy <other>
. <other>


the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
from <other>
methane <other>
( <other>
denoted <other>
DLC[CH4] I-<MAT>
) <other>
or <other>
benzene <other>
( <other>
denoted <other>
DLC[C6H6] I-<MAT>
) <other>
as <other>
a <other>
gas <other>
source <other>
on <other>
tungsten-carbide I-<MAT>
( <other>
WC I-<MAT>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
radio-frequency I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
rf I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
PCVD <SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hydrogen I-<PRO>
contents <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
DLCs I-<MAT>
were <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
elastic I-<CMT>
recoil <CMT>
detection <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
ERDA I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
structures <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
basic <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
a <other>
nano-indenter I-<CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
against <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
were <other>
tribo <other>
- <other>
tested <other>
by <other>
a <other>
ball <other>
- <other>
on <other>
- <other>
disk <other>
. <other>


the <other>
input <other>
energy <other>
was <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
the <other>
applied <other>
load <other>
, <other>
the <other>
friction I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
sliding I-<PRO>
distance <PRO>
in <other>
each <other>
tribo I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
test <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
DLC[CH4] I-<MAT>
sample <other>
was <other>
better <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
DLC[C6H6] I-<MAT>
, <other>
even <other>
though <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
DLC[CH4] I-<MAT>
was <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
DLC[C6H6] I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
of <other>
DLC[CH4] I-<MAT>
and <other>
DLC[C6H6] I-<MAT>
was <other>
evaluated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
input <other>
energy <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
difference <other>
of <other>
the <other>
DLCs I-<MAT>
was <other>
characterized <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
input <other>
energy <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
micro I-<DSC>
– <DSC>
mesoporous <DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
materials <other>
assembled <other>
via <other>
cationic <other>
surfactants <other>
: <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
acidity <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>


nano-structured I-<DSC>
titanium I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
materials <other>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
hydrothermally I-<SMT>
( <other>
Cl4Ti <other>
, <other>
353K <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
days <other>
) <other>
via <other>
assembling <other>
through <other>
cationic <other>
surfactants <other>
in <other>
particular <other>
cetyltrimethylammonium <other>
bromide <other>
( <other>
CTAB <other>
) <other>
and <other>
cetylpyridinum <other>
bromide <other>
( <other>
CPB <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
chemical I-<PRO>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
compositions <PRO>
, <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
particle I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
texturing <PRO>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffractometry <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
infrared I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
thermal I-<CMT>
analyses <CMT>
( <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
/ <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
N I-<CMT>
sorptiometry <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
acidity I-<PRO>
of <other>
synthesized <other>
materials <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
of <other>
adsorbed <other>
pyridine <other>
as <other>
a <other>
probe <other>
molecule <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
crystallites I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
all <other>
materials <other>
lie <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
organized <other>
in <other>
a <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
that <other>
change <other>
from <other>
nano-sized I-<DSC>
spheres <DSC>
to <other>
cotton I-<DSC>
fibrils <DSC>
shape <other>
. <other>


surfaces I-<DSC>
thereon <other>
exposed <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
assume <other>
high <other>
specific I-<PRO>
areas <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2g-1 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
micro I-<DSC>
– <DSC>
mesoporous <DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
with <other>
pore I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
was <other>
only <other>
produced <other>
for <other>
all <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
materials <other>
assembled <other>
by <other>
cationic <other>
surfactants <other>
following <other>
heating I-<SMT>
up <other>
to <other>
623K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
transformation <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
to <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
was <other>
coincided <other>
with <other>
the <other>
developed <other>
interaction <other>
between <other>
vanadia I-<MAT>
and <other>
titania I-<MAT>
assembled <other>
by <other>
CPB <other>
template <other>
. <other>


the <other>
V I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
vanado I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
titanate <MAT>
was <other>
entirely <other>
incorporated <other>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
phases <other>
of <other>
either <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
or <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
were <other>
maintained <other>
after <other>
calcining I-<SMT>
at <other>
973K <other>
exhibiting <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
. <other>


pyridine <other>
adsorption <other>
at <other>
RT <other>
indicated <other>
the <other>
involvement <other>
of <other>
acid <other>
– <other>
base <other>
site <other>
pair <other>
on <other>
all <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
assembled <other>
by <other>
cationic <other>
templates <other>
where <other>
that <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
conventional <other>
method <other>
only <other>
exposed <other>
lewis <other>
and <other>
bronsted <other>
acid <other>
sites <other>
with <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
tendency <other>
to <other>
the <other>
latter <other>
comparatively <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
structural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
Cu10Zr7 I-<MAT>


few <other>
and <other>
poor <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
for <other>
the <other>
Cu10Zr7 I-<MAT>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compound <other>
are <other>
available <other>
in <other>
literature <other>
. <other>


up <other>
to <other>
now <other>
, <other>
its <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
has <other>
not <other>
been <other>
refined <other>
yet <other>
and <other>
the <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
coordinates <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
iso-structural <other>
Ni10Zr7 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
were <other>
used <other>
. <other>


the <other>
recent <other>
interest <other>
of <other>
near <other>
equiatomic I-<PRO>
CuZr I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
, <other>
as <other>
high I-<APL>
temperature <APL>
shape <APL>
memory <APL>
alloys <APL>
( <other>
HT I-<APL>
SMAs <APL>
) <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
glasses I-<DSC>
, <other>
requires <other>
defined <other>
structural <other>
data <other>
for <other>
determining <other>
the <other>
co-existing <other>
phases <other>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
material <other>
properly <other>
. <other>


we <other>
synthetized <other>
pure I-<DSC>
polycrystalline <DSC>
Cu10Zr7 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
and <other>
both <other>
its <other>
cell I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
and <other>
structure I-<PRO>
were <other>
refined <other>
by <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
method <CMT>
; <other>
definitively <other>
correct <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
values <PRO>
, <other>
space I-<PRO>
group <PRO>
and <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
coordinates <PRO>
are <other>
reported <other>
and <other>
discussed <other>
comparing <other>
them <other>
with <other>
the <other>
previous <other>
data <other>
available <other>
in <other>
the <other>
literature <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
ultrafine <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>


supersaturated I-<PRO>
, <other>
ultrafine <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
arc I-<SMT>
discharge <SMT>
method <SMT>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometry <CMT>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


peak I-<CMT>
shape <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
and <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinement <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
pattern <other>
were <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
better <other>
refine <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
. <other>


experimental <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
are <other>
mainly <other>
comprised <other>
of <other>
three <other>
fcc I-<SPL>
phases <other>
with <other>
different <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
contents <other>
. <other>


besides <other>
, <other>
small <other>
particles I-<DSC>
with <other>
low I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
structures <PRO>
were <other>
also <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
specimen <other>
. <other>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


silicon I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
loaded <other>
with <other>
iron I-<MAT>
phosphide <MAT>
for <other>
effective <other>
solar I-<APL>
- <APL>
driven <APL>
hydrogen <APL>
production <APL>


iron I-<MAT>
phosphide <MAT>
( <other>
FeP I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
introduced <other>
onto <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
( <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
) <other>
via <other>
precursor I-<SMT>
loading <SMT>
and <other>
phosphorization I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
resultant <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FeP I-<MAT>
shows <other>
remarkably <other>
enhanced <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<APL>
hydrogen <APL>
production <APL>
in <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
bare <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
solar I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FeP I-<MAT>
is <other>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
that <other>
of <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
modified <other>
with <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
is <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
photocathodes I-<APL>
loaded <other>
with <other>
other <other>
non-precious <other>
electrocatalysts I-<APL>
such <other>
as <other>
transition <other>
metals <other>
and <other>
their <other>
chalcogenides I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
faster <other>
reaction I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
hydrogen I-<APL>
evolution <APL>
reaction <APL>
( <other>
HER I-<APL>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FeP I-<MAT>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bare <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
an <other>
electrochemistry I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
experiment <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
investigations <other>
over <other>
the <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
and <other>
the <other>
flat I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
potential <PRO>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
onset <other>
potential <other>
of <other>
cathodic I-<PRO>
photocurrent <PRO>
is <other>
mainly <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
the <other>
HER I-<APL>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
photocathode I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
transient I-<CMT>
photocurrent <CMT>
experiments <CMT>
also <other>
suggest <other>
the <other>
faster <other>
kinetics <other>
of <other>
the <other>
HER I-<APL>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FeP I-<MAT>
in <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bare <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
. <other>


this <other>
result <other>
demonstrates <other>
a <other>
convenient <other>
approach <other>
to <other>
SiNWs I-<MAT>
loaded <other>
with <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
effective <other>
electrocatalyst I-<APL>
and <other>
its <other>
promising <other>
application <other>
potential <other>
in <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<APL>
hydrogen <APL>
generation <APL>
. <other>


crystal I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
Fe2O4Y I-<MAT>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
Fe2O4Y I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
neutron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K. <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinements <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
diffraction I-<CMT>
patterns <CMT>
give <other>
reasonable <other>
fits <other>
with <other>
space <other>
group <other>
r3m I-<SPL>
( <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
) <other>
for <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
and <other>
with <other>
P1 I-<SPL>
( <other>
triclinic I-<SPL>
) <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
pattern <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
can <other>
not <other>
be <other>
fitted <other>
at <other>
all <other>
with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
triclinic I-<SPL>
symmetry <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
the <other>
structure <other>
is <other>
much <other>
more <other>
complicated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
reflection <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
separated <other>
from <other>
those <other>
complex <other>
nuclear <other>
peaks <other>
by <other>
the <other>
polarization I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
is <other>
also <other>
fairly <other>
complicated <other>
both <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


tb1-x I-<MAT>
Dy <MAT>
x <MAT>
fe2 <MAT>
/ <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
: <other>
compositional <other>
effects <other>
on <other>
torque I-<PRO>
response <PRO>


magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
composites I-<DSC>
of <other>
melt I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
spun <SMT>
Tb1-xDyxFe2 I-<MAT>
in <other>
an <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
spanning <other>
the <other>
entire <other>
Tb I-<MAT>
– <other>
Dy I-<MAT>
composition I-<PRO>
range <other>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
pressing <SMT>
. <other>


equal <other>
volumes <other>
of <other>
the <other>
two <other>
components <other>
and <other>
identical <other>
consolidation <other>
procedures <other>
were <other>
used <other>
for <other>
each <other>
composition I-<PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
the <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetostriction <PRO>
lS <PRO>
, <other>
a <other>
measure <other>
of <other>
the <other>
direct <other>
magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
, <other>
decreases <other>
monotonically <other>
, <other>
but <other>
not <other>
linearly <other>
, <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
Dy I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
x <other>
from <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
for <other>
Fe2Tb I-<MAT>
to <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
for <other>
DyFe2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
the <other>
torque I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
rt <PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
ring I-<APL>
sensor <APL>
configuration <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
a <other>
measure <other>
of <other>
the <other>
inverse I-<PRO>
magnetostrictive <PRO>
effect <PRO>
, <other>
varies <other>
by <other>
an <other>
order <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
over <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
interval <other>
and <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
peak <other>
value <other>
of <other>
rt I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
at <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


this <other>
value <other>
is <other>
almost <other>
three <other>
times <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
the <other>
response <other>
of <other>
maraging I-<SMT>
steel I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
same <other>
sensor I-<APL>
configuration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
ribbon I-<DSC>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
components <other>
of <other>
the <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
composite I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
examined <other>
with <other>
phase I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
contrast <CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
MFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


current I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
voltage <CMT>
curves <CMT>
from <other>
a <other>
Bi2O3Y2O3 I-<MAT>
oxygen I-<PRO>
ion <PRO>
conductor <PRO>


the <other>
solid I-<APL>
ionic <APL>
conductor <APL>
cell <APL>
Bi2O3Y2O3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
under <other>
different <other>
temperatures <other>
and <other>
voltage <other>
scan <other>
rate <other>
, <other>
as <other>
is <other>
usually <other>
done <other>
in <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammetry <CMT>
in <other>
three I-<APL>
- <APL>
electrode <APL>
cells <APL>
using <other>
liquid <other>
electrolytes <other>
. <other>


the <other>
result <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
reactions <other>
are <other>
different <other>
at <other>
the <other>
electrodes I-<APL>
and <other>
a <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
is <other>
presented <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
and <other>
high <other>
voltage <other>
scanning <other>
rates <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
thermal I-<SMT>
spray <SMT>
coating I-<APL>
by <other>
HP I-<SMT>
/ <other>
HVOF I-<SMT>
and <other>
hard I-<PRO>
chromium I-<MAT>
electroplating I-<SMT>
on <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
high <other>
strength I-<PRO>
steel I-<MAT>


In <other>
cases <other>
of <other>
decorative I-<APL>
and <other>
functional I-<APL>
applications <APL>
, <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
results <other>
in <other>
protection I-<APL>
against <APL>
wear <APL>
and <APL>
corrosion <APL>
combined <other>
with <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
and <other>
good <other>
lubricity I-<PRO>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
pressure <other>
to <other>
identify <other>
alternatives <other>
or <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
conventional <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
electroplating I-<SMT>
mechanical I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
has <other>
increased <other>
in <other>
recent <other>
years <other>
, <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
the <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
base <other>
material <other>
and <other>
to <other>
environmental <other>
requirements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
high <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
and <other>
fluoride I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
hard <PRO>
chromium I-<MAT>
electroplating I-<SMT>
is <other>
an <other>
improvement <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
process <other>
, <other>
considering <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
and <other>
physical I-<PRO>
final <PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
most <other>
interesting <other>
, <other>
environmentally I-<PRO>
safer <PRO>
and <other>
cleaner I-<PRO>
alternatives <other>
for <other>
the <other>
replacement <other>
of <other>
hard I-<PRO>
chrome I-<MAT>
plating I-<APL>
is <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
thermal I-<SMT>
spray <SMT>
coating I-<APL>
, <other>
applied <other>
by <other>
the <other>
high I-<SMT>
velocity <SMT>
oxy-fuel <SMT>
( <other>
HVOF I-<SMT>
) <other>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
aim <other>
of <other>
this <other>
study <other>
was <other>
to <other>
analyse <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
thermal I-<SMT>
spray <SMT>
coating I-<APL>
applied <other>
by <other>
the <other>
HP I-<SMT>
/ <other>
HVOF I-<SMT>
process <other>
and <other>
of <other>
the <other>
high <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
and <other>
fluoride I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
hard <PRO>
chromium I-<MAT>
electroplating I-<SMT>
( <other>
in <other>
the <other>
present <other>
paper <other>
called <other>
‘ <other>
accelerated <other>
’ <other>
) <other>
, <other>
in <other>
comparison <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
hard I-<PRO>
chromium I-<MAT>
electroplating I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
high <other>
strength I-<PRO>
steel I-<MAT>
behaviour <other>
in <other>
fatigue I-<CMT>
, <other>
corrosion I-<CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
abrasive I-<CMT>
wear <CMT>
tests <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
damaging <other>
to <other>
the <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
steel <MAT>
behaviour <other>
when <other>
submitted <other>
to <other>
fatigue I-<CMT>
testing <CMT>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
thermal I-<SMT>
spray <SMT>
coatings I-<APL>
showing <other>
the <other>
better <other>
performance <other>
. <other>


experimental <other>
data <other>
from <other>
abrasive I-<CMT>
wear <CMT>
tests <CMT>
were <other>
conclusive <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
better <other>
results <other>
from <other>
the <other>
WC I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
. <other>


regarding <other>
corrosion <other>
by <other>
salt I-<CMT>
spray <CMT>
test <CMT>
, <other>
both <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
completely <other>
corroded <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
exposure <other>
. <other>


scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
technique <other>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
optical I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
observe <other>
crack <other>
origin <other>
sites <other>
, <other>
thickness <other>
and <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
in <other>
all <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
and <other>
microcrack I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
in <other>
hard I-<PRO>
chromium I-<MAT>
electroplatings I-<SMT>
, <other>
to <other>
aid <other>
in <other>
the <other>
results <other>
analysis <other>
. <other>


CoCrFeNiTi I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
entropy <PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>
with <other>
superior <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
achieved <other>
by <other>
a <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
additive I-<SMT>
manufacturing <SMT>
using <other>
selective I-<SMT>
electron <SMT>
beam <SMT>
melting <SMT>
and <other>
solution I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>


we <other>
succeeded <other>
in <other>
fabricating <other>
a <other>
Co15Cr10Fe10MoNi15Ti5 I-<MAT>
high <other>
entropy I-<PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>
with <other>
superior <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
by <other>
a <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
additive I-<SMT>
manufacturing <SMT>
using <other>
selective I-<SMT>
electron <SMT>
beam <SMT>
melting <SMT>
( <other>
SEBM I-<SMT>
) <other>
and <other>
solution I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
( <other>
ST I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
SEBM I-<SMT>
specimens <other>
exhibited <other>
superior <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
to <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
casting <other>
specimen <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
SEBM I-<SMT>
specimens <other>
markedly <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
ST I-<SMT>
. <other>


these <other>
notable <other>
improvements <other>
are <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
homogeneous <other>
precipitation <other>
of <other>
very <other>
fine <other>
particulate <other>
ordering <other>
- <other>
phase <other>
particles I-<DSC>
whose <other>
diameters <other>
are <other>
several <other>
tens <other>
of <other>
nanometers <other>
with <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ti I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
solution I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treated <SMT>
SEBM <SMT>
specimens <other>
also <other>
exhibited <other>
both <other>
high <other>
strength I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
pitting I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
in <other>
combination <other>
are <other>
superior <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
used <other>
in <other>
severe I-<APL>
corrosion <APL>
environments <APL>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
Li2O5Si2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<DSC>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
materials <other>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
high <other>
- <other>
voltage <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>


Ni I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
ternary <other>
layered I-<DSC>
oxides I-<MAT>
, <other>
( <other>
LiNix I-<MAT>
[M]1-xO2 <MAT>
, <MAT>
x <MAT>
≥ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Co <MAT>
and <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
have <other>
become <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mainstream <other>
cathode I-<APL>
materials <other>
for <other>
next <other>
- <other>
generation <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
due <other>
to <other>
their <other>
high <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
and <other>
cost I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
compared <other>
with <other>
CoLiO2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
voltage <other>
operation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
( <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
) <other>
required <other>
for <other>
high <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
is <other>
inevitably <other>
accompanied <other>
with <other>
a <other>
rapid <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
decay <PRO>
over <other>
numerous <other>
cycles <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
we <other>
reported <other>
a <other>
surface I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
of <other>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
with <other>
Li2O5Si2 I-<MAT>
via <other>
a <other>
facile <other>
and <other>
efficient <other>
synthetic <other>
approach <other>
, <other>
which <other>
involves <other>
the <other>
employment <other>
of <other>
silicic <other>
acid <other>
( <other>
H2O3Si <other>
) <other>
as <other>
remover <other>
to <other>
react <other>
with <other>
the <other>
surface <other>
residual <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
compounds <other>
( <other>
e.g. <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
HLiO I-<MAT>
) <other>
of <other>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
and <other>
consequent <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
robust <other>
and <other>
complete <other>
li+ <other>
- <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
Li2O5Si2 I-<MAT>
protective I-<APL>
coating <APL>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coated I-<SMT>
cathode I-<APL>
materials <other>
are <other>
fully <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
pristine <other>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
, <other>
coating I-<APL>
with <other>
the <other>
li+ <other>
- <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
Li2O5Si2 I-<MAT>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
very <other>
effective <other>
for <other>
improving <other>
the <other>
rate I-<PRO>
capability <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
when <other>
evaluated <other>
at <other>
a <other>
high <other>
cut <other>
- <other>
off <other>
voltage <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


specifically <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt. <other>
% <other>
H2O3Si I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treated <SMT>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
exhibits <other>
high <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
specific <PRO>
capacities <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
g-1 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
C <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
pristine <other>
electrode I-<APL>
only <other>
shows <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
 <other>
g-1 <other>
. <other>


besides <other>
, <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
modified <DSC>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
also <other>
manifests <other>
an <other>
enhanced <other>
long <other>
- <other>
term <other>
cycling I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
retention <PRO>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
C <other>
) <other>
, <other>
much <other>
better <other>
than <other>
the <other>
pristine <other>
electrode I-<APL>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
retention I-<PRO>
) <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
robust <other>
protective <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Li2O5Si2 I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


all <other>
these <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Li2O5Si2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<SMT>
CoLi5MnNi3O10 I-<MAT>
will <other>
be <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
cathode I-<APL>
material <other>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
with <other>
fascinating <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
storage <PRO>
capabilities <PRO>
. <other>


TEM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
of <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
- <other>
induced <other>
interaction <other>
layers I-<DSC>
in <other>
coated I-<DSC>
MoU I-<MAT>
/ <other>
x <other>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
trilayer I-<DSC>
systems <other>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
, <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
) <other>


uranium I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
molybdenum <MAT>
( <other>
MoU I-<MAT>
) <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
embedded <other>
in <other>
an <other>
Al I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
is <other>
considered <other>
as <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
candidate <other>
for <other>
fuel I-<APL>
conversion <APL>
of <other>
research I-<APL>
reactors <APL>
. <other>


A <other>
modified <other>
system <other>
with <other>
a <other>
diffusion I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
x <other>
as <other>
coating I-<APL>
, <other>
MoU I-<MAT>
/ <other>
x <other>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
trilayer I-<DSC>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
to <other>
suppress <other>
interdiffusion <other>
between <other>
MoU I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
trilayer I-<DSC>
systems <other>
were <other>
tested <other>
by <other>
swift I-<SMT>
heavy <SMT>
ion <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
thereby <other>
created <other>
interaction <other>
zone <other>
has <other>
been <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
STEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
energy I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


detailed <other>
structural I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
are <other>
presented <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
earlier <other>
m-XRD I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
spectro I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
microscopic <CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
Hg I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
pb1- <MAT>
x <MAT>
S <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
a <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
route <SMT>


the <other>
deposition <other>
history <other>
, <other>
growth I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
, <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphological <PRO>
features <PRO>
of <other>
chemically I-<SMT>
deposited <SMT>
HgxPb1-xS I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
0x0.2 <MAT>
) <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
prepared <other>
under <other>
optimized <other>
conditions <other>
are <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
growth I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
( <other>
x I-<PRO>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
quality <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resulting <other>
films I-<DSC>
appeared <other>
smooth <other>
, <other>
uniform <other>
and <other>
well <other>
adherent <other>
to <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
diffusely <other>
reflecting <other>
with <other>
color <other>
changing <other>
from <other>
grayish <other>
- <other>
brown <other>
to <other>
light <other>
- <other>
brown <other>
as <other>
x <other>
was <other>
varied <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
showed <other>
replacement <other>
of <other>
pb2+ <other>
atoms <other>
from <other>
PbS I-<MAT>
lattice <other>
by <other>
hg2+ <other>
atoms <other>
. <other>


the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
revealed <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
nature <other>
with <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
type <other>
structure <other>
with <other>
predominant <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
. <other>


both <other>
interplanar I-<PRO>
distance <PRO>
and <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
for <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
reflections <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
x <other>
in <other>
the <other>
alloyed I-<SMT>
range <other>
( <other>
0x0.035 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
observations <other>
showed <other>
non-uniform <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
well <other>
defined <other>
spherical <other>
grains <other>
; <other>
some <other>
of <other>
them <other>
diffused <other>
to <other>
form <other>
agglomeration <other>
/ <other>
globule <other>
like <other>
structure <other>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
in <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
wavelength <other>
range <other>
showed <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
, <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
and <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
increased <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
respectively <other>
for <other>
the <other>
change <other>
of <other>
x <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


photoluminescence I-<CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
chalcopyrite I-<SPL>
and <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
spray I-<SMT>
pyrolysis <SMT>
technique <other>


chalcopyrite I-<SPL>
( <other>
ch I-<SPL>
) <other>
and <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
( <other>
o I-<SPL>
) <other>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
spray I-<SMT>
pyrolysis <SMT>
using <other>
a <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
[Ag] I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
[In] <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


AgInS2 I-<MAT>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
material <other>
was <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
sulphur <other>
atmosphere <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
estimated <other>
optical I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energies <PRO>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
ch I-<SPL>
– <other>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
o I-<SPL>
– <other>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


all <other>
the <other>
deposited <other>
films I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
studies <other>
reveal <other>
in <other>
both <other>
phases <other>
several <other>
PL I-<CMT>
bands <other>
. <other>


In <other>
ch I-<SPL>
– <other>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
the <other>
PL I-<CMT>
bands <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
centered <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
an <other>
excitation <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
cm-2 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
emission <other>
is <other>
related <other>
with <other>
indium I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
whereas <other>
the <other>
other <other>
emissions <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
) <other>
are <other>
related <other>
with <other>
a <other>
donor I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
acceptor <PRO>
pair <PRO>
recombination <PRO>
and <other>
free I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
bound <PRO>
transition <PRO>
respectively <other>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
PL I-<CMT>
band <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
sample <other>
, <other>
this <other>
band <other>
was <other>
centered <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
it <other>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
transition <other>
between <other>
a <other>
closed <other>
level <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
splitting I-<PRO>
valence <PRO>
band <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
) <other>
. <other>


PL I-<CMT>
bands <other>
in <other>
o I-<SPL>
– <other>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
are <other>
related <other>
with <other>
a <other>
free I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
bound <PRO>
transition <PRO>
. <other>


finally <other>
o I-<SPL>
– <other>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
shows <other>
two <other>
emission I-<PRO>
bands <PRO>
located <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
the <other>
o I-<SPL>
– <other>
AgInS2 I-<MAT>
annealed I-<SMT>
sample <other>
in <other>
a <other>
sulphur <other>
atmosphere <other>
showed <other>
a <other>
new <other>
PL I-<CMT>
band <other>
located <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
this <other>
band <other>
is <other>
related <other>
with <other>
an <other>
energy <other>
transition <other>
between <other>
a <other>
level <other>
near <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
to <other>
the <other>
splitting I-<PRO>
valence <PRO>
band <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
) <other>
. <other>


bismuth I-<MAT>
telluride <MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dot <DSC>
assisted <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
microflowers I-<DSC>
for <other>
efficient <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>


the <other>
3D I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
microflowers I-<DSC>
sensitized <other>
by <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
such <other>
novel <other>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
employed <other>
by <other>
two I-<SMT>
step <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
strategy <SMT>
such <other>
as <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
and <other>
potentiostatic I-<SMT>
electrodeposition <SMT>
technique <other>
. <other>


herein <other>
we <other>
have <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
loaded <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
photoanode I-<APL>
for <other>
quantum I-<APL>
dot <APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
QDSSCs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
combined <other>
3D I-<DSC>
and <other>
1D I-<DSC>
hierarchical <DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
has <other>
significant <other>
potential <other>
as <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
photoanode I-<APL>
for <other>
QDSSC I-<APL>
. <other>


A <other>
rapid <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
high <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
copper I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
for <other>
high I-<APL>
- <APL>
performance <APL>
transparent <APL>
conducting <APL>
films <APL>


this <other>
communication <other>
presents <other>
a <other>
way <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
copper I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
with <other>
aspect <other>
ratios <other>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
, <other>
and <other>
describes <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
processes <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
their <other>
formation <other>
. <other>


these <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
make <other>
transparent I-<APL>
conducting <APL>
films <APL>
with <other>
a <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
a <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
sq-1 <other>
. <other>


theoretical <other>
model <other>
and <other>
computer <other>
simulation <other>
of <other>
metglas I-<MAT>
/ <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
composites I-<DSC>
for <other>
voltage I-<APL>
tunable <APL>
inductor <APL>
applications <APL>


control <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
permeability <PRO>
through <other>
voltage <other>
promises <other>
to <other>
create <other>
novel I-<APL>
electronic <APL>
devices <APL>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
voltage I-<APL>
tunable <APL>
inductors <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
property <other>
of <other>
voltage I-<APL>
tunable <APL>
inductors <APL>
comprising <other>
of <other>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
metglas I-<MAT>
/ <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
underlying <other>
domain I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
level <PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
are <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
theoretical <other>
analysis <other>
, <other>
computer <other>
simulation <other>
, <other>
and <other>
complementary <other>
experiments <other>
. <other>


A <other>
theoretical <other>
model <other>
is <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
analyze <other>
the <other>
roles <other>
of <other>
material <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
, <other>
inductor I-<APL>
shape <other>
, <other>
and <other>
stress I-<PRO>
in <other>
controlling <other>
the <other>
metglas I-<MAT>
permeability I-<PRO>
and <other>
its <other>
tunability I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
analysis <other>
reveals <other>
key <other>
roles <other>
played <other>
by <other>
stress I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
induced <PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
resultant <other>
ground I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
state <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
predicts <other>
two <other>
stress <other>
- <other>
dependent <other>
regimes <other>
of <other>
inductance I-<PRO>
tunability <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
theory <other>
is <other>
validated <other>
using <other>
systematic <other>
experiments <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
are <other>
used <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
material <other>
and <other>
physical I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
. <other>


to <other>
further <other>
elucidate <other>
the <other>
underlying <other>
domain <other>
- <other>
level <other>
mechanisms <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
controlling <other>
the <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
voltage I-<APL>
tunable <APL>
inductor <APL>
, <other>
phase I-<CMT>
field <CMT>
modeling <CMT>
is <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
simulate <other>
domain I-<PRO>
microstructures <PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
permeability <PRO>
of <other>
metglas I-<MAT>
/ <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
under <other>
varying <other>
voltage <other>
. <other>


the <other>
computational <other>
results <other>
confirm <other>
the <other>
two <other>
regimes <other>
of <other>
inductance I-<PRO>
tunability <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
controlling <other>
role <other>
of <other>
stress I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
induced <PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
findings <other>
suggest <other>
engineering <other>
of <other>
internal I-<PRO>
bias <PRO>
stress <PRO>
as <other>
an <other>
effective <other>
means <other>
to <other>
optimize <other>
the <other>
inductance I-<PRO>
tunability <PRO>
of <other>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
metglas I-<MAT>
/ <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


mixed <other>
anionic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
in <other>
ClFPb I-<MAT>


we <other>
have <other>
measured <other>
transference I-<PRO>
numbers <PRO>
of <other>
fluoride <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
chloride <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
undoped I-<DSC>
and <other>
doped I-<DSC>
samples <other>
of <other>
ClFPb I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
pure <other>
anionic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
doped I-<DSC>
single <DSC>
crystals <DSC>
support <other>
the <other>
assumption <other>
that <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
in <other>
ClFPb I-<MAT>
are <other>
of <other>
the <other>
schottky <other>
- <other>
type <other>
. <other>


the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
of <other>
ClFPb I-<MAT>
involved <other>
is <other>
described <other>
. <other>


the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
strain <other>
in <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
molecular I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>


since <other>
the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
lattice I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
is <other>
the <other>
smallest <other>
among <other>
common <other>
semiconductors I-<PRO>
, <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
heteroepitaxy <other>
is <other>
almost <other>
synonymous <other>
with <other>
strained <other>
layer <other>
epitaxy <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
article <other>
, <other>
we <other>
discuss <other>
the <other>
material <other>
and <other>
electronic <other>
aspects <other>
of <other>
strain <other>
, <other>
the <other>
energetics <other>
and <other>
a <other>
variety <other>
of <other>
kinetic <other>
pathways <other>
for <other>
strain <other>
relaxation <other>
, <other>
and <other>
several <other>
representative <other>
electronic I-<APL>
device <APL>
applications <APL>
of <other>
Si I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
heterostructures I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
also <other>
briefly <other>
compare <other>
molecular I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
MBE I-<SMT>
) <other>
with <other>
other <other>
epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
techniques <other>
such <other>
as <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
CVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
In2O3 <MAT>
junction I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>


rod I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shaped <DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
In2O3 <MAT>
junction I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>
was <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
bottom <other>
up <other>
approach <other>
of <other>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
fabrication <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
. <other>


In2Zn3 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
evaporated <other>
in <other>
a <other>
tube I-<SMT>
furnace <SMT>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-1Torr <other>
vacuum <other>
. <other>


the <other>
deposit <other>
collected <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
wafer I-<DSC>
placed <other>
down <other>
stream <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tube I-<SMT>
furnace <SMT>
was <other>
examined <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
results <other>
proved <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
rod I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shaped <DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
In2O3 <MAT>
junction I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>
. <other>


TEM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
revealed <other>
the <other>
orientation <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
this <other>
structure <other>
is <other>
formed <other>
via <other>
vapor I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
liquid <SMT>
– <SMT>
solid <SMT>
process <SMT>
and <other>
the <other>
suitable <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
source <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
tube <other>
vacuum <other>
, <other>
and <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
is <other>
the <other>
key <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
such <other>
novel <other>
structure <other>
. <other>


this <other>
report <other>
demonstrates <other>
the <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
fabricating <other>
junction I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>
by <other>
bottom <other>
up <other>
approach <other>
, <other>
expanding <other>
its <other>
capability <other>
of <other>
fabricating <other>
structure <other>
with <other>
desired <other>
properties <other>
. <other>


pressure <other>
effect <other>
for <other>
metal I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
insulator <PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
filled <other>
skutterudite I-<SPL>
P12Ru4Sm I-<MAT>


we <other>
have <other>
measured <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
filled <other>
skutterudite I-<SPL>
P12Ru4Sm I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
metal I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
insulator <PRO>
( <PRO>
MI <PRO>
) <PRO>
transition <PRO>
at <other>
TMI I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
at <other>
high <other>
pressures <other>
up <other>
to <other>
15GPa <other>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
the <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
was <other>
suppressed <other>
. <other>


we <other>
observed <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
above <other>
3.5GPa <other>
, <other>
while <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
- <other>
like <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
below <other>
2K <other>
. <other>


two <other>
characteristic <other>
anomalies <other>
below <other>
TMI I-<PRO>
, <other>
a <other>
peak <other>
and <other>
a <other>
kink <other>
in <other>
the <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
curve <PRO>
, <other>
are <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
and <other>
T2 I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
LixTiS2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
LixCoO2 I-<MAT>


the <other>
partial I-<PRO>
thermodynamic <PRO>
functions <PRO>
DHLi <PRO>
and <other>
DS I-<PRO>
Li <PRO>
for <other>
LixTi1.03S2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
x <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
and <other>
Co20Li19O40 I-<MAT>
were <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
EMF I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
temperature <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
( <other>
T <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


for <other>
LixTi1.03S2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
x-dependence <other>
of <other>
these <other>
quantities <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
relation <other>
to <other>
a <other>
semiempirical <other>
expression <other>
for <other>
the <other>
EMF-x I-<PRO>
relation <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
electronic <other>
component <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
in <other>
LixTi1.03S2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
× <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
T <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
° <MAT>
C <MAT>
) <MAT>
and <other>
LixCoO2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
x <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
T <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
° <MAT>
C <MAT>
) <MAT>
was <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
sign <other>
of <other>
the <other>
( <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
) <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
it <other>
followed <other>
that <other>
LixTi1.03S2 I-<MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
and <other>
LixCoO2 I-<MAT>
a <other>
p- I-<PRO>
type <PRO>
electronic <PRO>
conductor <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
inserted <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
and <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
method <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
heat <PRO>
of <PRO>
transport <PRO>
directly <other>
from <other>
the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
seebeck <PRO>
co-efficient <PRO>
was <other>
developed <other>
. <other>


this <other>
method <other>
was <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
LixTi1.03S2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
x <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
T <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
° <MAT>
C <MAT>
) <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
heat I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
transport <PRO>
is <other>
uch <other>
smaller <other>
than <other>
the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
enthalpy <PRO>
for <PRO>
li+ <PRO>
- <PRO>
conduction <PRO>
, <other>
indicating <other>
a <other>
high <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
polaron <PRO>
binding <PRO>
energy <PRO>
. <other>


thermogravimetric I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
indicates <other>
that <other>
LixCoO2 I-<MAT>
with <MAT>
x <MAT>
< <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
decomposes <other>
to <other>
CoLiO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Co2O3 I-<MAT>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
sustained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
data <other>
for <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
seebeck <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
. <other>


also <other>
the <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
kinetic I-<PRO>
data <other>
of <other>
LixTi1.03S2 I-<PRO>
are <other>
critically <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
of <other>
AgxTiS2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
homogenization I-<SMT>
on <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
a <other>
new <other>
type <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
– <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
Er <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


microstructural I-<PRO>
evolutions <PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
– <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
Er <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
after <other>
homogenization I-<SMT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
by <other>
optical I-<CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
OM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electronic <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electronic <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectrum <CMT>
( <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
tensile I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
maximum <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
is <other>
obtained <other>
when <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
homogenized I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
16h <other>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
strength I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
finial <other>
homogenized I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
16h <other>
increases <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
is <other>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
strengths I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
two <other>
- <other>
step <other>
homogenized I-<SMT>
alloys I-<DSC>
are <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
single <other>
homogenized I-<SMT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
stage <other>
plays <other>
an <other>
important <other>
role <other>
in <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
final <other>
homogenized I-<SMT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


many <other>
fine <other>
(Mn,Fe)Al6 I-<MAT>
precipitates I-<DSC>
when <other>
the <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


Al3Er I-<MAT>
phase <other>
can <other>
not <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
during <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
stage <other>
. <other>


plenty <other>
of <other>
fine <other>
(Mn,Fe)Al6 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al3Er I-<MAT>
precipitate <other>
in <other>
finial <other>
homogenized I-<SMT>
alloy I-<DSC>
when <other>
the <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
is <other>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
– <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
Er <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
is <other>
effectively <other>
strengthened <other>
by <other>
substructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
dispersoids I-<PRO>
of <other>
(Mn,Fe)Al6 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al3Er I-<MAT>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
, <other>
ca3-x I-<MAT>
Y <MAT>
x <MAT>
LiO6Ru <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>


we <other>
have <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
Ca3-xYxLiRuO6 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
parent <other>
compound <other>
exhibits <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ruthenium I-<MAT>
sublattice <other>
at <other>
a <other>
rather <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
113K <other>
. <other>


though <other>
the <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
curie <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
thp I-<PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
negative <other>
and <other>
indicates <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
large <other>
magnitude <other>
( <other>
-250 <other>
K <other>
) <other>
of <other>
thp I-<PRO>
reveals <other>
a <other>
complex <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
in <other>
this <other>
compound <other>
. <other>


Ru I-<MAT>
ions <other>
appear <other>
to <other>
be <other>
in <other>
the <other>
pentavalent <other>
state <other>
. <other>


we <other>
note <other>
that <other>
the <other>
neel I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
undergoes <other>
only <other>
a <other>
marginal <other>
reduction <other>
by <other>
Y I-<MAT>
substitution <other>
. <other>


all <other>
these <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
insulators I-<PRO>
and <other>
thus <other>
the <other>
electron I-<SMT>
doping <SMT>
does <other>
not <other>
result <other>
in <other>
metallicity I-<PRO>
. <other>


thus <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
essentially <other>
insensitive <other>
to <other>
Y I-<MAT>
substitution <other>
for <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
finding <other>
which <other>
may <other>
favour <other>
the <other>
idea <other>
of <other>
quasi-one I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
magnetism <PRO>
in <other>
these <other>
compounds <other>
. <other>


growth <other>
and <other>
dielectric I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
by <other>
r.f. I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
r.f. I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
onto <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
wafers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
including <other>
an <other>
optical I-<CMT>
interferometric <CMT>
technique <CMT>
for <other>
in-situ <other>
thickness <other>
monitoring <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
are <other>
measured <other>
, <other>
with <other>
optimum <other>
values <other>
of <other>
the <other>
relative <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
and <other>
breakdown I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
determined <other>
as <other>
[?]r I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
ebd I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
MVcm-1 <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


deposition <other>
was <other>
uniform <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
film I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
( <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
was <other>
determined <other>
as <other>
n I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>


fabrication <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
uniform <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedral <other>
micro-crystals I-<DSC>


uniform <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedral <other>
microcrystals I-<DSC>
with <other>
perfect <other>
appearance <other>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
triton I-<SMT>
X100 <SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
polyol <SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


during <other>
the <other>
polyols I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
for <other>
the <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedra <other>
, <other>
the <other>
introduction <other>
of <other>
triton <other>
X100 <other>
decreases <other>
significantly <other>
the <other>
needed <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
HNaO <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedra <other>
are <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
eight <other>
triangular <other>
sheets I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
equilateral <other>
triangles <other>
. <other>


the <other>
edge <other>
size <other>
of <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedron <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedral <other>
particles I-<DSC>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
on <other>
a <other>
SQUID I-<CMT>
magnetometer <CMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
for <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedra <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
emu <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
magnetite I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
remnant I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
and <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
force <PRO>
of <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedra <other>
are <other>
considerably <other>
low <other>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
rare <other>
for <other>
the <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
size <other>
scale <other>
of <other>
micrometers <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
octahedral <other>
microcrystals I-<DSC>
show <other>
high <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetizations <PRO>
and <other>
very <other>
low <other>
coercivities I-<PRO>
. <other>


morphological <other>
control <other>
in <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
basic <MAT>
carbonate <MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
assembly <other>


cobalt I-<MAT>
basic <MAT>
carbonates <MAT>
( <other>
CBC I-<MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
different <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
using <other>
urea <other>
as <other>
a <other>
hydrolysis-controlling <other>
agent <other>
. <other>


A <other>
variety <other>
of <other>
means <other>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
FT-IR I-<CMT>
, <other>
TG I-<CMT>
, <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
were <other>
performed <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
samples <other>
. <other>


As <other>
evidenced <other>
by <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
are <other>
CCo2H2O5 I-<MAT>
with <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
crystal <other>
phase <other>
( <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P2212 I-<SPL>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
further <other>
supported <other>
by <other>
FT-IR I-<CMT>
and <other>
TG I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
observations <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
of <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
aggregate <other>
possesses <other>
bundle <other>
shape <other>
without <other>
using <other>
sodium <other>
dodecyl <other>
sulfate <other>
( <other>
SDS <other>
) <other>
as <other>
structure <other>
- <other>
directing <other>
agent <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
has <other>
pinecone I-<DSC>
- <other>
like <other>
shape <other>
at <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
SDS <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
expected <other>
that <other>
SDS <other>
coordinated <other>
to <other>
CBC I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
may <other>
retard <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
small <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
into <other>
bigger <other>
ones <other>
, <other>
and <other>
that <other>
SDS <other>
may <other>
be <other>
adsorbed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
side <other>
face <other>
of <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
and <other>
also <other>
retards <other>
the <other>
aggregation <other>
of <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
into <other>
bundles <other>
, <other>
finally <other>
forming <other>
the <other>
pinecone I-<DSC>
- <other>
like <other>
shape <other>
of <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
aggregate <other>
. <other>


thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
Bi2Te3+75 <MAT>
% <MAT>
Sb2Te3 <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
manufactured <other>
by <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
solidification <SMT>
and <other>
hot I-<SMT>
pressing <SMT>


p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Sb2Te3 <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
were <other>
newly <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
solidification <SMT>
and <other>
hot I-<SMT>
pressing <SMT>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
considered <other>
to <other>
be <other>
a <other>
mass <other>
production <other>
technique <other>
for <other>
this <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
homogeneity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
melt I-<SMT>
spun <SMT>
ribbon I-<DSC>
and <other>
plastic I-<SMT>
deformation <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
hot <other>
consolidated <other>
body <other>
were <other>
systematically <other>
investigated <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
conventionally <other>
fabricated <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


initial <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
hot I-<SMT>
pressing <SMT>
temperature <other>
dependences <other>
of <other>
the <other>
rapidly I-<SMT>
solidified <SMT>
and <other>
hot I-<SMT>
pressed <SMT>
samples <other>
were <other>
quantitatively <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
measuring <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
such <other>
as <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
hall I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
. <other>


tensile I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
deformed <other>
heterogeneous I-<DSC>
aluminum I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
at <other>
room <other>
and <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>


In <other>
this <other>
study <other>
we <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
deformed <other>
binary <other>
AlNi I-<MAT>
, <other>
AlFe I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
AlCu I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
vol. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
second <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


sheets I-<DSC>
and <other>
rods I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
and <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
at <other>
room <other>
and <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>
comparable <other>
with <other>
those <other>
of <other>
conventional <other>
medium <other>
- <other>
strength I-<PRO>
wrought <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
moduli <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
phases <other>
were <other>
estimated <other>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
of <other>
Ba-Y-Cu-O I-<MAT>
system <other>


the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
a <other>
set <other>
of <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
nominal <other>
composition I-<PRO>
BaxY1-xCuO3(0.005 I-<MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
x <MAT>
⩽ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
which <other>
are <other>
synthesized <other>
under <other>
the <other>
same <other>
condition <other>
have <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
main <other>
characters <other>
of <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
are <other>
quite <other>
different <other>
for <other>
the <other>
two <other>
groups <other>
of <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
Ba I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
being <other>
<nUm> <other>
⩽ <other>
x I-<PRO>
⩽ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
⩽ <other>
x I-<PRO>
⩽ <other>
<nUm> <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


it <other>
just <other>
coincides <other>
with <other>
the <other>
results <other>
two <other>
types <other>
of <other>
phase I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
difference <other>
in <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
two <other>
ranges <other>
of <other>
composition I-<PRO>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
a <other>
comprehensive <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
results <other>
above <other>
, <other>
the <other>
authors <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
peak <other>
near <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
likely <other>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
the <other>
vibration <other>
of <other>
CuO6 I-<MAT>
octahedra <other>
breathing I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
mode <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
play <other>
an <other>
important <other>
role <other>
in <other>
this <other>
system <other>
for <other>
achieving <other>
high <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
. <other>


band <other>
engineering <other>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
ruthenium <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
and <other>
its <other>
near I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
infrared <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
enhancement <other>
combined <other>
with <other>
nano-holes I-<DSC>
pattern <DSC>
on <other>
back <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>


silicon I-<MAT>
is <other>
widely <other>
used <other>
in <other>
semiconductor I-<APL>
industry <APL>
but <other>
has <other>
poor <other>
performance <other>
in <other>
near I-<APL>
- <APL>
infrared <APL>
photoelectronic <APL>
devices <APL>
because <other>
of <other>
its <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
limit <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
study <other>
, <other>
a <other>
narrow <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
silicon I-<MAT>
rich <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
is <other>
achieved <other>
by <other>
introducing <other>
ruthenium I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
) <other>
into <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
to <other>
form <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
ruthenium <MAT>
( <other>
a-Si1-xRux I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
through <other>
co-sputtering I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
an <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
light I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
narrower <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
a <other>
specific <other>
light <other>
trapping <other>
technique <other>
is <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
realize <other>
high <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
of <other>
a-Si1-xRux I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
finite <other>
thickness <other>
to <other>
avoid <other>
unnecessary <other>
carrier <other>
recombination <other>
. <other>


A <other>
double I-<APL>
- <APL>
layer <APL>
absorber <APL>
comprising <other>
of <other>
a-Si1-xRux I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
and <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
random I-<DSC>
nano-holes <DSC>
layer <DSC>
is <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
back <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
significantly <other>
improves <other>
near I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
infrared <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
while <other>
the <other>
leaky I-<PRO>
light <PRO>
intensity <PRO>
is <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


this <other>
novel <other>
absorber I-<APL>
, <other>
combining <other>
narrow <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
with <other>
light I-<PRO>
trapping <PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
may <other>
have <other>
a <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
in <other>
near I-<APL>
- <APL>
infrared <APL>
photoelectronic <APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


failure I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
in <other>
three I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
point <CMT>
bending <CMT>
tests <CMT>
of <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
steel I-<MAT>
, <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
cement I-<MAT>
and <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
sandstone I-<MAT>
bi-material I-<DSC>
beams <DSC>


tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
steel I-<MAT>
and <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
rock I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
is <other>
an <other>
important <other>
input <other>
parameter <other>
when <other>
predicting <other>
well I-<PRO>
integrity <PRO>
failure <PRO>
in <other>
petroleum I-<APL>
industry <APL>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
during <other>
underground I-<APL>
CO2 <APL>
storage <APL>
. <other>


laboratory <other>
tests <other>
of <other>
interface I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
( <other>
e.g. <other>
the <other>
so <other>
- <other>
called <other>
pushout I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
) <other>
often <other>
provide <other>
estimates <other>
of <other>
shear <other>
rather <other>
than <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
three I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
point <CMT>
bending <CMT>
test <CMT>
of <other>
bi-material I-<DSC>
beams <DSC>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
failure <PRO>
at <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
steel I-<MAT>
, <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
cement I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
sandstone I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
tests <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
steel I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
were <other>
the <other>
weakest <other>
ones <other>
, <other>
while <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
cement I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
were <other>
the <other>
second <other>
weakest <other>
. <other>


cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
sandstone I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
were <other>
apparently <other>
quite <other>
strong <other>
: <other>
both <other>
tested <other>
cement I-<MAT>
- <other>
sandstone I-<MAT>
beams I-<DSC>
broke <other>
inside <other>
the <other>
cement I-<MAT>
, <other>
ca. <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm <other>
off <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


this <other>
surprising <other>
result <other>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
being <other>
stronger <other>
than <other>
the <other>
hardened I-<SMT>
cement I-<MAT>
, <other>
was <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
water <other>
suction <other>
from <other>
cement I-<MAT>
into <other>
the <other>
dry <other>
sandstone I-<MAT>
during <other>
setting <other>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
corroborated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
very <other>
uneven <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
. <other>


all <other>
bi-material I-<DSC>
beams <DSC>
had <other>
lower <other>
flexural I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
than <other>
monolith I-<DSC>
cement I-<MAT>
beams I-<DSC>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
new <other>
layered I-<DSC>
perovskite I-<SPL>
, <other>
Na0.10(VO)0.45LaTiO4*nH2O I-<MAT>


Na0.10(VO)0.45LaTiO4*nH2O I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
n <MAT>
≅ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
an <other>
ion I-<SMT>
exchange <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
between <other>
the <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layered <DSC>
perovskite I-<SPL>
, <other>
LaNaO4Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
aqueous <other>
O5SV I-<MAT>
. <other>


this <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
phase <other>
retains <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
parent <other>
with <other>
a <other>
slight <other>
contraction <other>
of <other>
its <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
unit <other>
cell <other>
. <other>


rietveld I-<CMT>
refinement <CMT>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
data <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
vanadyl <other>
units <other>
are <other>
disordered I-<PRO>
within <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


infrared I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
electron I-<CMT>
spin <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
are <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
isolated <other>
vanadyl <other>
units <other>
. <other>


susceptibility I-<PRO>
data <other>
show <other>
curie I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
weiss <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
above <other>
140K <other>
. <other>


ablation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
La I-<MAT>
- <other>
modified I-<DSC>
CZr I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
for <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
/ <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
under <other>
an <other>
oxyacetylene <other>
torch <other>


to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
/ <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
( <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
) <other>
composites I-<DSC>
at <other>
ultra-high <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
La I-<MAT>
- <other>
modified <other>
CZr I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
prepared <other>
on <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<DSC>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
by <other>
supersonic I-<SMT>
atmosphere <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
spraying <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
coating I-<APL>
shows <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
improvement <other>
on <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
compared <other>
with <other>
CZr I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
and <other>
could <other>
protect <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
for <other>
more <other>
than <other>
120s <other>
under <other>
heat <other>
flux <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MW <other>
/ <other>
m2 <other>
. <other>


La I-<MAT>
acted <other>
as <other>
a <other>
role <other>
in <other>
promoting <other>
the <other>
liquid <other>
phase <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
forming <other>
a <other>
compact <other>
scale <other>
with <other>
high <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
improving <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
N I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
S2W <MAT>
, <MAT>
where <MAT>
N <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ni <MAT>
, <MAT>
Co <MAT>
and <MAT>
Fe <MAT>


bimetallic I-<MAT>
sulfides <MAT>
N <MAT>
/ <MAT>
S2W <MAT>
( <MAT>
N <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ni <MAT>
, <MAT>
Co <MAT>
and <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
) <MAT>
with <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
N <PRO>
/ <PRO>
W+N <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
impregnated I-<SMT>
thiosalt <SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
( <SMT>
ITD <SMT>
) <SMT>
technique <SMT>
and <other>
treated <other>
under <other>
reducing <other>
atmosphere <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
( <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
vibrating I-<CMT>
sample <CMT>
magnetometry <CMT>
( <other>
VSM I-<CMT>
) <other>
measurements <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Co I-<MAT>
samples <other>
reduced <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
value <other>
. <other>


improvement <other>
of <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
in <other>
magnetically I-<PRO>
c-axis-oriented <PRO>
bismuth I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
cobaltites I-<MAT>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
bi-based I-<MAT>
cobaltites <MAT>
with <other>
large <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
( <other>
dkh I-<PRO>
= <other>
khc I-<PRO>
− <other>
khab I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
using <other>
a <other>
crystallochemical I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


doping I-<SMT>
of <other>
various <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
( <other>
RE <other>
) <other>
ions <other>
into <other>
the <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
site <other>
in <other>
[(Bi0.5Pb0.5)2Ca2O4]yCoO2 I-<MAT>
[(Bi,Pb)Ca222] <MAT>
enhanced <other>
dkh I-<PRO>
comparable <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
[Ca2CoO3-d]0.62CoO2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


tailoring <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Sr I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
level <other>
in <other>
Dy I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
(Bi,Pb)Ca222 I-<MAT>
enabled <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
to <other>
be <other>
reduced <other>
without <other>
decreasing <other>
dkh I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetically I-<PRO>
c-axis-oriented <PRO>
(Sr,Dy)-doped I-<MAT>
(Bi,Pb)Ca222 <MAT>
bulk I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
improved <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
Sr I-<MAT>
- <other>
free <other>
RE-doped I-<DSC>
BiCa222 I-<MAT>
and <other>
a-axis I-<PRO>
grain <PRO>
- <PRO>
oriented <PRO>
[(Bi0.5Pb0.5)2Sr2O4] I-<MAT>
∼ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
CoO2 <MAT>
. <other>


magneto I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
optical <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
anisotropic <other>
CdSeZn I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
and <other>
geometrical I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
on <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
self <other>
- <other>
assembled <other>
CdSeZn I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
is <other>
theoretically <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
luttinger I-<CMT>
hamiltonian <CMT>
formulation <CMT>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
in <other>
a <other>
transformed <other>
coordinate <other>
system <other>
for <other>
obtaining <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
eigenvalues <PRO>
and <other>
wavefunctions I-<PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
holes <other>
. <other>


the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
energy I-<PRO>
eigenvalues <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
for <other>
anisotropic <other>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
linear I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
is <other>
also <other>
calculated <other>
and <other>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
which <other>
is <other>
explained <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
anisotropy <other>
induced <other>
valence <other>
subband <other>
mixing <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
chalcogenides <MAT>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
chalcogenides <MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
α I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
which <other>
exhibit <other>
an <other>
interesting <other>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
semiconducting <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
fast <other>
ion I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
, <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
an <other>
energy I-<CMT>
band <CMT>
structure <CMT>
calculation <CMT>
. <other>


As <other>
a <other>
simplest <other>
way <other>
of <other>
simulating <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
ions <other>
on <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
, <other>
some <other>
hypothetical <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
compounds <other>
are <other>
constructed <other>
such <other>
as <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
, <other>
the <other>
sodium I-<SPL>
chloride <SPL>
and <other>
the <other>
flourite I-<SPL>
structures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
absolute <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
effective <PRO>
mass <PRO>
is <other>
quite <other>
small <other>
irrespectively <other>
of <other>
the <other>
structures <other>
, <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
the <other>
free I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electron <PRO>
mass <PRO>
, <other>
in <other>
semiquantitative <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
experiments <other>
. <other>


A <other>
deviation <other>
from <other>
an <other>
effective I-<CMT>
mass <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
near <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
bottom <PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
appreciable <other>
, <other>
and <other>
to <other>
explain <other>
reasonably <other>
well <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
. <other>


an <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
these <other>
features <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
is <other>
a <other>
rather <other>
strong <other>
hybridization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
5s I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
chalcogen I-<MAT>
s I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
calculation <other>
also <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
hybridization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
4d I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
chalcogen I-<MAT>
p I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
can <other>
affect <other>
the <other>
absolute <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hole I-<PRO>
effective <PRO>
mass <PRO>
appreciably <other>
, <other>
and <other>
that <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
depends <other>
sensitively <other>
on <other>
these <other>
s-s <other>
and <other>
d-p I-<PRO>
hybridization <PRO>
effects <PRO>
. <other>


photoelectrochemical I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
several <other>
semiconducting I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
of <other>
palladium I-<MAT>
with <other>
sulfur I-<MAT>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
phosphorus I-<MAT>


semiconducting I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
of <other>
palladium I-<MAT>
with <other>
sulfur I-<MAT>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
phosphorus I-<MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
as <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
and <other>
their <other>
semiconducting I-<PRO>
and <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
compounds <other>
include <other>
PdS I-<MAT>
, <other>
PPdS I-<MAT>
, <other>
P2Pd3S8 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
P2Pd I-<MAT>
and <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
growth <other>
was <other>
accomplished <other>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
transport <SMT>
with <other>
halogens <other>
and <other>
bridgeman I-<SMT>
methods <SMT>
. <other>


photoelectrochemical I-<CMT>
techniques <CMT>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
measure <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
, <other>
transition I-<PRO>
type <PRO>
, <other>
doping I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
, <other>
majority I-<PRO>
carrier <PRO>
type <PRO>
, <other>
flatband I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
, <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
yield <PRO>
for <PRO>
electron <PRO>
flow <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
stability I-<PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<APL>
cell <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
previously <other>
undetermined <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
of <other>
P2Pd I-<MAT>
is <other>
reported <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
indirect <other>
) <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
dense I-<PRO>
yttrium I-<MAT>
- <other>
stabilised I-<DSC>
hafnia I-<MAT>
pellets I-<DSC>
for <other>
nuclear I-<APL>
applications <APL>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>


dense I-<PRO>
yttrium I-<MAT>
– <other>
stabilised I-<DSC>
hafnia I-<MAT>
pellets I-<DSC>
( <other>
91.35wt. <other>
% <other>
HfO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
8.65wt. <other>
% <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
consolidation <other>
of <other>
micro-beads I-<DSC>
synthesised <other>
by <other>
the <other>
“ I-<SMT>
external <SMT>
gelation <SMT>
” <SMT>
sol <SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


this <other>
technique <other>
allows <other>
a <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
HfO2 I-<MAT>
– <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
beads I-<DSC>
with <other>
homogenous <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
– <other>
hafnia I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
time <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
sufficient <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
pellets I-<DSC>
( <other>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
the <other>
theoretical I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
) <other>
with <other>
significant <other>
reproducibility <other>
. <other>


the <other>
pellets I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
machined I-<SMT>
in <SMT>
a <SMT>
lathe <SMT>
to <other>
the <other>
correct <other>
dimensions <other>
for <other>
use <other>
as <other>
neutron I-<APL>
absorbers <APL>
in <other>
an <other>
experimental <other>
test <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
in <other>
the <other>
high I-<CMT>
flux <CMT>
reactor <CMT>
( <other>
HFR I-<CMT>
) <other>
in <other>
petten <other>
, <other>
holland <other>
, <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
safety <other>
of <other>
americium I-<MAT>
based <other>
nuclear I-<APL>
fuels <APL>
. <other>


chemical I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>


gallium I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
CBE I-<SMT>
) <other>
using <other>
triethylgallium <other>
( <other>
TEGa <other>
) <other>
and <other>
ammonia <other>
( <other>
H3N <other>
) <other>
precursors <other>
. <other>


prior <other>
to <other>
the <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
epilayer I-<DSC>
growth <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
a <other>
thin <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
was <other>
deposited <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
epilayers I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
anneal I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


annealing I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
in <other>
H3N <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
increases <other>
the <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
, <other>
resulting <other>
in <other>
a <other>
epilayer I-<DSC>
with <other>
higher <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
. <other>


heating I-<SMT>
the <other>
buffer <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
results <other>
in <other>
partial <other>
desorption <other>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
leaving <other>
small <other>
grains <other>
on <other>
an <other>
exposed <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


while <other>
the <other>
epitaxy <other>
on <other>
this <other>
thin I-<DSC>
buffer <DSC>
is <other>
two <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
surface I-<DSC>
consists <other>
of <other>
a <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
tile <other>
- <other>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
level <other>
of <other>
unintentional <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
doping <other>
is <other>
high <other>
in <other>
all <other>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
although <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
need <other>
further <other>
optimization <other>
. <other>


CBE I-<CMT>
may <other>
become <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
candidate <other>
for <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
only <other>
if <other>
the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
incorporation <other>
is <other>
not <other>
an <other>
inherent <other>
problem <other>
of <other>
the <other>
technique <other>
. <other>


gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
for <other>
pure I-<APL>
hydrogen <APL>
production <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
water I-<APL>
– <APL>
gas <APL>
shift <APL>
reaction <APL>
: <other>
activity I-<PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
reaction I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>


the <other>
production <other>
of <other>
hydrogen <other>
containing <other>
very <other>
low <other>
levels <other>
of <other>
carbon <other>
monoxide <other>
for <other>
use <other>
in <other>
polymer I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
fuel <APL>
cells <APL>
requires <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
that <other>
show <other>
very <other>
high <other>
activity I-<PRO>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
where <other>
the <other>
equilibrium <other>
for <other>
the <other>
removal <other>
of <other>
carbon <other>
monoxide <other>
using <other>
the <other>
water I-<APL>
– <APL>
gas <APL>
shift <APL>
reaction <APL>
is <other>
favourable <other>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
claimed <other>
that <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
- <other>
supported <other>
gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
have <other>
the <other>
required <other>
high <other>
activity I-<PRO>
but <other>
there <other>
is <other>
considerable <other>
uncertainty <other>
in <other>
the <other>
literature <other>
about <other>
the <other>
feasibility <other>
of <other>
using <other>
these <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
under <other>
real <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


by <other>
comparing <other>
the <other>
activity I-<PRO>
of <other>
gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
with <other>
that <other>
of <other>
platinum I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
well <other>
- <other>
prepared <other>
gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
are <other>
significantly <other>
more <other>
active <other>
than <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
platinum I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
method <other>
of <other>
preparation <other>
and <other>
pre-treatment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
is <other>
critical <other>
and <other>
activity I-<PRO>
variations <other>
of <other>
several <other>
orders <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
can <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
depending <other>
on <other>
the <other>
methods <other>
chosen <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
an <other>
intimate <other>
contact I-<APL>
between <other>
gold I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
support <other>
is <other>
important <other>
and <other>
any <other>
preparative <other>
procedure <other>
that <other>
does <other>
not <other>
generate <other>
such <other>
an <other>
interaction <other>
, <other>
or <other>
any <other>
subsequent <other>
treatment <other>
that <other>
can <other>
destroy <other>
such <other>
an <other>
interaction <other>
, <other>
may <other>
result <other>
in <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
with <other>
low <other>
activity I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
and <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
active <other>
gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
for <other>
the <other>
water I-<APL>
– <APL>
gas <APL>
shift <APL>
reaction <APL>
is <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
comprise <other>
gold I-<MAT>
primarily <other>
in <other>
a <other>
zerovalent I-<PRO>
metallic <PRO>
state <PRO>
but <other>
in <other>
intimate <other>
contact I-<APL>
with <other>
the <other>
support <other>
. <other>


this <other>
close <other>
contact <other>
between <other>
small <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
gold I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
support <other>
may <other>
result <other>
in <other>
the <other>
“ <other>
atoms <other>
” <other>
at <other>
the <other>
point <other>
of <other>
contact <other>
having <other>
a <other>
net <other>
charge <other>
( <other>
most <other>
probably <other>
cationic <other>
) <other>
but <other>
the <other>
high <other>
activity I-<PRO>
is <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
gold I-<MAT>
. <other>


both <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
and <other>
XANES I-<CMT>
appear <other>
unequivocal <other>
on <other>
this <other>
point <other>
and <other>
this <other>
conclusion <other>
is <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
similar <other>
measurements <other>
on <other>
gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
even <other>
when <other>
used <other>
for <other>
CO I-<APL>
oxidation <APL>
. <other>


In <other>
situ <other>
EXAFS I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
under <other>
water <other>
gas <other>
shift <other>
conditions <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
active <other>
form <other>
of <other>
gold I-<MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
small <other>
gold I-<MAT>
cluster I-<DSC>
in <other>
intimate <other>
contact <other>
with <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
support <other>
. <other>


the <other>
importance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
gold I-<MAT>
/ <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
is <other>
indicated <other>
but <other>
the <other>
possible <other>
role <other>
of <other>
special <other>
sites <other>
( <other>
e.g. <other>
, <other>
edge <other>
sites <other>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
gold I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
can <other>
not <other>
be <other>
excluded <other>
. <other>


these <other>
may <other>
be <other>
important <other>
for <other>
CO I-<APL>
oxidation <APL>
but <other>
the <other>
fact <other>
that <other>
water <other>
has <other>
to <other>
be <other>
activated <other>
in <other>
the <other>
water I-<APL>
gas <APL>
shift <APL>
reaction <APL>
may <other>
point <other>
towards <other>
a <other>
more <other>
dominant <other>
role <other>
for <other>
the <other>
interfacial <other>
sites <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
the <other>
water I-<APL>
gas <APL>
shift <APL>
reaction <APL>
on <other>
gold I-<MAT>
and <other>
other <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
has <other>
been <other>
widely <other>
investigated <other>
but <other>
little <other>
agreement <other>
exists <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
a <other>
single <other>
“ <other>
universal <other>
” <other>
model <other>
is <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
much <other>
of <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
literature <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
proposed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
surface <other>
intermediate <other>
is <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
reaction <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


for <other>
example <other>
, <other>
as <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
species <other>
changes <other>
from <other>
a <other>
carbonate <other>
or <other>
carboxylate <other>
species <other>
, <other>
to <other>
a <other>
formate <other>
species <other>
and <other>
eventually <other>
at <other>
high <other>
temperatures <other>
to <other>
a <other>
mechanism <other>
that <other>
is <other>
characteristic <other>
of <other>
a <other>
redox <other>
process <other>
. <other>


similar <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
intermediate <other>
are <other>
observed <other>
with <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
gas <other>
composition <other>
. <other>


overall <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
reported <other>
variations <other>
in <other>
the <other>
kinetics I-<PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
reaction I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
water I-<APL>
gas <APL>
shift <APL>
reaction <APL>
on <other>
gold I-<MAT>
catalysts I-<APL>
can <other>
now <other>
be <other>
understood <other>
and <other>
rationalised <other>
. <other>


silver I-<MAT>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
layered I-<DSC>
double <DSC>
hydroxide I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
and <other>
high <other>
- <other>
performing <other>
anode I-<APL>
material <other>
for <other>
enhanced <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
secondary I-<APL>
batteries <APL>


simple <other>
and <other>
facile <other>
processes <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
silver I-<MAT>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
layered I-<DSC>
double <DSC>
hydroxide I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
LDH I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


by <other>
a <other>
wet I-<SMT>
chemical <SMT>
reduction <SMT>
method <SMT>
in <other>
an <other>
aqueous <other>
AgNO3 <other>
solution <other>
, <other>
silver I-<MAT>
ions <other>
can <other>
be <other>
readily <other>
reduced <other>
to <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
silver I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
and <other>
incorporated <other>
evenly <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
2D I-<DSC>
LDH I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
LDH I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
is <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
LDH I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
are <other>
characterized <other>
electrochemically <other>
proving <other>
their <other>
exceptional <other>
cyclability I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
. <other>


electrochemical I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
four I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
point <CMT>
probe <CMT>
conductivity <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
show <other>
that <other>
silver I-<MAT>
modification <other>
decreases <other>
the <other>
charge I-<PRO>
transfer <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
anode I-<APL>
, <other>
and <other>
improves <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
active <other>
material <other>
, <other>
which <other>
boosts <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
LDH I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


these <other>
newly <other>
designed <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
LDH I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
may <other>
offer <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
anode I-<APL>
candidate <other>
for <other>
high <other>
- <other>
performance <other>
Ni I-<APL>
– <APL>
Zn <APL>
secondary <APL>
batteries <APL>
and <other>
other <other>
zinc I-<APL>
battery <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


reaction I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
B2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
toughness I-<PRO>


In <other>
situ <other>
toughened <other>
B2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
TiCx I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
using <other>
reaction I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
at <other>
high <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resulting <other>
materials <other>
possessed <other>
very <other>
high <other>
relative I-<PRO>
densities <PRO>
and <other>
well <other>
developed <other>
B2Ti I-<MAT>
plate I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
grains <PRO>
, <other>
leading <other>
to <other>
a <other>
rather <other>
high <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
, <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa[?]m1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
was <other>
examined <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
EDAX I-<CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
reaction <other>
products <other>
mainly <other>
consisted <other>
of <other>
B2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
TiCx I-<MAT>
. <other>


No <other>
other <other>
phases <other>
, <other>
e.g. <other>
B4Ti3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
BTi I-<MAT>
, <other>
B5Ti2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
free <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
regardless <other>
of <other>
whether <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
composition I-<PRO>
was <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
B4C <MAT>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
whether <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
is <other>
characterised <other>
by <other>
B2Ti I-<MAT>
plate I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
grains <PRO>
distributed <other>
uniformly <other>
in <other>
the <other>
TiCx I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


some <other>
inclusions I-<PRO>
and <other>
defects I-<PRO>
were <other>
found <other>
in <other>
B2Ti I-<MAT>
grains I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
very <other>
high <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
was <other>
believed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
plate I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
grains <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
, <other>
in <other>
turn <other>
, <other>
is <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
much <other>
improved <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
main <other>
toughening I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
were <other>
likely <other>
to <other>
be <other>
crack I-<PRO>
deflection <PRO>
, <other>
platelet I-<PRO>
pull <PRO>
- <PRO>
out <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
micro-fracture <other>
of <other>
B2Ti I-<MAT>
grains <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
conventional <other>
and <other>
pseudo <other>
graded <other>
AlCrNiY I-<MAT>
/ <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
thermal I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
coatings <APL>
produced <other>
by <other>
supersonic I-<SMT>
air <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
spraying <SMT>
process <SMT>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
conventional <other>
and <other>
pseudo <other>
graded <other>
AlCrNiY I-<MAT>
/ <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <other>
stabilized I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
( <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
) <other>
thermal I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
coatings <APL>
( <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
) <other>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


both <other>
conventional <other>
and <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
were <other>
produced <other>
by <other>
supersonic I-<SMT>
air <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
spraying <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
pseudo <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
, <other>
no <other>
interface I-<DSC>
between <other>
bond <other>
- <other>
coat <other>
, <other>
graded <other>
region <other>
and <other>
top <other>
- <other>
coat <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
( <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
) <other>
top I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
coat <DSC>
in <other>
both <other>
conventional <other>
and <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
single <other>
phase <other>
tetragonal-prime I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


isothermal I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
results <other>
confirmed <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
thermally I-<SMT>
grown <SMT>
oxides I-<MAT>
( <other>
TGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
layer I-<DSC>
in <other>
both <other>
conventional <other>
and <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
. <other>


In <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
, <other>
the <other>
dispersed <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
phase <other>
was <other>
also <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
in <other>
the <other>
graded <other>
region <other>
. <other>


for <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
time <other>
≥ <other>
50h <other>
, <other>
the <other>
TGO I-<MAT>
thickness <other>
in <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
. <other>


further <other>
, <other>
in <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
, <other>
the <other>
vertical <other>
and <other>
parallel <other>
cracks <other>
were <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
during <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
for <other>
5h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cracks <other>
were <other>
enlarged <other>
during <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
200h <other>
. <other>


after <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
( <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
200h <other>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
parallel <other>
cracks <other>
in <other>
the <other>
graded <other>
TBC I-<APL>
penetrated <other>
into <other>
the <other>
graded <other>
/ <other>
layered I-<DSC>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
cracks <other>
in <other>
the <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
led <other>
to <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
TGO I-<MAT>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
owing <other>
to <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
few <other>
cracks <other>
in <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
, <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
stress <other>
in <other>
the <other>
TGO I-<MAT>
increased <other>
with <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
time <other>
. <other>


after <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
200h <other>
, <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
have <other>
higher <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
TGO I-<MAT>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
graded <other>
TBCs I-<APL>
. <other>


nano-quantum I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
derived <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
titania I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
soda I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
lime <MAT>
glass <MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>


the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanolayers I-<DSC>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
soda I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
lime <MAT>
glass <MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
and <other>
dip I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
coating <SMT>
technique <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
fabricated <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
effect <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
sake <other>
of <other>
comparison <other>
, <other>
we <other>
investigated <other>
also <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanolayers I-<DSC>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
soda I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
lime <MAT>
glass <MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
fabricated <other>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
optical I-<CMT>
measurement <CMT>
techniques <other>
and <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
widths <other>
of <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
and <other>
urbach I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
were <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
sodium I-<MAT>
ions <other>
na+ <other>
from <other>
the <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
to <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
brings <other>
about <other>
the <other>
non-monotonic <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
soda I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
lime <MAT>
glass <MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
pre-coated I-<SMT>
with <other>
a <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
ions <other>
on <other>
the <other>
direct I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
silver I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
within <other>
silicate I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
ceramics <DSC>
via <other>
modification <other>
of <other>
ion I-<SMT>
exchange <SMT>
process <SMT>


this <other>
work <other>
pointed <other>
out <other>
the <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
glass I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
ceramic <DSC>
based <other>
on <other>
fluoramphibole I-<MAT>
using <other>
different <other>
alkalis <other>
. <other>


phases <other>
were <other>
crystallized <other>
using <other>
heat I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treatment <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
/ <other>
2.5h <other>
and <other>
were <other>
identified <other>
using <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
. <other>


fluorophlogopite I-<MAT>
, <other>
fluorrichterite I-<MAT>
, <other>
enstatite I-<MAT>
and <other>
cristobalite I-<MAT>
were <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
heat I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treated <SMT>
glasses I-<DSC>
. <other>


crystallization <other>
of <other>
fluorophlogopite I-<MAT>
or <other>
fluorrichterite I-<MAT>
was <other>
detected <other>
in <other>
samples <other>
containing <other>
high <other>
K I-<MAT>
and <other>
Na I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
accompanied <other>
with <other>
crystallization <other>
of <other>
enstatite I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
last <other>
sample <other>
. <other>


cristobalite I-<MAT>
was <other>
crystallized <other>
only <other>
in <other>
equal <other>
alkali <other>
- <other>
containing <other>
glass I-<DSC>
beside <other>
enstatite I-<MAT>
and <other>
richterite I-<MAT>
. <other>


nanoparticles I-<DSC>
of <other>
silver I-<MAT>
have <other>
grown <other>
within <other>
a <other>
silicate I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
via <other>
modification <other>
of <other>
ion I-<SMT>
exchange <SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
particle I-<DSC>
diameters <other>
were <other>
detected <other>
using <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
and <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
particles I-<DSC>
size <other>
ranges <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
silver I-<MAT>
ions <other>
exchanged <other>
was <other>
varied <other>
according <other>
to <other>
type <other>
and <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
alkali <other>
on <other>
fluoramphibole I-<MAT>
compositions I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
show <other>
low <other>
values <other>
of <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
permittivity <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
interconnected <other>
metal I-<PRO>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
chains <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
specimen <other>
dropped <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
ocm2 <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
ocm2 <other>
after <other>
ion I-<SMT>
exchange <SMT>
process <SMT>
which <other>
shows <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
and <other>
semiconducting I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
according <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reduction I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


electron I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
vibrational <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
in <other>
5d <other>
state <other>
of <other>
ce3+ <other>
ion <other>
in <other>
( I-<MAT>
LiMg <MAT>
/ <MAT>
Li2Na <MAT>
/ <MAT>
Li3)BF6 <MAT>
phosphors I-<APL>


the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
vibrational <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
( <other>
EVI I-<PRO>
) <other>
parameters <other>
such <other>
as <other>
huang I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
rhys <PRO>
factor <PRO>
, <other>
effective I-<PRO>
phonon <PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
zero I-<PRO>
phonon <PRO>
line <PRO>
position <PRO>
were <other>
estimated <other>
using <other>
data <other>
from <other>
our <other>
recent <other>
reported <other>
work <other>
, <other>
on <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
in <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
doped I-<DSC>
complex <other>
hexafluorides I-<MAT>
phosphors I-<APL>
BF6LiMg I-<MAT>
, <other>
BF6Li2Na I-<MAT>
and <other>
BF6Li3 I-<MAT>
validity <other>
of <other>
results <other>
were <other>
established <other>
by <other>
modeling I-<CMT>
the <CMT>
emission <CMT>
line <CMT>
which <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
in <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
experimental <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


study <other>
of <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
softening <PRO>
on <other>
bi-system I-<MAT>
superconductor I-<PRO>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
119Sn I-<CMT>
mossbauer <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


anomalous <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mossbauer I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
for <other>
tin I-<MAT>
impurity <other>
atoms <other>
in <other>
bi-system I-<MAT>
superconductors I-<PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
by <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
indicates <other>
the <other>
occurrence <other>
of <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
softening <PRO>
above <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
study <other>
on <other>
utilizing <other>
different <other>
metals <other>
as <other>
the <other>
back I-<APL>
contact <APL>
of <other>
CH6I3NPb I-<MAT>
perovskite I-<SPL>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>


organic <other>
– <other>
inorganic <other>
halide I-<MAT>
perovskite <MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
have <other>
attracted <other>
considerable <other>
interest <other>
due <other>
to <other>
their <other>
high <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
and <other>
low <other>
fabrication <other>
cost <other>
. <other>


Au I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
are <other>
usually <other>
used <other>
as <other>
the <other>
back I-<APL>
contact <APL>
metals <APL>
but <other>
have <other>
limitations <other>
such <other>
as <other>
Au I-<MAT>
is <other>
too <other>
expensive <other>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
is <other>
unstable <other>
. <other>


here <other>
, <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
, <other>
Au I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
were <other>
studied <other>
as <other>
the <other>
back I-<APL>
contact <APL>
electrodes <APL>
for <other>
perovskite I-<APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


we <other>
looked <other>
at <other>
how <other>
the <other>
work I-<PRO>
function <PRO>
of <other>
metals <other>
can <other>
affect <other>
their <other>
photovoltaic I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
compositional I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
characterizations <CMT>
were <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
general <other>
trend <other>
observed <other>
was <other>
that <other>
the <other>
shunt I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
and <other>
open I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
circuit <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
devices <other>
decrease <other>
with <other>
the <other>
decreasing <other>
work I-<PRO>
function <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
contact I-<APL>
metal <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
internal I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
cell <other>
decreases <other>
when <other>
using <other>
spiro <other>
- <other>
OMeTAD <other>
in <other>
Au I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
devices <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
devices <other>
, <other>
the <other>
internal I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
increases <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
spiro <other>
- <other>
OMeTAD <other>
is <other>
not <other>
a <other>
good <other>
HTM I-<APL>
with <other>
these <other>
metal I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>
. <other>


our <other>
results <other>
also <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
were <other>
not <other>
stable <other>
in <other>
these <other>
devices <other>
and <other>
that <other>
the <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
device <other>
degraded <other>
faster <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
device <other>
. <other>


efficiencies I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
the <other>
devices <other>
with <other>
Au I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
, <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
microspheres I-<DSC>


monodisperse I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
microspheres I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
facile I-<SPL>
solvothermal <SPL>
method <SPL>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
oleic <other>
acid <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectrum <CMT>
( <other>
FT-IR I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
emission I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
spectrum <CMT>
( <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
) <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-obtained I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
samples <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
products <other>
are <other>
well <other>
crystallized <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
can <other>
be <other>
easily <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
the <other>
elaborate <other>
choice <other>
of <other>
oleic <other>
acid <other>
addition <other>
and <other>
the <other>
content <other>
of <other>
HNaO <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
self I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
activated <PRO>
luminescent <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
products <other>
are <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-obtained I-<DSC>
samples <other>
show <other>
an <other>
intense <other>
blue <other>
emission <other>
under <other>
a <other>
long <other>
- <other>
wavelength <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
excitation <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
possible <other>
luminescent I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
may <other>
be <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
- <other>
related <other>
surface I-<DSC>
impurities <other>
or <other>
defects <other>
. <other>


electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
using <other>
different <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
and <other>
iron I-<MAT>
sources <other>


FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
materials <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
from <other>
different <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
and <other>
iron I-<MAT>
sources <other>
, <other>
using <other>
glucose <other>
as <other>
the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
source <other>
and <other>
the <other>
reducing <other>
agent <other>
, <other>
via <other>
a <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
galvanostatic I-<CMT>
charge <CMT>
– <CMT>
discharge <CMT>
test <CMT>
and <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammetry <CMT>
( <other>
CV I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
is <other>
olivine I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
phase <other>
, <other>
and <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
relatively <other>
large <other>
particles I-<DSC>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
some <other>
nano-sized I-<DSC>
particles <DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
favor <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
material <other>
synthesized <other>
from <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
had <other>
the <other>
smallest <other>
particles I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
uniformity <other>
. <other>


it <other>
delivered <other>
the <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAh <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
at <other>
0.2C <other>
, <other>
and <other>
had <other>
good <other>
reversibility I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
retention <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
precursor <other>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
was <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
thermogravimetry I-<CMT>
( <other>
TG I-<CMT>
) <other>
to <other>
discuss <other>
the <other>
crystallization I-<PRO>
formation <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
CNSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
on <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>


CNSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
environmental I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
coatings <APL>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
by <other>
adding <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
as <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
aids <other>
. <other>


with <other>
this <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
temperature <other>
could <other>
be <other>
lowered <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
shrinkage <other>
of <other>
the <other>
polysilazane <other>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
bars I-<DSC>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
tested <other>
by <other>
dilatometer <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
shrinkage I-<PRO>
speed <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
polysilazane <other>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
bar I-<DSC>
with <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
is <other>
faster <other>
than <other>
the <other>
one <other>
without <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
the <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
greatly <other>
promotes <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
of <other>
polysilazane <other>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


water I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
vapor <PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CNSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
coated I-<SMT>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
CNSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
can <other>
effectively <other>
protect <other>
the <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
CNSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
O7Sc2Si2 I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
is <other>
not <other>
degraded <other>
by <other>
adding <other>
CLi2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
porous I-<DSC>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ferrite I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
containing <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
and <other>
their <other>
application <other>
in <other>
water I-<APL>
treatment <APL>


two <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
porous I-<DSC>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ferrite I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
containing <other>
manganese I-<MAT>
( <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <other>
organometallic <other>
compounds <other>
, <other>
using <other>
nitrilotriacetic <other>
acid <other>
( <other>
NA <other>
) <other>
as <other>
a <other>
chelating <other>
agent <other>
to <other>
coordinate <other>
with <other>
various <other>
ratios <other>
of <other>
Fe(II) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn(II) I-<MAT>
ions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resultant <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
are <other>
superparamagnetic I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
have <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
saturation <PRO>
values <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
emu <other>
g-1 <other>
for <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
brunauer I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
emmett <PRO>
– <PRO>
teller <PRO>
specific <PRO>
surface <PRO>
areas <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
g-1 <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
porous <DSC>
Fe2MnO4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
excellent <other>
ability <other>
to <other>
remove <other>
heavy <other>
metal <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
organic <other>
pollutant <other>
in <other>
waste <other>
water <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
these <other>
porous I-<DSC>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ferrites I-<MAT>
may <other>
be <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
other <other>
fields <other>
such <other>
as <other>
biomedicine I-<APL>
and <other>
Li I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
. <other>


composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
of <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
DC <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
from <other>
a <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
at. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
target <other>
, <other>
in <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
argon <other>
and <other>
nitrogen <other>
at <other>
a <other>
total <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
Pa <other>
, <other>
onto <other>
steel I-<MAT>
and <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
micro-hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
were <other>
studied <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
. <other>


films I-<DSC>
containing <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
nitrogen <other>
were <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
b.c.c I-<SPL>
. <other>


W I-<MAT>
and <other>
f.c.c. I-<SPL>
NW2 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
, <other>
while <other>
only <other>
the <other>
f.c.c. I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
probably <other>
WxTi1-xNy I-<MAT>
, <other>
was <other>
present <other>
in <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
[N] I-<PRO>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
increased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
for <other>
[N] I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
up <other>
to <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
of <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
at <other>
[N] <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


this <other>
was <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
increasing <other>
microstrain I-<PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
residual <PRO>
stress <PRO>
remained <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
. <other>


the <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
with <other>
[N] I-<PRO>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
micro-hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
a <other>
large <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
of <other>
, <other>
at <other>
most <other>
, <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
at <other>
[N] I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
in <other>
films I-<DSC>
that <other>
simultaneously <other>
possessed <other>
: <other>
( <other>
i <other>
) <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
two <other>
crystalline <other>
phases <other>
; <other>
( <other>
ii <other>
) <other>
large <other>
microstrain I-<PRO>
; <other>
and <other>
( <other>
iii <other>
) <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
residual <PRO>
stress <PRO>
. <other>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
g-C3N4 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
for <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
H <APL>
evolution <APL>
under <other>
visible <other>
light <other>
irradiation <other>


In <other>
this <other>
investigation <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
g-C3N4 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
with <other>
varying <other>
the <other>
wt. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
g-C3N4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
by <other>
various <other>
techniques <other>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
hydrogen <APL>
production <APL>
under <other>
visible <other>
light <other>
irradiation <other>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
methanol <other>
. <other>


the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
are <other>
consist <other>
of <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
g-C3N4 I-<MAT>
. <other>


fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
( <other>
FT-IR I-<CMT>
) <other>
spectra <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
absorbance I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
intensity <PRO>
of <other>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
was <other>
stronger <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
C3N4 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
vis <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectra <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
edge <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
shifts <other>
to <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
energy <other>
region <other>
comparing <other>
to <other>
pure <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
and <other>
to <other>
longer <other>
wavelengths <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
C3N4 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
significant <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
quenching <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
C3N4 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
the <other>
charge <other>
transfer <other>
from <other>
C3N4 I-<MAT>
to <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
visible <other>
light <other>
induced <other>
H I-<PRO>
evolution <PRO>
rate <PRO>
was <other>
remarkably <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
coupling <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
with <other>
C3N4 I-<MAT>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
by <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
induced <SMT>
combustion <SMT>
process <SMT>


O3Y2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
were <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
induced <SMT>
combustion <SMT>
process <SMT>
using <other>
cerium <other>
nitrate <other>
hexahydrate <other>
, <other>
yttrium <other>
nitrate <other>
hexahydrate <other>
, <other>
and <other>
urea <other>
. <other>


the <other>
process <other>
took <other>
only <other>
a <other>
few <other>
minutes <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
differential I-<CMT>
thermal <CMT>
analyzer <CMT>
/ <other>
thermogravimeter I-<CMT>
( <other>
TG I-<CMT>
/ <CMT>
DTA <CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometer <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
specific I-<CMT>
surface <CMT>
area <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
( <other>
BET I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-received I-<DSC>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
average <other>
particle <other>
size <other>
ranged <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
crystallite <other>
dimension <other>
varied <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
range <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
. <other>


moisture I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
composite I-<DSC>
lubricant I-<APL>
films <APL>


the <other>
moisture I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
sputter I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
coated <SMT>
composite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
markedly <other>
increased <other>
when <other>
the <other>
MoS2 I-<MAT>
is <other>
sputter I-<SMT>
deposited <other>
with <other>
water I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
repellent <PRO>
additives <other>
. <other>


to <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
of <other>
such <other>
coatings I-<APL>
and <other>
to <other>
prevent <other>
corrosive <other>
attack <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
, <other>
generally <other>
steel I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
thin <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
sulphide I-<MAT>
- <other>
forming <other>
intermediate <other>
layer I-<DSC>
is <other>
applied <other>
previously <other>
on <other>
the <other>
functional <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
serves <other>
as <other>
an <other>
interlayer I-<DSC>
. <other>


with <other>
a <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
process <other>
coatings I-<APL>
of <other>
these <other>
lubricants I-<APL>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
durable I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
earth <other>
's <other>
atmosphere <other>
and <other>
adhere <other>
well <other>
to <other>
their <other>
support <other>
, <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


friction I-<PRO>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
results <other>
for <other>
such <other>
composite I-<DSC>
lubricant I-<APL>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
different <other>
interlayers I-<DSC>
and <other>
various <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
dry <other>
and <other>
humid <other>
air <other>
from <other>
pin <other>
and <other>
disc <other>
experiments <other>
and <other>
from <other>
functional <other>
bearing I-<APL>
elements <APL>
of <other>
precision I-<APL>
engineering <APL>
systems <APL>
, <other>
confirm <other>
the <other>
improvements <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
dispersed <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
derived <other>
O3PbTi I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>


Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
dispersed <other>
O3PbTi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
on <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
phases <other>
. <other>


A <other>
spectrophotometer I-<CMT>
and <other>
LCZ I-<CMT>
meter <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
measure <other>
the <other>
UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
VIS <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectra <other>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


Ag I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
had <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
O3PbTi I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


their <other>
size <other>
and <other>
quantity <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
silver I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


Ag I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
an <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
O3PbTi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
into <other>
O3PbTi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
initially <other>
, <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
increases <other>
and <other>
the <other>
dissipation I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
decreases <other>
. <other>


then <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
of <other>
silver I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
, <other>
the <other>
dissipation I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
increases <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dispersed <other>
silver I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
on <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
gives <other>
different <other>
results <other>
at <other>
different <other>
frequency <other>
ranges <other>
. <other>


At <other>
low <other>
frequency <other>
it <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
silver I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
, <other>
which <other>
coincides <other>
well <other>
with <other>
percolation I-<CMT>
law <CMT>
. <other>


At <other>
high <other>
frequency <other>
, <other>
when <other>
silver I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
reaches <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
dissipation I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
markedly <other>
increases <other>
and <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
decreases <other>
, <other>
which <other>
departs <other>
from <other>
percolation I-<CMT>
law <CMT>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
interaction <other>
of <other>
ferroelectrics I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
and <other>
silver I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
. <other>


toughening I-<SMT>
macroporous I-<DSC>
alumina I-<MAT>
membrane I-<DSC>
supports I-<APL>
with <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>


macroporous I-<DSC>
alumina I-<MAT>
is <other>
an <other>
important <other>
support I-<APL>
in <other>
membrane <other>
fields <other>
because <other>
of <other>
its <other>
stabilities I-<PRO>
to <other>
withstand <other>
exposure <other>
to <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
harsh <other>
chemical <other>
environment <other>
and <other>
high <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
essence <other>
of <other>
brittleness I-<PRO>
can <other>
greatly <other>
shorten <other>
the <other>
life I-<PRO>
span <PRO>
and <other>
restrict <other>
the <other>
application <other>
fields <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
( <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
stabilized I-<DSC>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
added <other>
into <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
macroporous I-<DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
supports I-<APL>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
bending I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
supports <other>
are <other>
simultaneously <other>
greatly <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
various <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
contents <other>
. <other>


when <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
content <other>
is <other>
6wt <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa*m1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
bending I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
is <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


by <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
, <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
uniform <other>
distribution <other>
t-ZrO2 I-<MAT>
into <other>
m-ZrO2 I-<MAT>
is <other>
the <other>
main <other>
cause <other>
which <other>
improves <other>
the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
macroporous I-<DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
supports I-<APL>
. <other>


lowering <other>
of <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
by <other>
adding <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
additives <other>
is <other>
also <other>
discovered <other>
here <other>
. <other>


the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
supports <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
by <other>
adding <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
is <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
supports <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
without <other>
adding <other>
any <other>
additives <other>
. <other>


carbide I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
by <other>
fast I-<SMT>
MW <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
- <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
of <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
– <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al I-<MAT>
mixtures I-<DSC>


the <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
mixtures I-<DSC>
during <other>
MW I-<SMT>
heating <SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
that <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
mixtures I-<DSC>
generate <other>
well <other>
- <other>
densified I-<SMT>
specimens <other>
. <other>


the <other>
fired I-<SMT>
specimens <other>
are <other>
made <other>
from <other>
a <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
of <other>
which <other>
is <other>
filled <other>
with <other>
products <other>
of <other>
the <other>
reactions <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
with <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
gases <other>
of <other>
air <other>
. <other>


phases <other>
detected <other>
included <other>
Al2CO I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al27NO39 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al10N8O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al3B48C I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
high <other>
aspect <other>
ratio <other>
grains <other>
are <other>
protected <other>
in <other>
this <other>
environment <other>
from <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
, <other>
being <other>
able <other>
to <other>
act <other>
as <other>
a <other>
toughening I-<APL>
filler <APL>
. <other>


oxygen I-<PRO>
nonstoichiometry <PRO>
and <other>
defect I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
analysis <other>
of <other>
b-site I-<PRO>
mixed <PRO>
perovskite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
La <MAT>
, <MAT>
Sr)(Cr <MAT>
, <MAT>
M)O3- <MAT>
δ <MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
and <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
) <MAT>


the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
chemical <PRO>
relationships <PRO>
in <other>
various <other>
b-site I-<PRO>
mixed <PRO>
CrLaO3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
temperature <CMT>
gravimetry <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
nonstoichiometric I-<PRO>
deviation <PRO>
, <other>
δ I-<PRO>
, <other>
in <other>
(La0.7Sr0.3)(Cr1-yTiy)O3-d I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
y <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
( <other>
LSCT I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
(La0.75Sr0.25)(Cr0.5Mn0.5)O3-d I-<MAT>
( <other>
LSCM I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
(La0.75Sr0.25)(Cr0.5Fe0.5)O3-d I-<MAT>
( <other>
LSCF I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
P <other>
O <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
1373K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
partial <other>
replacement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
donor <other>
on <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
- <other>
sites <other>
were <other>
examined <other>
in <other>
LSCT I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
LSCM I-<MAT>
and <other>
LSCF I-<MAT>
, <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
partial <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
isovalent <other>
transition <other>
metals <other>
on <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
- <other>
sites <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


oxygen I-<PRO>
nonstoichiometries <PRO>
of <other>
various <other>
b-site I-<PRO>
mixed <PRO>
CrLaO3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
of <other>
a-site I-<PRO>
substituted <PRO>
perovskite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
, <other>
(La1-xSrx)MO3-d I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
where <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
and <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
) <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
partial <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
different <other>
elements <other>
on <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
- <other>
sites <other>
drastically <other>
changed <other>
the <other>
P <other>
O <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
formation <other>
in <other>
CrLaO3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
equilibrium <PRO>
relationships <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
localized <other>
electron <other>
well <other>
explained <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
formation <other>
in <other>
b-site I-<PRO>
mixed <PRO>
CrLaO3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
formation <other>
in <other>
(La0.7Sr0.3)(Cr1-yTiy)O3-d I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
y <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
and <other>
(La0.7Sr0.3)(Cr0.7Ti0.3)O3-d I-<MAT>
was <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
redox <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
ions <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
equilibrium <PRO>
relationships <PRO>
of <other>
LSCM I-<MAT>
and <other>
LSCF I-<MAT>
were <other>
interpreted <other>
by <other>
redox <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
ions <other>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
ions <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


No <other>
significant <other>
change <other>
in <other>
valence <other>
state <other>
of <other>
cr3+ <other>
ions <other>
in <other>
LSCM I-<MAT>
and <other>
LSCF I-<MAT>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
under <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


flowerlike I-<DSC>
iron I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
and <other>
their <other>
application <other>
in <other>
microwave I-<APL>
absorption <APL>


self <other>
- <other>
assembled <other>
flowerlike I-<DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
procedure <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
flowerlike I-<DSC>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
are <other>
perfectly <other>
maintained <other>
in <other>
the <other>
conversion <other>
of <other>
precursor <other>
to <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
complex I-<PRO>
permittivity <PRO>
and <other>
permeability I-<PRO>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
of <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
flower I-<DSC>
are <other>
both <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
flower I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
flower I-<DSC>
shows <other>
a <other>
good <other>
electromagnetic I-<PRO>
impedance <PRO>
match <other>
and <other>
its <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
mainly <other>
originates <other>
from <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
rather <other>
than <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
. <other>


an <other>
optimal <other>
reflection I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
of <other>
-46.0 <other>
dB <other>
is <other>
found <other>
at <other>
3.4GHz <other>
for <other>
flowerlike I-<DSC>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
can <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
efficient <other>
microwave I-<APL>
absorber <APL>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
ClLi I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
crystallization I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
luminescence I-<PRO>
of <other>
Al5O12Y3 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Tb <MAT>


the <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
cubic I-<SPL>
Al5O12Y3 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Tb <MAT>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
- <other>
derived <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
after <other>
firing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
2h <other>
when <other>
a <other>
ClLi I-<MAT>
flux <other>
was <other>
used <other>
. <other>


the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ClLi I-<MAT>
can <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
powders I-<DSC>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


by <other>
using <other>
the <other>
broadening <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
patterns <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
estimated <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
with <other>
20wt. <other>
% <other>
ClLi I-<MAT>
addition <other>
fired I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
2h <other>
was <other>
evaluated <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


both <other>
emission <other>
and <other>
excitation I-<CMT>
luminescent <CMT>
spectra <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


emission I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
synthesized <other>
powders I-<DSC>
mainly <other>
show <other>
5D4 <other>
– <other>
6F <other>
transition <other>
under <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
excitation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
excitation I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
tb3+ <other>
ions <other>
are <other>
different <other>
between <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
and <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
phase <other>
because <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
excitation I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
also <other>
help <other>
observing <other>
the <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
YAG I-<MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
expansion <PRO>
and <other>
cation I-<PRO>
disorder <PRO>
in <other>
Bi2InNbO7 I-<MAT>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
pyrochlore I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
oxide <other>
Bi2InNbO7 I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
between <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
using <other>
electron <other>
and <other>
synchrotron I-<CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
10K <other>
using <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
methods <CMT>
. <other>


Bi2InNbO7 I-<MAT>
exhibits <other>
an <other>
A2B2O7 I-<MAT>
cubic I-<SPL>
pyrochlore I-<MAT>
- <other>
type <other>
average <other>
structure <other>
at <other>
all <other>
temperatures <other>
that <other>
is <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
an <other>
apparently <other>
random <other>
mixing <other>
of <other>
the <other>
in3+ <other>
and <other>
nb5+ <other>
cations <other>
on <other>
the <other>
octahedral <other>
B <other>
sites <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Bi I-<MAT>
cations <other>
on <other>
the <other>
eight <other>
- <other>
coordinate <other>
pyrochlore I-<MAT>
A <other>
sites <other>
are <other>
displacively <other>
disordered <other>
, <other>
presumably <other>
as <other>
a <other>
consequence <other>
of <other>
their <other>
lone I-<PRO>
pair <PRO>
electron <PRO>
configuration <PRO>
. <other>


heating I-<SMT>
the <other>
sample <other>
does <other>
not <other>
alter <other>
this <other>
disorder <other>
. <other>


microstructural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
impurity <other>
segregation <other>
around <other>
b-Nb I-<MAT>
precipitates I-<DSC>
in <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
using <other>
positron I-<CMT>
annihilation <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
atom I-<CMT>
probe <CMT>
tomography <CMT>


impurity <other>
segregation <other>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
between <other>
b-Nb I-<MAT>
precipitates I-<DSC>
and <other>
a-Zr I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
in <other>
zr-2.5wt. I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
complementary <other>
analysis <other>
with <other>
positron I-<CMT>
annihilation <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
PAS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
atom I-<CMT>
probe <CMT>
tomography <CMT>
( <other>
APT I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


Fe I-<MAT>
segregation <other>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
- <other>
decorated <other>
defects <other>
were <other>
found <other>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


PAS I-<CMT>
also <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
was <other>
segregated <other>
to <other>
a <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
several <other>
tens <other>
of <other>
percent <other>
at <other>
a <other>
local <other>
region <other>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
approximately <other>
one <other>
order <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
APT I-<CMT>
and <other>
difficult <other>
to <other>
observe <other>
directly <other>
even <other>
using <other>
APT I-<CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
modified <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
b-silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
reinforced <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>


Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<SMT>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
reinforced <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
( <other>
ASCMMCs I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
powder I-<SMT>
metallurgy <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


A <other>
quite <other>
thin <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
aim <other>
of <other>
improving <other>
the <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
bonding <PRO>
between <other>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
ASCMMCs I-<MAT>
had <other>
both <other>
higher <other>
bending I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
higher <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
than <other>
the <other>
uncoated I-<DSC>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
reinforced <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
( <other>
USCMMCs I-<DSC>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhanced <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
was <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
promoted <other>
densification I-<SMT>
of <other>
composites I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
reduced <other>
aggregation <other>
of <other>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
enhanced <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
bonding <PRO>
between <other>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
helpful <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
transition I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
between <other>
b-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
to <other>
overcome <other>
the <other>
poor <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
wetting <PRO>
, <other>
thus <other>
enhanced <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
. <other>


but <other>
excessive <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
coating I-<SMT>
did <other>
not <other>
bring <other>
about <other>
further <other>
improved <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
increased <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
interfacial <other>
sliding <other>
. <other>


the <other>
molecular <other>
adsorption <other>
of <other>
NO2 <other>
and <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
N2O3 <other>
on <other>
Au(111) I-<MAT>


the <other>
adsorption <other>
of <other>
NO2 <other>
on <other>
Au(111) I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
temperature I-<CMT>
programmed <CMT>
desorption <CMT>
( <other>
TPD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
electron <CMT>
energy <CMT>
loss <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
HREELS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


At <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
NO2 <other>
is <other>
adsorbed <other>
molecularly <other>
to <other>
form <other>
a <other>
Au(111) I-<MAT>
O,O'-nitrito <other>
surface I-<DSC>
chelate <other>
with <other>
c2v I-<SPL>
symmetry <other>
. <other>


the <other>
saturation <other>
coverage <other>
of <other>
chemisorbed <other>
NO2 <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
monolayers <other>
. <other>


the <other>
adsorption <other>
is <other>
reversible <other>
and <other>
NO2 <other>
desorbs <other>
with <other>
first <other>
- <other>
order <other>
kinetics <other>
and <other>
an <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kcal <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
chemisorbed <other>
state <other>
is <other>
saturated <other>
, <other>
an <other>
NO2 <other>
multilayer I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
formed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
with <other>
greater <other>
NO2 <other>
exposures <other>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
when <other>
the <other>
chemisorbed <other>
NO2 <other>
surface I-<DSC>
chelate <other>
is <other>
exposed <other>
to <other>
NO <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
N2O3 <other>
is <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
in <other>
an <other>
upright <other>
configuration <other>
. <other>


while <other>
it <other>
is <other>
not <other>
clear <other>
whether <other>
NO2 <other>
chemisorbs <other>
on <other>
Au(111) I-<MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
radical <other>
, <other>
its <other>
reactivity <other>
towards <other>
gas <other>
- <other>
phase <other>
NO <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
adsorbed <other>
N2O3 <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
it <other>
is <other>
capable <other>
of <other>
undergoing <other>
radical <other>
- <other>
radical <other>
types <other>
of <other>
reactions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reaction <other>
can <other>
be <other>
reversed <other>
by <other>
warming <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
implying <other>
that <other>
the <other>
N-N <other>
bond I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
is <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
kcal <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
. <other>


NO <other>
and <other>
N2O <other>
do <other>
not <other>
adsorb <other>
on <other>
Au(111) I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K. <other>
in <other>
ultrahigh <other>
vacuum <other>
. <other>


epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
molecular I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>


high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
Al I-<MAT>
epitaxial I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
homogeneous <other>
thickness <other>
have <other>
been <other>
epitaxially <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
<nUm> <other>
inch <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
molecular I-<CMT>
beam <CMT>
epitaxy <CMT>
with <other>
an <other>
in-plane <other>
alignment <other>
of <other>
al[10] I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3[100] I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
- <other>
thick <other>
Al I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
show <other>
excellent <other>
uniform <other>
thickness <other>
distribution <other>
over <other>
the <other>
whole <other>
<nUm> <other>
inch <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
a <other>
very <other>
flat <other>
Al I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
root-mean-square <PRO>
roughness <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
high <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
qualities <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
full <other>
width <other>
at <other>
half <other>
maximum <other>
as <other>
small <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
. <other>


there <other>
is <other>
no <other>
interfacial I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
existing <other>
between <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
Al I-<MAT>
epitaxial I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
and <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


instead <other>
, <other>
sharp <other>
and <other>
abrupt <other>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
hetero I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
interfaces <DSC>
are <other>
achieved <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphologies <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
qualities <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
Al I-<MAT>
epitaxial I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
. <other>


this <other>
achievement <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
epitaxial I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
is <other>
of <other>
great <other>
importance <other>
in <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
microelectronic I-<APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
upconversion I-<PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
monodisperse I-<DSC>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
spherical I-<DSC>
particles <DSC>


monodispersed I-<DSC>
spherical <DSC>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
upconversion I-<PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
( <other>
UCL I-<PRO>
) <other>
particles I-<DSC>
with <other>
sizes <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
are <other>
prepared <other>
using <other>
a <other>
homogeneous I-<SMT>
precipitation <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
aging I-<SMT>
time <other>
, <other>
varying <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
, <other>
has <other>
a <other>
profound <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
precursor <other>
size <other>
, <other>
which <other>
systematically <other>
decreases <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
precursor <other>
shows <other>
poor <other>
stability I-<PRO>
when <other>
aging I-<SMT>
time <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
precursor <other>
can <other>
be <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
urea <other>
concentration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
UCL I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
with <other>
different <other>
particle <other>
sizes <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
integrated I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
intensity <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <PRO>
green <PRO>
to <PRO>
red <PRO>
( <other>
rgreen I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
red <PRO>
) <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
decrease <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
when <other>
the <other>
particle I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
decreases <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
possible <other>
reasons <other>
are <other>
evaluated <other>
. <other>


oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
obliquely I-<SMT>
deposited <SMT>
CoNi I-<MAT>
magnetic I-<PRO>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Co4Ni I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
used <other>
for <other>
magnetic I-<APL>
recording <APL>
was <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
auger I-<CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


At <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
under <other>
an <other>
oxygen <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
Torr <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
oxidized I-<SMT>
to <other>
CoO I-<MAT>
but <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
remained <other>
in <other>
the <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
CoO I-<MAT>
followed <other>
a <other>
parabolic <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
exposure <other>
time <other>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
diffusion <other>
- <other>
controlled <other>
kinetics <other>
for <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
[Co] I-<MAT>
/ <other>
[Ni] I-<MAT>
ratio <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
increased <other>
with <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
indicating <other>
an <other>
oxygen <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
segregation <other>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


comparative <other>
evaluation <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
slag <other>
corrosion <other>
on <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MgO-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
refractories I-<APL>
via <other>
experiments <other>
and <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
simulations <CMT>


Al2O3- I-<MAT>
and <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
refractories I-<APL>
are <other>
widely <other>
used <other>
in <other>
the <other>
steel I-<APL>
industry <APL>
as <other>
lining I-<APL>
materials <APL>
for <other>
many <other>
metallurgical I-<APL>
reactors <APL>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
their <other>
direct <other>
contact <other>
with <other>
slag <other>
and <other>
steel I-<MAT>
, <other>
they <other>
suffer <other>
corrosion <other>
and <other>
degradation <other>
, <other>
especially <other>
in <other>
the <other>
slag <other>
- <other>
line <other>
position <other>
, <other>
which <other>
limits <other>
their <other>
service I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
purpose <other>
of <other>
this <other>
article <other>
is <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
a <other>
better <other>
understanding <other>
of <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
two <other>
refractories I-<APL>
with <other>
different <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
of <other>
virtual I-<APL>
steelmaking <APL>
slags <other>
( <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
CaO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
35wt <other>
% <other>
) <other>
using <other>
laboratory <other>
experiments <other>
and <other>
FactSage I-<CMT>
thermodynamic <CMT>
modeling <CMT>
. <other>


pure <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MgO-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
crucibles I-<APL>
were <other>
adopted <other>
to <other>
simulate <other>
the <other>
two <other>
refractories I-<APL>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
during <other>
the <other>
experiment <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
corrosion <other>
of <other>
both <other>
crucibles I-<APL>
increases <other>
with <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
slag <other>
basicity I-<PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
content <other>
in <other>
the <other>
slag <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
crucible I-<APL>
is <other>
more <other>
susceptible <other>
to <other>
corrosion <other>
than <other>
the <other>
MgO-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
crucible I-<APL>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
slag <other>
penetrating <other>
through <other>
the <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
crucible I-<APL>
matrix <other>
and <other>
substituting <other>
part <other>
of <other>
its <other>
matrix <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
MgO-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
crucible I-<APL>
, <other>
there <other>
was <other>
no <other>
obvious <other>
slag <other>
substitution <other>
, <other>
but <other>
a <other>
transition <other>
layer <other>
was <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
contact <other>
region <other>
between <other>
the <other>
crucible I-<APL>
and <other>
the <other>
slag <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
crucible I-<APL>
matrix <other>
reacts <other>
with <other>
slag <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
calcium I-<MAT>
alumina <MAT>
( <other>
Al12CaO19 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al4CaO7 I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
other <other>
complex I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
at <other>
the <other>
MgO-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
crucible I-<APL>
- <other>
slag <other>
interface I-<DSC>
were <other>
only <other>
surrounded <other>
by <other>
liquid <other>
slag <other>
without <other>
an <other>
obvious <other>
chemical <other>
reaction <other>
between <other>
them <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
corrosion <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
experiments <other>
combined <other>
with <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
calculations <CMT>
and <other>
with <other>
the <other>
establishment <other>
of <other>
a <other>
new <other>
corrosion I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
study <other>
is <other>
expected <other>
to <other>
provide <other>
a <other>
guide <other>
for <other>
the <other>
design <other>
of <other>
related <other>
refractories I-<APL>
and <other>
slags <other>
in <other>
industrial I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


oxygen I-<PRO>
phonons <PRO>
in <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
and <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
Ba2CuO6Tl2 I-<MAT>
investigated <other>
by <other>
raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>


the <other>
phonon I-<PRO>
spectrum <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Ba2CuO6Tl2 I-<MAT>
compound <other>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
for <other>
variations <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Tl I-<MAT>
and <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
contents <PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
observe <other>
large <other>
changes <other>
of <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
and <other>
lineshapes I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
apical <other>
oxygen <other>
, <other>
O(2) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
in <other>
the <other>
double <other>
OTl <other>
layer <other>
, <other>
O(3) <other>
, <other>
for <other>
a <other>
Tl I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
which <other>
coincides <other>
with <other>
the <other>
orthorhombic-tetragonal I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
. <other>


oxygen I-<SMT>
annealed <SMT>
samples <other>
( <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
exhibit <other>
slightly <other>
lower <other>
frequencies <other>
of <other>
the <other>
O(2) <other>
and <other>
O(3) <other>
modes <other>
than <other>
the <other>
as-sintered I-<SMT>
samples <other>
( <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
. <other>


asymmetric <other>
metal I-<PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
pseudocapacitors I-<APL>
advanced <other>
by <other>
three I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
nanoporous <DSC>
metal I-<PRO>
electrodes I-<APL>


we <other>
report <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
O2Ru I-<MAT>
– <other>
NPG <other>
/ <other>
/ <other>
CoH2O2 I-<MAT>
– <other>
NPG <other>
asymmetric <other>
supercapacitor I-<APL>
with <other>
a <other>
high <other>
specific I-<PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
potential <other>
window <other>
in <other>
which <other>
bifunctional <other>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
gold I-<MAT>
is <other>
used <other>
as <other>
both <other>
the <other>
highly <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
supports <other>
of <other>
the <other>
pseudocapacitive I-<PRO>
oxides I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
3D I-<APL>
current <APL>
collectors <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
device <other>
. <other>


the <other>
O2Ru I-<MAT>
– <other>
NPG <other>
and <other>
CoH2O2 I-<MAT>
– <other>
NPG <other>
electrodes I-<APL>
can <other>
reach <other>
specific I-<PRO>
capacitances <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
F <other>
g-1 <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
F <other>
g-1 <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
which <other>
provide <other>
comparatively <other>
high <other>
specific I-<PRO>
capacitances <PRO>
in <other>
relation <other>
to <other>
metal I-<PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
/ <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
electrodes I-<APL>
, <other>
giving <other>
rise <other>
to <other>
an <other>
asymmetric <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
pseudocapacitor I-<APL>
with <other>
a <other>
large <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
F <other>
g-1 <other>
, <other>
high <other>
working I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
and <other>
an <other>
ultrahigh <other>
energy I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
h <other>
kg-1 <other>
. <other>


optoelectronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
XIn2S4 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
) <MAT>
thiospinels I-<SPL>
through <other>
highly <other>
accurate <other>
all I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
electron <CMT>
FP <CMT>
- <CMT>
LAPW <CMT>
method <CMT>
coupled <other>
with <other>
modified <other>
approximations <other>


we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
thiospinels I-<SPL>
XIn2S4 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
Cd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
using <other>
highly <other>
accurate <other>
all I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
electron <CMT>
full <CMT>
potential <CMT>
linearized <CMT>
augmented <CMT>
plane <CMT>
wave <CMT>
plus <CMT>
local <CMT>
orbital <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
calculate <other>
the <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
and <other>
correlation I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
method <other>
is <other>
coupled <other>
with <other>
modified <other>
techniques <other>
such <other>
as <other>
GGA+U I-<CMT>
and <other>
mBJ I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
GGA <CMT>
, <other>
which <other>
yield <other>
improved <other>
results <other>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
previous <other>
studies <other>
. <other>


GGA+SOC I-<CMT>
approximation <other>
is <other>
also <other>
used <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
on <other>
these <other>
compounds <other>
to <other>
examine <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
orbit <PRO>
coupling <PRO>
effect <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
, <other>
robust <other>
character <other>
is <other>
predicted <other>
for <other>
both <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


energy I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structures <PRO>
profiles <other>
are <other>
fairly <other>
the <other>
same <other>
for <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
, <other>
GGA+SOC I-<CMT>
, <other>
GGA+U I-<CMT>
and <other>
mBJ I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
GGA <CMT>
, <other>
confirming <other>
the <other>
indirect I-<PRO>
and <other>
direct I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
nature <other>
of <other>
CdIn2S4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
In2MgS4 I-<MAT>
materials <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
trend <other>
of <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
results <other>
as <other>
: <other>
( <other>
mBJ I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
GGA <CMT>
) <other>
> <other>
( <other>
GGA+U I-<CMT>
) <other>
> <other>
( <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
) <other>
> <other>
( <other>
GGA+SOC I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


localized <other>
regions <other>
appearing <other>
in <other>
the <other>
valence <other>
bands <other>
for <other>
CdIn2S4 I-<MAT>
tend <other>
to <other>
split <other>
up <other>
nearly <other>
by <other>
≈ <other>
1eV <other>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
GGA+SOC I-<CMT>
. <other>


many <other>
new <other>
physical I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
are <other>
reported <other>
that <other>
can <other>
be <other>
important <other>
for <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
optoelectronic I-<APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
spectra <PRO>
namely <other>
, <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
function <PRO>
( <other>
DF I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
n(o) <PRO>
, <other>
extinction I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
k(o) <PRO>
, <other>
reflectivity I-<PRO>
r(o) <PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
s(o) <PRO>
, <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
a(o) <PRO>
and <other>
electron I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
function <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
edge <PRO>
is <other>
noted <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
CdIn2S4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
In2MgS4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
prominent <other>
peaks <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
spectrum <PRO>
situated <other>
between <other>
15eV <other>
and <other>
23eV <other>
for <other>
the <other>
herein <other>
studied <other>
materials <other>
indicate <other>
a <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
to <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
character <PRO>
. <other>


infrared I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
studies <other>
on <other>
the <other>
superionic I-<PRO>
conductor <PRO>
OZr I-<MAT>
2-Y <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
O <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>


infrared I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
(1-x)ZrO2-xYO1.5 I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
superionic I-<PRO>
conductors <PRO>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
evaporated <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
plates I-<DSC>
. <other>


from <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
normal <other>
incidence <other>
and <other>
at <other>
oblique <other>
incidence <other>
it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
ZrO2-Y2O3 I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
have <other>
well <other>
- <other>
defined <other>
TO <other>
and <other>
LO I-<PRO>
infrared <PRO>
active <PRO>
phonons <PRO>
, <other>
though <other>
they <other>
have <other>
many <other>
defects <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spectra <other>
, <other>
x-dependences <other>
of <other>
the <other>
force I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
effective I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
are <other>
obtained <other>
, <other>
and <other>
it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
concept <other>
of <other>
the <other>
virtual I-<CMT>
ion <CMT>
crystal <CMT>
model <CMT>
is <other>
very <other>
useful <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
the <other>
infrared I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
superionic I-<PRO>
conductor <PRO>
ZrO2-Y2O3 I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
buffer I-<DSC>
on <other>
electric I-<PRO>
fatigue <PRO>
and <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
in <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
Pb(Zr,Sn,Ti)NbO3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


an <other>
antiferroelectic I-<PRO>
buffer I-<DSC>
was <other>
introduced <other>
into <other>
the <other>
ferroelectric I-<APL>
capacitors <APL>
by <other>
modifying <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
surfaces I-<DSC>
to <other>
minimize <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 I-<MAT>
(PZT)-based <MAT>
materials <other>
with <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
Pb(Zr,Sn,Ti)NbO3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
PZSTN I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
used <other>
as <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
/ <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
multilayered I-<DSC>
thin <DSC>
films <DSC>
because <other>
the <other>
PZSTN I-<MAT>
has <other>
similar <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
and <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
between <other>
the <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
compositions <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
layer I-<DSC>
) <other>
/ <other>
ferroelectric(5 I-<PRO>
layers I-<DSC>
) <other>
/ <other>
antiferroelectric(1 I-<PRO>
layer I-<DSC>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
showed <other>
nearly <other>
no <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
and <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
of <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
square <other>
pulse <other>
remaining <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
of <other>
the <other>
switchable <other>
polarization I-<PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
PZSTN I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
layers <other>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
without <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
layers I-<DSC>
showed <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
and <other>
significant <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
. <other>


excellent <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
and <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
/ <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
/ <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
PZSTN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
should <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
antiferroelectric I-<PRO>
buffer I-<DSC>
having <other>
small <other>
stresses I-<PRO>
during <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
domain I-<PRO>
switching <other>
. <other>


diffusion <other>
and <other>
clustering <other>
in <other>
the <other>
cd1-x I-<MAT>
Bi <MAT>
x <MAT>
F <MAT>
2+x <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
: <other>
A <other>
fluorine I-<CMT>
NMR <CMT>
study <other>


an <other>
investigation <other>
has <other>
been <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
19F I-<CMT>
NMR <CMT>
on <other>
the <other>
Cd1-xBixF2+x I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
which <other>
is <other>
a <other>
fast <other>
fluorine I-<PRO>
ion <PRO>
conductor <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
are <other>
interpreted <other>
on <other>
hand <other>
of <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
different <other>
fluoride <other>
sublattices <other>
and <other>
exchanges <other>
between <other>
them <other>
at <other>
rising <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
diffusive <other>
character <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mobile <other>
F- <other>
ions <other>
motion <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
above <other>
T <other>
⋍ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
study <other>
has <other>
allowed <other>
to <other>
justify <other>
the <other>
hypothesis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
type <other>
in <other>
Cd1-xBixF2+x I-<MAT>
. <other>


improvement <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
x <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
above <other>
x <other>
⋍ <other>
<nUm> <other>
may <other>
result <other>
mainly <other>
from <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
number <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
and <other>
consequently <other>
from <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mobile <other>
anions <other>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
studies <other>
of <other>
CdSeZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SeZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MgSSeZn I-<MAT>
separate <other>
confinement <other>
heterostructures I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
molecular I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>


A <other>
great <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
optical I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
from <other>
a <other>
CdSeZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SeZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MgSSeZn I-<MAT>
single I-<APL>
quantum <APL>
well <APL>
separate <other>
- <other>
confinement <other>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
with <other>
SeZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CdSeZn I-<MAT>
strained I-<APL>
- <APL>
layer <APL>
superlattices <APL>
( <other>
SLS I-<APL>
) <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
by <other>
molecular I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
. <other>


transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
images <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
a <other>
pitted I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
was <other>
generally <other>
formed <other>
after <other>
the <other>
desorption <other>
of <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
II <other>
– <other>
VI <other>
chamber <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
this <other>
pitted <other>
surface I-<DSC>
was <other>
smoothed <other>
out <other>
by <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
SLS I-<APL>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


near <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
collection <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
with <other>
SLS I-<APL>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
is <other>
better <other>
than <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
only <other>
with <other>
a <other>
SeZn I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
Ho2O3 I-<MAT>
addition <other>
on <other>
defects I-<PRO>
of <other>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>


effects <other>
of <other>
Ho2O3 I-<MAT>
addition <other>
on <other>
defects I-<PRO>
of <other>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
( <other>
P <other>
O <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
) <other>
and <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
ho3+ <other>
for <other>
the <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
site <other>
in <other>
Ba(Ti1-xHox)O3-0.5x I-<MAT>
resulted <other>
in <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
minimum <other>
toward <other>
lower <other>
oxygen <other>
pressures <other>
and <other>
showed <other>
an <other>
acceptor I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
doped <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
solubility I-<PRO>
limit <PRO>
of <PRO>
Ho <PRO>
on <PRO>
Ti <PRO>
sites <other>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
by <other>
measuring <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
. <other>


oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
were <other>
calculated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
positions <other>
of <other>
P <other>
O <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
in <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
minima <other>
and <other>
were <other>
in <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
theoretically <other>
estimated <other>
values <other>
within <other>
the <other>
solubility I-<PRO>
limit <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
moved <other>
to <other>
lower <other>
temperatures <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
and <other>
Ho I-<PRO>
contents <PRO>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
lanthanide I-<MAT>
orthoborates <MAT>
, <other>
LnBO3 I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
ln <MAT>
= <MAT>
Gd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er <MAT>
, <MAT>
Yb <MAT>


the <other>
lanthanide I-<MAT>
orthoborates <MAT>
, <other>
LnBO3 I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
ln <MAT>
= <MAT>
Gd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er <MAT>
, <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
crystallise <other>
in <other>
a <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
structure I-<PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ln3+ <other>
forming <other>
an <other>
edge <other>
- <other>
sharing <other>
triangular <other>
lattice <other>
. <other>


the <other>
triangles <other>
are <other>
scalene <other>
, <other>
however <other>
all <other>
deviations <other>
from <other>
the <other>
ideal <other>
equilateral <other>
geometry <other>
are <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
, <other>
specific I-<PRO>
heat <PRO>
and <other>
isothermal I-<CMT>
magnetisation <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


heat I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
measurements <other>
show <other>
ordering I-<PRO>
features <other>
at <other>
T <other>
≤ <other>
2K <other>
for <other>
ln <other>
= <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
, <other>
Tb I-<MAT>
, <other>
Dy I-<MAT>
, <other>
Er I-<MAT>
. <other>


No <other>
ordering I-<PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
BO3Yb I-<MAT>
at <other>
T <other>
≥ <other>
0.4K <other>
and <other>
BHoO3 I-<MAT>
is <other>
proposed <other>
to <other>
have <other>
a <other>
non-magnetic I-<PRO>
singlet <PRO>
state <PRO>
. <other>


isothermal I-<CMT>
magnetisation <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
indicate <other>
isotropic <other>
gd3+ I-<PRO>
spins <PRO>
and <other>
strong <other>
single I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
ion <PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
other <other>
ln3+ <other>
. <other>


the <other>
change <other>
in <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
entropy <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
evaluated <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
magnetocaloric I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


BGdO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
BDyO3 I-<MAT>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
competitive <other>
magnetocaloric I-<PRO>
materials <other>
in <other>
the <other>
liquid <other>
helium <other>
temperature <other>
regime <other>
. <other>


novel <other>
deposition <other>
method <other>
of <other>
anti-reflective I-<APL>
coating <APL>
for <other>
spherical <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>


the <other>
liquid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
phase <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
LPD I-<SMT>
) <other>
as <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
deposition <other>
method <other>
of <other>
anti-reflective I-<APL>
coating <APL>
( <other>
ARC I-<APL>
) <other>
for <other>
spherical <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
has <other>
been <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
LPD I-<SMT>
is <other>
a <other>
growth <other>
method <other>
in <other>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
and <other>
can <other>
deposit <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
uniform <other>
coverage <other>
over <other>
a <other>
spherical <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
solar I-<APL>
cell <APL>
performance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spherical <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cell <APL>
with <other>
an <other>
ARC I-<APL>
shows <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
short I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
circuit <PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
compared <other>
to <other>
that <other>
without <other>
an <other>
ARC I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
result <other>
confirms <other>
that <other>
the <other>
LPD I-<SMT>
method <other>
is <other>
useful <other>
for <other>
ARC I-<APL>
fabrications <other>
of <other>
spherical <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


growth <other>
of <other>
fayalite I-<MAT>
( <other>
Fe2O4Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
by <other>
the <other>
floating I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <SMT>


single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
fayalite I-<MAT>
( <other>
Fe2O4Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
floating I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <SMT>
using <other>
a <other>
lamp I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
image <SMT>
furnace <SMT>
, <other>
under <other>
an <other>
atmosphere <other>
with <other>
controlled <other>
oxygen <other>
fugacity <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
axes <other>
were <other>
<100>  <other>
, <other>
<010>  <other>
and <other>
<001>  <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
are <other>
typically <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
in <other>
diameter <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
long <other>
. <other>


chemical I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
is <other>
very <other>
close <other>
to <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
density I-<PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
, <other>
in <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
density I-<PRO>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
relation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
and <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
equilibria <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
low <other>
neodymium I-<MAT>
rapid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
quenched <SMT>
Nd I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
B <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
two <other>
low <other>
neodymium I-<MAT>
rapid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
quenched <SMT>
( <other>
r I-<SMT>
/ <SMT>
q <SMT>
) <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
B <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
differing <other>
in <other>
way <other>
of <other>
preparation <other>
, <other>
centrifugal I-<SMT>
atomization <SMT>
and <other>
melt I-<SMT>
spinning <SMT>
, <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
using <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
MS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
thermomagnetic I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
TM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
SQUID I-<CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


better <other>
hard I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
melt I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
spun <SMT>
material <other>
are <other>
explained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
content <other>
of <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
interface I-<DSC>
Fe(Nd,B) I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


their <other>
significant <other>
presence <other>
in <other>
the <other>
centrifugally I-<SMT>
atomized <SMT>
material <other>
lowers <other>
the <other>
content <other>
of <other>
BFe3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
BFe2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
BFe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
that <other>
are <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
qualities <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
. <other>


there <other>
are <other>
just <other>
subtle <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
both <other>
materials <other>
after <other>
thermomagnetic I-<CMT>
measurement <CMT>
, <other>
where <other>
the <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
phase <other>
prevails <other>
as <other>
a <other>
product <other>
of <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
H53In100La100Pt100 I-<MAT>


InLaPt I-<MAT>
was <other>
attempted <other>
hydrogenated I-<SMT>
at <other>
a <other>
hydrogen <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
182bar <other>
and <other>
temperatures <other>
from <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
673K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
H53In100La100Pt100 I-<MAT>
hydride <MAT>
was <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
powder I-<CMT>
neutron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
data <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
was <other>
indexed <other>
on <other>
an <other>
expanded <other>
InLaPt I-<MAT>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
unit <PRO>
cell <PRO>
with <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P I-<SPL>
<nUm> <SPL>
¯ <SPL>
<nUm> <SPL>
m <SPL>
and <other>
dimensions <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
and <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


hydrogen <other>
occupies <other>
tetrahedral <other>
4h <other>
sites <other>
in <other>
such <other>
a <other>
way <other>
that <other>
tetrahedral <other>
voids <other>
sharing <other>
a <other>
common <other>
face <other>
are <other>
not <other>
simultaneously <other>
populated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
result <other>
could <other>
not <other>
support <other>
previous <other>
density I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
regarding <other>
the <other>
hydrogen I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
InLaPt I-<MAT>
[ <other>
P. <other>
ravindran <other>
, <other>
P. <other>
vajeeston <other>
, <other>
R. <other>
vidya <other>
, <other>
A. <other>
kjekshus <other>
, <other>
H. <other>
fjellvag <other>
, <other>
phys. <other>
rev. <other>
lett. <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
<nUm> <other>
] <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
hydrothermal I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
NITE I-<SMT>
- <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
with <other>
various <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
additives <other>
in <other>
LWR I-<APL>
coolant <other>
environments <other>


nano-infiltration I-<SMT>
and <SMT>
transient <SMT>
eutectic <SMT>
phase <SMT>
( <SMT>
NITE <SMT>
) <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
was <other>
developed <other>
for <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
nuclear <other>
grade <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
produced <other>
monolithic I-<DSC>
CSi I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
using <other>
NITE I-<SMT>
sintering <SMT>
, <other>
as <other>
candidates <other>
for <other>
accident I-<APL>
- <APL>
tolerant <APL>
fuels <APL>
in <other>
light I-<APL>
- <APL>
water <APL>
reactors <APL>
( <other>
LWRs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
we <other>
exposed <other>
three <other>
different <other>
NITE I-<SMT>
chemistries <other>
( <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
alumina <MAT>
[YA] <MAT>
, <other>
ceria-zirconia-alumina I-<MAT>
[CZA] <MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
yttria-zirconia-alumina I-<MAT>
[YZA] <MAT>
) <other>
to <other>
autoclave <other>
conditions <other>
simulating <other>
LWR I-<APL>
coolant <APL>
loops <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
YZA I-<MAT>
was <other>
most <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistant <PRO>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
CZA I-<MAT>
, <other>
with <other>
YA I-<MAT>
being <other>
worst <other>
. <other>


high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
elemental <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
using <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
STEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
mapping <CMT>
combined <other>
with <other>
multivariate I-<CMT>
statistical <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
MVSA I-<CMT>
) <other>
datamining <other>
helped <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
corrosion <other>
. <other>


YA I-<MAT>
- <other>
NITE I-<SMT>
lost <other>
all <other>
Al I-<MAT>
from <other>
the <other>
corroded <other>
region <other>
and <other>
the <other>
ytttria I-<MAT>
reformed <other>
into <other>
blocky I-<DSC>
precipitates <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
CZA I-<MAT>
material <other>
lost <other>
all <other>
Al I-<MAT>
from <other>
the <other>
corroded <other>
area <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
YZA I-<MAT>
− <other>
which <other>
suffered <other>
the <other>
least <other>
corrosion <other>
-retained <other>
some <other>
Al I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
corroded <other>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
YZA I-<MAT>
- <other>
NITE I-<SMT>
CSi I-<MAT>
is <other>
most <other>
resistant <other>
to <other>
hydrothermal <other>
corrosion <other>
in <other>
the <other>
LWR I-<APL>
environment <other>
. <other>


low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
phase <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
Sn-Doped I-<MAT>
LaMnO3+d <MAT>
perovskite I-<SPL>


the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
into <other>
LaMnO3 I-<MAT>
perovskite I-<SPL>
and <other>
its <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
magnetotransport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
samples <other>
synthesized <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
materials <other>
for <other>
two <other>
series <other>
of <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
La I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
( <PRO>
Sn+Mn <PRO>
) <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
La I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
( <PRO>
Sn+Mn <PRO>
) <PRO>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
ratios <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
ions <other>
by <other>
sn4+ <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
substitution <other>
was <other>
monitored <other>
through <other>
measurements <other>
of <other>
thermal <other>
, <other>
“ <other>
M(T) <other>
” <other>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
, <other>
“ <other>
M(H) <other>
” <other>
, <other>
dependences <other>
of <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
of <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
, <other>
“ <other>
r(T) I-<PRO>
” <other>
, <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
kOe <other>
. <other>


these <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
this <other>
effect <other>
depends <other>
strongly <other>
on <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
cation I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
( <other>
A I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
B <PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


for <other>
La I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
( <PRO>
Sn+Mn <PRO>
) <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
m I-<PRO>
and <other>
TC I-<PRO>
were <other>
depressed <other>
as <other>
Sn I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
was <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
data <other>
suggest <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
clusters <PRO>
with <other>
superparamagnetic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


No <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
magnetoresistance I-<PRO>
( <other>
MR I-<PRO>
) <other>
was <other>
found <other>
. <other>


for <other>
La I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
( <PRO>
Sn+Mn <PRO>
) <PRO>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
ratio <other>
, <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
showed <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
MR I-<PRO>
and <other>
both <other>
m I-<PRO>
and <other>
TC I-<PRO>
raised <other>
as <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
content <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
A I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
in <other>
AlOTi I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
N <MAT>
y <MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
colored I-<APL>
solar <APL>
- <APL>
absorbing <APL>
coatings <APL>


low <other>
cost <other>
and <other>
ease <other>
of <other>
fabrication <other>
are <other>
important <other>
factors <other>
for <other>
solar I-<APL>
- <APL>
thermal <APL>
applications <APL>
in <other>
energy I-<APL>
- <APL>
efficient <APL>
buildings <APL>
. <other>


this <other>
contribution <other>
reports <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
on <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
chromaticity I-<PRO>
of <other>
TiAlOxNy I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
DC I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
an <other>
extension <other>
of <other>
a <other>
previous <other>
study <other>
on <other>
colored I-<APL>
solar <APL>
- <APL>
thermal <APL>
absorbers <APL>
based <other>
on <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
aluminum <MAT>
nitride <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
purpose <other>
is <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
possibility <other>
of <other>
using <other>
TiAlOxNy I-<MAT>
as <other>
middle <other>
layer <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
a <other>
gradient <other>
effect <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
TiAlOxNy I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
are <other>
sensitive <other>
to <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
content <other>
under <other>
certain <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
/ <other>
nitrogen <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
is <other>
the <other>
most <other>
appropriate <other>
to <other>
form <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
AlNOTi I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
of <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlNOTi I-<MAT>
were <other>
deduced <other>
by <other>
fitting <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
. <other>


it <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
both <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
( <other>
n I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
the <other>
extinction I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
( <other>
κ I-<PRO>
) <other>
are <other>
decreased <other>
when <other>
oxygen <other>
is <other>
introduced <other>
to <other>
form <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
aluminum <MAT>
nitro-oxide <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
gradient I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
achieved <other>
and <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
adjusting <other>
the <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
/ <other>
nitrogen <other>
flow <other>
during <other>
the <other>
process <other>
to <other>
enhance <other>
solar I-<PRO>
absorptance <PRO>
while <other>
keeping <other>
the <other>
desired <other>
color I-<PRO>
appearance <PRO>
. <other>


dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
in <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
and <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
borophosphate I-<MAT>
glasses I-<DSC>


A <other>
novel <other>
set <other>
of <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
type <other>
B2O3 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
O5P2 <MAT>
– <MAT>
(CuO)0.50-x <MAT>
– <MAT>
(MoO3)x <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≥ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
for <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
frequency <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
Hz <other>
– <other>
100kHz <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
575K <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
total I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
derived <other>
from <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
spectrum <PRO>
the <other>
frequency I-<PRO>
exponent <PRO>
, <other>
s I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
dc I-<PRO>
and <other>
ac I-<PRO>
components <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
were <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
dc I-<PRO>
and <other>
ac I-<PRO>
conductivities <PRO>
at <other>
different <other>
frequencies <other>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
using <other>
mott I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
small <CMT>
polaron <CMT>
hopping <CMT>
model <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
estimated <other>
and <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
initial <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
( <other>
ac I-<PRO>
and <other>
dc I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
understood <other>
to <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
hindrance <other>
offered <other>
by <other>
the <other>
mo+ <other>
ions <other>
to <other>
the <other>
electronic <other>
motions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
peak <other>
- <other>
like <other>
behavior <other>
in <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
( <other>
dip <other>
- <other>
like <other>
behavior <other>
in <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
fractions <other>
of <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
may <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
mixed <other>
transition <other>
effect <other>
occurring <other>
in <other>
the <other>
present <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
frequency I-<PRO>
exponent <PRO>
, <other>
s I-<PRO>
, <other>
has <other>
been <other>
analyzed <other>
using <other>
different <other>
theoretical <other>
models <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
that <other>
the <other>
mixed <other>
transition <other>
metal <other>
ion <other>
( <other>
TMI <other>
) <other>
doped I-<DSC>
borophosphate I-<MAT>
glasses I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
for <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
over <other>
wide <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
frequency <other>
ranges <other>
and <other>
the <other>
data <other>
have <other>
been <other>
subjected <other>
to <other>
a <other>
thorough <other>
analysis <other>
. <other>


liquid I-<SMT>
phase <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
LPE I-<SMT>
) <other>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
on <other>
c- <other>
and <other>
r-faces <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


the <other>
direct <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
by <other>
liquid I-<SMT>
phase <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
LPE I-<SMT>
) <other>
on <other>
different <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
orientations <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
objective <other>
of <other>
this <other>
work <other>
was <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
seeding I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
and <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
grown <other>
on <other>
different <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
orientations <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
solvents <other>
and <other>
impurities <other>
in <other>
the <other>
epitaxial <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
was <other>
analysed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
- <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
before <other>
epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
turned <other>
out <other>
to <other>
be <other>
a <other>
challenging <other>
process <other>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
fact <other>
, <other>
that <other>
polishing I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
is <other>
not <other>
yet <other>
developed <other>
in <other>
sufficient <other>
quality <other>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
aspect <other>
of <other>
surface I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
is <other>
addressed <other>
in <other>
brief <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
completely <other>
closed <other>
layers I-<DSC>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
on <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
polar <other>
c-facets <other>
appears <other>
to <other>
be <other>
quite <other>
difficult <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
closed <other>
layers I-<DSC>
on <other>
n-polar <other>
c- <other>
and <other>
on <other>
r-facets <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
a <other>
closed <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
on <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
r-plane <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
using <other>
the <other>
LPE I-<SMT>
technique <other>
could <other>
also <other>
be <other>
demonstrated <other>
. <other>


characterisation <other>
by <other>
cathodoluminscence I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
indicates <other>
that <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
is <other>
incorporated <other>
with <other>
different <other>
content <other>
depending <other>
on <other>
the <other>
orientation <other>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
conversion I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
in <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
using <other>
optically I-<PRO>
functional <PRO>
patterns <other>


the <other>
lower <other>
conversion I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
( <other>
nc I-<DSC>
- <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
) <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
is <other>
a <other>
result <other>
of <other>
its <other>
lower <other>
photon I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
capability <PRO>
of <other>
nc I-<DSC>
- <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
. <other>


to <other>
increase <other>
photon I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
of <other>
nc I-<DSC>
- <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
with <other>
optically I-<PRO>
functional <PRO>
patterns <other>
. <other>


two <other>
types <other>
of <other>
patterns <other>
, <other>
with <other>
random <other>
and <other>
regular <other>
structures <other>
, <other>
were <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
direct I-<SMT>
imprint <SMT>
technology <SMT>
. <other>


owing <other>
to <other>
these <other>
optically I-<PRO>
functional <PRO>
patterns <other>
, <other>
the <other>
scattering <other>
of <other>
reflected <other>
light <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
patterned I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
was <other>
enhanced <other>
and <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
path <PRO>
became <other>
longer <other>
. <other>


thus <other>
, <other>
a <other>
greater <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
photons <other>
was <other>
absorbed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
nc I-<DSC>
- <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


compared <other>
to <other>
flat <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
( <other>
without <other>
a <other>
surface I-<PRO>
pattern <PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
light I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nc I-<DSC>
- <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
random <other>
structure <other>
pattern <other>
was <other>
increased <other>
at <other>
wavelengths <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
the <other>
regular <other>
patterned <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
light I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
value <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nc I-<DSC>
- <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
the <other>
flat <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


subsequently <other>
, <other>
nc I-<DSC>
- <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
constructed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
optically I-<PRO>
functional <PRO>
pattern <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
higher <other>
jsc I-<PRO>
value <other>
and <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
higher <other>
overall <other>
conversion I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
, <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
an <other>
identical <other>
solar I-<APL>
cell <APL>
on <other>
flat <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
. <other>


some <other>
peculiarities <other>
of <other>
the <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
micro-powder I-<DSC>
sintering I-<SMT>


diamond I-<MAT>
micro-powders I-<DSC>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
mean <other>
particle I-<DSC>
size <other>
were <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
under <other>
conditions <other>
of <other>
high <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
during <other>
various <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
times <other>
, <other>
aiming <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
compacts <other>
with <other>
required <other>
strength I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
experiments <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
using <other>
an <other>
anvil I-<CMT>
type <CMT>
high <CMT>
pressure <CMT>
device <CMT>
with <other>
toroidal <other>
concavity <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
height <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
plotted <other>
the <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
diamonds I-<MAT>
density I-<PRO>
dependency <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
process <other>
duration <other>
under <other>
the <other>
above <other>
mentioned <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
kinetics <other>
of <other>
powder I-<DSC>
consolidation <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
which <other>
allowed <other>
the <other>
establishment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
correlation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
enlargement <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
transformations <PRO>
that <other>
took <other>
place <other>
during <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
. <other>


another <other>
objective <other>
was <other>
the <other>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
graphitization I-<PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
of <other>
diamonds I-<MAT>
under <other>
the <other>
action <other>
of <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
parameters <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
concluded <other>
that <other>
over <other>
the <other>
established <other>
consolidation <other>
mechanisms <other>
, <other>
also <other>
acts <other>
the <other>
partial <other>
shear <other>
mechanism <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
Si I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>


Mo I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
( <MAT>
Al <MAT>
/ <MAT>
( <MAT>
Mo <MAT>
+ <MAT>
Al <MAT>
) <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
with <other>
silicon I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
using <other>
d.c. I-<SMT>
reactive <SMT>
unbalanced <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
technique <other>
in <other>
an <other>
Ar <other>
– <other>
N <other>
mixture <other>
. <other>


surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
, <other>
element I-<PRO>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
and <other>
nanohardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
scanned I-<CMT>
electrical <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
residual I-<CMT>
stress <CMT>
tester <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
nanoindenter I-<CMT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


results <other>
exhibit <other>
that <other>
the <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
built <other>
in <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
is <other>
compressive <other>
in <other>
nature <other>
ranging <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
. <other>


nanohardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
increased <other>
at <other>
first <other>
and <other>
then <other>
decreased <other>
with <other>
silicon I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
, <other>
reaching <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
Si I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
optimum <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
could <other>
be <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
higher <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
and <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
structure <other>
where <other>
nanocrystallite I-<DSC>
Mo I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
embedded <other>
in <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
addition <other>
on <other>
the <other>
glass I-<PRO>
forming <PRO>
ability <PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
Ti-Zr-Be-Ni I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
metallic I-<PRO>
glasses <PRO>
( <other>
BMG I-<PRO>
) <other>
with <other>
high <other>
Ti I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
( <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
have <other>
attracted <other>
wide <other>
attention <other>
for <other>
their <other>
outstanding <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
despite <other>
their <other>
glass I-<PRO>
forming <PRO>
ability <PRO>
( <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
still <other>
relatively <other>
poor <other>
. <other>


here <other>
the <other>
(Ti55Zr15Be20Ni10)100-xCux(x I-<MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
at. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
BMGs I-<PRO>
were <other>
designed <other>
and <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
copper I-<MAT>
mold I-<SMT>
casting <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
diameter <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
original <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
enhanced <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
with <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
addition <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
the <other>
first <other>
reported <other>
centimeter <other>
- <other>
sized <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
BMG I-<PRO>
with <other>
Ti I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
all <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
BMGs I-<PRO>
exhibited <other>
higher <other>
yield I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
( <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
) <other>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
supercooled I-<PRO>
liquid <PRO>
range <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
BMGs I-<PRO>
were <other>
enlarged <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
by <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
addition <other>
. <other>


electrochemical I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
BMGs I-<PRO>
with <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
addition <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
exhibited <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
pitting I-<PRO>
potentials <PRO>
( <other>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
mV <other>
/ <other>
SCE <other>
) <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
stainless <MAT>
steel <MAT>
( <other>
304SS I-<MAT>
) <other>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
ClNa I-<MAT>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
addition <other>
might <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
the <other>
enrichment <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
deficiency <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
elements <other>
in <other>
passive <other>
film I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
could <other>
induce <other>
the <other>
worse <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
BMGs I-<PRO>
with <other>
high <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
developed <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
BMGs I-<PRO>
possess <other>
good <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


studies <other>
on <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
solution <SMT>
deposited <SMT>
Bi95Cr3Fe97La5O300 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoFe2O4 I-<MAT>
double I-<DSC>
layered <DSC>
thin I-<APL>
film <APL>
capacitors <APL>


Bi95Cr3Fe97La5O300 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoFe2O4 I-<MAT>
double I-<DSC>
layered <DSC>
thin <DSC>
film <DSC>
was <other>
prepared <other>
on <other>
a <other>
Pt(111) I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Si(100) I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
using <other>
a <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
solution <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


by <other>
introducing <other>
CoFe2O4 I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
significantly <other>
improved <other>
. <other>


low <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-7 <other>
A <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
, <other>
saturated I-<CMT>
ferroelectric <CMT>
hysteresis <CMT>
loop <CMT>
with <other>
2Pr I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
and <other>
2Ec I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
at <other>
applied <other>
electric <other>
field <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
and <other>
ferromagnetic I-<CMT>
hysteresis <CMT>
loop <CMT>
with <other>
2Mr I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kA <other>
/ <other>
m <other>
and <other>
2Hc I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kA <other>
/ <other>
m <other>
at <other>
the <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
of <other>
1587kA <other>
/ <other>
m <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
double I-<DSC>
layered <DSC>
thin <DSC>
film <DSC>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
improved <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
multiferroic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
stabilized <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
by <other>
reducing <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
co-doping I-<SMT>
elements <other>
, <other>
which <other>
may <other>
also <other>
suppress <other>
the <other>
cycloid I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
structure <PRO>
in <other>
BiFeO3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
CoFe2O4 I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
acts <other>
as <other>
a <other>
current I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
of <other>
( <other>
La I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
) <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
BiFeO3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
carbon <MAT>
steel <MAT>
in <other>
borate I-<MAT>
medium <other>
by <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
EC I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
STM <CMT>
: <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
ferrite I-<MAT>
and <other>
pearlite I-<MAT>
phases <other>


microstructures I-<PRO>
of <other>
low I-<MAT>
carbon <MAT>
steel <MAT>
are <other>
ferrite I-<MAT>
( <other>
fe-a I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
pearlite I-<MAT>
( <other>
alternate <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
fe-a I-<MAT>
and <other>
CFe3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
each <other>
one <other>
has <other>
its <other>
own <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
two <other>
phases <other>
were <other>
identified <other>
using <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EC I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
STM <CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


real <other>
time <other>
images <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
during <other>
the <other>
immersion <other>
of <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
carbon <MAT>
steel <MAT>
probes <other>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
m <other>
BH3O3 <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
m <other>
HNaO <other>
, <other>
pH <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


two <other>
different <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
( <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
characteristics <other>
) <other>
were <other>
identified <other>
and <other>
correlated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
surface I-<DSC>
changes <other>
. <other>


crystal <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transition I-<MAT>
metal <MAT>
silicides <MAT>
MoSi2 <MAT>
and <other>
Si2W I-<MAT>


single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
molybdenum I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
, <other>
MoSi2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
, <other>
Si2W I-<MAT>
, <other>
were <other>
grown <other>
using <other>
the <other>
floating I-<SMT>
zone <SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
at <other>
a <other>
He <other>
ambient <other>
gas <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
was <other>
made <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
single I-<CMT>
crystal <CMT>
neutron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
barium I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
by <other>
the <other>
travelling I-<SMT>
solvent <SMT>
zone <SMT>
technique <SMT>


single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
boules <DSC>
of <other>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
∽ <other>
: <other>
cm <other>
long <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
using <other>
a <other>
travelling I-<SMT>
solvent <SMT>
zone <SMT>
technique <SMT>
with <other>
excess <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
as <other>
the <other>
flux <other>
. <other>


the <other>
measured <other>
curie I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


reversibility <other>
of <other>
photoinduced <other>
changes <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
permeability <PRO>
and <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
loop <PRO>
in <other>
photomagnetic I-<PRO>
yttrium I-<MAT>
iron <MAT>
garnets <MAT>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
variable <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
, <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
the <other>
specimen <other>
during <other>
its <other>
illumination <other>
, <other>
on <other>
photoinduced <other>
changes <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
permeability <PRO>
and <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
loop <PRO>
in <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
iron <MAT>
garnet I-<SPL>
( <other>
YIG I-<MAT>
) <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
is <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
, <other>
that <other>
illumination <other>
can <other>
, <other>
not <other>
only <other>
cause <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
permeability <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
result <other>
of <other>
stabilization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
( <other>
DS I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
but <other>
also <other>
cause <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
this <other>
quantity <other>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
where <other>
illumination <other>
is <other>
combined <other>
with <other>
reversal <other>
of <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
specimen <other>
. <other>


the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
permeability I-<PRO>
may <other>
take <other>
place <other>
either <other>
due <other>
to <other>
destabilization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
DS I-<PRO>
only <other>
, <other>
or <other>
due <other>
to <other>
photoinduced <other>
reconstruction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
DS I-<PRO>
. <other>


bismuth I-<MAT>
silicate <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
: <other>
A <other>
new <other>
choice <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
fiber I-<APL>
lasers <APL>


we <other>
report <other>
on <other>
a <other>
new <other>
yb3+ <other>
/ <other>
tm3+ <other>
/ <other>
ho3+ <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
bismuth I-<MAT>
silicate <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
: <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Bi2O3 <MAT>
– <MAT>
R2O <MAT>
( <MAT>
r <MAT>
= <MAT>
Li <MAT>
, <MAT>
Na <MAT>
, <MAT>
K <MAT>
) <MAT>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
fiber I-<APL>
lasers <APL>
. <other>


Bi2O3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
introduced <other>
into <other>
alkali I-<MAT>
silicate <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
to <other>
optimize <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
emission I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


physical I-<PRO>
, <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
and <other>
spectroscopic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
yb3+ <other>
/ <other>
tm3+ <other>
/ <other>
ho3+ <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
O2Si I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Bi2O3 <MAT>
– <MAT>
R2O <MAT>
( <other>
SBR I-<MAT>
) <other>
glass I-<DSC>
were <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


the <other>
yb3+ <other>
/ <other>
tm3+ <other>
/ <other>
ho3+ <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
SBR I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
shows <other>
excellent <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
( <other>
DT I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
, <other>
an <other>
intense <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
emission <other>
pumped <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
LD <other>
with <other>
a <other>
lifetime <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
ms <other>
and <other>
width <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
large <other>
maximum <other>
emission I-<PRO>
cross <PRO>
section <PRO>
of <other>
ho3+ <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
) <other>
, <other>
thus <other>
large <other>
semt I-<PRO>
product <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-24 <other>
cm2s <other>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
suggest <other>
its <other>
application <other>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
fiber I-<APL>
lasers <APL>
. <other>


MOVPE I-<SMT>
growth <other>
of <other>
semi-polar I-<PRO>
GaN I-<MAT>
light I-<APL>
- <APL>
emitting <APL>
diode <APL>
structures <other>
on <other>
planar <other>
Si(112) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Si(113) I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


we <other>
present <other>
semi-polar I-<PRO>
GaN I-<MAT>
light I-<APL>
- <APL>
emitting <APL>
diode <APL>
( <other>
LED I-<APL>
) <other>
structures <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
non-patterned <other>
Si(112) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Si(113) I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
metal I-<SMT>
organic <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
phase <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
. <other>


cathodoluminescence I-<CMT>
and <other>
field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
are <other>
used <other>
for <other>
sample <other>
characterization <other>
. <other>


A <other>
correlation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
semi-polar I-<PRO>
GaN I-<MAT>
LED I-<APL>
structures <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


In <other>
samples <other>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
simultaneously <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
Si(112) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Si(113) I-<MAT>
under <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
optimized <other>
for <other>
Si(112) I-<MAT>
, <other>
we <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
structures <other>
on <other>
Si(112) I-<MAT>
consist <other>
of <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
smooth <other>
surface I-<DSC>
but <other>
those <other>
on <other>
Si(113) I-<MAT>
have <other>
a <other>
large <other>
number <other>
of <other>
surface I-<PRO>
pits <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
three <other>
dimensional <other>
growth <other>
mode <other>
of <other>
the <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
resulting <other>
in <other>
a <other>
rough <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
were <other>
further <other>
optimized <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
smooth <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
on <other>
Si(113) I-<MAT>
and <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
on <other>
Si(112) I-<MAT>
. <other>


enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
formation <PRO>
and <other>
insights <other>
into <other>
defect I-<PRO>
association <PRO>
in <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
singly <other>
and <other>
doubly I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
neodymia I-<MAT>
and <other>
samaria I-<MAT>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
co-doping I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
with <other>
two <other>
trivalent <other>
ions <other>
of <other>
different <other>
sizes <other>
to <other>
minimize <other>
lattice <other>
strain <other>
produces <other>
materials <other>
with <other>
better <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
thermodynamic <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
such <other>
behavior <other>
, <other>
enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
formation <PRO>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
samarium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ce1-xSmxO2-0.5x I-<MAT>
with <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
< <MAT>
x <MAT>
< <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
neodymium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
Ce1-xNdxO2-0.5x <MAT>
with <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
< <MAT>
x <MAT>
< <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
neodymia I-<MAT>
– <other>
samaria I-<MAT>
co-doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ce1-xNdx I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2Smx <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2O2-0.5x <MAT>
with <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
< <MAT>
x <MAT>
< <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
high I-<CMT>
temperature <CMT>
oxide <CMT>
melt <CMT>
solution <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
energetics I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
cation I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
mismatch <PRO>
and <other>
defect I-<PRO>
association <PRO>
. <other>


At <other>
concentrations <other>
below <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
endothermic <other>
( <other>
destabilization <other>
) <other>
heat I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
formation <PRO>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
dominance <other>
of <other>
size I-<PRO>
mismatch <PRO>
. <other>


considerable <other>
energetic I-<PRO>
stabilization <PRO>
at <other>
x <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
singly I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
systems <other>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
defect I-<PRO>
associates <PRO>
of <other>
trivalent <other>
cations <other>
coupled <other>
with <other>
charge <other>
- <other>
balancing <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
. <other>


for <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
Ce1-xNdx I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2Smx <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2O2-0.5x <MAT>
, <other>
there <other>
is <other>
less <other>
destabilization <other>
at <other>
low <other>
x <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
singly I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
but <other>
less <other>
stabilization <other>
at <other>
high <other>
x <other>
and <other>
a <other>
shift <other>
in <other>
the <other>
composition <other>
of <other>
maximum <other>
( <other>
most <other>
endothermic <other>
) <other>
formation I-<PRO>
enthalpy <PRO>
toward <other>
higher <other>
dopant I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
. <other>


enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
defect <PRO>
association <PRO>
of <other>
Ce1-xNdx I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2Smx <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2O2-0.5x <MAT>
are <other>
less <other>
exothermic <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
singly I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
materials <other>
. <other>


additive <other>
manufacturing <other>
of <other>
HfNiTi I-<MAT>
high <other>
temperature <other>
shape I-<PRO>
memory <PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>


A <other>
NiTi-20Hf I-<MAT>
high <other>
temperature <other>
shape I-<PRO>
memory <PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>
( <other>
HTSMA I-<PRO>
) <other>
was <other>
additively <other>
manufactured <other>
by <other>
selective I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
melting <SMT>
( <other>
SLM I-<SMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
using <other>
HfNiTi I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
thermomechanical I-<PRO>
and <other>
shape I-<PRO>
memory <PRO>
response <PRO>
were <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
induction <SMT>
skull <SMT>
melted <SMT>
counterpart <other>
. <other>


transformation I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
SLM I-<SMT>
material <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
slightly <other>
lower <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
additional <other>
oxygen <other>
pick <other>
up <other>
from <other>
the <other>
gas I-<SMT>
atomization <SMT>
and <other>
melting I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
shape I-<PRO>
memory <PRO>
response <PRO>
in <other>
compression <other>
was <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
stresses <other>
up <other>
to <other>
500MPa <other>
, <other>
and <other>
transformation I-<PRO>
strains <PRO>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
very <other>
comparable <other>
( <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
for <other>
as-extruded I-<SMT>
; <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
for <other>
SLM I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
age <other>
on <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
and <PRO>
static <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
concrete I-<MAT>


this <other>
study <other>
investigates <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
cement I-<MAT>
type <other>
, <other>
curing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
, <other>
and <other>
age <other>
on <other>
the <other>
relationships <other>
between <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
and <PRO>
static <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
moduli <PRO>
or <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
investigation <other>
, <other>
new <other>
relationship <other>
equations <other>
are <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
impact I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
echo <CMT>
method <CMT>
is <other>
used <other>
to <other>
measure <other>
the <other>
resonant I-<PRO>
frequency <PRO>
of <other>
specimens <other>
from <other>
which <other>
the <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
is <other>
calculated <other>
. <other>


types <other>
I <other>
and <other>
V <other>
cement I-<MAT>
concrete <MAT>
specimens <other>
with <other>
water I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
cement <PRO>
ratios <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
are <other>
cured I-<SMT>
isothermally <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
tested <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
days <other>
. <other>


cement I-<MAT>
type <other>
and <other>
age <other>
do <other>
not <other>
have <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
and <PRO>
static <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
moduli <PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
ratio I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
static <PRO>
to <PRO>
dynamic <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
approaches <other>
<nUm> <other>
as <other>
temperature <other>
increases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
initial <other>
chord I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
low <other>
strain <other>
level <other>
, <other>
is <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
the <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
elastic <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
has <other>
the <other>
same <other>
tendency <other>
as <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
and <PRO>
static <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
moduli <PRO>
for <other>
various <other>
cement I-<MAT>
types <other>
, <other>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
and <other>
ages <other>
. <other>


magnetocaloric I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
La0.8Ce0.2Fe11.4- I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
Co <MAT>
x <MAT>
si1.6 <MAT>
compounds <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
for <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetocaloric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
La0.8Ce0.2Fe11.4-xCoxSi1.6 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
compounds <other>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
shows <other>
that <other>
all <other>
compounds <other>
crystallize <other>
in <other>
the <other>
NaZn13 I-<MAT>
- <other>
type <other>
structure <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TC I-<PRO>
) <other>
can <other>
be <other>
tuned <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
by <other>
changing <other>
the <other>
Co I-<MAT>
content <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


A <other>
field <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
methamagnetic I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
occurs <other>
in <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
entropy <PRO>
changes <other>
of <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
the <other>
isothermal I-<CMT>
magnetization <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
by <other>
using <other>
the <other>
maxwell I-<CMT>
relation <CMT>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Bi16O60Ti15Y4 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>


yttrium I-<MAT>
- <other>
substituted I-<DSC>
bismuth I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
( <other>
Bi16O60Ti15Y4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
BYT I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
successfully <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
Pt(111) I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Si(100) I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
spin I-<SMT>
coating <SMT>
with <other>
a <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
technology <other>
and <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
on <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
BYT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
a <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
- <other>
layered I-<DSC>
perovskite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
preferred <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
intensities <other>
of <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
peaks <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
BYT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
increases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
highly <other>
(117)-oriented <other>
BYT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
high <other>
- <other>
remnant I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
( <other>
2Pr I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
 <other>
cm2 <other>
and <other>
a <other>
low <other>
- <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
( <other>
2Ec I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
, <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
free <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
switching <other>
cycles <other>
. <other>


the <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
J I-<PRO>
) <other>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-8 <other>
A <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
highly <other>
(117)-oriented <other>
BYT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
is <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
nonvolatile I-<APL>
ferroelectric <APL>
random <APL>
access <APL>
memory <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


size <other>
- <other>
controlled <other>
nc I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
Si <MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
/ <other>
a-SiC I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
superlattice <DSC>
and <other>
its <other>
application <other>
to <other>
hydrogenated I-<APL>
amorphous <APL>
silicon <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>


boron I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
nc I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
Si <MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
/ <other>
a-SiC I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dot <DSC>
superlattice <DSC>
( <other>
QDSL I-<DSC>
) <other>
has <other>
a <other>
great <other>
potential <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
thin I-<APL>
film <APL>
silicon <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
performance <other>
for <other>
high <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
, <other>
wide <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
and <other>
anti-reflection I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
study <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
nc I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
Si <MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
/ <other>
a-SiC I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
QDSL I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
grown <other>
method <other>
without <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
. <other>


high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
PL I-<CMT>
peak <other>
energy <other>
shift <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
this <other>
method <other>
provides <other>
the <other>
possibility <other>
to <other>
precisely <other>
control <other>
the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
passivation <other>
at <other>
well <other>
/ <other>
barrier <other>
interface <other>
. <other>


by <other>
optimizing <other>
structural I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
and <other>
interface I-<PRO>
passivation <PRO>
, <other>
high <other>
perpendicular I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
strong <other>
anti-reflection I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
was <other>
simultaneously <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
QDSL I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


an <other>
initial <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
was <other>
achieved <other>
for <other>
n-i-p I-<APL>
type <APL>
hydrogenated <APL>
amorphous <APL>
silicon <APL>
solar <APL>
cell <APL>
, <other>
which <other>
may <other>
guide <other>
further <other>
efforts <other>
arising <other>
the <other>
structure <other>
engineering <other>
of <other>
nc I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
Si <MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
/ <other>
a-SiC I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
QDSL I-<DSC>
for <other>
high <other>
efficient <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


ferromagnetic I-<CMT>
resonance <CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
La3Mn5O15Pb2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


systematic <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
dependent <other>
microwave I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
measurements <other>
have <other>
been <other>
performed <other>
on <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
La3Mn5O15Pb2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
LPMO I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
over <other>
a <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
to <other>
a <other>
regular <other>
ferromagnetic I-<CMT>
resonance <CMT>
( <other>
FMR I-<CMT>
) <other>
signal <other>
below <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
observed <other>
a <other>
second <other>
FMR I-<CMT>
line <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
a <other>
nonresonant I-<CMT>
microwave <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
signal <other>
centered <other>
at <other>
zero <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


the <other>
two <other>
components <other>
of <other>
FMR I-<CMT>
lines <other>
are <other>
identified <other>
to <other>
originate <other>
from <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
orderings <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
LPMO I-<MAT>
nanocrystallites I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
linewidth I-<PRO>
( <other>
γ I-<PRO>
) <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
bulk <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystallites I-<DSC>
contain <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
inhomogeneities <PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
glass <PRO>
character <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
hysteresis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nonresonant I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
signal <other>
in <other>
LPMO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
differ <other>
from <other>
those <other>
of <other>
superconductors I-<PRO>
and <other>
, <other>
to <other>
originate <other>
due <other>
to <other>
magneto <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
surface I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
glass <PRO>
. <other>


grain I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
pre-transition <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
formed <other>
on <other>
zircaloy-4 I-<MAT>


grain I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
pre-transition <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
formed <other>
on <other>
a <other>
zircaloy-4 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
columnar <other>
grains <other>
align <other>
tightly <other>
in <other>
inner <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
, <other>
whereas <other>
porous I-<DSC>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
equiaxed <other>
grains <other>
exist <other>
in <other>
outer <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
. <other>


small <other>
- <other>
sized <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
equiaxed <other>
grains <other>
are <other>
embedded <other>
in <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
columnar <other>
grains <other>
, <other>
with <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
content <other>
declining <other>
from <other>
the <other>
inner <other>
to <other>
the <other>
outer <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
relationship <PRO>
of <other>
(111)m <other>
/ <other>
/ <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
¯ <other>
0)a-Zr I-<MAT>
was <other>
identified <other>
, <other>
which <other>
explains <other>
well <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
texture <other>
on <other>
the <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


this <other>
work <other>
advances <other>
the <other>
understanding <other>
of <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
before <other>
transition <other>
of <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


octahedral <other>
iron I-<MAT>
phosphate <MAT>
hydroxide <MAT>
microcrystals I-<DSC>
: <other>
fast I-<SMT>
microwave-hydrothermal <SMT>
preparation <SMT>
, <other>
influencing <other>
factors <other>
and <other>
the <other>
shape <other>
evolution <other>


octahedral <other>
Fe4H3O15P3 I-<MAT>
microcrystals I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
route <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
, <other>
employing <other>
FeCl3*6H2O I-<MAT>
and <other>
NaH2PO4*2H2O I-<MAT>
as <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
proper <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
Na2O3S I-<MAT>
and <other>
acetic <other>
acid <other>
( <other>
AcH <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
and <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
product <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
powder I-<CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
( <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


some <other>
factors <other>
influencing <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
octahedral <other>
Fe4H3O15P3 I-<MAT>
microcrystals I-<DSC>
were <other>
systematically <other>
investigated <other>
, <other>
including <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
time <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
molar <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
Na2O3S I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AcH <other>
. <other>


thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
of <other>
cerium I-<MAT>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>


the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
( <other>
TEP I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
cerium I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
have <other>
been <other>
interpreted <other>
using <other>
the <other>
theories <other>
developed <other>
by <other>
blandin <other>
et. <other>
al. <other>
and <other>
hirst <other>
. <other>


large I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
strain <SMT>
deformation <SMT>
of <other>
Ni3Al+B I-<MAT>
: <other>
part <other>
III <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
long I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
range <PRO>
order <PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
deformed I-<SMT>
and <other>
recrystallized I-<SMT>
Ni3Al+B I-<MAT>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
yield I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
stress <PRO>
, <other>
hardening I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
, <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
of <other>
deformed I-<SMT>
, <other>
partially <other>
and <other>
fully <other>
recrystallized I-<SMT>
AlNi3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
minor <other>
additions <other>
of <other>
boron I-<MAT>
, <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
change <other>
of <other>
long I-<PRO>
range <PRO>
order <PRO>
was <other>
investigated <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


At <other>
incipient <other>
stages <other>
of <other>
recrystallization I-<SMT>
, <other>
an <other>
anomalous <other>
behaviour <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


while <other>
the <other>
yield I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
stress <PRO>
decreased <other>
, <other>
the <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
attained <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
increase <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
thermally I-<PRO>
activated <PRO>
dislocation <PRO>
locking <PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
yield I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
stress <PRO>
is <other>
interpreted <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
arrangement <other>
of <other>
recrystallized I-<SMT>
grains I-<PRO>
along <other>
former <other>
microbands I-<PRO>
through <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
cross-section <other>
. <other>


the <other>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compound <other>
Ni3Al+B I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
partially <other>
disordered I-<PRO>
by <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolling <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
loss <other>
of <other>
long I-<PRO>
range <PRO>
order <PRO>
can <other>
not <other>
solely <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
proposed <other>
that <other>
microband I-<PRO>
formation <other>
is <other>
the <other>
main <other>
cause <other>
for <other>
the <other>
measured <other>
disordering I-<PRO>
of <other>
Ni3Al+B I-<MAT>
during <other>
cold I-<SMT>
rolling <SMT>
. <other>


high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
pressure <PRO>
structural <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
Cr4CuFeS8 I-<MAT>
: <other>
an <other>
experimental <other>
and <other>
theoretical <other>
study <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
Cr4CuFeS8 I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
experimentally <other>
and <other>
theoretically <other>
at <other>
pressures <other>
up <other>
to <other>
44GPa <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experiments <other>
are <other>
supported <other>
by <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
using <other>
the <other>
full I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
potential <CMT>
linear <CMT>
muffin <CMT>
- <CMT>
tin <CMT>
orbital <CMT>
method <CMT>
for <other>
investigating <other>
ground I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
pressure <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
report <other>
here <other>
the <other>
first <other>
experimental <other>
and <other>
theoretical <other>
determinations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
: <other>
B0 I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
B I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
′ <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
experimental <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
B0 I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
B I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
′ <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
calculated <other>
) <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
a <other>
pressure <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transformation <PRO>
occurs <other>
at <other>
14.5GPa <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
a <other>
volume I-<PRO>
collapse <PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


tentatively <other>
, <other>
the <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
pressure <PRO>
phase <PRO>
is <other>
assigned <other>
the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
AsNi <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
Cr3S4 I-<MAT>
type <other>
with <other>
space <other>
group <other>
I2 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
m <SPL>
( <SPL>
<nUm> <SPL>
) <SPL>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
is <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
a <other>
jahn I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
teller <PRO>
type <PRO>
distortion <PRO>
, <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
geometrical I-<PRO>
frustration <PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
changes <PRO>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OSr I-<MAT>
doping <other>
of <other>
O20SnTi5Zr4 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
on <other>
their <other>
sintering I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
formation <PRO>
, <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
, <other>
sintering I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
O20SnTi5Zr4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
ZST I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
diff <other>
– <other>
erent <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OSr I-<MAT>
additives <other>
, <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
route <SMT>
, <other>
were <other>
systematically <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
was <other>
detected <other>
in <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
patterns <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OSr I-<MAT>
additives <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
effectively <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
of <other>
ZST I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
as <other>
long <other>
as <other>
they <other>
were <other>
supplemented <other>
in <other>
the <other>
appropriate <other>
amount <other>
( <other>
0.25wt <other>
% <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
0.5wt <other>
% <other>
OSr I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


low <other>
cooling I-<SMT>
rate <other>
created <other>
significant <other>
improvement <other>
in <other>
the <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ZST I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
maximum <other>
q I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
f <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
( <other>
at <other>
5.6GHz <other>
) <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
an <other>
er I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
a <other>
tf I-<PRO>
of <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
achieved <other>
for <other>
ZST I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
0.25wt <other>
% <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
0.5wt <other>
% <other>
OSr I-<MAT>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
5h <other>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
effects <PRO>
in <other>
ternary <other>
Zr2(Ni1-xMx)1 I-<MAT>
glassy I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
Zr2(Ni1-xMx)1 I-<MAT>
alloys <MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
, <MAT>
V <MAT>
, <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
, <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
, <MAT>
Co <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ni <MAT>
and <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
) <MAT>
have <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
from <other>
1.5K <other>
to <other>
300K <other>
. <other>


As <other>
for <other>
the <other>
other <other>
zr-3d <other>
glassy I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>
( <other>
3d <other>
= <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
, <other>
Co I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
or <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
) <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity(T <PRO>
≥ <other>
20K <other>
) <other>
could <other>
be <other>
described <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
incipient I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
localization <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
new <other>
features <other>
are <other>
the <other>
pronounced <other>
variations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
electron I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
transport <PRO>
properties <PRO>
with <other>
m <other>
. <other>


the <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
these <other>
variations <other>
are <other>
the <other>
systematic <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
on <other>
going <other>
from <other>
m <other>
= <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
towards <other>
m <other>
= <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
tendency <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
localized <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moments <PRO>
for <other>
m <other>
around <other>
the <other>
middle <other>
of <other>
3d-series <other>
( <other>
m <other>
= <other>
V I-<MAT>
, <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
strongly <other>
suppress <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
incipient I-<PRO>
localization <PRO>
. <other>


sputtering I-<SMT>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
in <other>
a <other>
high <other>
pressure <other>
atmosphere <other>


the <other>
gas-flow-sputtering I-<SMT>
method <other>
, <other>
in <other>
which <other>
sputtered I-<SMT>
atoms <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
from <other>
the <other>
target <other>
to <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
Ar <other>
gas <other>
flow <other>
, <other>
gave <other>
a <other>
high <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
high <other>
pressure <other>
( <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
Torr <other>
) <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


At <other>
the <other>
Ar <other>
pressures <other>
investigated <other>
, <other>
the <other>
sputtered I-<SMT>
atoms <other>
with <other>
high <other>
initial <other>
energies <other>
lost <other>
all <other>
their <other>
energy <other>
by <other>
thermalization <other>
before <other>
arriving <other>
at <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
structures I-<PRO>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
formed <other>
from <other>
the <other>
thermalized <other>
vapor <other>
by <other>
this <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
were <other>
examined <other>
and <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
bias <other>
on <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


multi-phonon I-<PRO>
excitations <PRO>
in <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
textured I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
films <DSC>
by <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


perfect <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
crystalline I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
magnetron I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
we <other>
observed <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
phonon <other>
repetitions <other>
, <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
using <other>
a <other>
theory <other>
which <other>
takes <other>
into <other>
account <other>
many <other>
- <other>
particle <other>
interaction <other>
between <other>
electrons <other>
and <other>
phonons <other>
. <other>


our <other>
calculations <other>
show <other>
a <other>
rather <other>
good <other>
correlation <other>
with <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
multi-phonon <other>
spectra <other>
and <other>
enable <other>
one <other>
to <other>
calculate <other>
correctly <other>
an <other>
important <other>
parameter <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
— <other>
the <other>
constant I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
electron <PRO>
– <PRO>
phonon <PRO>
coupling <PRO>
and <other>
accordingly <other>
to <other>
estimate <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
quality <other>
. <other>


sputtering I-<SMT>
of <other>
ordered <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
aluminium <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
II <other>
. <other>


preferential <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
of <other>
AlNi I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
and <other>
discussion <other>


atom I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
probe <CMT>
field <CMT>
- <CMT>
ion <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
together <other>
with <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
secondary I-<CMT>
ion <CMT>
mass <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
have <other>
been <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
the <other>
microanalysis <other>
of <other>
fully <other>
ordered <other>
AlNi I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
subjected <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
keV <other>
inert I-<SMT>
gas <SMT>
ion <SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
. <other>


As <other>
with <other>
the <other>
studies <other>
of <other>
AlNi3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
the <other>
companion <other>
paper <other>
) <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
preferentially <other>
sputtered I-<SMT>
by <other>
both <other>
argon <other>
and <other>
xenon I-<SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
. <other>


comparisons <other>
between <other>
depth <other>
profiles <other>
through <other>
AlNi3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlNi I-<MAT>
targets <other>
have <other>
provided <other>
information <other>
about <other>
the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
binding I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
selective I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


these <other>
data <other>
have <other>
also <other>
permitted <other>
conclusions <other>
to <other>
be <other>
drawn <other>
about <other>
the <other>
correct <other>
choice <other>
of <other>
bombarding <other>
species <other>
for <other>
sample I-<APL>
cleaning <APL>
and <other>
depth I-<APL>
- <APL>
profiling <APL>
applications <APL>
in <other>
surface I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


examination <other>
of <other>
field I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
ion <CMT>
images <CMT>
from <other>
specimens <other>
after <other>
bombardment I-<SMT>
suggests <other>
that <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
is <other>
microroughened <other>
and <other>
this <other>
has <other>
been <other>
confirmed <other>
using <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


ordered <other>
HO4PPb I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
: <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
energy I-<PRO>
bands <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
from <other>
first I-<CMT>
principles <CMT>


structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
frequency <PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
both <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
ordered <other>
nanostructured I-<DSC>
metamaterials I-<APL>
, <other>
nanolayers I-<DSC>
( <other>
NLs I-<DSC>
) <other>
and <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
( <other>
NWs I-<DSC>
) <other>
of <other>
hydrogen <other>
- <other>
bonded <other>
HO4PPb I-<MAT>
are <other>
studied <other>
within <other>
the <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
all <other>
artificial <other>
structures <other>
considered <other>
by <other>
us <other>
may <other>
be <other>
equilibrated <other>
regarding <other>
the <other>
maximal <other>
forces <other>
acting <other>
on <other>
each <other>
atom <other>
up <other>
to <other>
the <other>
value <other>
not <other>
worse <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
/ <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


the <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
symmetry <other>
not <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
the <other>
symmetry <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
HO4PPb I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
, <other>
P2 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
c <SPL>
, <other>
is <other>
imposed <other>
both <other>
on <other>
each <other>
NL I-<DSC>
/ <other>
NW I-<DSC>
proper <other>
and <other>
on <other>
their <other>
mutual <other>
space <other>
arrangement <other>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
and <other>
partial I-<PRO>
densities <PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
refractive <PRO>
indices <PRO>
and <other>
extinction I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
calculated <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
displayed <other>
the <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
properties <PRO>
going <other>
from <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
single <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
to <other>
periodically <other>
ordered <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
, <other>
NLs I-<DSC>
and <other>
NWs I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
found <other>
significant <other>
anomalies <other>
in <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
visible <other>
and <other>
ultraviolet <other>
ranges <other>
of <other>
NWs I-<DSC>
studied <other>
in <other>
our <other>
research <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
of <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
in <other>
B4Gd I-<MAT>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
shastry I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
sutherland <CMT>
compound <other>
B4Gd I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
analyzed <other>
with <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
all I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
electron <CMT>
full <CMT>
- <CMT>
potential <CMT>
linearized <CMT>
augmented <CMT>
- <CMT>
plane <CMT>
wave <CMT>
( <other>
FP I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
LAPW <CMT>
) <other>
code <other>
. <other>


different <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
configurations <PRO>
, <other>
including <other>
the <other>
realistic <other>
dimer <other>
one <other>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
considered <other>
. <other>


the <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
J I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
/ <PRO>
k <PRO>
B <PRO>
= <other>
-12 <other>
K <other>
and <other>
J I-<PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
/ <PRO>
k <PRO>
B <PRO>
= <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
where <other>
, <other>
J1 I-<PRO>
and <other>
J2 I-<PRO>
are <other>
the <other>
diagonal I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
along <other>
the <other>
edges <other>
of <other>
a <other>
square <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


171Yb <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
in <other>
the <other>
kondo I-<PRO>
semiconductor <PRO>
B12Yb I-<MAT>


the <other>
171Yb <other>
nuclear I-<CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
( <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
) <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
below <other>
10K <other>
in <other>
the <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
kondo I-<PRO>
semiconductor <PRO>
B12Yb I-<MAT>
with <other>
the <other>
large <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
constant <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
T <other>
/ <other>
mB <other>
agrees <other>
with <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
value <other>
for <other>
the <other>
J I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
state <other>
of <other>
free <other>
yb3+ <other>
ions <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
the <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
T <other>
) <other>
limit <other>
is <other>
the <other>
van I-<PRO>
vleck <PRO>
contribution <PRO>
within <other>
the <other>
J I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
multiplet <other>
. <other>


the <other>
nuclear I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
– <PRO>
lattice <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
rate <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
Yb I-<MAT>
sites <other>
shows <other>
an <other>
activated <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
below <other>
15K <other>
with <other>
the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
which <other>
however <other>
is <other>
completely <other>
different <other>
from <other>
the <other>
behavior <other>
at <other>
the <other>
B <other>
sites <other>
. <other>


A <other>
simple <other>
route <other>
to <other>
shape <other>
controlled <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
form <other>
of <other>
spheres I-<DSC>
, <other>
triangles I-<DSC>
and <other>
wire I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
structures I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
method <other>
involves <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
reduced <other>
sulfur <other>
with <other>
a <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
salt <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
thermolysis I-<SMT>
in <other>
hexadecylamine <other>
( <other>
HDA <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
different <other>
shapes <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
reaction <other>
conditions <other>
such <other>
as <other>
reaction <other>
time <other>
, <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
source <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
show <other>
the <other>
particles I-<DSC>
to <other>
be <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
confined <PRO>
and <other>
luminescent I-<PRO>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
GeO4Zn2 I-<MAT>
with <other>
native I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
germinate <MAT>
( <other>
GeO4Zn2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
native I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
are <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


calculations <other>
reveal <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
dipole I-<PRO>
moments <PRO>
which <other>
explains <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
. <other>


defect I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
level <PRO>
induced <other>
by <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
along <other>
with <other>
the <other>
unfulfilled <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
3d <other>
, <other>
are <other>
most <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
luminescence I-<PRO>
. <other>


formation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
reveals <other>
the <other>
abundance <other>
of <other>
vacancy I-<PRO>
and <other>
can <other>
support <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
correlation <other>
of <other>
emission I-<PRO>
intensity <PRO>
with <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
density <PRO>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
indexes <PRO>
and <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
are <other>
calculated <other>
by <other>
kramers I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
kronig <CMT>
relations <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
calculations <other>
help <other>
understand <other>
better <other>
the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
GeO4Zn2 I-<MAT>
that <other>
is <other>
beneficial <other>
for <other>
its <other>
various <other>
practical <other>
applications <other>
. <other>


microwave I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
magnetically I-<PRO>
separable <PRO>
Fe2O4Zn I-<MAT>
- <other>
reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
for <other>
wastewater I-<APL>
treatment <APL>


A <other>
magnetically I-<PRO>
separable <PRO>
Fe2O4Zn I-<MAT>
- <other>
reduced I-<MAT>
graphene <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
nano-composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
synthesised <other>
via <other>
a <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
images <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nano-composite I-<DSC>
showed <other>
a <other>
uniform <other>
dispersion <other>
of <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nano-composite I-<DSC>
in <other>
wastewater I-<APL>
treatment <APL>
was <other>
assessed <other>
by <other>
observing <other>
the <other>
decomposition <other>
of <other>
methylene <other>
blue <other>
. <other>


the <other>
nano-composite I-<DSC>
showed <other>
excellent <other>
bifunctionality I-<PRO>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
adsorption <other>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
degradation <APL>
of <other>
methylene <other>
blue <other>
, <other>
for <other>
up <other>
to <other>
five <other>
cycles <other>
of <other>
water I-<APL>
treatment <APL>
when <other>
illuminated <other>
with <other>
light <other>
from <other>
a <other>
halogen <other>
bulb <other>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
water I-<APL>
treatment <APL>
with <other>
the <other>
nano-composite I-<DSC>
without <other>
illumination <other>
and <other>
the <other>
illuminated <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
, <other>
with <other>
no <other>
decoration <other>
of <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
, <other>
diminished <other>
significantly <other>
after <other>
the <other>
first <other>
treatment <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reclamation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ZnFe2O4-rGO I-<MAT>
nano-composite I-<DSC>
from <other>
treated <other>
water <other>
could <other>
be <other>
easily <other>
achieved <other>
by <other>
applying <other>
an <other>
external <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


the <other>
accelerating <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
high I-<SMT>
magnetic <SMT>
field <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
interdiffusion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
high I-<SMT>
magnetic <SMT>
field <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
interdiffusion <other>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
. <other>


A <other>
clear <other>
CoNi I-<MAT>
alloying <other>
zone <other>
can <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
by <other>
field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
for <other>
samples <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


significant <other>
Co I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
interdiffusion <other>
was <other>
verified <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
diffusion <other>
layer <other>
, <other>
the <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
atoms <other>
and <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
interfacial <other>
products <other>
, <other>
the <other>
interdiffusion I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
diffusion <other>
couples <other>
were <other>
calculated <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
no <other>
- <other>
field <other>
case <other>
, <other>
the <other>
interdiffusion I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
clearly <other>
increased <other>
when <other>
a <other>
high <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
of <other>
12T <other>
was <other>
applied <other>
. <other>


this <other>
effect <other>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
gradient <PRO>
induced <other>
by <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
free <PRO>
energy <PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
high <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
tl-b-alumina I-<MAT>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
Tl2O*11Al2O3 I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
three I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dimensional <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
data <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
compound <other>
forms <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
crystals <other>
with <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
and <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
in <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P63 I-<SPL>
mmc <SPL>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
refined <other>
by <other>
least I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
squares <CMT>
methods <CMT>
with <other>
anisotropic I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
factors <PRO>
to <other>
an <other>
r <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
independent <other>
reflections <other>
collected <other>
by <other>
diffractometry I-<CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
is <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
alternate <other>
stackings <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
block <other>
and <other>
the <other>
ion I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
conducting <PRO>
layer I-<DSC>
, <other>
both <other>
of <other>
which <other>
are <other>
linked <other>
together <other>
by <other>
the <other>
covalently <other>
bonded <other>
corner <other>
- <other>
sharing <other>
O3AlOAlO3 I-<MAT>
tetrahedra <other>
along <other>
the <other>
c-axis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
occupational <other>
percentages <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mobile <other>
ion <other>
were <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
the <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
synthesis <CMT>
and <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
of <other>
ag- I-<MAT>
and <other>
na-b-alumina I-<MAT>
. <other>


high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
O75Pb25Ti12Zr13 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
modified <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
route <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>


A <other>
modification <other>
of <other>
the <other>
methoxyethanol <other>
- <other>
based <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
route <other>
used <other>
for <other>
depositing <other>
high <other>
- <other>
quality <other>
O75Pb25Ti12Zr13 I-<MAT>
( <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
at <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
modification <other>
consists <other>
of <other>
multiple <other>
distillations <other>
of <other>
Pb I-<MAT>
precursor <other>
after <other>
dissolving <other>
in <other>
2-methoxyethanol <other>
and <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
pyrolisis I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
after <other>
individual I-<SMT>
layer <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
a <other>
large <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
OPb I-<MAT>
excess <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
is <other>
used <other>
to <other>
maintain <other>
the <other>
stoichiometry I-<PRO>
of <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


As <other>
a <other>
result <other>
, <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
processed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
possess <other>
a <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
permittivity <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
a <other>
remanent I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
and <other>
a <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystallization I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
is <other>
discussed <other>
along <other>
with <other>
the <other>
possible <other>
applications <other>
of <other>
such <other>
films I-<DSC>
in <other>
microelectromechanical I-<APL>
systems <APL>
. <other>


direct <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
and <other>
PVD I-<SMT>
hardcoating <SMT>
by <other>
a <other>
continuous <other>
process <other>


the <other>
properties <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
conbination <other>
of <other>
nitriding I-<SMT>
with <other>
hardcoating I-<SMT>
allows <other>
a <other>
function <other>
sharing <other>
among <other>
core <other>
material <other>
, <other>
hardened <other>
case <other>
and <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


such <other>
combined <other>
properties <other>
are <other>
of <other>
interest <other>
for <other>
the <other>
application <other>
in <other>
complex I-<APL>
stressed <APL>
tools <APL>
and <other>
machine I-<APL>
components <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
precondition <other>
of <other>
a <other>
succesful <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
steels I-<MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
hardcoating I-<SMT>
is <other>
especially <other>
the <other>
compatibility <other>
of <other>
the <other>
structure <other>
and <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
layer I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
, <other>
but <other>
also <other>
the <other>
technological <other>
and <other>
economic <other>
aspects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
production <other>
of <other>
such <other>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


for <other>
example <other>
, <other>
a <other>
discontinuous <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
nitriding I-<SMT>
and <other>
hardcoating I-<SMT>
has <other>
some <other>
disadvantages <other>
, <other>
if <other>
no <other>
external <other>
intermediate <other>
treatment <other>
is <other>
provided <other>
. <other>


A <other>
commercial <other>
ion I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
plating <SMT>
equipment <other>
( <other>
TINA <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
was <other>
modified <other>
to <other>
realize <other>
a <other>
continuous <other>
process <other>
of <other>
pulse I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
and <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
hardcoating I-<SMT>
in <other>
one <other>
and <other>
the <other>
same <other>
equipment <other>
on <other>
various <other>
steel I-<MAT>
grades <other>
. <other>


special <other>
consideration <other>
was <other>
given <other>
to <other>
the <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
properties <other>
such <other>
as <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
in <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
process <other>
parameters <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
the <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
in <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
wall <SMT>
reactor <SMT>
are <other>
comparable <other>
to <other>
those <other>
of <other>
nitriding I-<SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
wall <SMT>
plant <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
increases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hardcoating I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
nitrided I-<SMT>
substrates I-<DSC>
leads <other>
to <other>
an <other>
increased <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
by <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
a <other>
thin I-<DSC>
Ti I-<MAT>
or <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
TiNx <MAT>
intermediate I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


trapped <other>
holes <other>
in <other>
silver I-<MAT>
halides <MAT>


the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
holes <other>
in <other>
silver I-<MAT>
halides <MAT>
are <other>
reviewed <other>
with <other>
emphasis <other>
on <other>
trapped <other>
holes <other>
. <other>


the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
self <other>
- <other>
trapped <other>
hole <other>
in <other>
AgCl I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
well <other>
documented <other>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
intrinsic <other>
hole <other>
trap <other>
in <other>
AgBr I-<MAT>
is <other>
still <other>
speculative <other>
and <other>
could <other>
benefit <other>
from <other>
more <other>
experimentation <other>
. <other>


A <other>
variety <other>
of <other>
trapped <other>
- <other>
hole <other>
species <other>
, <other>
induced <other>
by <other>
doping <other>
of <other>
the <other>
silver I-<MAT>
halides <MAT>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
identified <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<CMT>
resonance <CMT>
methods <CMT>
have <other>
been <other>
the <other>
most <other>
successful <other>
techniques <other>
for <other>
elucidating <other>
the <other>
structure <other>
of <other>
these <other>
defects <other>
. <other>


little <other>
is <other>
known <other>
about <other>
holes <other>
trapped <other>
in <other>
AgF I-<MAT>
and <other>
AgI I-<MAT>
or <other>
in <other>
many <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mixed <other>
halide I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


compressive I-<PRO>
and <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
beta-type I-<SMT>
titanium I-<MAT>
porous I-<DSC>
structures <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
melting <SMT>


b-type I-<SPL>
titanium I-<MAT>
porous I-<DSC>
structure <other>
is <other>
a <other>
new <other>
class <other>
of <other>
solution <other>
for <other>
implant I-<APL>
because <other>
it <other>
offers <other>
excellent <other>
combinations <other>
of <other>
high <other>
strength I-<PRO>
and <other>
low <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
work <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
variation <other>
in <other>
electron I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
melting <SMT>
(EBM)-produced <SMT>
b-type I-<SPL>
ti2448 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
samples <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
including <other>
super-elastic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
, <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
misorientation I-<PRO>
angle <PRO>
of <other>
adjacent <other>
grains <other>
and <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
crack <PRO>
deflection <PRO>
behaviors <PRO>
was <other>
also <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
super-elastic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
is <other>
improved <other>
as <other>
the <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
of <other>
samples <other>
increases <other>
because <other>
of <other>
increasing <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
compressive <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
, <other>
the <other>
position <other>
of <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
crack <PRO>
initiation <PRO>
is <other>
defined <other>
in <other>
stress I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
strain <CMT>
curves <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fatigue I-<CMT>
cyclic <CMT>
loops <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
unique <other>
manufacturing <other>
process <other>
of <other>
EBM I-<SMT>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
generation <other>
of <other>
different <other>
sizes <other>
of <other>
grains <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
apparent <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
crack <PRO>
deflection <PRO>
occurs <other>
at <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
columnar <other>
grain <other>
zone <other>
due <other>
to <other>
substantial <other>
misorientation <other>
between <other>
adjacent <other>
grains <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
samples <other>
, <other>
the <other>
ti2448 I-<MAT>
porous I-<DSC>
samples <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
normalized <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
owing <other>
to <other>
super-elastic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
, <other>
greater <other>
plastic I-<PRO>
zone <PRO>
ahead <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
crack <PRO>
tip <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
crack I-<PRO>
deflection <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
AgCrO2 I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
through <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
and <other>
the <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
in <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
dye I-<APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cell <APL>


the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
nano-sized I-<DSC>
ternary <DSC>
delafossite I-<SPL>
oxides I-<MAT>
with <other>
pure <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
phases <PRO>
is <other>
of <other>
great <other>
challenge <other>
. <other>


we <other>
present <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
for <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
AgCrO2 I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
with <other>
ultrafine <other>
size <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
at <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
to <other>
report <other>
that <other>
AgCrO2 I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
hydrothermally I-<SMT>
synthesized <other>
at <other>
such <other>
a <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
and <other>
applied <other>
as <other>
photocathode I-<APL>
in <other>
dye I-<APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
DSSCs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
AgCrO2 I-<MAT>
nanoproducts I-<DSC>
, <other>
including <other>
their <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
phases <PRO>
, <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
, <other>
element I-<PRO>
compositions <PRO>
, <other>
valence I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
information <PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
systematically <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


this <other>
facile <other>
method <other>
employed <other>
metal <other>
nitrates <other>
( <other>
AgNO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
CrN3O9 I-<MAT>
) <other>
as <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
and <other>
HNaO <other>
as <other>
the <other>
mineralizer <other>
, <other>
where <other>
CrN3O9 I-<MAT>
undertook <other>
the <other>
dual <other>
functions <other>
of <other>
cr3+ <other>
source <other>
material <other>
and <other>
weak <other>
reducing <other>
reagent <other>
. <other>


the <other>
in-situ <other>
oxidation <other>
– <other>
reduction <other>
reaction <other>
between <other>
cr3+ <other>
and <other>
ag+ <other>
/ <other>
cu2+ <other>
during <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
crystal <other>
growth <other>
is <other>
the <other>
noteworthy <other>
feature <other>
of <other>
this <other>
general <other>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
formation <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
disclosed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
based <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
oxides I-<MAT>
will <other>
certainly <other>
be <other>
benefit <other>
for <other>
the <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
other <other>
delafossite I-<SPL>
oxides I-<MAT>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
studies <other>
of <other>
the <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
kondo <PRO>
lattice <PRO>
CePtSn I-<MAT>


CePtSn I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
, <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
resistivity <CMT>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
susceptibility <CMT>
measurements <other>
. <other>


refinement <other>
of <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
data <other>
showed <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
to <other>
be <other>
of <other>
the <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
NiSiTi I-<MAT>
- <other>
type <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
measurements <other>
revealed <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
two <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transitions <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


inelastic I-<CMT>
neutron <CMT>
scattering <CMT>
showed <other>
two <other>
well <other>
defined <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
excitations <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
meV <other>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
understood <other>
as <other>
arising <other>
from <other>
the <other>
kondo I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
crystal <other>
fields <other>
. <other>


elastic I-<PRO>
, <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
bonding I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
defect I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
blende <SPL>
BN I-<MAT>
, <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
, <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
, <other>
InN I-<MAT>
and <other>
their <other>
alloys I-<DSC>


simple <other>
tight I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
binding <CMT>
simulations <CMT>
, <other>
incorporating <other>
only <other>
the <other>
herman I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
skillman <PRO>
atomic <PRO>
term <PRO>
values <other>
, <other>
are <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
provide <other>
valuable <other>
information <other>
about <other>
the <other>
bonding I-<PRO>
, <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
blende <SPL>
group <other>
III <other>
- <other>
nitrides I-<MAT>
. <other>


our <other>
calculated <other>
values <other>
of <other>
the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
( <other>
viz. <other>
, <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
stiffness <PRO>
constants <PRO>
, <other>
kleinman I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
internal <PRO>
displacement <PRO>
parameter <PRO>
, <other>
keating I-<PRO>
force <PRO>
constants <PRO>
, <other>
etc. <other>
) <other>
for <other>
BN I-<MAT>
, <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
, <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
InN I-<MAT>
are <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
exist <other>
well <other>
within <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
values <other>
derived <other>
from <other>
more <other>
sophisticated <other>
methods <other>
. <other>


despite <other>
the <other>
crude <other>
approximations <other>
used <other>
, <other>
the <other>
tight I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
binding <CMT>
method <CMT>
has <other>
clearly <other>
provided <other>
the <other>
meaningful <other>
trends <other>
to <other>
the <other>
local I-<PRO>
distortions <PRO>
around <other>
isoelectronic <other>
impurities <other>
and <other>
has <other>
described <other>
reasonably <other>
well <other>
the <other>
bond I-<PRO>
length <PRO>
variations <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
composition I-<PRO>
in <other>
ternary <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
spinel <SPL>
Cu6Mn9O20 I-<MAT>
using <other>
electron I-<CMT>
energy <CMT>
loss <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


the <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
cation I-<PRO>
valency <PRO>
distribution <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
cubic I-<SPL>
spinel <SPL>
Cu6Mn9O20 I-<MAT>
was <other>
extracted <other>
using <other>
EELS I-<CMT>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
L2,3 I-<PRO>
core <PRO>
- <PRO>
loss <PRO>
edges <PRO>
revealed <other>
that <other>
all <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
was <other>
present <other>
as <other>
cu2+ <other>
and <other>
that <other>
a <other>
multi-valent <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
ground <other>
state <other>
existed <other>
with <other>
the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
fractions <PRO>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
mn4+ <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
mn3+ <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
mn2+ <other>
. <other>


the <other>
pre-peak <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ELNES I-<CMT>
on <other>
the <other>
O <other>
– <other>
K <other>
edge <other>
confirmed <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
mn4+ <other>
component <other>
whilst <other>
the <other>
features <other>
in <other>
the <other>
ELNES I-<CMT>
are <other>
identical <other>
to <other>
those <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
other <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
compounds <other>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
on <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Au I-<MAT>
schottky I-<APL>
contact <APL>
to <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
- <other>
polarity I-<PRO>
GaN I-<MAT>
grown <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
substrate I-<DSC>


we <other>
studied <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
annealing <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Au I-<MAT>
schottky I-<APL>
contact <APL>
to <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
- <other>
polarity I-<PRO>
GaN I-<MAT>
grown <other>
by <other>
MBE I-<SMT>
on <other>
p-Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


current I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
voltage <CMT>
( <other>
I-V I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
capacitance I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
voltage <CMT>
( <other>
C-V I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
measurements <other>
are <other>
performed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
characterization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
schottky I-<APL>
diode <APL>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
improvement <other>
in <other>
barrier I-<PRO>
height <PRO>
and <other>
ideality I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
with <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
leakage I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
upon <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
estimated <other>
schottky I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
height <PRO>
( <other>
phB0 I-<PRO>
) <other>
for <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
contact I-<APL>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
( <other>
I-V I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
( <other>
C-V I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


while <other>
, <other>
the <other>
extracted <other>
barrier I-<PRO>
height <PRO>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
contact I-<APL>
is <other>
improved <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
( <other>
I-V I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
( <other>
C-V I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
density <PRO>
is <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
C-V I-<CMT>
and <other>
it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
there <other>
is <other>
ten <other>
time <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
surface I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
density <PRO>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
Pd I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Au I-<MAT>
schottky I-<APL>
contact <APL>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
schottky I-<APL>
contact <APL>
to <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
depth <other>
profile <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
there <other>
is <other>
out <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
into <other>
metal <other>
film I-<DSC>
which <other>
may <other>
have <other>
formed <other>
metal <other>
- <other>
gallide <other>
phases <other>
for <other>
the <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
schottky I-<APL>
contacts <APL>
that <other>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
results <other>
. <other>


it <other>
implies <other>
a <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
nitrogen <other>
related <other>
vacancies <other>
and <other>
dangling <other>
bonds <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
could <other>
be <other>
the <other>
reason <other>
for <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
schottky I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
height <PRO>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
contacts I-<APL>
is <other>
analysed <other>
by <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
of <other>
schottky I-<APL>
contact <APL>
does <other>
not <other>
degraded <other>
upon <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


this <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
contacts I-<APL>
were <other>
thermally I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
during <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
, <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
AgInSe2 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>


single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
ternary <other>
semi-conductor I-<PRO>
AgInSe2 I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
bridgman I-<SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
AgInSe2 I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
chalcopyrite <SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


using <other>
melt I-<SMT>
temperature <SMT>
oscillation <SMT>
method <SMT>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
charge <other>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesized <other>
charge <other>
was <other>
subjected <other>
to <other>
powder I-<DSC>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
AgInSe2 I-<MAT>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
using <other>
differential I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
( <other>
DSC I-<CMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
. <other>


the <other>
melting I-<PRO>
and <other>
solidification I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesized <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
charge <other>
was <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
grow <other>
AgInSe2 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
grown <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
exhibits <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
transmission I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
infrared <other>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
stoichiometric I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
AgInSe2 I-<MAT>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
EDAX I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
hall I-<CMT>
effect <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
and <other>
photoconductivity I-<PRO>
. <other>


surface I-<PRO>
vibrational <PRO>
thermodynamics <PRO>
from <other>
ab I-<CMT>
initio <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
for <other>
fcc(100) I-<SPL>


we <other>
present <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
dynamics <PRO>
and <other>
thermodynamics I-<PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
, <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
, <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
using <other>
a <other>
real I-<CMT>
space <CMT>
approach <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
force <other>
field <other>
for <other>
these <other>
systems <other>
is <other>
described <other>
by <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
dynamics <PRO>
and <other>
thermodynamics I-<PRO>
from <other>
those <other>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
are <other>
confined <other>
mostly <other>
to <other>
the <other>
first <other>
- <other>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
substantial <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
low <other>
- <other>
frequency <other>
end <other>
of <other>
the <other>
acoustic I-<PRO>
branch <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
and <other>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
a <other>
loosening <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bond <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
thermodynamics I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
first <other>
- <other>
layer I-<DSC>
also <other>
show <other>
significant <other>
differences <other>
( <other>
higher <other>
heat I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
, <other>
lower <other>
free I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
higher <other>
mean I-<PRO>
vibrational <PRO>
square <PRO>
amplitudes <PRO>
) <other>
from <other>
what <other>
obtains <other>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
. <other>


comparing <other>
these <other>
results <other>
with <other>
those <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
embedded I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
atom <CMT>
method <CMT>
potentials <CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
discovered <other>
that <other>
for <other>
Ag(100) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu(100) I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
two <other>
methods <other>
yield <other>
very <other>
similar <other>
results <other>
while <other>
for <other>
Pd(100) I-<MAT>
, <other>
Pt(100) I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au(100) I-<MAT>
there <other>
are <other>
substantial <other>
differences <other>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
K I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
blue <other>
bronze <other>
K3Mo20O60Rb3 I-<MAT>


single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
K I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
blue <other>
bronze <other>
K3Mo20O60Rb3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mo10O30Rb3 I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
measurements <other>
of <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoemission <CMT>
spectrum <other>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
and <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
data <other>
reveals <other>
that <other>
two <other>
final <other>
states <other>
representing <other>
alternate <other>
screening <other>
channels <other>
coexist <other>
in <other>
K3Mo20O60Rb3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
pure <other>
bronze <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
sites <other>
of <other>
the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
sample <other>
contain <other>
less <other>
4d <other>
electrons <other>
which <other>
reflected <other>
in <other>
the <other>
movement <other>
of <other>
mo3d <other>
spectrum <other>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
discrepancy <other>
of <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
K I-<MAT>
ion <other>
doping I-<SMT>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
notable <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
single I-<PRO>
particle <PRO>
activation <PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
charge I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
wave <PRO>
state <PRO>
. <other>


improved <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
storage <APL>
and <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
electroreduction <APL>


A <other>
facile <other>
strategy <other>
has <other>
been <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
realize <other>
the <other>
controllable <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
NiO I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
. <other>


according <other>
to <other>
the <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
BET I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
, <other>
it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
m-NiO I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
have <other>
a <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
pore I-<PRO>
diameter <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
and <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
high <other>
surface I-<PRO>
area <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
g-1 <other>
and <other>
a <other>
pore I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm3 <other>
g-1 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
m-NiO I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
significantly <other>
improved <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
as <other>
an <other>
anode I-<APL>
of <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
( <other>
LIBs I-<APL>
) <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
NiO I-<MAT>
based <other>
on <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammograms <CMT>
and <other>
galvanostatic I-<CMT>
measurement <CMT>
. <other>


additionally <other>
, <other>
the <other>
m-NiO I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
showed <other>
remarkable <other>
advanced <other>
activity I-<PRO>
for <other>
catalyzing I-<APL>
oxygen <APL>
reduction <APL>
reaction <APL>
( <other>
ORR I-<APL>
) <other>
relative <other>
to <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
NiO I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
and <other>
the <other>
bare <other>
electrode I-<APL>
. <other>


further <other>
, <other>
rotating I-<APL>
disk <APL>
electrodes <APL>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
m-NiO I-<MAT>
nanoflakes I-<DSC>
, <other>
as <other>
the <other>
support <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
, <other>
shows <other>
significantly <other>
improved <other>
activity I-<PRO>
for <other>
ORRs I-<APL>
. <other>


mode <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
expansion <PRO>
of <other>
sodium I-<MAT>
nitrate <MAT>


using <other>
the <other>
generalised I-<CMT>
gruneisen <CMT>
theory <CMT>
in <other>
the <other>
quasiharmonic I-<CMT>
approximation <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
low <other>
and <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
limiting <other>
values <other>
of <other>
the <other>
generalised <other>
gruneisen I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
computed <other>
from <other>
the <other>
measured <other>
second <other>
- <other>
and <other>
calculated <other>
third I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
order <PRO>
elastic <PRO>
constants <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
relevance <other>
of <other>
these <other>
calculations <other>
to <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
expansion <PRO>
of <other>
sodium I-<MAT>
nitrate <MAT>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


novel <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
highly <other>
ordered I-<PRO>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
for <other>
a <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
VOC I-<APL>
sensor <APL>


the <other>
controlled <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
and <other>
metal I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
ordered <other>
porous I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
large <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
for <other>
specific <other>
applications <other>
has <other>
been <other>
an <other>
attractive <other>
topic <other>
in <other>
the <other>
field <other>
of <other>
porous I-<DSC>
materials <other>
. <other>


herein <other>
, <other>
we <other>
introduce <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
method <other>
for <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
highly <other>
ordered I-<PRO>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
structured <other>
and <other>
large <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
consider <other>
their <other>
application <other>
in <other>
room I-<APL>
temperature <APL>
gas <APL>
sensors <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesised <other>
by <other>
a <other>
two I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
which <other>
combines <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
growth <SMT>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
microemulsion I-<DSC>
phase <other>
of <other>
brij <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
C16EO10 <other>
) <other>
surfactant <other>
as <other>
templates <other>
in <other>
instantly I-<SMT>
direct <SMT>
- <SMT>
templating <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
. <other>


this <other>
synthesis <other>
method <other>
enables <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
without <other>
distortion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ordered <other>
porous I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
after <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesised <other>
materials <other>
were <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
efficient <other>
in <other>
a <other>
room I-<APL>
temperature <APL>
VOC <APL>
sensor <APL>
application <other>
, <other>
with <other>
good <other>
recovery I-<PRO>
. <other>


primary <other>
crystallization <other>
in <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
glasses <PRO>
at <other>
unusually <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>


the <other>
initial <other>
stage <other>
of <other>
the <other>
primary <other>
crystallization <other>
reaction <other>
and <other>
the <other>
glass I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
marginal <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
Al89Fe5Y6 I-<MAT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
conventional <other>
differential I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
( <other>
DSC I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
modulated I-<CMT>
differential <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
( <other>
MDSC I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
microcalorimetry I-<CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
sharp <other>
onset <other>
of <other>
the <other>
primary <other>
crystallization <other>
was <other>
found <other>
by <other>
microcalorimetry I-<CMT>
and <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
studies <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
which <other>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
below <other>
the <other>
primary <other>
crystallization <other>
peak <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
conventional <other>
DSC I-<CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
systematic <other>
MDSC I-<CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
samples <other>
revealed <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
spectrum <other>
of <other>
glass I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
onsets <other>
, <other>
which <other>
show <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
glass I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
onsets <other>
can <other>
be <other>
linked <other>
to <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
stage <other>
of <other>
the <other>
primary <other>
crystallization <other>
. <other>


the <other>
spectrum <other>
of <other>
glass I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
onsets <other>
observed <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
the <other>
occurrence <other>
of <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
preceding <other>
the <other>
nucleation <other>
and <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
dendritic I-<DSC>
aluminium I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


correlation <other>
between <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
evolutions <PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
/ <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
behaviors <PRO>
in <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
co-doped I-<DSC>
O75Pb25Ti12Zr13 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
at <other>
different <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>


for <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
co-doped I-<DSC>
O75Pb25Ti12Zr13 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
{ <other>
Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.95Nb0.05O3+0.2wt. I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
CeO2 <MAT>
} <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
distortion <PRO>
associated <other>
with <other>
an <other>
increased <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
are <other>
identified <other>
. <other>


electrical I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
reveals <other>
that <other>
the <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
diffused <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
peaks <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
higher <other>
temperatures <other>
present <other>
a <other>
stronger <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
because <other>
of <other>
a <other>
larger <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
. <other>


while <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
demonstrates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
lower <other>
temperatures <other>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
because <other>
of <other>
a <other>
smaller <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
. <other>


both <other>
the <other>
second I-<PRO>
crack <PRO>
and <other>
crack I-<PRO>
deflection <PRO>
are <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
domain I-<PRO>
switching <PRO>
caused <other>
by <other>
a <other>
compression <other>
load <other>
contributes <other>
to <other>
the <other>
nonlinear <other>
ferroelastic I-<PRO>
deformation <PRO>
of <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


At <other>
last <other>
, <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
gains <other>
some <other>
good <other>
properties <other>
such <other>
as <other>
: <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
; <other>
d33 I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
pC <other>
/ <other>
N <other>
; <other>
KIC I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
sc I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
. <other>


partial <other>
and <other>
integral <other>
enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
mixing <PRO>
of <other>
liquid <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
partial <other>
enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
mixing <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
components <other>
of <other>
liquid <other>
ternary <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
( <other>
T <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
( <other>
T <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
using <other>
a <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
isoperibolic <SMT>
calorimeter <SMT>
. <other>


measurements <other>
were <other>
performed <other>
starting <other>
from <other>
both <other>
pure <other>
Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
and <other>
from <other>
binary <other>
liquid <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
along <other>
sections <other>
with <other>
constant <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
: <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
ratios <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
system <other>
) <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
system <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
integral <other>
enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
mixing <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
ternary <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
are <other>
calculated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
partial <other>
enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
mixing <PRO>
using <other>
different <other>
methods <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
dependences <other>
of <other>
the <other>
partial <other>
and <other>
integral <other>
enthalpies I-<PRO>
were <other>
simultaneously <other>
analytically <other>
described <other>
according <other>
to <other>
a <other>
redlich I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
kister <CMT>
– <CMT>
mugianu <CMT>
equation <CMT>
using <other>
a <other>
least I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
squares <CMT>
fit <CMT>
by <other>
gauss I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
newton <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


In <other>
case <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
square- <other>
and <other>
higher <other>
order <other>
terms <other>
in <other>
excess <other>
ternary <other>
part <other>
are <other>
needed <other>
to <other>
adequately <other>
describe <other>
the <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
enthalpies I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
mixing <PRO>
. <other>


enthalpy I-<PRO>
data <other>
for <other>
the <other>
constituent <other>
binaries <other>
were <other>
adopted <other>
from <other>
latest <other>
calorimetric I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
and <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
assessments <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagrams <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
evaluated <other>
integral <other>
enthalpy I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
mixing <PRO>
demonstrates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
minima <other>
for <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
( <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
mol-1 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
( <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
mol-1 <other>
) <other>
correspond <other>
to <other>
binary <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
Al2Cu3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
CuZn I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
prepared <other>
by <other>
capillaritron I-<SMT>
reactive <SMT>
ion <SMT>
beam <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
beam <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
utilizing <other>
a <other>
capillaritron <other>
ion <other>
source <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
single <other>
strong <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
diffraction I-<PRO>
peak <PRO>
centred <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
. <other>


post-growth <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
causes <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
c-axis I-<PRO>
lattice <PRO>
constant <PRO>
. <other>


Micro-Raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
shows <other>
strong <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
related <other>
local I-<PRO>
vibration <PRO>
mode <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
E2 I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
can <other>
barely <other>
be <other>
identified <other>
. <other>


annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
causes <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
and <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
intensity <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
out <other>
- <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
and <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
crystalline I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
. <other>


unlike <other>
un-doped <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
deteriorates <other>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
also <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
out <other>
- <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
. <other>


A <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
while <other>
type <other>
conversion <other>
from <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
to <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
was <other>
not <other>
achieved <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
likely <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
IZn I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
NO <PRO>
or <other>
N2O I-<PRO>
that <other>
act <other>
as <other>
donor <other>
/ <other>
double <other>
donors <other>
. <other>


study <other>
on <other>
the <other>
relation <other>
between <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
light I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
spectrum <PRO>
of <other>
an <other>
Au I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al I-<MAT>
tunnel I-<APL>
junction <APL>


we <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
correlation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
light I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
spectra <PRO>
of <other>
Au I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al I-<MAT>
junctions I-<APL>
and <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
junction I-<APL>
obtained <other>
by <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
micrographs <other>
, <other>
we <other>
find <other>
a <other>
self I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
correlation <PRO>
length <PRO>
of <other>
our <other>
junction <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
which <other>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
surface I-<PRO>
plasmon <PRO>
polarition <PRO>
( <PRO>
SPP <PRO>
) <PRO>
energies <PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
1.3eV <other>
at <other>
the <other>
Au I-<MAT>
– <other>
air <other>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


this <other>
agrees <other>
well <other>
with <other>
spectrum <other>
peaks <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
( <other>
2.0eV <other>
) <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
( <other>
1.77eV <other>
) <other>
. <other>


A <other>
platform <other>
region <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
( <other>
1.48eV <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
spectrum <other>
is <other>
proposed <other>
to <other>
result <other>
from <other>
the <other>
overlap <other>
of <other>
SPP I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
Au I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


SPP I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
at <other>
all <other>
three <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
contribute <other>
to <other>
light <other>
emission <other>
via <other>
interface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
in <other>
our <other>
system <other>
. <other>


composition I-<PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
far I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
infrared <PRO>
response <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
alloys I-<DSC>
YBa2(Cu1-x I-<MAT>
Zn <MAT>
x <MAT>
)3O7-d <MAT>


the <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
reflection I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
in <other>
the <other>
long <other>
wavelength <other>
infrared <other>
range <other>
are <other>
presented <other>
for <other>
the <other>
high-Tc I-<PRO>
superconducting <PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>
YBa2(Cu1-xZnx)3O7-y I-<MAT>
, <other>
where <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
far I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
infrared <PRO>
reflectivity <PRO>
decreases <other>
and <other>
some <other>
interesting <other>
photon I-<PRO>
features <PRO>
appear <other>
as <other>
x <other>
increases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
are <other>
interpreted <other>
by <other>
referring <other>
to <other>
other <other>
works <other>
on <other>
similar <other>
materials <other>
and <other>
to <other>
existing <other>
theories <other>
. <other>


path I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
integral <CMT>
monte <CMT>
carlo <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>


amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
path I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
integral <CMT>
monte <CMT>
carlo <CMT>
simulations <CMT>
. <other>


these <other>
quantum I-<CMT>
atomistic <CMT>
simulations <CMT>
allow <other>
one <other>
to <other>
analyze <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
kinetic <other>
and <other>
potential <other>
contributions <other>
to <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
mean <PRO>
- <PRO>
square <PRO>
displacements <PRO>
, <other>
further <other>
than <other>
the <other>
harmonic I-<CMT>
approximation <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
are <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
found <other>
in <other>
similar <other>
quantum I-<CMT>
simulations <CMT>
of <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
( <other>
c-Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
anharmonicity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
atom I-<PRO>
vibrations <PRO>
in <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
is <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
in <other>
its <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
counterpart <other>
, <other>
as <other>
seen <other>
by <other>
the <other>
kinetic I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
potential <PRO>
energy <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
( <other>
virial I-<CMT>
theorem <CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
by <other>
comparison <other>
to <other>
a <other>
harmonic I-<CMT>
approach <CMT>
for <other>
the <other>
solid <other>
vibrations <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amplitude <other>
of <other>
the <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
motion <PRO>
in <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
in <other>
c-Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
as <other>
a <other>
consequence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
low <other>
- <other>
energy <other>
vibrational <other>
modes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
material <other>
. <other>


this <other>
amplitude <other>
is <other>
enhanced <other>
further <other>
by <other>
anharmonicities I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
interatomic I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
. <other>


soft I-<CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
XANES <CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
various <other>
phases <other>
related <other>
to <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
based <other>
cathode I-<APL>
materials <other>


FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
cathode I-<APL>
material <other>
for <other>
rechargeable I-<APL>
lithium <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
. <other>


different <other>
secondary <other>
or <other>
impurity I-<PRO>
phases <PRO>
, <other>
forming <other>
during <other>
either <other>
synthesis <other>
or <other>
subsequent <other>
redox <other>
process <other>
under <other>
normal <other>
operating <other>
conditions <other>
, <other>
can <other>
have <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
impact <other>
on <other>
the <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electrode I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
exploration <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
impurity I-<PRO>
phases <PRO>
is <other>
crucial <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
such <other>
influence <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
embarked <other>
on <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
synchrotron <other>
- <other>
based <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
near <CMT>
- <CMT>
edge <CMT>
structure <CMT>
( <other>
XANES I-<CMT>
) <other>
spectroscopy <other>
studies <other>
for <other>
the <other>
element <other>
speciation <other>
in <other>
various <other>
impurity I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
materials <other>
relevant <other>
to <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
for <other>
Li I-<APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
report <other>
, <other>
soft-X-ray I-<CMT>
XANES <CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
Li I-<MAT>
K I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
edge <PRO>
, <other>
P I-<MAT>
L2,3 I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
edge <PRO>
, <other>
O <other>
K I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
edge <PRO>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
L2,3 I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
edge <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
FeLiO4P I-<MAT>
in <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
, <other>
disordered I-<DSC>
and <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
forms <other>
and <other>
some <other>
possible <other>
“ <other>
impurities <other>
” <other>
, <other>
including <other>
LiO3P I-<MAT>
, <other>
Li4O7P2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Li3O4P I-<MAT>
, <other>
Fe3O8P2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
FeO4P I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
each <other>
element <other>
from <other>
different <other>
pure <other>
reference <other>
compounds <other>
exhibits <other>
unique <other>
spectral I-<PRO>
features <PRO>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
energy <other>
position <other>
, <other>
shape <other>
and <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
resonances <other>
in <other>
its <other>
XANES I-<CMT>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
inverse I-<CMT>
partial <CMT>
fluorescence <CMT>
yield <CMT>
( <other>
IPFY I-<CMT>
) <other>
reveals <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
vs. <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
property <other>
of <other>
the <other>
specimens <other>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
spectral <other>
data <other>
provided <other>
here <other>
can <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
standards <other>
in <other>
the <other>
future <other>
for <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
analysis <other>
. <other>


ferroelectric I-<PRO>
SBN I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
an <other>
SBN I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Bi2O3 I-<MAT>
PLD I-<SMT>
sequential <other>
process <other>


ferroelectric I-<PRO>
Bi2Nb2O9Sr I-<MAT>
( <other>
SBN I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
) <other>
on <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Si(100) I-<MAT>
using <other>
a <other>
sequential I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
process <SMT>
from <other>
two <other>
SBN I-<MAT>
and <other>
Bi2O3 I-<MAT>
targets <other>
. <other>


this <other>
route <other>
allows <other>
for <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
enrichment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
microstructural I-<CMT>
characterizations <CMT>
were <other>
performed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
targets <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
( <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
deposition <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
which <other>
provided <other>
well <other>
- <other>
crystallized <other>
layered I-<DSC>
perovskite I-<SPL>
SBN I-<MAT>
phase <other>
films I-<DSC>
in <other>
situ <other>
, <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
were <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
SBN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
then <other>
crystallized <other>
ex <other>
situ <other>
. <other>


for <other>
an <other>
ex <other>
situ <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
a <other>
remanent I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
value <other>
( <other>
Pr I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mc <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
and <other>
a <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
( <other>
ec I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> I-<PRO>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


fast <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
conducting <PRO>
glass I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
ceramics <DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
Li2O-CaO-TiO2-Al2O3-P2O5 I-<MAT>
system <other>


electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
was <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
the <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
and <other>
glass I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
ceramics <DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
(1+x)Li2O* I-<MAT>
6.6CaO*(4-2x)TiO2*xAl2O3*5.2P2O5 <MAT>
( <other>
mol <other>
ratio <other>
) <other>
. <other>


high <other>
li+ I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
conducting <PRO>
glass I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
ceramics <DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
around <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
glass I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
ceramics <DSC>
are <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
LiO12P3Ti2 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Al <MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
a <other>
fast <other>
li+ I-<PRO>
-conductor <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
b-Ca3(PO4)2 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
/ <other>
mol <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
comparable <other>
to <other>
that <other>
in <other>
Li3N I-<MAT>
or <other>
LISICON I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-5 <other>
S <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-2 <other>
S <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
orders <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
. <other>


AlAsGaIn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
: <other>
line I-<PRO>
widths <PRO>
, <other>
transition I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
and <other>
segregation <other>


we <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
AlAsGaIn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
pseudomorphically <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
using <other>
molecular I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
MBE I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
transition I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
, <other>
measured <other>
with <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
are <other>
modelled <other>
solving <other>
the <other>
schrodinger I-<CMT>
equation <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
taking <other>
into <other>
account <other>
segregation <other>
in <other>
the <other>
group <other>
III <other>
sublattice <other>
. <other>


from <other>
a <other>
fit <other>
to <other>
the <other>
transition I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
, <other>
an <other>
empirical <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
relation <other>
for <other>
AlAsGaIn I-<MAT>
is <other>
found <other>
, <other>
in <other>
the <other>
composition <other>
range <other>
relevant <other>
for <other>
growth <other>
on <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
PL I-<CMT>
lines <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
T <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
are <other>
broadened <other>
due <other>
to <other>
random <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
fluctuations <other>
and <other>
an <other>
interface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
monolayers <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
, <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
AlAsGaIn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
for <other>
making <other>
strained <other>
t-shaped I-<DSC>
quantum <DSC>
wires <DSC>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
. <other>


studies <other>
on <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
yttria I-<MAT>


nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
yttria I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
from <other>
yttrium <other>
nitrate <other>
by <other>
the <other>
citrate I-<SMT>
gel <SMT>
- <SMT>
combustion <SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
auto <other>
- <other>
ignition <other>
of <other>
five <other>
different <other>
gels <other>
with <other>
fuel <other>
to <other>
oxidant <other>
( <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
/ <other>
nitrate <other>
) <other>
ratios <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


all <other>
these <other>
mixtures <other>
yielded <other>
precursors <other>
which <other>
upon <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
at <other>
1073K <other>
yielded <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
densities I-<PRO>
, <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
, <other>
x-ray I-<PRO>
crystallite <PRO>
size <PRO>
, <other>
size I-<PRO>
distribution <PRO>
of <other>
particles I-<DSC>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
present <other>
in <other>
these <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fuel <other>
to <other>
oxidant <other>
ratio <other>
on <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
properties <other>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
. <other>


scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
these <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
porous I-<DSC>
while <other>
the <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
HRTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
they <other>
consist <other>
of <other>
randomly <other>
oriented <other>
cuboidal I-<SPL>
nanocrystallites I-<DSC>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


these <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
compacted <other>
at <other>
120MPa <other>
without <other>
any <other>
lubricant <other>
or <other>
binder <other>
and <other>
their <other>
sinterability I-<PRO>
was <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


pellets I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
density I-<PRO>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
T.D <other>
. <other>


( <other>
theoretical <other>
density I-<PRO>
) <other>
could <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
of <other>
1673K <other>
. <other>


studies <other>
on <other>
the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
yttria I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
mixture <other>
used <other>
in <other>
the <other>
citrate I-<SMT>
gel <SMT>
- <SMT>
combustion <SMT>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
these <other>
powders I-<DSC>
are <other>
being <other>
reported <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


our <other>
investigations <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
an <other>
initial <other>
mixture <other>
comprising <other>
equimolar <other>
quantities <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nitrate <other>
and <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
yielded <other>
a <other>
powder I-<DSC>
with <other>
characteristics <other>
most <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
fabricating <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
crucibles I-<APL>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
sinter I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
capacitor I-<APL>
– <APL>
varistors <APL>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
sinter I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
new <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
varistor I-<APL>
system <other>
, <other>
TiO2*Y2O3*Nb2O5 I-<MAT>
, <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
measuring <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
I <other>
– <other>
V <other>
, <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
barriers <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
varistor I-<APL>
of <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
TiO2*0.60 <MAT>
% <MAT>
Y2O3*0.10 <MAT>
% <MAT>
Nb2O5 <MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
has <other>
a <other>
maximal <other>
nonlinear I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
α I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
a <other>
low <other>
reference I-<PRO>
electrical <PRO>
field <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
v*mm-1 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
cm-2 <other>
, <other>
a <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm3 <other>
and <other>
the <other>
ultrahigh <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
kHz <other>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
its <other>
highest <other>
and <other>
narrowest <other>
grain I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
barriers <PRO>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
these <other>
properties <other>
the <other>
( <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
, <other>
Y I-<MAT>
) <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
varistors I-<APL>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
has <other>
varistor I-<APL>
- <APL>
capacitance <APL>
multifunctional <APL>
components <APL>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
quite <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
the <other>
situation <other>
that <other>
the <other>
voltage I-<PRO>
protection <PRO>
and <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
frequency <PRO>
noise <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
are <other>
meanwhile <other>
required <other>
. <other>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
illustrate <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
barrier <PRO>
formation <PRO>
in <other>
TiO2*Y2O3*Nb2O5 I-<MAT>
varistors I-<APL>
, <other>
a <other>
grain I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
boundary <CMT>
defect <CMT>
barrier <CMT>
model <CMT>
was <other>
also <other>
introduced <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
mesoporous <DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
with <other>
improved <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>


mesoporous I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
varying <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
are <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
evaporation I-<SMT>
induced <SMT>
self <SMT>
- <SMT>
assembly <SMT>
( <SMT>
EISA <SMT>
) <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
their <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
textural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
investigated <other>
extensively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
in <other>
contrast <other>
to <other>
most <other>
other <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
binary <other>
system <other>
, <other>
doping <other>
of <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
with <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
stabilizes <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
over <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
crystallization I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-obtained I-<DSC>
powders <DSC>
increases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
thereby <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
BET I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
and <other>
pore I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
decreases <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
, <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
mean <other>
BJH I-<PRO>
pore <PRO>
size <PRO>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
BET I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
and <other>
pore I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
calcined I-<SMT>
at <other>
the <other>
same <other>
temperature <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
. <other>


for <other>
sample <other>
with <other>
an <other>
Al I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
Zr <PRO>
molar <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
the <other>
disordered <other>
“ <other>
wormhole <other>
- <other>
like <other>
” <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
structure <other>
remained <other>
even <other>
after <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
1h <other>
. <other>


titanium I-<MAT>
implantation I-<SMT>
into <other>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
ion I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
beam <SMT>
mixing <SMT>
of <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
boron <MAT>
nitride <MAT>
multilayers I-<DSC>


TiBN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
of <other>
various <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
titanium I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
implantation <SMT>
into <other>
sub-stoichiometric I-<DSC>
and <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
penetration <other>
depth <other>
of <other>
ti+ <other>
ions <other>
these <other>
films I-<DSC>
can <other>
only <other>
be <other>
prepared <other>
with <other>
limited <other>
thickness <other>
, <other>
of <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
several <other>
hundred <other>
nanometers <other>
. <other>


TiBN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
ion I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
beam <SMT>
mixing <SMT>
of <other>
multilayer I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
of <other>
the <other>
sequence <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
BN <MAT>
by <other>
argon I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
. <other>


with <other>
these <other>
methods <other>
, <other>
inhomogeneous <other>
coatings I-<APL>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
their <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
in <other>
particular <other>
at <other>
low <other>
fluences <other>
, <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


all <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
glancing I-<CMT>
angle <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
SNMS I-<CMT>
and <other>
ESCA I-<CMT>
/ <other>
auger I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
were <other>
also <other>
performed <other>
on <other>
some <other>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
an <other>
ultra-low <other>
load <other>
, <other>
depth I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
sensing <CMT>
nanoindenter <CMT>
. <other>


most <other>
of <other>
the <other>
results <other>
can <other>
be <other>
understood <other>
by <other>
examination <other>
of <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
and <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
investigation <other>
of <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
small <other>
bimetallic <other>
silver I-<MAT>
– <other>
gold I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
bimetallic <other>
silver I-<MAT>
– <other>
gold I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
up <other>
to <other>
eight <other>
atoms <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
using <other>
wu <other>
and <other>
cohen <other>
generalized I-<CMT>
gradient <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
functional <other>
. <other>


by <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
, <other>
in <other>
the <other>
optimized <other>
lowest <other>
energy <other>
structures I-<PRO>
of <other>
pure I-<DSC>
gold I-<MAT>
and <other>
silver I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
, <other>
we <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
ground I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
conformations <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
bimetallic <other>
silver I-<MAT>
– <other>
gold I-<MAT>
ones <other>
. <other>


we <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
prefer <other>
internal <other>
positions <other>
whereas <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
prefer <other>
exposed <other>
ones <other>
favoring <other>
charge <other>
transfer <other>
from <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
to <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
. <other>


for <other>
each <other>
size <other>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
, <other>
binding I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
, <other>
HOMO I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
LUMO <PRO>
gap <PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
, <other>
vertical I-<PRO>
ionization <PRO>
potential <PRO>
, <other>
electron I-<PRO>
affinity <PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
were <other>
calculated <other>
. <other>


on <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cluster I-<DSC>
by <other>
varying <other>
number <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
with <other>
fixed <other>
number <other>
of <other>
Au I-<MAT>
ones <other>
, <other>
vertical I-<PRO>
ionization <PRO>
potential <PRO>
and <other>
electron I-<PRO>
affinity <PRO>
show <other>
obvious <other>
odd <other>
– <other>
even <other>
oscillations <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
pure <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
. <other>


Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
inclusion <other>
in <other>
the <other>
cluster <other>
increases <other>
the <other>
binding I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
vertical I-<PRO>
ionization <PRO>
potential <PRO>
, <other>
indicating <other>
higher <other>
stability I-<PRO>
as <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
grows <other>
. <other>


the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
cluster I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
size <other>
shows <other>
peaks <other>
when <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
is <other>
greater <other>
than <other>
or <other>
equal <other>
to <other>
Au I-<MAT>
ones <other>
, <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
planar <other>
to <other>
tri-dimensional <other>
structures <other>
. <other>


for <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
with <other>
even <other>
number <other>
of <other>
atoms <other>
, <other>
the <other>
peaks <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
number <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
the <other>
most <other>
stable <other>
ones <other>
. <other>


analyzing <other>
the <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
, <other>
we <other>
found <other>
that <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
affects <other>
the <other>
energy <other>
separation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
HOMO I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
low I-<PRO>
lying <PRO>
occupied <PRO>
states <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
symmetry I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
of <other>
Dy[Fe(CN)6]*4D2O I-<MAT>


magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
Dy[Fe(CN)6]*4D2O I-<MAT>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
consists <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Dy I-<MAT>
sublattices <other>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
coupled <other>
antiferromagnetically I-<PRO>
leading <other>
to <other>
overall <other>
ferrimagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
with <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
Tc <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


while <other>
for <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
- <other>
atoms <other>
the <other>
y-component <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
is <other>
large <other>
and <other>
the <other>
z-component <other>
is <other>
negligible <other>
, <other>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
Dy I-<MAT>
- <other>
atoms <other>
the <other>
x-and <other>
the <other>
y-magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
components <other>
are <other>
large <other>
and <other>
the <other>
arrangement <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moments <PRO>
on <other>
Dy I-<MAT>
- <other>
sublattice <other>
is <other>
non-collinear <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
the <other>
y-components <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
on <other>
Dy I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
anti-parallel <other>
. <other>


our <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
refinement <other>
yields <other>
the <other>
moment I-<PRO>
value <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mB <other>
for <other>
dysprosium I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mB <other>
for <other>
iron I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
. <other>


Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
: <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
growth <SMT>
, <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
and <other>
growth I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>


hematite I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
under <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
conditions <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
{hkil} <other>
faces <other>
has <other>
been <other>
made <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
sequence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
change <other>
has <other>
been <other>
explained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
that <other>
analysis <other>
. <other>


optical I-<CMT>
and <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
study <other>
show <other>
two <other>
main <other>
mechanisms <other>
of <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
growth <other>
. <other>


they <other>
are <other>
layer <other>
- <other>
by <other>
- <other>
layer <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
island <other>
growth <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
{ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
̄ <other>
<nUm> <other>
} <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
are <other>
given <other>
. <other>


large <other>
flat <other>
terraces <other>
with <other>
height <other>
h <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
width <other>
d <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
are <other>
observed <other>
of <other>
the <other>
face <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


terraces <other>
are <other>
composed <other>
from <other>
the <other>
steps <other>
( <other>
h <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
d <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


AFM I-<CMT>
- <other>
images <other>
of <other>
small <other>
steps <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
they <other>
consist <other>
of <other>
globules <other>
with <other>
rounded <other>
or <other>
elongated <other>
shapes <other>
. <other>


typical <other>
heights <other>
of <other>
globules <other>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
and <other>
typical <other>
lengths <other>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


these <other>
globules <other>
are <other>
orderly <other>
packed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
face <other>
, <other>
the <other>
elongation <other>
being <other>
along <other>
[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
̄ <other>
<nUm> <other>
] <other>
direction <other>
. <other>


production <other>
of <other>
a <other>
bridge I-<APL>
structure <APL>
using <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>


we <other>
intend <other>
to <other>
use <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
as <other>
sensors I-<APL>
for <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
strain <other>
and <other>
acceleration <other>
. <other>


for <other>
this <other>
purpose <other>
, <other>
a <other>
new <other>
process <other>
was <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
a <other>
bridge I-<APL>
structure <APL>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
using <other>
sacrificial I-<SMT>
layer <SMT>
etching <SMT>
and <other>
selective <other>
growth <other>
by <other>
ion I-<SMT>
implantation <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bridge I-<APL>
made <other>
by <other>
this <other>
process <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm2 <other>
and <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


bending <other>
displacement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bridge I-<APL>
under <other>
various <other>
loads <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
mgf <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mgf <other>
is <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum I-<PRO>
displacement <PRO>
is <other>
proportional <other>
to <other>
the <other>
load <other>
and <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mgf <other>
loading <other>
. <other>


As <other>
a <other>
result <other>
, <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
is <other>
estimated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
content <other>
on <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mg-Y-RE-Zr I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


four <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
Mg-Y-RE-Zr I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
contents <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
content <other>
on <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
was <other>
researched <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
investigation <other>
, <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
at <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
are <other>
mainly <other>
Mg24Y5 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Mg41Nd5 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
GdMg5 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
average <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


after <other>
T4 I-<SMT>
( <SMT>
<nUm> <SMT>
° <SMT>
C <SMT>
, <SMT>
<nUm> <SMT>
h <SMT>
) <SMT>
treatment <SMT>
, <other>
GdMg5 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
mostly <other>
decompose <other>
and <other>
dissolve <other>
into <other>
the <other>
matrix <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
disperse <other>
spotted <other>
phases <other>
are <other>
mainly <other>
Mg24Y5 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mg41Nd5 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
. <other>


after <other>
extruding I-<SMT>
and <other>
ageing I-<SMT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
is <other>
refined <other>
and <other>
some <other>
grains <other>
abnormally <other>
grow <other>
up <other>
to <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


with <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
content <other>
increasing <other>
, <other>
the <other>
ultimate <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
, <other>
yield I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
extruded I-<SMT>
bars I-<DSC>
after <other>
ageing I-<SMT>
are <other>
improved <other>
, <other>
but <other>
the <other>
elongation <other>
is <other>
decreased <other>
. <other>


angular I-<CMT>
resolved <CMT>
XPS <CMT>
applied <other>
to <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
catalysts I-<APL>


two <other>
applications <other>
of <other>
angular I-<CMT>
dependent <CMT>
XPS <CMT>
( <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
) <other>
experiments <other>
, <other>
performed <other>
with <other>
a <other>
perkin I-<CMT>
elmer <CMT>
phi <CMT>
<nUm> <CMT>
ESCA <CMT>
system <CMT>
in <other>
the <other>
framework <other>
of <other>
a <other>
monolayer I-<DSC>
catalyst I-<APL>
research <other>
project <other>
, <other>
are <other>
illustrated <other>
. <other>


XPFS I-<CMT>
( <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
forward <CMT>
scattering <CMT>
) <other>
measurements <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
show <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
removal <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
catalytically I-<SMT>
reduced <SMT>
V2O5(001) I-<MAT>
pellets I-<DSC>
, <other>
in <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
pure <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


ARXPS I-<CMT>
( <other>
angle I-<CMT>
resolved <CMT>
XPS <CMT>
) <other>
polar <other>
scans <other>
were <other>
taken <other>
from <other>
a <other>
model <other>
catalyst I-<APL>
system <other>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
anatase I-<SPL>
supported <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
) <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
their <other>
components <other>
and <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
system <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
the <other>
statistical <other>
technique <other>
MLCFA I-<CMT>
( <other>
maximum I-<CMT>
likelihood <CMT>
common <CMT>
factor <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
different <other>
overlapping <other>
components <other>
in <other>
the <other>
V I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
photoemission I-<PRO>
peaks <PRO>
were <other>
separated <other>
, <other>
pointing <other>
towards <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
VTiO I-<MAT>
bonding <other>
at <other>
the <other>
V I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
O <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
OTi <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


combustion I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
as <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
approach <other>
in <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
Cu2O5Y2 I-<MAT>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
samples <other>
of <other>
Cu2O5Y2 I-<MAT>
were <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
from <other>
precursors <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
two <other>
combustion I-<SMT>
routes <SMT>
– <other>
the <other>
glycine I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
nitrate <SMT>
method <SMT>
( <other>
sample <other>
S1 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
a <other>
modified <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
propagating <SMT>
high <SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
( <other>
sample <other>
S2 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
detailed <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
has <other>
confirmed <other>
that <other>
both <other>
samples <other>
are <other>
well <other>
crystallized I-<DSC>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
high <other>
crystallization I-<PRO>
degree <PRO>
and <other>
cation I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
within <other>
a <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
sublattice <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
has <other>
shown <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
typical <other>
of <other>
pure I-<DSC>
Cu2O5Y2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
distinctive <other>
advantages <other>
of <other>
these <other>
new <other>
synthesis <other>
routes <other>
in <other>
comparison <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
sintering I-<SMT>
are <other>
in <other>
simplification <other>
of <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
procedure <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
in <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
synthesis <other>
duration <other>
from <other>
several <other>
days <other>
down <other>
to <other>
31h <other>
( <other>
S1 <other>
) <other>
or <other>
12h <other>
( <other>
S2 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


A <other>
simple <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
- <other>
based <other>
methodology <other>
to <other>
assess <other>
the <other>
strength I-<PRO>
of <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
methodology <other>
to <other>
assess <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
sub-micron I-<DSC>
brittle I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


nanoindentation I-<CMT>
of <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
tetrahedral <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
( <other>
ta-C I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
N <MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
followed <other>
by <other>
cross-sectional <other>
examination <other>
of <other>
the <other>
damage <other>
with <other>
a <other>
focused I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
beam <SMT>
( <SMT>
FIB <SMT>
) <SMT>
miller <SMT>
allows <other>
the <other>
occurrence <other>
of <other>
cracking <other>
to <other>
be <other>
assessed <other>
in <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
discontinuities <other>
( <other>
pop <other>
- <other>
ins <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
load I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
displacement <CMT>
curves <CMT>
. <other>


strength I-<PRO>
is <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
loads <PRO>
at <other>
which <other>
first <other>
cracking <other>
occurs <other>
using <other>
the <other>
theory I-<CMT>
of <CMT>
plates <CMT>
on <CMT>
a <CMT>
soft <CMT>
foundation <CMT>
. <other>


this <other>
methodology <other>
enables <other>
weibull I-<CMT>
plots <CMT>
to <other>
be <other>
readily <other>
obtained <other>
, <other>
avoiding <other>
complex <other>
freestanding <other>
- <other>
film I-<DSC>
machining I-<SMT>
processes <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
of <other>
great <other>
relevance <other>
, <other>
since <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
ultimately <other>
controls <other>
their <other>
reliable <other>
use <other>
in <other>
a <other>
broad <other>
range <other>
of <other>
functional <other>
uses <other>
such <other>
as <other>
tribological I-<APL>
coatings <APL>
, <other>
magnetic I-<APL>
drives <APL>
, <other>
MEMS I-<APL>
and <other>
biomedical I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
, <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
ac I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
fluoro-borate <MAT>
optical I-<APL>
glasses <APL>


transparent I-<PRO>
and <other>
stable I-<PRO>
glasses I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
Li2O I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
FLi <MAT>
– <MAT>
B2O3 <MAT>
– <MAT>
MO <MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
and <MAT>
Cd <MAT>
) <MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
conventional <other>
melt I-<SMT>
quenching <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


for <other>
these <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
, <other>
absorption I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
, <other>
structural I-<PRO>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
FT-IR I-<CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
) <other>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
( <other>
TG I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
DTA <CMT>
and <other>
DSC I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
( <other>
e' I-<PRO>
, <other>
e'' I-<PRO>
, <other>
tand I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
ac I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
( <other>
sac I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
electric I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
( <other>
M' I-<PRO>
and <other>
M'' I-<PRO>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


amorphous I-<DSC>
nature <other>
of <other>
these <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
confirmed <other>
from <other>
their <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
profiles <other>
. <other>


the <other>
LFB I-<MAT>
glasses I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
or <other>
CdO I-<MAT>
an <other>
extended <other>
UV I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
transmission <PRO>
ability <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
achieved <other>
. <other>


the <other>
measured <other>
FT-IR I-<CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
have <other>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
vibrational <other>
bands <other>
of <other>
B I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
from <other>
[BO3] I-<MAT>
and <other>
[BO4] I-<MAT>
units <other>
and <other>
Li I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
( <other>
tand I-<PRO>
, <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
( <other>
e' I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
( <other>
e'' I-<PRO>
) <other>
) <other>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
( <other>
sac I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
these <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
have <other>
also <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
Hz <other>
to <other>
1MHz <other>
at <other>
the <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
trends <other>
noticed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
ac I-<PRO>
conductivities <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
present <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
found <other>
useful <other>
as <other>
battery I-<APL>
cathode <APL>
materials <other>
. <other>


improvement <other>
of <other>
radiation I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
semi-insulating I-<PRO>
gallium I-<MAT>
arsenide <MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
by <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
films I-<DSC>


we <other>
studied <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
optical I-<APL>
elements <APL>
for <other>
the <other>
IR <other>
spectral <other>
range <other>
based <other>
on <other>
semi-insulating I-<PRO>
gallium I-<MAT>
arsenide <MAT>
( <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
antireflecting I-<PRO>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
( <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


particular <other>
attention <other>
has <other>
been <other>
paid <other>
to <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
penetrating <other>
g-radiation I-<SMT>
on <other>
transmission I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
developed <other>
optical I-<APL>
elements <APL>
. <other>


A <other>
co60 I-<MAT>
source <other>
and <other>
step <other>
- <other>
by <other>
- <other>
step <other>
gaining <other>
of <other>
g-irradiation I-<SMT>
dose <other>
were <other>
used <other>
for <other>
treatment <other>
of <other>
both <other>
an <other>
initial <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
and <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
structures <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
deposition <other>
essentially <other>
increases <other>
degradation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
optical I-<APL>
elements <APL>
to <other>
g-radiation I-<SMT>
. <other>


particularly <other>
, <other>
the <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
structure <other>
after <other>
g-irradiation I-<SMT>
with <other>
a <other>
dose <other>
9[?]104 <other>
Gy <other>
even <other>
exceeds <other>
that <other>
of <other>
initial <other>
structures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
possible <other>
mechanism <other>
that <other>
explains <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
g-radiation I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
structures <other>
at <other>
different <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
doses <other>
was <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
small <other>
doses <other>
is <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
non-monotonic <other>
transmission <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
both <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
and <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
structures <other>
. <other>


At <other>
further <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
g-irradiation I-<SMT>
dose <other>
, <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
both <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
and <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
influences <other>
on <other>
the <other>
transmission I-<PRO>
of <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
system <other>
. <other>


At <other>
high <other>
g-irradiation I-<SMT>
dose <other>
1.4[?]105 <other>
Gy <other>
, <other>
passivation <other>
of <other>
radiation <other>
defects <other>
in <other>
the <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
bulk I-<DSC>
by <other>
hydrogen <other>
diffused <other>
from <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
leads <other>
to <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
degradation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
SI I-<PRO>
- <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
coated I-<SMT>
with <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
as <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
without <other>
DLCF I-<MAT>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
zn2+ <other>
doped I-<DSC>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>


zn2+ <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
followed <other>
by <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
TGA I-<CMT>
, <other>
FE I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
SEM <CMT>
, <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
and <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
with <other>
diameter <other>
in <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
were <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
phase <other>
and <other>
zn2+ <other>
doping I-<SMT>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
did <other>
not <other>
distort <other>
the <other>
pristine <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


besides <other>
methylene <other>
blue <other>
( <other>
MB <other>
) <other>
was <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
zn2+ <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
had <other>
excellent <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
symbolized <other>
by <other>
an <other>
optimum <other>
photodegradation I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
under <other>
zn2+ I-<PRO>
doping <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
zn2+ <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
still <other>
exceeded <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
after <other>
using <other>
for <other>
five <other>
times <other>
. <other>


optimized <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
polishing I-<SMT>
techniques <other>
for <other>
enhanced <other>
order <other>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NT I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>


A <other>
study <other>
of <other>
chemical <other>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<SMT>
polishing <SMT>
, <other>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
<nUm> <other>
step <other>
anodization I-<SMT>
, <other>
intending <other>
to <other>
evaluate <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
on <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanotube I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
formation <other>
and <other>
in <other>
dye I-<APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
performance <other>
is <other>
performed <other>
. <other>


titanium I-<MAT>
foil I-<DSC>
substrates <DSC>
were <other>
chemically I-<SMT>
polished <SMT>
( <other>
CP I-<SMT>
) <other>
and <other>
electrochemically I-<SMT>
polished <SMT>
( <other>
EL I-<SMT>
) <other>
prior <other>
to <other>
the <other>
anodization I-<SMT>
process <other>
for <other>
nanotube I-<DSC>
growth <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
polishing I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
nanotube I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
morphology I-<PRO>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
characterization <other>
. <other>


dye I-<APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
DSSCs I-<APL>
) <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
produced <other>
nanotube I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
characterized <other>
intending <other>
to <other>
evaluate <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
foil I-<DSC>
substrate <DSC>
surface <DSC>
polishing I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
on <other>
the <other>
device I-<PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
. <other>


photocurrent I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
– <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
( <other>
J I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
curves <PRO>
) <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
under <other>
AM1 <other>
illumination <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
the <other>
devices <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
jsc I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
open I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <other>
voc I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
fill I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
( <other>
FF I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
( <other>
% <other>
) <other>
and <other>
parallel I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
( <other>
RSH I-<PRO>
) <other>
values <other>
were <other>
extracted <other>
. <other>


the <other>
best <other>
results <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
polishing <SMT>
process <other>
where <other>
nanotube I-<DSC>
arrays <DSC>
without <other>
bundles <other>
and <other>
without <other>
“ <other>
nanograss I-<DSC>
” <other>
presence <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
promoting <other>
higher <other>
DSSCs I-<APL>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
values <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
emphasize <other>
the <other>
importance <other>
of <other>
a <other>
plane <other>
and <other>
smooth <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
for <other>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
further <other>
device <other>
processing <other>
. <other>


complex <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
of <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
cells <APL>
based <other>
on <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
thoria I-<MAT>


In <other>
the <other>
frequency <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
Hz <other>
and <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
interval <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
symmetrical <other>
cell I-<APL>
based <other>
on <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
thoria I-<MAT>
is <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
three <other>
semicircles <other>
, <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
geometrical I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
thoria I-<MAT>
samples <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
two <other>
low <other>
frequency <other>
semicircles <other>
characterize <other>
interface <other>
processes <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
is <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
low <other>
frequency <other>
intercept <other>
of <other>
the <other>
high <other>
frequency <other>
semicircle <other>
with <other>
the <other>
real <other>
axis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
thoria I-<MAT>
based <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
deduced <other>
from <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
this <other>
point <other>
obeys <other>
the <other>
law <other>
s+ I-<PRO>
= <other>
kP <other>
O <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
measured <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<PRO>
vacancy <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
relevant <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
are <other>
also <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


an <other>
aging I-<SMT>
process <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
on <other>
this <other>
material <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
on <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
and <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
, <other>
one <other>
dimensional <other>
rutile-TiO2nanoneedles I-<MAT>
( <other>
NNs I-<DSC>
) <other>
and <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
( <other>
NRs I-<DSC>
) <other>
were <other>
grown <other>
directly <other>
on <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
conductive <PRO>
fluorine <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<DSC>
( <other>
FTO I-<MAT>
) <other>
glass I-<DSC>
substrates <DSC>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
bath <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
CBD I-<SMT>
) <other>
method <other>
using <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
III <MAT>
) <MAT>
chloride <MAT>
as <other>
the <other>
precursor <other>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
two <other>
different <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
conversion <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoneedles I-<DSC>
into <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
with <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
length <other>
and <other>
enhancement <other>
in <other>
diameter <other>
. <other>


the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
displayed <other>
a <other>
diameter <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
a <other>
length <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<CMT>
evaluation <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
- <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
excellent <other>
stability I-<PRO>
upon <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


optical I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
- <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
high <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
direct I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
decreased <other>
slightly <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
) <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ease <other>
of <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
- <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
at <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
provides <other>
a <other>
new <other>
insight <other>
for <other>
potential <other>
applications <other>
in <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
, <other>
sensors I-<APL>
, <other>
catalysis I-<APL>
and <other>
separation I-<APL>
technology <APL>
. <other>


interface I-<PRO>
phonons <PRO>
in <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAs I-<MAT>
superlattices I-<DSC>
studied <other>
by <other>
micro-raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


In <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAs I-<MAT>
superlattices I-<DSC>
there <other>
exist <other>
so <other>
- <other>
called <other>
interface I-<PRO>
phonons <PRO>
with <other>
frequencies <other>
in <other>
between <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
TO I-<PRO>
and <other>
LO I-<PRO>
phonon <PRO>
modes <PRO>
. <other>


using <other>
micro-Raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
we <other>
were <other>
able <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
dispersion <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
interface I-<PRO>
phonons <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
in-plane I-<PRO>
momentum <PRO>
transfer <PRO>
qII <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
qII I-<PRO>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
are <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
calculations <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<CMT>
continuum <CMT>
model <CMT>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
different <other>
micro-morphologies I-<PRO>
from <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
and <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
crystallization <other>
using <other>
macro-porous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


square <other>
- <other>
shaped <other>
macropores I-<PRO>
produced <other>
by <other>
electrochemical I-<SMT>
anodization <SMT>
of <other>
n- I-<PRO>
and <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
Si I-<MAT>
wafers I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
used <other>
as <other>
centers <other>
of <other>
nucleation <other>
to <other>
crystallize <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
and <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
. <other>


substrate I-<DSC>
roughness I-<PRO>
dependent <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
different <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
is <other>
revealed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
form <other>
of <other>
squared I-<DSC>
particles <DSC>
, <other>
spheres I-<DSC>
, <other>
bars I-<DSC>
and <other>
ribbons I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
and <other>
hexagonal I-<DSC>
piles <DSC>
and <other>
spheres I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
observed.The <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
nano- I-<DSC>
/ <other>
micro-metric I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
was <other>
studied <other>
through <other>
field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
mapping <CMT>
. <other>


crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
metal I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
micro-Raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
the <other>
different <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
explained <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
free <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
bare <other>
Si I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
its <other>
modification <other>
originated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
of <other>
the <other>
walls <other>
of <other>
the <other>
porous I-<DSC>
substrates <DSC>
. <other>


this <other>
energy <other>
plays <other>
a <other>
crucial <other>
role <other>
on <other>
the <other>
minimization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
required <other>
energy <other>
to <other>
induce <other>
heterogeneous <other>
nucleation <other>
and <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
growth <other>
. <other>


present <other>
work <other>
strengthens <other>
and <other>
provides <other>
an <other>
experimental <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
dependent <other>
metal I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
growth <other>
with <other>
well <other>
- <other>
defined <other>
habits <other>
from <other>
pore <other>
corners <other>
and <other>
rough <other>
sides <other>
of <other>
the <other>
pore I-<PRO>
walls <PRO>
, <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
already <other>
reported <other>
protein <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
surface I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
modified <SMT>
lanthanum I-<MAT>
fluoride <MAT>
– <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
and <other>
evaluation <other>
of <other>
their <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
as <other>
lubricant I-<APL>
additive <APL>
in <other>
liquid I-<APL>
paraffin <APL>


oleic I-<SMT>
acid <SMT>
surface <SMT>
– <SMT>
modified <SMT>
lanthanum I-<MAT>
trifluoride <MAT>
– <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
OA <other>
– <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
– <other>
GO I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
were <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
surface I-<SMT>
modification <SMT>
technology <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
samples <other>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>
and <other>
thermogravimetry I-<CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
OA <other>
were <other>
bonded <other>
onto <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
– <other>
GO I-<MAT>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
. <other>


subsequently <other>
, <other>
the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
OA <other>
– <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
– <other>
GO I-<MAT>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
as <other>
lubricant I-<APL>
additive <APL>
in <other>
liquid <other>
paraffin <other>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
with <other>
a <other>
four I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
ball <CMT>
machine <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
elemental I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
worn <other>
steel I-<MAT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
were <other>
examined <other>
on <other>
a <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
with <other>
an <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectrometer <CMT>
. <other>


tribological I-<PRO>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
OA <other>
– <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
– <other>
GO I-<MAT>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
had <other>
excellent <other>
friction I-<PRO>
reduction <other>
and <other>
antiwear I-<PRO>
ability <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
loading <other>
of <other>
0.5wt. <other>
% <other>
OA <other>
– <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
– <other>
GO I-<MAT>
nanohybrids I-<DSC>
, <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
liquid <other>
paraffin <other>
alone <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectrometer <CMT>
revealed <other>
that <other>
improved <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
resulted <other>
from <other>
OA <other>
– <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
– <other>
GO I-<MAT>
could <other>
transfer <other>
to <other>
the <other>
rubbed <other>
steel I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
decompose <other>
to <other>
form <other>
protective I-<APL>
layers <APL>
, <other>
which <other>
help <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
O2Zr <MAT>
eutectics I-<DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
the <other>
laser I-<SMT>
floating <SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <other>


Al2O3 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
O2Zr <MAT>
eutectics I-<DSC>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
produced <other>
by <other>
directional I-<SMT>
solidification <SMT>
using <other>
the <other>
laser I-<SMT>
floating <SMT>
zone <SMT>
( <SMT>
LFZ <SMT>
) <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
eutectic <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
variables <other>
. <other>


using <other>
a <other>
solidification <other>
- <other>
axis <other>
thermal <other>
gradient <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
a <other>
homogeneous <other>
, <other>
colony <other>
- <other>
free <other>
, <other>
interpenetrating <other>
lamellar <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
was <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
growth <other>
rates <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
/ <other>
h <other>
. <other>


higher <other>
growth <other>
rates <other>
produce <other>
cellular <other>
structures <other>
. <other>


colonies <other>
grew <other>
with <other>
the <other>
[0001] <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
[110] <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
axis <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
direction <other>
. <other>


the <other>
uniform <other>
lamellar <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
obtained <other>
at <other>
low <other>
growth <other>
rates <other>
is <other>
stable <other>
during <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


comparison <other>
of <other>
HIPIMS I-<SMT>
sputtered <SMT>
ag- I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
leading <other>
to <other>
accelerated <other>
bacterial I-<APL>
inactivation <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
dark <other>


recently <other>
, <other>
compact <other>
uniform <other>
and <other>
adhesive I-<PRO>
films I-<DSC>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
DC I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
( <other>
DC I-<SMT>
) <other>
, <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
DC <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
( <other>
DCP I-<SMT>
) <other>
and <other>
high I-<SMT>
power <SMT>
impulse <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
( <other>
HIPIMS I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


this <other>
study <other>
reports <other>
the <other>
HIPIMS I-<SMT>
deposition <other>
for <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
on <other>
textile <other>
fabrics <other>
, <other>
the <other>
bacterial I-<PRO>
inactivation <PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
species <other>
in <other>
the <other>
plasma <other>
produced <other>
during <other>
HIPIMS I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
deposition <other>
rates <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
and <other>
the <other>
bacterial I-<PRO>
inactivation <PRO>
times <PRO>
are <other>
reported <other>
in <other>
the <other>
dark <other>
and <other>
under <other>
light <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
applied <other>
peak <other>
currents <other>
during <other>
the <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
by <other>
HIPIMS I-<SMT>
. <other>


by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
percentage <PRO>
atomic <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
changes <other>
are <other>
reported <other>
during <other>
bacterial I-<APL>
inactivation <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
Ar <other>
and <other>
metal I-<PRO>
- <other>
ions <other>
produced <other>
in <other>
the <other>
magnetron <other>
chamber <other>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
mass I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
QMS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


A <other>
mechanism <other>
for <other>
the <other>
bacterial I-<APL>
inactivation <APL>
is <other>
suggested <other>
for <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
HIPIMS I-<SMT>
sputtered <SMT>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
in <other>
nano I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
: <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
sustainable <SMT>
propellant <SMT>
chemistry <SMT>
technique <SMT>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
nano I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
propellant I-<SMT>
chemistry <SMT>
technique <SMT>
are <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
PXRD I-<CMT>
measurement <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
compound <other>
is <other>
in <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
spinel <SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
belong <other>
to <other>
the <other>
space <other>
group <other>
fd-3m I-<SPL>
. <other>


the <other>
unit I-<PRO>
cell <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
estimated <other>
from <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinement <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
calculated <other>
force I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
from <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
octahedral <other>
and <other>
tetrahedral <other>
sites <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm-1 <other>
respectively <other>
; <other>
these <other>
values <other>
are <other>
slightly <other>
higher <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
other <other>
ferrite I-<MAT>
systems <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
hysteresis <PRO>
and <other>
EPR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
show <other>
superparamagnetic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
nearly <other>
to <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
due <other>
to <other>
comparison <other>
values <other>
between <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
calculated <other>
values <other>
of <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
, <other>
remenant I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
, <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
supports <other>
for <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
multi I-<DSC>
domain <DSC>
particles <DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependent <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
freezing <PRO>
state <PRO>
at <other>
30K <other>
and <other>
the <other>
blocking I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
at <other>
above <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
frequency <other>
dependent <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
show <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
, <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
and <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
as <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
other <other>
ferrite I-<MAT>
systems <other>
. <other>


the <other>
AC I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
sample <other>
is <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
electrons <other>
, <other>
holes <other>
and <other>
polarons <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesized <other>
material <other>
is <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
nano-electronics I-<APL>
and <other>
biomedical I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
Y I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
system <other>


the <other>
interaction <other>
between <other>
the <other>
components <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Y I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
– <MAT>
Al <MAT>
system <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
region <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
constructed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
limits <other>
of <other>
the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
regions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
binary <other>
compounds <other>
and <other>
the <other>
homogeneity <other>
ranges <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ternary <other>
ones <other>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ternary <other>
aluminides I-<MAT>
Ag2Al7Y3 <MAT>
( <other>
Al7Ca3Cu2 I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
structure <other>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
r I-<SPL>
<nUm> <SPL>
m <SPL>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
and <other>
Ag3Al7Y5 I-<MAT>
( <other>
Hg2K I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
structure <other>
, <other>
space <other>
group <other>
imma I-<SPL>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


resonators I-<APL>
and <other>
filters I-<APL>
made <other>
of <other>
BaCuOY I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
on <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
wafers I-<DSC>


<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
thick <other>
BaCuOY I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
c-axis <other>
orientation <other>
were <other>
simultaneously <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
of <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
hollow I-<DSC>
cylinders <DSC>
on <other>
both <other>
sides <other>
of <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
buffered <other>
r-cut I-<DSC>
sapphire I-<MAT>
wafers I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
diameter <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
inch <other>
. <other>


microstrip I-<APL>
resonators <APL>
and <other>
filters I-<APL>
were <other>
manufactured <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
in <other>
the <other>
frequency <other>
band <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
which <other>
is <other>
relevant <other>
to <other>
satellite I-<APL>
communication <APL>
. <other>


At <other>
linear <other>
response <other>
the <other>
resonance I-<PRO>
curve <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
transmission I-<APL>
resonators <APL>
could <other>
perfectly <other>
be <other>
described <other>
by <other>
a <other>
lorentz I-<CMT>
function <CMT>
. <other>


very <other>
high <other>
values <other>
of <other>
the <other>
unloaded <other>
quality I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
, <other>
Q0 I-<PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
were <other>
reached <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
. <other>


At <other>
nonlinear <other>
response <other>
Q0 I-<PRO>
decreased <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
power <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
BaCuOY I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
which <other>
steeply <other>
increased <other>
at <other>
an <other>
oscillating <other>
power <other>
of <other>
several <other>
watts <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
a <other>
critical I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
field <PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mT <other>
. <other>


the <other>
seven- <other>
and <other>
three <other>
- <other>
pole <other>
bandpass I-<APL>
filters <APL>
with <other>
center <other>
frequencies <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
showed <other>
a <other>
low <other>
attenuation I-<PRO>
of <other>
less <other>
than <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
dB <other>
in <other>
the <other>
pass <other>
band <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
manifest <other>
that <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
is <other>
a <other>
qualified <other>
and <other>
reliable <other>
method <other>
for <other>
large <other>
- <other>
area <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
BaCuOY I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
which <other>
are <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
microwave I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
on <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
: <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
and <other>
hubbard I-<CMT>
U <CMT>
analysis <CMT>


to <other>
fully <other>
comprehend <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
of <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
TiO2-xNx I-<MAT>
of <other>
various <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
, <other>
this <other>
study <other>
performed <other>
first I-<CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
, <other>
employing <other>
hubbard I-<CMT>
U <CMT>
on <CMT>
- <CMT>
site <CMT>
correction <CMT>
, <other>
to <other>
evaluate <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
impurity I-<PRO>
formation <PRO>
energy <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


an <other>
effective <other>
hubbard I-<PRO>
U <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
was <other>
adopted <other>
to <other>
correctly <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
pure <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
calculations <other>
show <other>
that <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
concentration I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
nitrogen <PRO>
requires <other>
greater <other>
formation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
during <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


under <other>
light <other>
nitrogen <other>
doping <other>
( <other>
≤ <other>
6.25at. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
, <other>
N <other>
isolated <other>
impurity <other>
states <other>
form <other>
above <other>
the <other>
top <other>
of <other>
valence <other>
band <other>
meanwhile <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
does <other>
not <other>
change <other>
noticeably <other>
. <other>


under <other>
heavy <other>
nitrogen <other>
doping <other>
( <other>
≥ <other>
8.33at. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
, <other>
a <other>
narrowing <other>
of <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
and <other>
broadening <other>
of <other>
the <other>
valence <other>
band <other>
occur <other>
, <other>
which <other>
might <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
red <other>
shift <other>
at <other>
the <other>
edge <other>
of <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
range <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
some <other>
experimental <other>
studies <other>
. <other>


these <other>
findings <other>
provide <other>
a <other>
reasonable <other>
explanation <other>
of <other>
recent <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
. <other>


interface I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
transport <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
Ag4I5Rb I-<MAT>
solid I-<APL>
electrolytes <APL>


volt I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
ampere <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
an <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
cell <APL>
of <other>
ag| I-<MAT>
RbAg4I5| <MAT>
C <MAT>
type <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
and <other>
described <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
a <other>
model <other>
assuming <other>
that <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
through <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
cell <APL>
is <other>
defined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
transfer <other>
of <other>
charges <other>
over <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
determined <other>
the <other>
location <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
and <other>
measured <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
a-phase I-<SPL>
of <other>
Ag4I5Rb I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
, <other>
se I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
S <other>
cm-1 <other>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
highly <other>
efficient <other>
method <other>
for <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>


A <other>
new <other>
highly <other>
efficient <other>
method <other>
has <other>
been <other>
developed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
from <other>
titania I-<MAT>
slag <other>
. <other>


high <other>
quality <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
were <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
carrying <other>
out <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
in <other>
conventional I-<SMT>
heating <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
and <other>
molecular I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
titania I-<MAT>
slag <other>
before <other>
and <other>
after <other>
treatment <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
TG I-<CMT>
/ <CMT>
DTA <CMT>
, <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
TG I-<CMT>
/ <CMT>
DTG <CMT>
showed <other>
roasting I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
used <other>
in <other>
the <other>
further <other>
research <other>
work <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
transform <other>
from <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
to <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
results <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
a <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
with <other>
high <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
was <other>
prepared <other>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
roasting I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
, <other>
the <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
raman I-<CMT>
vibrations <other>
bands <other>
of <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
decrease <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
raman I-<CMT>
vibrations <other>
bands <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
increase <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mention <other>
results <other>
, <other>
this <other>
method <other>
can <other>
be <other>
applied <other>
effectively <other>
and <other>
efficiently <other>
way <other>
for <other>
both <other>
titania I-<MAT>
slag <other>
utilization <other>
and <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
preparation <other>
. <other>


semiconducting I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
CuIn5S8 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
I <other>
. <other>


electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
and <other>
hall I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
CuIn5S8 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
were <other>
measured <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
. <other>


the <other>
donor I-<PRO>
levels <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
below <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
are <other>
identified <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
data <other>
are <other>
analysed <other>
assuming <other>
scatterings <other>
by <other>
acoustic I-<PRO>
and <other>
polar I-<PRO>
optical <PRO>
phonons <PRO>
and <other>
ionized <other>
impurities <other>
. <other>


coordination I-<PRO>
and <other>
valence I-<PRO>
of <other>
niobium I-<MAT>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NbO2 <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
through <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


the <other>
coordination I-<PRO>
and <other>
valence I-<PRO>
of <other>
niobium I-<MAT>
in <other>
NbO4Ti I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
, <other>
NbxTi1-xO2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
for <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
K <other>
- <other>
edge <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XAS I-<CMT>
) <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
Nb I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
x <other>
. <other>


ten <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
compositions I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
NbxTi1-xO2 I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
structure <other>
were <other>
examined <other>
: <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
near <CMT>
edge <CMT>
structure <CMT>
( <other>
XANES I-<CMT>
) <other>
data <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
position <other>
of <other>
the <other>
preedge I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
shifts <other>
to <other>
higher <other>
energy <other>
with <other>
decreasing <other>
Nb I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
the <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
nb5+ <other>
to <other>
nb4+ <other>
is <other>
larger <other>
at <other>
low <other>
Nb I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
than <other>
at <other>
high <other>
ones <other>
. <other>


the <other>
extended <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
fine <CMT>
structure <CMT>
( <other>
EXAFS I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
average <other>
NbO I-<PRO>
interatomic <PRO>
distance <PRO>
increases <other>
nearly <other>
linearly <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
Nb I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
structural <other>
modification <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
environment <other>
about <other>
niobium I-<MAT>
suggests <other>
that <other>
an <other>
increasing <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
ions <other>
( <other>
i.e. <other>
, <other>
nb5+ <other>
) <other>
occupy <other>
tetrahedral <other>
interstitial <other>
sites <other>
with <other>
decreasing <other>
Nb I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
. <other>


device I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
InOSn <MAT>
thin I-<APL>
film <APL>
transistors <APL>
with <other>
modulated <other>
double <other>
and <other>
triple <other>
channel <other>
structures <other>


the <other>
device I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
InOSn <MAT>
thin I-<APL>
film <APL>
transistors <APL>
( <other>
TFTs I-<APL>
) <other>
with <other>
modulated <other>
channels <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
field I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
mobility <PRO>
was <other>
enhanced <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
/ <other>
vs <other>
in <other>
the <other>
channel I-<APL>
- <APL>
modulated <APL>
TFT <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
TFT I-<APL>
device <APL>
was <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
the <other>
insertion <other>
of <other>
a <other>
high <other>
carrier <other>
concentration <other>
layer <other>
at <other>
the <other>
channel I-<APL>
/ <other>
gate I-<APL>
insulator <APL>
and <other>
channel I-<APL>
/ <other>
electrode I-<APL>
interfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
accumulation <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
parasitic I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
via <other>
channel <other>
modulation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
threshold I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
was <other>
controlled <other>
at <other>
moderate <other>
value <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
device I-<PRO>
characteristic <PRO>
of <other>
TFTs I-<APL>
can <other>
be <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
modulated <other>
channel I-<APL>
structure <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
and <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
chromites <MAT>


the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
of <other>
CoCr2O4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr2NiO4 I-<MAT>
with <other>
chlorine <other>
as <other>
a <other>
transport <other>
agent <other>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
transport <other>
reactions <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
established <other>
that <other>
the <other>
gas <other>
phase <other>
should <other>
contain <other>
Cl <other>
, <other>
Cl2CrO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cl2Co I-<MAT>
during <other>
transport <other>
of <other>
CoCr2O4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
while <other>
Cl <other>
, <other>
Cl2CrO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cl2Ni I-<MAT>
should <other>
be <other>
present <other>
when <other>
Cr2NiO4 I-<MAT>
is <other>
transported <other>
. <other>


within <other>
the <other>
same <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
chromite <MAT>
should <other>
be <other>
transported <other>
without <other>
decomposition <other>
whereas <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
chromite <MAT>
would <other>
probably <other>
decompose <other>
at <other>
high <other>
temperatures <other>
and <other>
a <other>
low <other>
total <other>
pressure <other>
in <other>
the <other>
transport <other>
system <other>
. <other>


octahedral <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
CoCr2O4 I-<MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
structure <other>
have <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
whereas <other>
Cr2NiO4 I-<MAT>
formed <other>
octahedra <other>
and <other>
plates <other>
with <other>
a <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reasons <other>
of <other>
the <other>
differences <other>
observed <other>
with <other>
the <other>
systems <other>
CoCr2O4 I-<MAT>
 <other>
Cl <other>
and <other>
Cr2NiO4 I-<MAT>
 <other>
Cl <other>
have <other>
been <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
ClK I-<MAT>
and <other>
PbTe I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
mica I-<MAT>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
ClK I-<MAT>
and <other>
PbTe I-<MAT>
on <other>
mica I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
is <other>
briefly <other>
described <other>
. <other>


both <other>
substances <other>
grow <other>
with <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
the <other>
mica I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
slab <other>
of <other>
ClNa I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
terminated <other>
by <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
would <other>
be <other>
highly <other>
unstable <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
pyramid <other>
with <other>
{100} <other>
faces <other>
and <other>
a <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
base <other>
would <other>
be <other>
electrically <other>
charged <other>
, <other>
therefore <other>
an <other>
alternative <other>
structure <other>
is <other>
considered <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
mica I-<MAT>
cleavage <other>
plane <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
films I-<DSC>
of <other>
ClK I-<MAT>
and <other>
PbTe I-<MAT>
most <other>
likely <other>
grow <other>
with <other>
a <other>
“ <other>
grooved <other>
” <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
in <other>
contact <other>
with <other>
the <other>
mica I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


[ <other>
A <other>
grooved <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
is <other>
one <other>
in <other>
which <other>
alternate <other>
rows <other>
of <other>
atoms <other>
are <other>
missing <other>
. <other>
] <other>


there <other>
are <other>
two <other>
dominant <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
free I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
structure <PRO>
to <other>
choose <other>
from <other>
: <other>
a <other>
grooved <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
, <other>
or <other>
a <other>
set <other>
of <other>
{100} <other>
faced <other>
pyramids <other>
. <other>


the <other>
former <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
likely <other>
for <other>
PbTe I-<MAT>
, <other>
while <other>
ClK I-<MAT>
has <other>
the <other>
latter <other>
type <other>
of <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


MoO12Se3Y2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MoO12Te3Y2 I-<MAT>
: <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
determination <other>
, <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
two <other>
new <other>
quaternary <other>
mixed <other>
metal I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
containing <other>
asymmetric <other>
coordination I-<PRO>
environment <PRO>


two <other>
new <other>
quaternary <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
molybdenum <MAT>
selenium <MAT>
/ <other>
tellurium I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
, <other>
MoO12Se3Y2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MoO12Te3Y2 I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
standard <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reactions <SMT>
using <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
MoO3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
O2Se I-<MAT>
( <other>
or <other>
O2Te I-<MAT>
) <other>
as <other>
reagents <other>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
reported <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


although <other>
both <other>
of <other>
the <other>
materials <other>
contain <other>
second I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
order <CMT>
jahn <CMT>
– <CMT>
teller <CMT>
( <other>
SOJT I-<CMT>
) <other>
distortive <other>
cations <other>
and <other>
are <other>
stoichiometrically <other>
similar <other>
, <other>
they <other>
reveal <other>
different <other>
structural I-<PRO>
features <PRO>
: <other>
while <other>
MoO12Se3Y2 I-<MAT>
shows <other>
a <other>
three <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
framework <other>
consisting <other>
of <other>
O8Y I-<MAT>
, <other>
MoO6 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
O3Se I-<MAT>
groups <other>
, <other>
MoO12Te3Y2 I-<MAT>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
layered I-<DSC>
structure <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
O8Y I-<MAT>
, <other>
MoO4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
O3Te I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
O4Te I-<MAT>
polyhedra <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
mo6+ <other>
cations <other>
in <other>
MoO12Se3Y2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
C3 <other>
- <other>
type <other>
intraoctahedral <other>
distortion <other>
toward <other>
a <other>
face <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
, <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
direction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
out <other>
- <other>
of <other>
- <other>
center <other>
distortion <other>
for <other>
mo6+ <other>
is <other>
away <other>
from <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
ligand <other>
linked <other>
to <other>
a <other>
se4+ <other>
cation <other>
. <other>


the <other>
se4+ <other>
and <other>
te4+ <other>
cations <other>
in <other>
both <other>
materials <other>
are <other>
in <other>
asymmetric <other>
coordination <other>
environment <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
lone <other>
pairs <other>
. <other>


elemental I-<CMT>
analyses <CMT>
, <other>
infrared I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
thermal I-<CMT>
analyses <CMT>
, <other>
intraoctahedral I-<PRO>
distortions <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
dipole I-<CMT>
moment <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
for <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
are <other>
also <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
1.6wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
containing <other>
O <other>
and <other>
N <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
small <other>
changes <other>
to <other>
the <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
temperature <other>
within <other>
the <other>
( <other>
a+b I-<SPL>
) <other>
phase <other>
field <other>
on <other>
the <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
a <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
1.6wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.56wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
O <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.04wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
N <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
are <other>
described <other>
. <other>


to <other>
identify <other>
contributions <other>
from <other>
the <other>
individual <other>
alloying I-<SMT>
elements <other>
the <other>
binary <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
1.6wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
and <other>
ternary <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
1.6wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.6wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
O <MAT>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
1.6wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
0.04wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
N <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
interstitial <other>
elements <other>
affected <other>
the <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
disorder I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
oath I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
and <other>
that <other>
the <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
this <other>
disordering <other>
was <other>
not <other>
merely <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
Fe I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
strength I-<PRO>
and <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
free <other>
of <other>
additional <other>
nitrogen <other>
were <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
containing <other>
nitrogen <other>
showed <other>
a <other>
marked <other>
dependency <other>
on <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


alloys I-<DSC>
containing <other>
nitrogen <other>
displayed <other>
a <other>
prismatic I-<PRO>
rather <other>
than <other>
basal I-<PRO>
texture <PRO>
after <other>
processing <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CdSe I-<MAT>
- <other>
( <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
titanium I-<MAT>
) <other>
interface I-<DSC>
: <other>
an <other>
investigation <other>
by <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
electron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>


transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
electron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
techniques <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
between <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
CdSe I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
( <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
slurry I-<SMT>
painting <SMT>
or <other>
electrodeposition I-<SMT>
) <other>
and <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
titanium I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
used <other>
as <other>
photoelectrodes I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
findings <other>
were <other>
correlated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


compound <other>
formation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
CdSe I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
( <other>
the <other>
main <other>
constituent <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
titanium I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
) <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
occur <other>
. <other>


In <other>
samples <other>
which <other>
showed <other>
good <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
, <other>
CdTi I-<MAT>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
and <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
were <other>
generally <other>
found <other>
; <other>
these <other>
compounds <other>
were <other>
absent <other>
in <other>
samples <other>
exhibiting <other>
poor <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
. <other>


optical I-<SMT>
doping <SMT>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
with <other>
erbium I-<MAT>
by <other>
ion I-<SMT>
implantation <SMT>


new <other>
procedures <other>
to <other>
incorporate <other>
high <other>
concentrations <other>
of <other>
erbium I-<MAT>
in <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
are <other>
presented <other>
, <other>
together <other>
with <other>
measurements <other>
of <other>
the <other>
characteristic <other>
photoluminiscence I-<CMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
of <other>
er3+ <other>
in <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
. <other>


Er I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
amorphous <DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
implantation I-<SMT>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
Er <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
keV <other>
into <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
thick <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
Si I-<MAT>
implantation I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
Er I-<MAT>
in <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
was <other>
investigated <other>
for <other>
Si(100) I-<MAT>
implanted I-<SMT>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
keV <other>
Er <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amorphized I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
crystallized <other>
by <other>
either <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
solid <SMT>
phase <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
SPE I-<SMT>
) <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
or <other>
ion I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
induced <SMT>
epitaxial <SMT>
crystallization <SMT>
( <other>
IBIEC I-<SMT>
) <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


segregation <other>
of <other>
Er I-<MAT>
is <other>
observed <other>
during <other>
SPE I-<SMT>
, <other>
with <other>
Er I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
remaining <other>
trapped <other>
in <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
( <other>
xmin I-<PRO>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
after <other>
regrowth <other>
. <other>


under <other>
IBIEC I-<SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
original <other>
Er I-<PRO>
profile <PRO>
is <other>
completely <other>
trapped <other>
in <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
( <other>
xmin I-<PRO>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
optically <other>
activate <other>
the <other>
Er I-<MAT>
. <other>


after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Er I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
amorphous <DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
show <other>
a <other>
very <other>
small <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
intensity <other>
( <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
superimposed <other>
on <other>
a <other>
defect <other>
band <other>
from <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
itself <other>
. <other>


for <other>
samples <other>
crystallized <other>
by <other>
SPE I-<SMT>
or <other>
IBIEC I-<SMT>
the <other>
maximum <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
signal <other>
( <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
is <other>
obtained <other>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
intensities <other>
are <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
for <other>
Er I-<MAT>
in <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
. <other>


SPE I-<SMT>
regrown <other>
samples <other>
show <other>
sharp <other>
spectra <other>
peaked <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
while <other>
IBIEC I-<SMT>
samples <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
broad <other>
spectrum <other>
, <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
wide <other>
, <other>
peaked <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
similarities <other>
and <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
optical I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
for <other>
the <other>
different <other>
Er I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
materials <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


functionalization <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
with <other>
g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
: <other>
layer I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
by <SMT>
- <SMT>
layer <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
, <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


bifunctional <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
– <other>
optical I-<PRO>
ZnO-g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
hybrid I-<DSC>
nanomaterials <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
a <other>
layer I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
by <SMT>
- <SMT>
layer <SMT>
assembly <SMT>
technique <other>
on <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanorod I-<DSC>
templates <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
, <other>
field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
, <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
have <other>
been <other>
used <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
products <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
ZnO-g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
hybrid I-<DSC>
nanomaterials <DSC>
exhibit <other>
enhanced <other>
UV I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
and <other>
passivated I-<PRO>
defect <PRO>
emission <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
investigation <other>
reveals <other>
that <other>
ZnO-g-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
hybrid I-<DSC>
nanomaterials <DSC>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
superparamagnetic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
synthesis <other>
approach <other>
on <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
Fe5LiO8 I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
coprecipitation <SMT>
and <other>
reverse I-<SMT>
microemulsion <SMT>
technique <SMT>
respectively <other>
. <other>


zero I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
field <CMT>
cooled <CMT>
( <other>
ZFC I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
field I-<CMT>
cooled <CMT>
( <CMT>
FC <CMT>
) <CMT>
magnetization <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
at <other>
different <other>
magnetic <other>
fields <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
hysteresis <CMT>
loops <CMT>
at <other>
different <other>
temperatures <other>
have <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


the <other>
non-saturation <other>
of <other>
m I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
H <CMT>
loops <CMT>
with <other>
a <other>
very <other>
low <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
remenance I-<PRO>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
confirms <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
superparamagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
SPM I-<PRO>
) <other>
nature <other>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
domain <DSC>
ferrite I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
blocking I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TB I-<PRO>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
shift <other>
towards <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
temperature <other>
region <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
applied <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
magnetocrystalline I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
constant <PRO>
and <other>
blocking I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
dereases <other>
from <other>
145K <other>
to <other>
110K <other>
with <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
field <other>
from <other>
50Oe <other>
to <other>
1000Oe <other>
in <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
microemulsion I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


At <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
microemulsion I-<SMT>
synthesized <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
show <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
in <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
versus <other>
temperature <other>
plot <other>
just <other>
below <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TC I-<PRO>
) <other>
which <other>
has <other>
been <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
cumulative <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
change <other>
in <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
with <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
particle I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
growth <other>
during <other>
the <other>
measurement <other>
. <other>


non-sparking I-<SMT>
anodization <SMT>
process <other>
of <other>
AZ91D I-<MAT>
magnesium <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
under <other>
low <other>
AC <other>
voltage <other>


anodization I-<SMT>
is <other>
widely <other>
recognized <other>
as <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
most <other>
important <other>
surface I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
for <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
since <other>
high I-<SMT>
voltage <SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
limited <other>
in <other>
some <other>
applications <other>
due <other>
to <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
and <other>
brittleness I-<PRO>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
worthwhile <other>
to <other>
explore <other>
the <other>
non-sparking I-<SMT>
oxidizing <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
AZ91D I-<MAT>
was <other>
electrochemically I-<SMT>
anodized <SMT>
at <other>
different <other>
AC <other>
voltages <other>
in <other>
an <other>
electrolyte <other>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
L <other>
HNaO <other>
and <other>
80g <other>
/ <other>
L <other>
Na2SiO3*9H2O <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
voltage <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
, <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
reaction <other>
process <other>
, <other>
especially <other>
the <other>
non-sparking I-<SMT>
discharge <SMT>
anodic <SMT>
film I-<DSC>
formation <other>
process <other>
, <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
four <other>
different <other>
processes <other>
would <other>
appear <other>
according <other>
to <other>
the <other>
applied <other>
voltage <other>
variation <other>
from <other>
6V <other>
to <other>
40V <other>
, <other>
and <other>
that <other>
the <other>
non-sparking I-<SMT>
film I-<DSC>
formation <other>
process <other>
occurred <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
10V <other>
. <other>


the <other>
film I-<DSC>
formed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
AZ91D I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
under <other>
10V <other>
AC <other>
was <other>
mainly <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
Mg2O4Si I-<MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
lamellar I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
horizontal <other>
and <other>
vertical <other>
expansion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lamellar I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
resulted <other>
in <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
multi-layered I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
stable <other>
, <other>
linear <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
. <other>


the <other>
non-sparking I-<SMT>
film I-<DSC>
formation <other>
process <other>
can <other>
be <other>
considered <other>
to <other>
be <other>
the <other>
result <other>
of <other>
a <other>
balance <other>
of <other>
electrochemical I-<SMT>
dissolution <SMT>
and <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
diverse <other>
structured <other>
vanadium I-<MAT>
pentoxides <MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
by <other>
the <other>
simplified <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>


In <other>
this <other>
letter <other>
, <other>
we <other>
utilize <other>
a <other>
simplified <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
without <other>
any <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
catalyst I-<APL>
to <other>
synthesize <other>
one <other>
- <other>
and <other>
three I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
structured <DSC>
pure <DSC>
vanadium I-<MAT>
pentoxide <MAT>
( <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
particles I-<DSC>
, <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
nano-belt I-<DSC>
, <other>
micro-flower I-<DSC>
and <other>
micro-plane-flower I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesis <other>
is <other>
made <other>
possible <other>
by <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
shcherbinaite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
and <other>
its <other>
cleavaging I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
along <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
facet <other>
by <other>
physical <other>
force <other>
. <other>


the <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
nano-belt I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
derived <other>
from <other>
the <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
precursor <other>
in <other>
de-ionized <other>
( <other>
D.I. <other>
) <other>
water <other>
without <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
by <other>
using <other>
stirred I-<SMT>
autoclave <SMT>
system <other>
. <other>


and <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
micro-flower I-<DSC>
and <other>
micro-plane-flower I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
ethylene <other>
glycol <other>
solvent <other>
under <other>
controlled <other>
pH <other>
condition <other>
by <other>
HNO3 <other>
or <other>
H5NO <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesized <other>
nano-belts I-<DSC>
are <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
width <other>
and <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
thickness <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
diameters <other>
of <other>
the <other>
synthesized <other>
micro-flower I-<DSC>
and <other>
micro-plane-flower I-<DSC>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
specimens <other>
are <other>
pure <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
composition I-<PRO>
with <other>
shcherbinaite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
fluorite I-<MAT>
- <other>
related <other>
phases <other>
CaHf4O9 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ca6Hf19O44 I-<MAT>


crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
fluorite I-<MAT>
- <other>
related <other>
phases <other>
CaHf4O9 I-<MAT>
f1 I-<SPL>
) <other>
and <other>
Ca6Hf19O44 I-<MAT>
( <other>
f2 I-<SPL>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
data <other>
. <other>


qf1 I-<SPL>
is <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
, <other>
C2 I-<SPL>
c <SPL>
, <other>
with <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
and <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
16. <other>
qf2 I-<SPL>
is <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
, <other>
r3c I-<SPL>
, <other>
with <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
α I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
and <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


both <other>
phases <other>
are <other>
superstructures <other>
derived <other>
from <other>
the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
fluorite <PRO>
structure <PRO>
by <other>
ordering <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cations <other>
and <other>
of <other>
the <other>
anion I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
ordering <other>
is <other>
such <other>
that <other>
the <other>
calcium I-<MAT>
ions <other>
are <other>
always <other>
8-coordinated <other>
by <other>
oxygen <other>
ions <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
hafnium I-<MAT>
ions <other>
may <other>
be <other>
6- <other>
, <other>
7- <other>
, <other>
or <other>
8-coordinated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
closest <other>
approach <other>
of <other>
anion I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
is <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
2<111>  <other>
fluorite <other>
subcell <other>
vector <other>
, <other>
and <other>
in <other>
each <other>
structure I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
with <other>
this <other>
separation <other>
form <other>
strings <other>
. <other>


different <other>
calibration <other>
strategies <other>
for <other>
the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
pure I-<DSC>
copper I-<MAT>
metal <other>
by <other>
nanosecond I-<CMT>
laser <CMT>
ablation <CMT>
inductively <CMT>
coupled <CMT>
plasma <CMT>
mass <CMT>
spectrometry <CMT>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
different <other>
calibration <other>
strategies <other>
for <other>
the <other>
determination <other>
of <other>
trace <other>
elements <other>
in <other>
pure <other>
copper I-<MAT>
metal I-<PRO>
by <other>
nanosecond I-<CMT>
laser <CMT>
ablation <CMT>
ICP-MS <CMT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
to <other>
certified I-<APL>
reference <APL>
materials <APL>
( <other>
CRMs I-<APL>
) <other>
, <other>
pellets I-<DSC>
of <other>
doped I-<DSC>
copper I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
were <other>
used <other>
for <other>
calibration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
micro I-<PRO>
homogeneity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CRMs I-<APL>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
solution I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
doped <DSC>
pellets <DSC>
was <other>
sufficient <other>
to <other>
use <other>
them <other>
as <other>
calibration I-<APL>
samples <APL>
in <other>
combination <other>
with <other>
a <other>
laser <other>
spot <other>
size <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


In <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
pellets I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
analytes <other>
in <other>
solid <other>
form <other>
showed <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
heterogeneity I-<PRO>
. <other>


for <other>
most <other>
of <other>
the <other>
investigated <other>
analytes <other>
and <other>
copper I-<MAT>
CRMs I-<APL>
the <other>
measured <other>
mass I-<PRO>
fractions <PRO>
were <other>
within <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
their <other>
certified <other>
values <other>
when <other>
other <other>
copper I-<MAT>
CRMs I-<APL>
were <other>
used <other>
as <other>
calibration <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


when <other>
solution I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
doped <DSC>
powder <DSC>
pellets <DSC>
were <other>
used <other>
as <other>
calibration I-<APL>
samples <APL>
a <other>
systematic <other>
trend <other>
towards <other>
mass I-<PRO>
fractions <PRO>
below <other>
the <other>
certified <other>
values <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
nearly <other>
all <other>
elements <other>
determined <other>
in <other>
the <other>
analysed <other>
CRMs I-<APL>
. <other>


thermal <other>
fractionation <other>
effects <other>
during <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
solution I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
doped <DSC>
pellets <DSC>
were <other>
suspected <other>
as <other>
the <other>
extent <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fractionation <other>
depends <other>
on <other>
the <other>
irradiance <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
fractionation <other>
is <other>
reduced <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
irradiance <other>
. <other>


growth <other>
of <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
from <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
double I-<DSC>
layered <DSC>
films <DSC>


spontaneous <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
from <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
double I-<DSC>
layered <DSC>
films <DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
an <other>
rf I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
technique <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
examined <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
regarded <other>
as <other>
squeezed <other>
ones <other>
. <other>


the <other>
highest <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
growth <other>
rate <other>
observed <other>
is <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
/ <other>
s <other>
and <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
length <other>
observed <other>
is <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
vary <other>
in <other>
size <other>
and <other>
shape <other>
, <other>
and <other>
have <other>
striations <other>
nearly <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
their <other>
growth <other>
directions <other>
on <other>
their <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
and <other>
have <other>
irregular <other>
cross-sections <other>
. <other>


their <other>
preferred <other>
growth <other>
direction <other>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
[110] <other>
direction <other>
. <other>


lattice I-<PRO>
twists <PRO>
caused <other>
by <other>
screw I-<PRO>
dislocations <PRO>
along <other>
the <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
axes <other>
have <other>
been <other>
detected <other>
from <other>
some <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
growth <other>
observed <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
relaxation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
large <other>
stress I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
under <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


antisite I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
disorder <PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
Sr2Fe1-yMo1+yO6 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
y <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
double I-<SPL>
perovskites <SPL>


structure I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
elemental I-<CMT>
mapping <CMT>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
to <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
nominal <other>
a-site I-<PRO>
deficient <PRO>
Sr2-xFeMoO6-d I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
compositions I-<PRO>
form <other>
as <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
Sr2Fe1-yMo1+yO6 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
y <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
perovskites I-<SPL>
at <other>
high <other>
temperatures <other>
and <other>
under <other>
reducing <other>
atmospheres <other>
. <other>


these <other>
materials <other>
show <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
rock I-<SPL>
salt <SPL>
ordered <other>
double I-<SPL>
perovskite <SPL>
structure <other>
to <other>
a <other>
b-site <other>
disordered <other>
arrangement <other>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fractions <other>
of <other>
B <other>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
B <other>
’ <other>
linkages <other>
revealed <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
linkages <other>
at <other>
the <other>
expense <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ferrimagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
FIM I-<PRO>
) <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
linkages <other>
that <other>
dominate <other>
the <other>
y <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
material <other>
. <other>


all <other>
samples <other>
contain <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
AF I-<PRO>
) <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
linkages <other>
, <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
the <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
b-site I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
y <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
sample <other>
is <other>
characteristic <other>
of <other>
a <other>
small I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
ferrimagnet <PRO>
( <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
, <other>
while <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
demonstrated <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
g I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
AF <PRO>
ordering <other>
linked <other>
to <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
linkages <other>
( <other>
mFe I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mB <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
characteristic <other>
of <other>
a <other>
metal <other>
with <other>
a <other>
linear <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
, <other>
S I-<PRO>
( <other>
for <other>
all <other>
y <other>
) <other>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
ρ <PRO>
( <other>
y <other>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
largest <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
factor <PRO>
S2 <PRO>
/ <PRO>
ρ <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mW <other>
m-1 <other>
K-1 <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
FeMoO6Sr2 I-<MAT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanotube I-<DSC>
array <DSC>
electrodes I-<APL>
by <other>
controlling <other>
the <other>
introduction <other>
of <other>
substoichiometric I-<DSC>
titanium I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>


although <other>
anodized I-<SMT>
titania I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
( <other>
TNTs I-<MAT>
) <other>
possess <other>
unique <other>
advantages <other>
as <other>
an <other>
electrode I-<APL>
material <other>
, <other>
the <other>
poor <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
limits <other>
their <other>
practical <other>
application <other>
. <other>


we <other>
herein <other>
report <other>
a <other>
facile <other>
route <other>
to <other>
enhance <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
improve <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
by <other>
controlling <other>
the <other>
introduction <other>
of <other>
substoichiometric I-<DSC>
titanium I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
( <other>
TinO2n-1 I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
facilitate <other>
charge <other>
propagation <other>
in <other>
TNTs I-<MAT>
and <other>
improve <other>
kinetics <other>
of <other>
ions <other>
and <other>
electron I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
electrode I-<APL>
. <other>


specific I-<PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
is <other>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
mF <other>
cm-2 <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
untreated <other>
samples <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mF <other>
cm-2 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


galvanostatic I-<CMT>
charge <CMT>
- <CMT>
discharge <CMT>
results <other>
show <other>
TNT I-<MAT>
arrays I-<DSC>
- <other>
based <other>
electrode I-<APL>
stable <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
with <other>
excellent <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
retention <PRO>
even <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
continuous <other>
charge <other>
- <other>
discharge <other>
cycles <other>
at <other>
a <other>
current <other>
density <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
cm-2 <other>
in <other>
Li2O4S I-<MAT>
electrolyte I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
ease <other>
of <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
the <other>
superior <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
suggest <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
application <other>
for <other>
the <other>
TNT I-<MAT>
arrays I-<DSC>
- <other>
based <other>
material <other>
in <other>
energy I-<APL>
storage <APL>
field <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
impact <other>
of <other>
structural <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
ZrO2-Y2O3 I-<MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
crystals <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
directional I-<SMT>
crystallization <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
melt <other>
on <other>
their <other>
transport I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>


this <other>
work <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
correlation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
based <other>
solid I-<APL>
electrolytes <APL>
depending <other>
on <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
the <other>
stabilizing <other>
impurity <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
stabilized <other>
with <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
in <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
range <other>
of <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
( <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
twin I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
we <other>
determined <other>
for <other>
all <other>
concentrations <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
and <other>
impedance I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
was <other>
changed <other>
nonmonotonic <other>
, <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
two <other>
maxima <other>
of <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
ZrO2-3.2mol I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
and <other>
ZrO2-8mol I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
was <other>
established <other>
. <other>


we <other>
show <other>
that <other>
twin I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
do <other>
not <other>
trigger <other>
any <other>
additional <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
acceleration <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
in <other>
ZrO2-Y2O3 I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
highest <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
ZrO2-(8 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
10)mol <MAT>
% <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
containing <other>
the <other>
t'' I-<SPL>
phase <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
atoms <other>
are <other>
shifted <other>
from <other>
the <other>
high <other>
symmetry <other>
positions <other>
that <other>
are <other>
typical <other>
for <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


aminoclay I-<MAT>
: <other>
a <other>
permselective <other>
matrix <other>
to <other>
stabilize <other>
copper I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


air <other>
sensitive <other>
copper I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
stabilized <other>
using <other>
a <other>
water I-<PRO>
soluble <PRO>
aminoclay I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
aminoclay I-<MAT>
shows <other>
remarkable <other>
permselective I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
allowing <other>
only <other>
the <other>
ionic <other>
species <other>
to <other>
diffuse <other>
through <other>
it <other>
and <other>
react <other>
with <other>
copper I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
blocks <other>
the <other>
neutral <other>
molecule <other>
oxygen <other>
, <other>
thereby <other>
stabilizing <other>
the <other>
copper I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
against <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
for <other>
a <other>
longer <other>
period <other>
. <other>


tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
damage I-<PRO>
behaviors <PRO>
of <other>
csf I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
at <other>
elevated <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
containing <other>
a <other>
small <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
liquid <other>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
reinforced <other>
by <other>
pyrolytic I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
coated I-<SMT>
short <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
fiber I-<DSC>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
close <other>
to <other>
and <other>
above <other>
the <other>
solidus I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
tensile I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


microstructural I-<CMT>
observations <CMT>
and <other>
fractographic I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
reveal <other>
the <other>
damage I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
liquid <other>
. <other>


tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
decreased <other>
monotonously <other>
with <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
an <other>
exponential <other>
equation <other>
relating <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
to <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
liquid <other>
fraction <other>
was <other>
derived <other>
. <other>


the <other>
elongation <other>
increases <other>
monotonously <other>
with <other>
temperatures <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
( <other>
solidus I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
then <other>
decreases <other>
gradually <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
liquid <other>
except <other>
a <other>
trough <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
almost <other>
have <other>
no <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
and <other>
can <other>
not <other>
sustain <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
when <other>
the <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
liquid <other>
reaches <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
amount <other>
and <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
liquid <other>
phase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
directly <other>
determines <other>
their <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
damage I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


hematite I-<MAT>
nanodiscs I-<DSC>
exposing <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
facets <other>
: <other>
synthesis <other>
, <other>
formation I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
and <other>
application <other>
for <other>
Li I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>


<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
thick <other>
hematite I-<MAT>
nanodiscs I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
facile I-<SMT>
solvothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanodiscs I-<DSC>
follows <other>
the <other>
precipitation <other>
– <other>
dissolution <other>
– <other>
growth <other>
mechanism <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
facets <other>
are <other>
preferentially <other>
exposed <other>
since <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
facets <other>
are <other>
the <other>
densest <other>
and <other>
therefore <other>
most <other>
stable <other>
facets <other>
. <other>


In <other>
particular <other>
, <other>
outstanding <other>
rate I-<PRO>
and <other>
cycling I-<PRO>
capabilities <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
demonstrated <other>
for <other>
the <other>
nanodiscs I-<DSC>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reduced <other>
li+ I-<PRO>
diffusion <PRO>
distance <PRO>
and <other>
enhanced <other>
reactivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanosized I-<DSC>
structures <other>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
thick I-<DSC>
layered <DSC>
superconductive I-<PRO>
ceramic I-<DSC>
( <other>
BiPbSrCaCuO I-<MAT>
) <other>
/ <other>
metal <other>
composite I-<DSC>
strips <DSC>
by <other>
explosive I-<SMT>
cladding <SMT>
and <other>
rolling I-<SMT>


explosive I-<SMT>
cladding <SMT>
, <other>
subsequent <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
and <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
are <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
a <other>
composite I-<DSC>
( <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
) <other>
strip <other>
consisting <other>
of <other>
an <other>
intermediate <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
ceramic I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
BiPbSrCaCuO I-<MAT>
compound <other>
and <other>
two <other>
metal <other>
silver I-<MAT>
plates I-<DSC>
. <other>


macro- <other>
and <other>
micro- I-<PRO>
structural <PRO>
experimental <other>
observations <other>
regarding <other>
the <other>
quality <other>
of <other>
the <other>
product <other>
at <other>
the <other>
various <other>
stages <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
using <other>
optical I-<CMT>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
techniques <other>
, <other>
whilst <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
strips <DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
using <other>
ac I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
susceptibility <CMT>
techniques <other>
; <other>
preliminary <other>
dc I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resistivity <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
were <other>
made <other>
also <other>
to <other>
evaluate <other>
further <other>
the <other>
superconductive I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
. <other>


post-fabrication <other>
heat I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treatment <SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
improved <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
heat I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treated <SMT>
strips I-<DSC>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
residual <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
obtained <other>
after <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
, <other>
leading <other>
therefore <other>
to <other>
useful <other>
conculsions <other>
regarding <other>
the <other>
applicability <other>
of <other>
the <other>
fabricated <other>
composite I-<DSC>
plates <DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<APL>
and <other>
electronic I-<APL>
industries <APL>
. <other>


anomalous <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
transition <PRO>
sensing <PRO>
behaviors <PRO>
of <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
porous I-<DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
toward <other>
H2S I-<MAT>


porous I-<DSC>
urchin <DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
with <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
semiconducting <PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
used <other>
as <other>
gas I-<APL>
sensing <APL>
materials <other>
. <other>


interestingly <other>
, <other>
it <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
abnormal <other>
n I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
p <PRO>
transition <PRO>
sensing <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
induced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
working <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
p I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
n <PRO>
transition <PRO>
sensing <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
H2S <other>
concentration <other>
. <other>


large <other>
density <other>
of <other>
unstable <other>
surface I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
resulting <other>
from <other>
high <other>
surface I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
volume <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
would <other>
be <other>
beneficial <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
surface I-<DSC>
inversion I-<PRO>
layer <PRO>
and <other>
account <other>
for <other>
the <other>
n I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
p <PRO>
transition <PRO>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
sensor I-<APL>
showed <other>
good <other>
H2S I-<PRO>
sensing <PRO>
performances <PRO>
with <other>
short <other>
response I-<PRO>
/ <other>
recovery I-<PRO>
time <PRO>
within <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
s <other>
, <other>
and <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
detection I-<PRO>
limit <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
help <other>
us <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
the <other>
sensing I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
hint <other>
the <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
sensor I-<APL>
in <other>
monitoring I-<APL>
H2S <APL>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
for <other>
YBCO I-<MAT>
coated I-<SMT>
conductor I-<PRO>
on <other>
cube I-<DSC>
textured <DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>


In <other>
case <other>
of <other>
the <other>
cube I-<DSC>
textured <DSC>
( <other>
CUTE I-<DSC>
) <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
, <other>
recrystallization <other>
process <other>
of <other>
as-rolled I-<SMT>
Ag I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
in <other>
various <other>
atmosphere <other>
changed <other>
surface I-<PRO>
flatness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
was <other>
heated I-<SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
vacuum <other>
chamber <other>
with <other>
a <other>
oxygen <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
Torr <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
average <PRO>
roughness <PRO>
( <other>
Ra I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
was <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


then <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
was <other>
introduced <other>
into <other>
the <other>
vacuum <other>
chamber <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


after <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
pressure <other>
reached <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mTorr <other>
, <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
the <other>
CUTE I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
immediately <other>
. <other>


by <other>
reducing <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
to <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
, <other>
Ra I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
buffered I-<DSC>
CUTE <DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


kinetics <other>
of <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
solid I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
Cl3Cu4I2Rb I-<MAT>
by <other>
iodine <other>


In <other>
the <other>
solid I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
cell <APL>
, <other>
copper I-<MAT>
– <other>
Cl3Cu4I2Rb I-<MAT>
– <other>
I2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
glassy I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
EMF I-<PRO>
values <PRO>
at <other>
open <other>
circuit <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
time <other>
. <other>


iodine <other>
was <other>
generated <other>
through <other>
anodic I-<SMT>
electrochemical <SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
Cl3Cu4I2Rb I-<MAT>
and <other>
this <other>
iodine <other>
then <other>
further <other>
reacted <other>
with <other>
the <other>
fresh <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
. <other>


an <other>
equation <other>
was <other>
deduced <other>
which <other>
relates <other>
the <other>
EMF I-<PRO>
values <other>
to <other>
the <other>
iodine I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
glassy I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
slow <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
iodine <other>
in <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
product <other>
layer I-<DSC>
is <other>
a <other>
limiting <other>
step <other>
in <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
of <other>
iodine <other>
with <other>
Cl3Cu4I2Rb I-<MAT>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
compressed <other>
Cl3Cu4I2Rb I-<MAT>
sample <other>
investigated <other>
, <other>
the <other>
iodine I-<PRO>
diffusion <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
was <other>
calculated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
/ <other>
s <other>
. <other>


iodine I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
from <other>
the <other>
glassy I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
was <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
g <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
s <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Cl3Cu4I2Rb I-<MAT>
sample <other>
was <other>
equal <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
on <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
of <other>
selective I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
melted <SMT>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


the <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
texture <PRO>
of <other>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
produced <other>
by <other>
selective I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
melting <SMT>
( <other>
SLM I-<SMT>
) <other>
under <other>
various <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
densities <other>
was <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
backscatter <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
technique <other>
to <other>
explore <other>
its <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
in <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
depending <other>
on <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
density <other>
acts <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
role <other>
in <other>
determining <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
of <other>
SLMed I-<SMT>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
samples <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
SLMed I-<SMT>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
samples <other>
consists <other>
of <other>
fully <other>
martensites I-<SPL>
. <other>


As <other>
for <other>
the <other>
martensites I-<SPL>
, <other>
the <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
basal <other>
orientations <other>
decreases <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
content <other>
of <other>
prismatic <other>
orientations <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
density <other>
increasing <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
269J <other>
/ <other>
mm3 <other>
. <other>


and <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dominated <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
of <other>
martensites I-<SPL>
with <other>
the <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
density <other>
is <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
-0)[2 <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
-3]-(11 <other>
<nUm> <other>
-4)[ <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
-41]-(11 <other>
<nUm> <other>
-0)[1 <other>
<nUm> <other>
-01]-(11 <other>
<nUm> <other>
-0)[2 <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
] <other>
. <other>


there <other>
is <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
in <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
between <other>
horizontally <other>
and <other>
vertically <other>
built <other>
samples <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
more <other>
obvious <other>
with <other>
laser <other>
energy <other>
density <other>
. <other>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
such <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
is <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
schmid I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
values <other>
of <other>
the <other>
grains <other>
in <other>
the <other>
vertically <other>
built <other>
tensile <other>
samples <other>
than <other>
those <other>
in <other>
horizontally <other>
built <other>
ones <other>
. <other>


hydrothermal I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
nanosized I-<DSC>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
corresponding <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>


BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
fine I-<DSC>
powders <DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
, <other>
starting <other>
from <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
TiCl3+BaCl2 I-<MAT>
or <other>
TiO2+BaCl2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystallites I-<DSC>
is <other>
close <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
whatever <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
mixture <other>
and <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


these <other>
powders I-<DSC>
are <other>
well <other>
crystallized I-<PRO>
and <other>
constituted <other>
of <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
the <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
cubic I-<SPL>
and <other>
stable I-<PRO>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
phases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
after <other>
uniaxial I-<SMT>
pressing <SMT>
and <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
present <other>
high <other>
densification I-<PRO>
( <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
permittivity <PRO>
( <other>
er I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
strongly <other>
depend <other>
on <other>
the <other>
type <other>
of <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
source <other>
that <other>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
for <other>
preparing <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
and <other>
on <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
dwell <other>
time <other>
. <other>


particularly <other>
, <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
is <other>
shifted <other>
towards <other>
lower <other>
temperature <other>
when <other>
Cl3Ti I-<MAT>
is <other>
used <other>
. <other>


the <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
value <other>
at <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
of <other>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
reaches <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
with <other>
respectively <other>
Cl3Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
used <other>
as <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
source <other>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
micro-patterned I-<SMT>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
incorporating <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


A <other>
photosensitive I-<PRO>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
embedded <other>
with <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
from <other>
a <other>
Ti(OBu)4 I-<MAT>
– <other>
acetylacetone <other>
solution <other>
, <other>
containing <other>
dispersed <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
, <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


UV I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
visible <CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectra <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
obtained <other>
has <other>
two <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
bands <PRO>
, <other>
characteristic <other>
of <other>
the <other>
acetylacetone <other>
chelate <other>
rings <other>
and <other>
plasmon I-<PRO>
resonance <PRO>
from <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


after <other>
the <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
of <SMT>
UV <SMT>
light <SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
from <other>
the <other>
chelate <other>
rings <other>
almost <other>
disappeared <other>
, <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
structural <other>
changes <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
dissociation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
chelate <other>
rings <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
after <other>
the <other>
UV I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
broad <other>
absorption I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
IR I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
a <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
network <other>
was <other>
formed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
. <other>


HRTEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
were <other>
present <other>
and <other>
dispersed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
. <other>


micro-patterns I-<SMT>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
dots <other>
have <other>
been <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
UV I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
through <other>
a <other>
corresponding <other>
photomask I-<SMT>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
leaching I-<SMT>
. <other>


facile I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
prickly I-<DSC>
CoNi I-<MAT>
microwires I-<DSC>


novel <other>
prickly I-<DSC>
CoNi I-<MAT>
microwires I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
a <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
synthetic <SMT>
route <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
prepared <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
6h <other>
were <other>
made <other>
up <other>
of <other>
large <other>
– <other>
scale <other>
wire I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
assemblies <other>
with <other>
the <other>
diameter <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
length <other>
up <other>
to <other>
several <other>
dozens <other>
microns <other>
. <other>


these <other>
wires I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
hierarchical I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
constructed <other>
by <other>
thornlike I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
length <other>
of <other>
300-500 <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
wires I-<DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
adjusted <other>
by <other>
the <other>
HNaO <other>
contents <other>
in <other>
the <other>
system <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
hysteresis <CMT>
measurement <CMT>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
CoNi I-<MAT>
microwires I-<DSC>
displayed <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
behaviors <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
( <other>
ms I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
emu <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
and <other>
a <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
( <other>
hc I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
Oe <other>
. <other>


A <other>
two I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
four-fold <other>
symmetric <other>
MoO4Sr I-<MAT>
dendrite I-<DSC>


A <other>
variety <other>
of <other>
MoO4Sr I-<MAT>
morphologies I-<PRO>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
performing <other>
a <other>
solvothermal I-<SMT>
reaction <SMT>
in <other>
water <other>
– <other>
hexane <other>
bilayer <other>
solutions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
MoO4Sr I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
evolved <other>
from <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
bipyramidal <SPL>
to <other>
two I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
( <other>
2-D I-<DSC>
) <other>
four-fold <other>
symmetric <other>
dendrites I-<DSC>
as <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
the <other>
MoO42- I-<MAT>
ion <other>
to <other>
sr2+ <other>
ion <other>
reaction <other>
concentration <other>
ratio <other>
were <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
increased <other>
, <other>
the <other>
intensity <other>
ratio <other>
of <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
to <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
peaks <other>
increased <other>
dramatically <other>
, <other>
confirming <other>
that <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
changed <other>
from <other>
a <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
bipyramid <SPL>
to <other>
a <other>
2-D I-<DSC>
four-fold <other>
symmetric <other>
dendrite I-<DSC>
. <other>


each <other>
of <other>
the <other>
2-D I-<DSC>
four-fold <other>
symmetric <other>
MoO4Sr I-<MAT>
dendrites I-<DSC>
featured <other>
four <other>
long <other>
trunks <other>
along <other>
the <other>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
> <other>
directions <other>
and <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
two <other>
branches <other>
perpendicular <other>
to <other>
the <other>
trunk <other>
. <other>


A <other>
possible <other>
crystal <other>
growth <other>
mechanism <other>
for <other>
the <other>
2-D I-<DSC>
four-fold <other>
symmetric <other>
dendrites I-<DSC>
was <other>
proposed <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
crystallographic <other>
evidence <other>
. <other>


phase I-<CMT>
field <CMT>
simulations <CMT>
of <other>
ferroelectrics I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
structures <PRO>
in <other>
PbZr I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
ti1- <MAT>
x <MAT>
O3 <MAT>
bilayers I-<DSC>


domain I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
and <other>
structures I-<PRO>
in <other>
O30Pb10Ti7Zr3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O30Pb10Ti3Zr7 I-<MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
under <other>
different <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
strains <other>
are <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
the <other>
phase I-<CMT>
field <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
is <other>
very <other>
different <other>
from <other>
those <other>
of <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
single I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
the <other>
same <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
with <other>
an <other>
incoherent <other>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
predicted <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
domains I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
O30Pb10Ti3Zr7 I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
have <other>
smaller <other>
sizes <other>
than <other>
those <other>
in <other>
the <other>
single I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
case <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
are <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
experimental <other>
observations <other>
and <other>
previous <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
analyses <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
polarization I-<PRO>
distributions <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
– <other>
paraelectric I-<PRO>
bilayer I-<DSC>
are <other>
analyzed <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
, <other>
where <other>
there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
“ <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
proximity <PRO>
effect <PRO>
” <other>
due <other>
to <other>
dipole I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
dipole <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagrams <PRO>
for <other>
both <other>
the <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
films <DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
effective <other>
in-plane <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
strain <other>
are <other>
constructed <other>
. <other>


feasibility <other>
of <other>
producing <other>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
for <other>
engineering I-<APL>
application <APL>
by <other>
powder I-<SMT>
compact <SMT>
extrusion <SMT>
of <other>
blended <other>
elemental <other>
powder I-<DSC>
mixtures <other>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
two <other>
different <other>
powder I-<SMT>
compact <SMT>
extrusion <SMT>
processes <other>
were <other>
explored <other>
to <other>
rapidly <other>
produce <other>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
from <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
mixture <other>
of <other>
hydride <other>
- <other>
dehydride <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
, <other>
Al-V I-<MAT>
master <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
and <other>
elemental <other>
Al I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-extruded I-<DSC>
Ti-6Al-4V I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
could <other>
achieve <other>
the <other>
yield I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
, <other>
the <other>
ultimate I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
and <other>
an <other>
elongation I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
fracture <PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
which <other>
could <other>
meet <other>
the <other>
requirements <other>
of <other>
most <other>
engineering I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
stabilized <MAT>
zirconia <MAT>
electrolyte I-<APL>


yttria I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
stabilized <MAT>
zirconia <MAT>
( <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
) <other>
electrolytes I-<APL>
with <other>
diverse <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
using <other>
nano-size I-<DSC>
O52Y4Zr23 I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
as <other>
precursors <other>
through <other>
conventional <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrolytes I-<APL>
were <other>
tested <other>
by <other>
AC I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
to <other>
elucidate <other>
the <other>
contribution <other>
of <other>
intragranular I-<PRO>
and <other>
intergranular I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
to <other>
the <other>
total <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
intragranular I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
intergranular I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
were <other>
correlated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
to <other>
interpret <other>
the <other>
transportation <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
ions <other>
through <other>
the <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
intragranular I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
dominated <other>
mainly <other>
by <other>
the <other>
relative <other>
density I-<PRO>
while <other>
the <other>
intergranular I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
strongly <other>
depended <other>
on <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
area <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
and <other>
isothermal <other>
time <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
reached <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
S <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
at <other>
a <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
S <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
at <other>
a <other>
holding <other>
time <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
when <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


concepts <other>
for <other>
improving <other>
the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
electrolyte I-<APL>
were <other>
reviewed <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
p-CdTe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
n-CdS I-<MAT>
hetero I-<APL>
- <APL>
junctions <APL>


nano-crystalline I-<DSC>
CdTe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
hetero I-<APL>
- <APL>
junctions <APL>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
evaporation <SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
to <other>
get <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
compound <other>
films I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
optimized <other>
. <other>


the <other>
grown <other>
hetero I-<APL>
- <APL>
junctions <APL>
have <other>
been <other>
characterized <other>
for <other>
their <other>
I I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
. <other>


analysis <other>
of <other>
I I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
V <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
made <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
in <other>
p-CdTe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
n-CdS I-<MAT>
hetero I-<APL>
- <APL>
junction <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
telluride <MAT>
and <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
computed <other>
from <other>
the <other>
study <other>
of <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
with <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
study <other>
, <other>
band I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
for <other>
p-CdTe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
n-CdS I-<MAT>
hetero I-<APL>
- <APL>
junction <APL>
has <other>
been <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
high <other>
- <other>
density I-<PRO>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanodots I-<DSC>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
method <other>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanodots I-<DSC>
can <other>
hopefully <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
optical I-<APL>
devices <APL>
, <other>
high <other>
performance <other>
sensor I-<APL>
and <other>
highly <other>
active <other>
catalyst I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanodots I-<DSC>
with <other>
small <other>
dot I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
dot I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
on <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
becomes <other>
increasingly <other>
significant <other>
since <other>
small <other>
dot I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
can <other>
guarantee <other>
quantum <other>
effects <other>
and <other>
high <other>
activity I-<PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
high <other>
dot I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
can <other>
provide <other>
a <other>
basis <other>
for <other>
miniaturizing I-<APL>
devices <APL>
and <other>
increasing <other>
performance I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
letter <other>
, <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanodots I-<DSC>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
“ I-<SMT>
microscopic <SMT>
mass <SMT>
- <SMT>
point <SMT>
addition <SMT>
” <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
images <other>
and <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
profiles <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
pure <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanodots I-<DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
( <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
) <other>
could <other>
be <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
average <other>
dot I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
could <other>
be <other>
adjusted <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
by <other>
temperature <other>
control <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanodots I-<DSC>
have <other>
great <other>
potential <other>
applications <other>
in <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
related <other>
devices <other>
. <other>


nanostructured I-<DSC>
CHf I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
CSi <MAT>
composites I-<CMT>
prepared <other>
by <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
energy <SMT>
ball <SMT>
- <SMT>
milling <SMT>
and <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
spark <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>


A <other>
novel <other>
route <other>
combining <other>
the <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
spark <SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
R-SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>
and <other>
HfSi2-C I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
was <other>
proposed <other>
for <other>
fabricating <other>
dense <other>
and <other>
nano-structured I-<DSC>
CHf I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
CSi <MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


ultra-fine <other>
and <other>
homogeneously <other>
distributed <other>
CHf I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
and <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
grains <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
after <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
molecular <other>
- <other>
level <other>
homogeneity <other>
of <other>
Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
Hf I-<MAT>
in <other>
HfSi2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
energy <SMT>
ball <SMT>
- <SMT>
milling <SMT>
of <other>
raw <other>
powders I-<DSC>
and <other>
low <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
by <other>
R-SPS I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
was <other>
improved <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
because <other>
of <other>
the <other>
homogeneous <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
CHf I-<MAT>
and <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
grains <other>
and <other>
consequent <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
crack I-<PRO>
deflection <PRO>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
geometric I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
CoO(100) I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
studied <other>
by <other>
angle I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolved <CMT>
photoemission <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>


we <other>
have <other>
prepared <other>
ordered <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
CoO I-<MAT>
by <other>
evaporating <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
in <other>
an <other>
O <other>
atmosphere <other>
on <other>
to <other>
a <other>
heated I-<SMT>
( <other>
500K <other>
) <other>
Ag(100) I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
geometric I-<PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
AED I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
angle I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolved <CMT>
photoemission <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
ARUPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
AED I-<CMT>
results <other>
were <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
simulated <other>
data <other>
, <other>
which <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
grows <other>
in <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
orientation <other>
on <other>
the <other>
Ag(100) I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


synchrotron I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
radiation <CMT>
- <CMT>
induced <CMT>
photoemission <CMT>
investigations <other>
were <other>
performed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
photon <other>
energy <other>
range <other>
from <other>
25eV <other>
to <other>
67eV <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dispersion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transitions <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
previous <other>
results <other>
on <other>
a <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
CoO(100) I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
resonance I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
photoemission I-<CMT>
lines <other>
in <other>
the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
band <PRO>
region <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
constant-initial-state I-<CMT>
( <CMT>
CIS <CMT>
) <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
implications <other>
of <other>
this <other>
behaviour <other>
for <other>
assignment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
photoemission I-<CMT>
lines <other>
to <other>
specific <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
transitions <PRO>
is <other>
discussed <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
published <other>
theoretical <other>
models <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
tetravalent <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
ions <other>
substitution <other>
on <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zn <MAT>
ferrites <MAT>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
spinel I-<SPL>
ferrites I-<MAT>
with <other>
composition <other>
Co0.4Zn0.6+XTiXFe2-2XO4 I-<MAT>
, <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
standard <other>
ceramic I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
ions <other>
substitution <other>
on <other>
their <other>
AC I-<PRO>
electrical <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
at <other>
different <other>
frequencies <other>
and <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
decreases <other>
as <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
ions <other>
substitution <other>
increases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
were <other>
explained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
polaron I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
were <other>
explained <other>
with <other>
the <other>
aid <other>
of <other>
rezlescu I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
and <other>
koops I-<CMT>
phenomenological <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


multistage I-<SMT>
strain <SMT>
aging <SMT>
of <other>
low-carbon I-<MAT>
steels <MAT>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
study <other>
, <other>
a <other>
new <other>
multistage I-<CMT>
torsion <CMT>
test <CMT>
was <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
solute <other>
level <other>
and <other>
interpass <other>
time <other>
( <other>
IPT <other>
) <other>
on <other>
static I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
aging <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
objective <other>
of <other>
the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
was <other>
to <other>
study <other>
strain I-<SMT>
aging <SMT>
under <other>
conditions <other>
closer <other>
to <other>
actual <other>
wire I-<DSC>
drawing I-<SMT>
( <other>
i.e. <other>
large <other>
strains <other>
, <other>
high <other>
strain <other>
rates <other>
and <other>
multistage I-<SMT>
strain <SMT>
aging <SMT>
) <other>
using <other>
torsional I-<SMT>
deformation <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
torsion I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
allowed <other>
for <other>
a <other>
rapid <other>
, <other>
accurate <other>
and <other>
controlled <other>
method <other>
to <other>
simulate <other>
a <other>
range <other>
of <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
subsequent <other>
testing <other>
of <other>
the <other>
metallurgical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
. <other>


the <other>
multistage I-<CMT>
torsion <CMT>
test <CMT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
the <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
multistage I-<SMT>
strain <SMT>
aging <SMT>
in <other>
low-carbon I-<MAT>
steels <MAT>
under <other>
conditions <other>
of <other>
large <other>
strain <other>
and <other>
high <other>
strain <other>
rate <other>
. <other>


major <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
the <other>
multistage I-<CMT>
torsion <CMT>
flow <CMT>
stress <CMT>
– <CMT>
strain <CMT>
curves <CMT>
reported <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
include <other>
: <other>
( <other>
i <other>
) <other>
pronounced <other>
upper <other>
yield I-<PRO>
points <PRO>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
strength I-<PRO>
increments <PRO>
( <other>
DY I-<PRO>
) <other>
after <other>
each <other>
aging I-<SMT>
step <other>
indicative <other>
of <other>
static I-<SMT>
strain <SMT>
aging <SMT>
; <other>
( <other>
ii <other>
) <other>
high <other>
initial <other>
work I-<SMT>
hardening <SMT>
rates <other>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
very <other>
low <other>
work I-<SMT>
hardening <SMT>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
DY I-<PRO>
; <other>
and <other>
( <other>
iii <other>
) <other>
serrated <other>
flow <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
higher <other>
indicative <other>
of <other>
dynamic I-<SMT>
strain <SMT>
aging <SMT>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
in <other>
general <other>
multistage I-<SMT>
strain <SMT>
aging <SMT>
was <other>
detrimental <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ductility I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
also <other>
found <other>
that <other>
strain I-<SMT>
aging <SMT>
was <other>
in <other>
itself <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
the <other>
strain I-<SMT>
aging <SMT>
history <other>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
, <other>
decreasing <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
prior <other>
strain I-<SMT>
aging <SMT>
. <other>


hydrothermal I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
and <other>
resistive I-<PRO>
switching <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
O3W I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoO4W I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
– <DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanowires <DSC>


high <other>
quality <other>
O3W I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoO4W I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
– <DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanowires <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


bipolar I-<PRO>
resistive <PRO>
switching <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
[ <other>
O3W I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoO4W I-<MAT>
] <other>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
device <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
device <other>
can <other>
maintain <other>
superior <other>
stability I-<PRO>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
with <other>
an <other>
OFF I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
ON <PRO>
- <PRO>
state <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
physical <other>
model <other>
of <other>
conducting I-<PRO>
filament <PRO>
formation <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
ions <other>
along <other>
the <other>
O3W I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CoO4W I-<MAT>
core I-<DSC>
– <DSC>
shell <DSC>
nanowires <DSC>
at <other>
high <other>
electric <other>
field <other>
has <other>
been <other>
suggested <other>
to <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
bipolar I-<PRO>
resistive <PRO>
switching <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
for <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
shape I-<PRO>
memory <PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
( <other>
GS I-<PRO>
) <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
for <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
shape I-<PRO>
memory <PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
experiments <other>
. <other>


amorphous I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
with <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
debris <other>
is <other>
fabricated <other>
via <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
rolling <SMT>
and <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
with <other>
average <other>
GS I-<PRO>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
is <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
are <other>
quantified <other>
by <other>
macroscopic I-<CMT>
isothermal <CMT>
tension <CMT>
and <other>
microscopic I-<CMT>
nanoindentation <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
first <other>
decreases <other>
( <other>
for <other>
GS I-<PRO>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
and <other>
then <other>
increases <other>
( <other>
for <other>
GS I-<PRO>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
with <other>
GS I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
nano-scale <other>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
non-monotonic <other>
GS I-<PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
originates <other>
from <other>
the <other>
combined <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
volume <other>
fractions <other>
of <other>
austenite I-<SPL>
, <other>
martensite I-<SPL>
and <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
phase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
material <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
also <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
GS I-<PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
monotonically <other>
decreases <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reduced <other>
nominal <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
stress <PRO>
and <other>
plastic I-<PRO>
yielding <PRO>
stress <PRO>
. <other>


such <other>
GS I-<PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
utilized <other>
for <other>
rapid <other>
determination <other>
of <other>
GS I-<PRO>
in <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
NiTi I-<MAT>
via <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
hardness <CMT>
test <CMT>
. <other>


photoluminescence I-<CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
GeSi I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
well <DSC>
broadening <other>
by <other>
rapid I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
annealing <SMT>


photoluminescence I-<CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
measure <other>
the <other>
broadening <other>
of <other>
thin <other>
( <other>
t <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
̊ <other>
) <other>
GeSi I-<MAT>
quantum I-<APL>
wells <APL>
( <other>
QW I-<APL>
) <other>
under <other>
typical <other>
RTA <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


an <other>
anneal I-<SMT>
time <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
s <other>
and <other>
temperatures <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
were <other>
used <other>
. <other>


“ <other>
No <other>
phonon <other>
” <other>
GeSi I-<MAT>
transition I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
shifts <other>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
meV <other>
are <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


results <other>
are <other>
analyzed <other>
taking <other>
into <other>
account <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
diffusion <other>
during <other>
growth <other>
, <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
QW I-<APL>
bandgap I-<PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
intermixing <other>
and <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
confinement <PRO>
. <other>


interdiffusivity I-<PRO>
values <other>
showing <other>
an <other>
arrhenius I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
an <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


bismuth I-<MAT>
nanodendrites I-<DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
high <other>
performance <other>
electrocatalyst I-<APL>
for <other>
selective I-<APL>
conversion <APL>
of <APL>
CO2 <APL>
to <APL>
formate <APL>


A <other>
nanostructured I-<DSC>
bismuth I-<MAT>
dendrite I-<DSC>
catalyst I-<APL>
was <other>
designed <other>
and <other>
directly <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
treated <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
paper <other>
using <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
electrochemical I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


it <other>
exhibits <other>
an <other>
excellent <other>
performance <other>
for <other>
efficient <other>
CO2 I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
to <other>
formate <other>
, <other>
achieving <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
faradaic I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
with <other>
a <other>
current I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
cm-2 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
catalyst I-<APL>
is <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
stable <other>
during <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
of <other>
continuous <other>
electrolysis <other>
. <other>


all <other>
electrochemical I-<SMT>
fabrication <SMT>
of <other>
a <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
membrane <DSC>
composed <other>
of <other>
nanotubular I-<DSC>
photocatalyst I-<APL>
and <other>
palladium I-<MAT>
toward <other>
high <other>
- <other>
purity <other>
hydrogen I-<APL>
production <APL>


we <other>
developed <other>
an <other>
all I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
electrochemical <SMT>
technique <SMT>
for <other>
fabricating <other>
a <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>
of <other>
a <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanotube I-<DSC>
array <DSC>
( <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
a <other>
palladium I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
( <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
membrane I-<DSC>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
works <other>
for <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
high <APL>
- <APL>
purity <APL>
hydrogen <APL>
production <APL>
. <other>


electroless I-<SMT>
plating <SMT>
was <other>
used <other>
for <other>
depositing <other>
the <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
anodizing I-<SMT>
a <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
foil I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
3-mm-thick <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
membrane I-<DSC>
without <other>
any <other>
pinholes <other>
in <other>
a <other>
1.5-cm-diameter <other>
area <other>
was <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
transferring <other>
a <other>
1-mm-thick <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
onto <other>
an <other>
electroless I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
plated <SMT>
2-mm-thick <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
peel <SMT>
- <SMT>
off <SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


this <other>
ultrathin I-<DSC>
membrane <DSC>
with <other>
sufficient <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
robustness <PRO>
showed <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
H <APL>
production <APL>
via <other>
methanol I-<APL>
reforming <APL>
under <other>
ultraviolet <other>
illumination <other>
on <other>
the <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
side <other>
, <other>
immediately <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
purification <other>
of <other>
the <other>
generated <other>
H <other>
gas <other>
through <other>
the <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
hydrogen I-<PRO>
production <PRO>
rate <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
apparent <other>
quantum <other>
yield <other>
for <other>
high <other>
- <other>
purity <other>
H I-<APL>
production <APL>
from <other>
methanol <other>
/ <other>
water <other>
mixture <other>
with <other>
the <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
membrane I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
examined <other>
. <other>


this <other>
work <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
palladium I-<MAT>
electroless I-<SMT>
plating <SMT>
is <other>
more <other>
suitable <other>
and <other>
practical <other>
for <other>
preparing <other>
a <other>
well <other>
- <other>
organized <other>
TNA I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
heterointerface I-<DSC>
than <other>
palladium I-<MAT>
sputter I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
processing <other>
technique <other>
for <other>
copper I-<MAT>
– <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
multifilamentary I-<DSC>
nanocomposite <DSC>
wire <DSC>
: <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>


copper I-<MAT>
– <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
are <other>
used <other>
and <other>
under <other>
investigations <other>
for <other>
various <other>
applications <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reported <other>
manufacturing <other>
methods <other>
are <other>
diverse <other>
, <other>
but <other>
no <other>
process <other>
is <other>
available <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
a <other>
multifilamentary <other>
copper I-<MAT>
– <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
wire I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
large <other>
number <other>
of <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
filaments I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
new <other>
processing <other>
route <other>
is <other>
described <other>
which <other>
allows <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
such <other>
composite I-<DSC>
with <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
millions <other>
of <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
filaments I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
copper I-<MAT>
wire I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
resulting <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
presented <other>
and <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


temperature <other>
and <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
effects <other>
on <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
xTi <MAT>
– <MAT>
yC <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
in <other>
sulphuric <other>
acid <other>
solution <other>


In <other>
this <other>
study <other>
, <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
ternary <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
xTi <MAT>
– <MAT>
yC <MAT>
in <other>
aerated <other>
<nUm> <other>
m <other>
H2O4S <other>
using <other>
potentiodynamic I-<CMT>
polarization <CMT>
, <other>
linear I-<CMT>
polarization <CMT>
resistance <CMT>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
techniques <other>
is <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
characterization <other>
is <other>
done <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometry <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
coupled <other>
with <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
( <other>
EDAX I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


all <other>
the <other>
studied <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
are <other>
less <other>
resistant <other>
to <other>
corrosion <other>
in <other>
the <other>
considered <other>
solution <other>
as <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
rising <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
results <other>
also <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
is <other>
not <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
content <other>
but <other>
is <other>
related <other>
on <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
phases <other>
present <other>
on <other>
metal <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
3Ti <MAT>
– <MAT>
2C <MAT>
has <other>
a <other>
better <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
and <other>
interesting <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
uniform <other>
superficial <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
a-Ti I-<MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetocaloric I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
on <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
stoichiometry <PRO>
in <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
la2 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Ba1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3MnO3 <MAT>
– <MAT>
δ <MAT>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
perovskites I-<SPL>
la2 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Ba1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3MnO3-d <MAT>
with <other>
different <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
d(0d0.10) <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
modified <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
and <other>
their <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
and <other>
magnetocaloric I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


A <other>
close <other>
relationship <other>
is <other>
confirmed <other>
to <other>
hold <other>
between <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
stoichiometry <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
entropy <PRO>
change <other>
is <other>
in <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
kgK <other>
and <other>
peaks <other>
at <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
for <other>
la2 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Ba1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3MnO3 <MAT>
upon <other>
10kOe <other>
applied <other>
field <other>
change <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
, <other>
a <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
entropy <PRO>
change <other>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


high <other>
temperature <other>
proton I-<CMT>
NMR <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
barium I-<MAT>
cerates <MAT>


the <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
protons <PRO>
in <other>
BaCe1-xYxO3-d I-<MAT>
perovskite I-<SPL>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
1H I-<CMT>
NMR <CMT>
spin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
lattice <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
time <PRO>
( <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
ac I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
measurements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
was <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
absolute <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
shows <other>
a <other>
complex <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
doping I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
shape <other>
of <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
was <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
the <other>
doping I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
the <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
major <other>
differences <other>
of <other>
the <other>
proton I-<PRO>
hopping <PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
on <other>
doping <other>
level <other>
of <other>
this <other>
material <other>
. <other>


the <other>
measured <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
was <other>
well <other>
reproduced <other>
by <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
hopping I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
using <other>
correlation I-<PRO>
times <PRO>
of <PRO>
proton <PRO>
migration <PRO>
and <other>
proton I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
estimated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
measurement <other>
. <other>


optical I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
tunneling <other>
in <other>
double I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
diodes <APL>


we <other>
describe <other>
time I-<CMT>
integrated <CMT>
and <CMT>
time <CMT>
resolved <CMT>
photoluminescence <CMT>
measurements <other>
made <other>
on <other>
symmetric <other>
and <other>
asymmetric <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAs I-<MAT>
double I-<APL>
barrier <APL>
resonant <APL>
tunneling <APL>
diodes <APL>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
explore <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
intensity <other>
arising <other>
from <other>
recombination <other>
in <other>
the <other>
quantum I-<APL>
well <APL>
in <other>
our <other>
structures <other>
is <other>
a <other>
complicated <other>
function <other>
of <other>
bias <other>
being <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
details <other>
of <other>
both <other>
electron <other>
and <other>
photogenerated I-<PRO>
hole <PRO>
transport <PRO>
through <other>
the <other>
emitter I-<APL>
and <other>
collector I-<APL>
barriers I-<PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
hole I-<PRO>
dynamics <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
collector I-<APL>
depletion I-<PRO>
region <PRO>
. <other>


features <other>
attributable <other>
to <other>
resonant I-<PRO>
hole <PRO>
tunneling <PRO>
are <other>
apparent <other>
in <other>
the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
intensity <other>
with <other>
bias <other>
. <other>


under <other>
high <other>
intensity <other>
photoexcitation <other>
a <other>
substantial <other>
hole I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
can <other>
develop <other>
which <other>
reveals <other>
itself <other>
through <other>
additional <other>
features <other>
in <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
bias <PRO>
characteristic <PRO>
. <other>


interface I-<DSC>
tailoring <other>
for <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


we <other>
have <other>
explored <other>
the <other>
suitability <other>
and <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
interface I-<DSC>
tailoring <other>
as <other>
a <other>
tool <other>
for <other>
enhancing <other>
the <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
of <other>
hydrogen I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
free <DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
( <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
to <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
application <other>
of <other>
an <other>
initial <other>
high I-<SMT>
energy <SMT>
carbon <SMT>
ion <SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
phase <other>
that <other>
formed <other>
a <other>
broad <other>
Si I-<MAT>
– <other>
C I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
of <other>
gradually <other>
changing <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
C <MAT>
composition I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
interface I-<PRO>
depth <PRO>
profile <PRO>
was <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
the <other>
TRIDYN I-<CMT>
simulation <CMT>
program <CMT>
, <other>
revealing <other>
a <other>
gradient <other>
of <other>
carbon I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
including <other>
a <other>
region <other>
with <other>
the <other>
stoichiometry I-<PRO>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
. <other>


DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
, <other>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
interface I-<DSC>
tailoring <other>
, <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
scratch I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
results <other>
indicated <other>
sp3 I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
carbon <PRO>
bonding <PRO>
content <PRO>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
broadened <other>
Si I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
C <MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
as <other>
formed <other>
here <other>
significantly <other>
enhances <other>
the <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
of <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
to <other>
the <other>
underlying <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


Cr(III) I-<MAT>
exchange <other>
on <other>
zeolites I-<MAT>
obtained <other>
from <other>
kaolin I-<MAT>
and <other>
natural <other>
mordenite I-<MAT>


zeolites I-<MAT>
with <other>
high <other>
Cr(III) I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
capacity <PRO>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
from <other>
kaolin I-<MAT>
and <other>
natural <other>
mordenite I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
intermediate <other>
phases <other>
and <other>
final <other>
products <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
thermogravimetric I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
, <other>
N I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
adsorption <CMT>
and <other>
chromium I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
capacity <PRO>
( <other>
CrEC I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
precise <other>
zeolitic <other>
phases <other>
were <other>
identified <other>
using <other>
the <other>
TOPAS I-<CMT>
program <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinement <CMT>
. <other>


hydrothermal I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
from <other>
kaolin I-<MAT>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
zeolites-X I-<MAT>
and <other>
A <other>
. <other>


At <other>
higher <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
period <other>
, <other>
zeolite-X I-<MAT>
( <other>
space <other>
group <other>
fd-3 I-<SPL>
) <other>
appears <other>
as <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
synthesis <other>
from <other>
natural <other>
mordenite I-<MAT>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
zeolite-Y I-<MAT>
( <other>
fd-3m I-<SPL>
) <other>
and <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
zeolite-P2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
pnma I-<SPL>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
is <other>
formed <other>
, <other>
obtaining <other>
a <other>
more <other>
pure <other>
zeolite-P I-<MAT>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
reaction <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
the <other>
course <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystallization <other>
/ <other>
transformation <other>
process <other>
in <other>
both <other>
systems <other>
are <other>
explained <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
differences <other>
in <other>
the <other>
dissolution I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
in <other>
alkaline <other>
medium <other>
. <other>


the <other>
CrEC I-<PRO>
of <other>
synthesis <other>
products <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
type <other>
of <other>
zeolite I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
phase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
solid <other>
product <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
CrEC I-<PRO>
is <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
synthesis <other>
products <other>
containing <other>
FAU <other>
- <other>
type <other>
zeolites I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
exchange <other>
on <other>
FAU I-<MAT>
zeolites <MAT>
is <other>
favored <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
larger <other>
pore <other>
opening <other>
, <other>
which <other>
facilitates <other>
the <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
large <other>
hydrated <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
ions <other>
into <other>
the <other>
internal <other>
cation <other>
exchange <other>
sites <other>
. <other>


synthesized <other>
zeolite I-<MAT>
products <other>
presented <other>
higher <other>
Cr(III) I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
capacity <PRO>
than <other>
commercial <other>
zeolites I-<MAT>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
these <other>
synthesized <other>
materials <other>
in <other>
Cr(III) I-<APL>
removal <APL>
from <other>
industrial <other>
wastewater <other>
could <other>
be <other>
promising <other>
. <other>


pressure <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
and <other>
optical I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
in <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
NS I-<MAT>


raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
and <other>
optical I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
in <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
NS I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
both <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
pressure <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


polarized <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
raman I-<CMT>
data <other>
were <other>
also <other>
obtained <other>
as <other>
an <other>
aid <other>
in <other>
the <other>
assignment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
raman I-<SMT>
active <other>
phonons <other>
. <other>


the <other>
pressure I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
active <other>
external <other>
and <other>
S-S I-<PRO>
stretching <PRO>
modes <PRO>
show <other>
a <other>
discontinuity <other>
near <other>
<nUm> <other>
kbar <other>
indicative <other>
of <other>
a <other>
second <other>
order <other>
phase <other>
change <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
edge <PRO>
at <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
of <other>
a <other>
sublimed <other>
film I-<DSC>
of <other>
NS I-<MAT>
shows <other>
red <other>
shifts <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
bar-1 <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
K-1 <other>
with <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
light <other>
of <other>
these <other>
results <other>
, <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
, <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


temperature <other>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
– <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
co-substituted I-<DSC>
magnesium I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
nanomaterials I-<DSC>


the <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
composition I-<PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
co-substituted I-<DSC>
magnesium I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
, <other>
Mg1-xCoxCrxFe2-xO4 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
novel <other>
polyethylene I-<SMT>
glycol <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
microemulsion <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
are <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesized <other>
materials <other>
are <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectrometer <CMT>
and <other>
standard <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


major <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
loops <PRO>
are <other>
measured <other>
up <other>
to <other>
the <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
of <other>
50kOe <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
100K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
high <other>
field <other>
regimes <other>
of <other>
these <other>
loops <other>
are <other>
modeled <other>
using <other>
the <other>
law I-<CMT>
of <CMT>
approach <CMT>
to <CMT>
saturation <CMT>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
first I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
order <PRO>
cubic <PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
and <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
. <other>


both <other>
the <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
are <other>
observed <other>
to <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
temperature <other>
for <other>
all <other>
Co I-<MAT>
– <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
co-substitution <other>
levels <other>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
both <other>
the <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
achieved <other>
maximum <other>
value <other>
at <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


explanation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
behavior <other>
is <other>
proposed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
the <other>
site I-<PRO>
occupancy <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
co-substituent <other>
, <other>
co2+ <other>
and <other>
cr3+ <other>
in <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
spinel <SPL>
lattice <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
thickness <other>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
sandwich I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


the <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
sandwich I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
RF I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
of <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
ion I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
beam <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
thickness <other>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
measurements <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
and <other>
have <other>
a <other>
preferred <other>
orientation <other>
with <other>
the <other>
c-axis <other>
perpendicular <other>
to <other>
the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
with <other>
upper <other>
and <other>
under <other>
GZO I-<MAT>
thickness <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
it <other>
owns <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
figure I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
merit <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-2 <other>
O-1 <other>
with <other>
a <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-5 <other>
ocm <other>
and <other>
an <other>
average <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
is <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
post <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
. <other>


comparing <other>
with <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
sandwich <DSC>
film <DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
has <other>
a <other>
remarkable <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
sandwich I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
/ <other>
sq <other>
and <other>
a <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
figure I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
merit <PRO>
achieved <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-2 <other>
O-1 <other>
. <other>


A <other>
comparative <other>
approach <other>
to <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
of <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
/ <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
powders <DSC>
using <other>
different <other>
precipitants <other>


alumina I-<MAT>
/ <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
as <other>
an <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
aluminum <MAT>
garnet I-<SPL>
( <other>
YAG I-<MAT>
) <other>
precursor <other>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
partial I-<SMT>
wet <SMT>
route <SMT>
using <other>
urea <other>
and <other>
ammonium <other>
hydrogen <other>
carbonate <other>
( <other>
AHC <other>
) <other>
as <other>
precipitants <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
products <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
field I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
urea <other>
produced <other>
very <other>
tiny <other>
spherical <other>
Y I-<MAT>
- <other>
compounds <other>
with <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
Y2(CO3)3*nH2O I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
attracted <other>
to <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
and <other>
consequently <other>
, <other>
a <other>
core I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
shell <PRO>
structure <PRO>
was <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


the <other>
use <other>
of <other>
ammonium <other>
hydrogen <other>
carbonate <other>
produced <other>
sheets I-<DSC>
of <other>
Y I-<MAT>
- <other>
compounds <other>
with <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
CHO4Y I-<MAT>
covering <other>
the <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
fine I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
grained <PRO>
YAG I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
( <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
, <other>
presenting <other>
a <other>
non-negligible <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
RIT I-<PRO>
at <other>
IR <other>
range <other>
) <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>
of <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
- <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
the <other>
urea <other>
system <other>
. <other>


this <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
transmission I-<PRO>
was <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
only <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
specimen <other>
without <other>
any <other>
colloidal <other>
forming <other>
process <other>
before <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
or <other>
adding <other>
any <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
aids <other>
or <other>
dopant <other>
elements <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
of <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
- <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
AHC I-<SMT>
system <other>
, <other>
an <other>
opaque I-<PRO>
YAG I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
and <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
coating I-<APL>


this <other>
paper <other>
systematically <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
and <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
deposited <other>
by <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
spraying <SMT>
technology <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
comparatively <other>
analyzed <other>
their <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
surface I-<PRO>
free <PRO>
energies <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
typical <other>
stratification I-<PRO>
and <other>
precipitated <other>
a <other>
new <other>
phase <other>
of <other>
Cr44O75Ti6 I-<MAT>
in <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
a <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
increased <other>
firstly <other>
and <other>
then <other>
decreased <other>
as <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
increased <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
added <other>
into <other>
the <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
had <other>
an <other>
obvious <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
micro-hardness I-<PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
also <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
friction I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
decreased <other>
as <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
free <PRO>
energy <PRO>
decreased <other>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
and <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
NTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
from <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
in <other>
both <other>
rock I-<SPL>
salt <SPL>
( <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
) <other>
and <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
( <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
) <other>
structures <other>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
within <other>
the <other>
generalized I-<CMT>
gradient <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
. <other>


an <other>
efficient <other>
strain I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
stress <CMT>
method <CMT>
is <other>
employed <other>
to <other>
calculate <other>
the <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
elastic I-<PRO>
stiffness <PRO>
constants <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
aggregates <other>
including <other>
bulk I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
( <other>
B I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
shear I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
( <other>
g I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
poisson I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
are <other>
also <other>
determined <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
and <other>
theoretical <other>
results <other>
available <other>
in <other>
the <other>
literature <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
from <other>
rock I-<SPL>
salt <SPL>
to <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
occurs <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
for <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
and <other>
-21.0 <other>
GPa <other>
for <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
at <other>
0K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
predicted <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
stiffness <PRO>
constants <PRO>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
volume <other>
except <other>
for <other>
the <other>
c44 I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
B I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
g <PRO>
ratios <PRO>
, <other>
we <other>
predict <other>
the <other>
ductile I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
for <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
NTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
nature <other>
for <other>
the <other>
others <other>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
rock I-<SPL>
salt <SPL>
NTi I-<MAT>
, <other>
rock I-<SPL>
salt <SPL>
AlN I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
AlN I-<MAT>
. <other>


we <other>
also <other>
find <other>
that <other>
rock I-<SPL>
salt <SPL>
NTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
AlN I-<MAT>
are <other>
isotropic <other>
, <other>
while <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
NTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
rock I-<SPL>
salt <SPL>
AlN I-<MAT>
are <other>
anisotropic <other>
. <other>


an <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
in <other>
brazed I-<SMT>
cubic I-<SPL>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
abrasive I-<PRO>
grains <PRO>
by <other>
finite I-<CMT>
element <CMT>
modelling <CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


joining I-<SMT>
cubic I-<SPL>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
CBN I-<MAT>
) <other>
abrasive I-<PRO>
grains <PRO>
and <other>
tool I-<APL>
body <APL>
made <other>
of <other>
steel I-<MAT>
using <other>
brazing I-<SMT>
always <other>
creates <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
mismatch <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
components <other>
when <other>
cooling I-<SMT>
down <other>
from <other>
the <other>
brazing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


A <other>
large <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
perhaps <other>
causes <other>
grain I-<PRO>
fracture <PRO>
during <other>
the <other>
grinding I-<SMT>
process <other>
with <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
brazed I-<SMT>
CBN I-<MAT>
abrasive I-<APL>
tools <APL>
. <other>


to <other>
evaluate <other>
the <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
occurring <other>
in <other>
brazed I-<SMT>
CBN I-<MAT>
grains I-<DSC>
, <other>
values <other>
and <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
are <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
the <other>
finite I-<CMT>
element <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
bonding <other>
materials <other>
, <other>
embedding I-<PRO>
depth <PRO>
, <other>
gap I-<PRO>
thickness <PRO>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
on <other>
brazing I-<SMT>
- <other>
induced <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
bonding <other>
alloy <other>
always <other>
results <other>
in <other>
a <other>
larger <other>
tensile <other>
stress <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CBN I-<MAT>
grains <other>
, <other>
when <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
during <other>
the <other>
cooling I-<SMT>
phase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
brazing I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
is <other>
obtained I-<DSC>
at <other>
the <other>
grain <other>
– <other>
bond <other>
junction <other>
region <other>
irrespective <other>
of <other>
the <other>
choice <other>
of <other>
bonding <other>
material <other>
and <other>
embedding I-<PRO>
depth <PRO>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
side <PRO>
length <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
gap I-<PRO>
thickness <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
embedding <PRO>
depth <PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
is <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
stress I-<PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
with <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
with <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
brazing I-<SMT>
- <other>
induced <other>
residual I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
finally <other>
measured <other>
experimentally <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
current <other>
simulated <other>
results <other>
are <other>
accordingly <other>
verified <other>
valid <other>
. <other>


mechanosynthesis I-<SMT>
and <other>
structural I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
ce1 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
x <MAT>
Y <MAT>
x <MAT>
O <MAT>
– <MAT>
δ <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
nanostructured I-<DSC>
fluorite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
ce1 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
xYxO2 <MAT>
– <MAT>
δ <MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
, <other>
prepared <other>
via <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
energy <SMT>
milling <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
mixtures <other>
, <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
HR I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
TEM <CMT>
, <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
, <other>
complementary <other>
information <other>
on <other>
both <other>
the <other>
long <other>
- <other>
range <other>
and <other>
short I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
range <PRO>
structural <PRO>
features <PRO>
of <other>
mechanosynthesized I-<SMT>
ce1 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
xYxO2 <MAT>
– <MAT>
δ <MAT>
, <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
data <other>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
is <other>
provided <other>
. <other>


the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
solid <DSC>
solutions <DSC>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


rietveld I-<CMT>
refinements <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
data <other>
reveal <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
microstrains I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
host <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
lattice <other>
as <other>
a <other>
consequence <other>
of <other>
yttrium I-<MAT>
incorporation <other>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
are <other>
directly <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
; <other>
their <other>
existence <other>
is <other>
evidenced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
vibration I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
at <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
detailed <other>
spectroscopic <other>
investigations <other>
enable <other>
us <other>
to <other>
separate <other>
extrinsic <other>
and <other>
intrinsic <other>
origin <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
mechanosynthesis I-<SMT>
can <other>
be <other>
successfully <other>
employed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
one <other>
- <other>
step <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
ce1 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
xYxO2 <MAT>
– <MAT>
δ <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
. <other>


investigation <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
geometry <PRO>
and <other>
pores I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
in <other>
dense I-<PRO>
and <other>
porous I-<DSC>
cubic I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
polycrystals I-<DSC>


three I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dimensional <CMT>
electron <CMT>
backscatter <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
technique <other>
was <other>
used <other>
for <other>
the <other>
visualization <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
geometry <PRO>
and <other>
pore I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
in <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
. <other>


A <other>
set <other>
of <other>
four <other>
samples <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
under <other>
different <other>
conditions <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


specimens <other>
which <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
were <other>
entirely <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


investigations <other>
of <other>
boundaries I-<PRO>
and <other>
pore I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
in <other>
a <other>
dual I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
beam <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
. <other>


for <other>
each <other>
sample <other>
, <other>
a <other>
volume <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm3 <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
networks <other>
reconstructed <other>
from <other>
inverse I-<CMT>
pole <CMT>
figure <CMT>
maps <CMT>
revealed <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
dependence <other>
between <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
sample <other>
preparation <other>
parameters <other>
. <other>


sintering I-<SMT>
also <other>
affects <other>
the <other>
size <other>
and <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
pores <other>
. <other>


the <other>
total <other>
number <other>
of <other>
grains <other>
analyzed <other>
varied <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
volume <other>
of <other>
cavities <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


this <other>
paper <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
three I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dimensional <CMT>
crystallographic <CMT>
orientation <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
stabilized I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


UV I-<PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
from <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotube <MAT>
microcomposites I-<DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
we <other>
perform <other>
a <other>
study <other>
on <other>
growth <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotube <MAT>
( <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
) <other>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
was <other>
prepared <other>
with <other>
chemical I-<CMT>
mix <CMT>
techniques <CMT>
and <other>
then <other>
characterized <other>
with <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
, <other>
auger I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AES I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
cathodoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
CL I-<CMT>
) <other>
spectroscopy <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
samples <other>
, <other>
as <other>
it <other>
can <other>
be <other>
seen <other>
in <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
images <other>
, <other>
are <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
overlapping <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
micrometric I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
. <other>


AES I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
chemical <other>
bonds <other>
between <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
and <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
and <other>
a <other>
good <other>
homogeneity <other>
in <other>
all <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
CL I-<CMT>
studies <other>
indicate <other>
a <other>
UV I-<PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
signal <other>
centered <other>
at <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
with <other>
a <other>
FWHM <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
may <other>
allow <other>
the <other>
possible <other>
use <other>
of <other>
this <other>
composite I-<DSC>
as <other>
UV I-<APL>
emitters <APL>
or <other>
micro-tunable I-<APL>
laser <APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
responses <PRO>
of <other>
pure I-<DSC>
and <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CaCu3O12Ti4 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>


pure I-<DSC>
and <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CCTO I-<MAT>
( <other>
CaCu3O12Ti4 I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
conventional <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


efficient <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
phase <other>
formation <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
dopant <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
expansion <PRO>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
through <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
studies <other>
. <other>


scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
doping <other>
effectively <other>
enhanced <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
or <other>
densification I-<SMT>
, <other>
which <other>
should <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
complex I-<PRO>
permittivity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
reached <other>
a <other>
value <other>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
at <other>
1kHz <other>
) <other>
at <other>
a <other>
chromium I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
doping <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
and <other>
dc I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
pure I-<DSC>
and <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CCTO I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
measured <other>
in <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
500K <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
data <CMT>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
framework <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
electric I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
formalisms <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
, <other>
determined <other>
from <other>
the <other>
electric I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
spectra <other>
, <other>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
very <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
for <other>
dc I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
) <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
the <other>
movement <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
is <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
both <other>
the <other>
conduction <other>
and <other>
relaxation <other>
processes <other>
. <other>


the <other>
short <other>
- <other>
range <other>
hopping <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
as <other>
“ <other>
polarons <other>
” <other>
is <other>
similar <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reorientation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dipole <other>
and <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
proposed <other>
explanation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
pure I-<DSC>
and <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
CCTO I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
is <other>
supported <other>
by <other>
the <other>
data <other>
from <other>
the <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
spectrum <other>
. <other>


low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
highly <other>
photoactive I-<PRO>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
spherical <DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
microspheres I-<DSC>
with <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
textural <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
mixed <other>
solution <other>
of <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
sulfate <MAT>
and <other>
urea <other>
with <other>
designed <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
prepared <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
N I-<CMT>
adsorption <CMT>
– <CMT>
desorption <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
was <other>
evaluated <other>
via <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<APL>
oxidation <APL>
of <other>
acetone <other>
in <other>
air <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
time <other>
significantly <other>
influences <other>
on <other>
the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
samples <other>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
time <other>
, <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
areas <PRO>
and <other>
pore I-<PRO>
volumes <PRO>
decrease <other>
, <other>
contrarily <other>
, <other>
the <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
relative <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
increase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
samples <other>
is <other>
obviously <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
commercial <other>
degussa I-<MAT>
P25 <MAT>
( <other>
P25 I-<MAT>
) <other>
powders I-<DSC>
. <other>


especially <other>
, <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
by <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
for <other>
7h <other>
shows <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
exceeds <other>
that <other>
of <other>
P25 I-<MAT>
by <other>
a <other>
factor <other>
of <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
. <other>


mossbauer I-<CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
of <other>
different <other>
grain I-<PRO>
sizes <PRO>
induced <other>
by <other>
ball I-<SMT>
mill <SMT>
technique <SMT>


Fe I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


nanonization <other>
of <other>
sample <other>
has <other>
been <other>
achieved <other>
by <other>
using <other>
high I-<SMT>
energy <SMT>
ball <SMT>
milling <SMT>
. <other>


tetragonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
along <other>
with <other>
a <other>
small <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
has <other>
been <other>
identified <other>
by <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
in <other>
all <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
sample <other>
shows <other>
multi-site <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
between <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
placed <other>
at <other>
three <other>
different <other>
configurations <other>
have <other>
been <other>
evidenced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
three <other>
sextets <other>
. <other>


A <other>
doublet <other>
pattern <other>
has <other>
also <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
situated <other>
in <other>
isolate <other>
manner <other>
without <other>
any <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
. <other>


suppression <other>
of <other>
sextet <other>
patterns <other>
in <other>
milled I-<SMT>
samples <other>
has <other>
been <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
superparamagnetism I-<PRO>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
silver I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a-Sb2Se3 I-<MAT>


this <other>
paper <other>
reports <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
on <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
a-Sb2Se3 I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
340K <other>
and <other>
frequency <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
100kHz <other>
. <other>


the <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
with <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
doping <SMT>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
produces <other>
two <other>
homogeneous <other>
phases <other>
in <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
voltage <other>
dependent <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
studied <other>
and <other>
frequency <other>
dependent <other>
in <other>
lower <other>
frequency <other>
region <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
10kHz <other>
) <other>
. <other>


activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
eg <PRO>
and <other>
C' I-<PRO>
[ <other>
= <other>
s0 I-<PRO>
exp <other>
( <other>
γ I-<PRO>
/ <other>
k I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
where <other>
γ I-<PRO>
, <other>
is <other>
the <other>
temperature I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
] <other>
calculated <other>
from <other>
dc I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
vary <other>
from <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
to <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
× <other>
10-6 <other>
o-1cm-1 <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
can <other>
be <other>
used <other>
to <other>
make <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
device I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


ellipsometric I-<CMT>
, <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
and <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
study <other>
on <other>
CNSi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
wire <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
method <other>


CNSi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
wire <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
HWCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
method <other>
using <other>
hexamethyldisilazane <other>
( <other>
HMDS <other>
) <other>
. <other>


these <other>
films I-<DSC>
contain <other>
a <other>
lot <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
. <other>


using <other>
HMDS <other>
with <other>
H3N <other>
, <other>
low <other>
oxygen <other>
content <other>
films I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
from <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
determination <other>
that <other>
Si-N <other>
bonds <other>
are <other>
the <other>
vital <other>
bonds <other>
of <other>
CNSi I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
also <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
Si-N <other>
bonds <other>
content <other>
CNSi I-<MAT>
has <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
and <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
is <other>
directly <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
, <other>
film I-<DSC>
density I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
are <other>
strong <other>
functions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
in <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


with <other>
increasing <other>
nitrogen <other>
, <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
decreases <other>
and <other>
with <other>
decreasing <other>
nitrogen <other>
, <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
increases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
film I-<DSC>
density I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
also <other>
increase <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
nitrogen <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
nitrogen <other>
, <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
decreases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
MC I-<MAT>
and <other>
MN I-<MAT>
stabilizer I-<APL>
additions <other>
on <other>
the <other>
creep I-<PRO>
rupture <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
helium I-<SMT>
implanted <SMT>
fe-25 I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
ni-15 <MAT>
% <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
austenitic I-<SPL>
alloy I-<DSC>


helium I-<PRO>
embrittlement <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
fe-25 I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
ni-15 <MAT>
% <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
austenitic I-<SPL>
alloys I-<DSC>
with <other>
various <other>
MX I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
V <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
; <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
C <MAT>
, <MAT>
N <MAT>
) <MAT>
stabilizers I-<APL>
was <other>
compared <other>
through <other>
post <other>
helium I-<SMT>
implantation <SMT>
creep I-<CMT>
testing <CMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


while <other>
significant <other>
deterioration <other>
by <other>
helium <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
creep I-<PRO>
rupture <PRO>
time <PRO>
and <other>
elongation I-<PRO>
occurred <other>
for <other>
all <other>
materials <other>
investigated <other>
, <other>
the <other>
suppression <other>
of <other>
the <other>
deterioration <other>
, <other>
especially <other>
in <other>
rupture I-<PRO>
time <PRO>
, <other>
was <other>
discerned <other>
for <other>
the <other>
materials <other>
in <other>
which <other>
semi-coherent <other>
MC I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
+ <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
, <MAT>
V <MAT>
+ <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
) <MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
were <other>
distributed <other>
at <other>
high <other>
density <other>
. <other>


the <other>
material <other>
which <other>
contains <other>
the <other>
incoherent <other>
M23C6 I-<MAT>
as <other>
predominant <other>
precipitates <other>
seems <other>
to <other>
be <other>
less <other>
degraded <other>
by <other>
helium <other>
than <other>
those <other>
containing <other>
the <other>
MXs I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
, <MAT>
V <MAT>
; <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
C <MAT>
, <MAT>
N <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
if <other>
compared <other>
at <other>
the <other>
same <other>
number I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <PRO>
precipitates <PRO>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
the <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
dispersion <PRO>
of <other>
incoherent <other>
M23C6 I-<MAT>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
semi-coherent <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
containing <other>
MC I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
would <other>
be <other>
beneficial <other>
in <other>
reducing <other>
the <other>
detrimental <other>
helium <other>
influences <other>
on <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


surfactant I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
– <other>
silica I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
cerium I-<MAT>
content <other>
under <other>
basic <other>
conditions <other>


ordered <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
– <other>
silica I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
using <other>
cerium(IV) <other>
hydroxide <other>
and <other>
tetraethyl <other>
orthosilicate <other>
( <other>
TEOS <other>
) <other>
as <other>
co-precursors <other>
in <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
hexadecyltrimethylammonium <other>
bromide <other>
( <other>
CTAB <other>
) <other>
under <other>
basic <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


these <other>
composites I-<DSC>
consisted <other>
of <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
mesoporous <DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
( <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
with <other>
highly <other>
ordered <other>
2D I-<DSC>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
( <other>
p6mm I-<SPL>
) <other>
and I-<CMT>
3D I-<DSC>
bicontinuous <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
( <other>
ia3d I-<SPL>
) <other>
structures I-<PRO>
and <other>
irregular <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
silica I-<MAT>
– <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
. <other>


wide I-<CMT>
angle <CMT>
XRD <CMT>
, <other>
diffuse I-<CMT>
reflectance <CMT>
UV <CMT>
- <CMT>
vis <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
analyses <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
cerium I-<MAT>
was <other>
at <other>
the <other>
ce3+ <other>
oxidation <other>
level <other>
and <other>
the <other>
remaining <other>
predominant <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
was <other>
at <other>
the <other>
ce4+ <other>
oxidation <other>
level <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cerium I-<MAT>
loading <other>
was <other>
varied <other>
in <other>
these <other>
composite I-<DSC>
materials <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
( <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mmol <other>
g-1 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
areas <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
silica <MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
samples <other>
obtained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
nitrogen I-<CMT>
adsorption <CMT>
isotherms <CMT>
were <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
g-1 <other>
and <other>
their <other>
pore I-<PRO>
widths <PRO>
were <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
silica <MAT>
samples <other>
were <other>
reduced <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
under <other>
flowing <other>
H <other>
in <other>
a <other>
N <other>
environment <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
reduced <other>
samples <other>
changed <other>
to <other>
a <other>
hexagonally I-<SPL>
structured <other>
phase <other>
with <other>
the <other>
oxidation <other>
state <other>
of <other>
ce3+ <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
ordered <other>
mesostructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
silica I-<MAT>
was <other>
preserved <other>
. <other>


Mn I-<MAT>
segregation <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
damping I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
M2052 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
three <other>
types <other>
of <other>
sand I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
casting <SMT>
M2052 I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
subjected <other>
to <other>
different <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
have <other>
been <other>
designed <other>
and <other>
prepared <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
segregation <other>
and <other>
damping I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
using <other>
dynamic I-<CMT>
mechanical <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
, <other>
optical I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
and <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
damping I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
has <other>
a <other>
crucial <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
segregation <other>
in <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
M2052 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
original <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
alloy <DSC>
without <other>
subsequent <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
shows <other>
its <other>
internal I-<PRO>
friction <PRO>
( <other>
Q-1 I-<PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
a <other>
strain <other>
amplitude <other>
of <other>
γ <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
while <other>
a <other>
remarkable <other>
enhancement <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
of <other>
Q-1 I-<PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
ageing I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
alloy <DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
4h <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
mainly <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
further <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
nanoscale I-<DSC>
Mn I-<MAT>
segregation <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
dendrites I-<DSC>
( <other>
so <other>
- <other>
called <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
macrosegregation <other>
) <other>
by <other>
spinodal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
during <other>
the <other>
ageing I-<SMT>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
contrary <other>
, <other>
performing <other>
the <other>
additional <other>
homogenization I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
24h <other>
prior <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ageing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
4h <other>
for <other>
the <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
M2052 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
can <other>
result <other>
in <other>
the <other>
obvious <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
damping I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
( <other>
only <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
Q-1 I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
closely <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
distinct <other>
decrement <other>
of <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
distortion <PRO>
of <other>
g'-Mn I-<MAT>
during <other>
f.c.c I-<SPL>
- <other>
f.c.t I-<SPL>
phase I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
caused <other>
by <other>
weakening <other>
of <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
segregation <other>
at <other>
the <other>
macro <other>
/ <other>
nano-scale <other>
. <other>


metal I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
oxidation I-<SMT>


the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
oxidation I-<PRO>
rates <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
is <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
a <other>
surface I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
charge <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
- <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
and <other>
a <other>
space I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
layer <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
growing <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
properties <other>
considered <other>
are <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
change <other>
at <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
allotropic I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
and <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


experimental <other>
data <other>
on <other>
the <other>
direct <other>
logarithmic <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
, <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
, <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
and <other>
copper I-<MAT>
forming <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
semiconducting <PRO>
oxides I-<MAT>
are <other>
analysed <other>
. <other>


ab I-<CMT>
initio <CMT>
investigations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
CoH I-<MAT>
and <other>
CoH2 I-<MAT>


first I-<CMT>
principles <CMT>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
study <other>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
hydrides I-<MAT>
CoHx <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
show <other>
significant <other>
volume I-<PRO>
expansion <PRO>
effect <PRO>
versus <other>
Co I-<MAT>
– <other>
H <other>
bonding <other>
. <other>


As <other>
hydrogen <other>
is <other>
incorporated <other>
in <other>
the <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
lattice <other>
, <other>
the <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
undergoes <other>
gradual <other>
modifications <other>
within <other>
the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
and <other>
particularly <other>
near <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
resulting <other>
strong <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
characterizes <other>
the <other>
dihydride I-<MAT>
whereas <other>
the <other>
monohydride I-<MAT>
is <other>
revealed <other>
as <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
ferromagnet I-<PRO>
, <other>
like <other>
co. I-<MAT>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shaped <DSC>
Li2Mn3NiO8 I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
materials <other>
for <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>


nanorod I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
shaped <DSC>
Li2Mn3NiO8 I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
co-precipitation I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
with <other>
oxalic <other>
acid <other>
. <other>


their <other>
structures I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
, <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
and <other>
galvanostatic I-<CMT>
charge <CMT>
– <CMT>
discharge <CMT>
tests <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
resulting <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
- <other>
shaped <other>
Li2Mn3NiO8 I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
active <other>
materials <other>
delivered <other>
a <other>
specific <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAhg-1 <other>
at <other>
0.1C <other>
rate <other>
. <other>


these <other>
active <other>
materials <other>
exhibited <other>
better <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
retention <PRO>
and <other>
higher <other>
rate I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
Li2Mn3NiO8 I-<MAT>
cathode I-<APL>
powders I-<DSC>
with <other>
irregular <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
. <other>


thermoelectrics I-<PRO>
with <other>
earth <other>
abundant <other>
elements <other>
: <other>
low <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
thermopower I-<PRO>
in <other>
doped I-<DSC>
SSn I-<MAT>


the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
SSn I-<MAT>
samples <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
alloying <SMT>
followed <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


we <other>
report <other>
that <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
possesses <other>
a <other>
high <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
> <other>
+ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mV <other>
K-1 <other>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
increases <other>
the <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
by <other>
more <other>
than <other>
four <other>
orders <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
giving <other>
significantly <other>
improving <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
falls <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
m-1 <other>
K-1 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
a <other>
high <other>
ZT I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
data <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
earth <other>
- <other>
abundant <other>
and <other>
environmentally <other>
friendly <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
candidate <other>
for <other>
thermoelectric I-<APL>
applications <APL>
despite <other>
its <other>
relatively <other>
wide <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
. <other>


layer I-<DSC>
structured <DSC>
calcium I-<MAT>
bismuth <MAT>
titanate <MAT>
by <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
activation <SMT>


nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
calcium I-<MAT>
bismuth <MAT>
titanate <MAT>
( <other>
Bi4CaO15Ti4 I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
layer I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
has <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
activation <SMT>
of <other>
mixed <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
of <other>
CaO I-<MAT>
, <other>
Bi2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
in <other>
a <other>
nitrogen <other>
atmosphere <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
and <other>
therefore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
- <other>
forming <other>
calcinations I-<SMT>
that <other>
is <other>
always <other>
requested <other>
at <other>
an <other>
elevated <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
skipped <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resulting <other>
Bi4CaO15Ti4 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
is <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
fine <other>
particles I-<DSC>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
size <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
to <other>
a <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
theoretical <other>
density <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
. <other>


sintered I-<SMT>
Bi4CaO15Ti4 I-<MAT>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
when <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
MHz <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
equal I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
channel <SMT>
angular <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
on <other>
pitting I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
anodized I-<SMT>
aluminum I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
copper <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
equal I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
channel <SMT>
angular <SMT>
pressing(ECAP) <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
pitting I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
anodized I-<SMT>
Al-Cu I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
techniques <CMT>
in <other>
a <other>
solution <other>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
/ <other>
L <other>
AlCl3 <other>
and <other>
also <other>
by <other>
surface I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


anodizing I-<SMT>
was <other>
conducted <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
/ <other>
m2 <other>
in <other>
a <other>
solution <other>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
/ <other>
L <other>
H2O4S <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
/ <other>
L <other>
Al2(SO4)3*16H2O <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


anodized I-<SMT>
Al-Cu I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
immediately <other>
dipped I-<SMT>
in <SMT>
boiling <SMT>
water <SMT>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
to <other>
seal <other>
the <other>
micro <other>
pores <other>
present <other>
in <other>
anodic I-<PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
time <other>
required <other>
before <other>
initiating <other>
pitting <other>
corrosion <other>
of <other>
anodized I-<SMT>
Al-Cu I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
is <other>
longer <other>
with <other>
ECAP I-<SMT>
than <other>
without <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
ECAP I-<SMT>
process <other>
improves <other>
the <other>
pitting I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
anodized I-<SMT>
Al-Cu I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


second <other>
phase <other>
precipitates I-<DSC>
such <other>
as <other>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al-Cu-Mg I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al-Cu-Si-Fe-Mn I-<MAT>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
are <other>
present <other>
in <other>
Al-Cu I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
these <other>
precipitates I-<DSC>
is <other>
greatly <other>
decreased <other>
by <other>
application <other>
of <other>
ECAP I-<SMT>
. <other>


Al-Cu-Mg I-<MAT>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
are <other>
dissolved <other>
during <other>
anodization I-<SMT>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
precipitates I-<DSC>
composed <other>
of <other>
Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al-Cu-Si-Fe-Mn I-<MAT>
remain <other>
in <other>
anodic I-<PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
due <other>
to <other>
their <other>
more <other>
noble <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
than <other>
al. I-<MAT>
FE I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
SEM <CMT>
and <other>
EPMA I-<CMT>
observation <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
pitting I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
of <other>
anodized I-<SMT>
Al-Cu I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
occurs <other>
preferentially <other>
around <other>
Al-Cu-Si-Fe-Mn I-<MAT>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compounds <other>
, <other>
since <other>
the <other>
anodic I-<PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
absent <other>
at <other>
the <other>
boundary <other>
between <other>
the <other>
normal <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
these <other>
impurity <other>
precipitates <other>
. <other>


the <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
pitting I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
anodized I-<SMT>
Al-Cu I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
processed <other>
by <other>
ECAP I-<SMT>
appears <other>
to <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
size I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
precipitates <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
act <other>
as <other>
origins <other>
of <other>
pitting <other>
corrosion <other>
. <other>


pre- <other>
, <other>
intermediate <other>
, <other>
and <other>
post-treatment <other>
of <other>
hard I-<APL>
coatings <APL>
to <other>
improve <other>
their <other>
performance <other>
for <other>
forming I-<APL>
and <other>
cutting I-<APL>
tools <APL>


three <other>
coating I-<APL>
systems <other>
, <other>
including <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
AlCrNSi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
, <other>
two I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
BCrNSi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
, <other>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
layer <DSC>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
deposited <other>
using <other>
an <other>
arc I-<SMT>
evaporation <SMT>
system <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
various <other>
pre- <other>
, <other>
intermediate <other>
, <other>
and <other>
post-treatments <other>
on <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
and <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlCrNSi I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
using <other>
ball I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
on <CMT>
- <CMT>
disc <CMT>
tests <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlCrNSi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
was <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
coating I-<APL>
morphology I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
counter <other>
surface I-<DSC>
increased <other>
with <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
material <other>
transfer <other>
and <other>
build <other>
up <other>
to <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
surface I-<DSC>
were <other>
higher <other>
for <other>
the <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
treated <other>
by <other>
grinding I-<SMT>
and <other>
shot I-<SMT>
blasting <SMT>
than <other>
those <other>
treated <other>
by <other>
other <other>
methods <other>
. <other>


the <other>
erosion I-<PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
BCrNSi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
in <other>
molten <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
and <other>
sulfuric <other>
acid <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


intermediate <other>
treatment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
BCrNSi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
improved <other>
their <other>
erosion I-<PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
by <other>
preventing <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
localized <other>
erosion <other>
and <other>
corrosion <other>
. <other>


post-treatment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
decreased <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
material <other>
transfer <other>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
counter <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
drilling I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
AlNTi I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
showed <other>
that <other>
post-treatment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
improved <other>
the <other>
drilling I-<PRO>
regularity <PRO>
and <other>
stabilized <other>
the <other>
spindle <other>
torque <other>
, <other>
which <other>
helped <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
tool I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
and <other>
cutting I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
these <other>
results <other>
, <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
surface <SMT>
pre-treatment <SMT>
by <other>
processes <other>
like <other>
micro-blasting I-<SMT>
, <other>
polishing I-<SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
buffing I-<SMT>
, <other>
along <other>
with <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
nitriding <SMT>
can <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
of <other>
coating I-<APL>
systems <other>
. <other>


likewise <other>
, <other>
intermediate <other>
and <other>
post-treatment <other>
of <other>
coating I-<APL>
surfaces <other>
improve <other>
erosion I-<PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
and <other>
cutting I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
conclusion <other>
, <other>
the <other>
studied <other>
treatment <other>
processes <other>
gave <other>
coatings I-<APL>
with <other>
good <other>
performance <other>
that <other>
are <other>
possible <other>
candidates <other>
for <other>
forming I-<APL>
and <other>
cutting I-<APL>
tools <APL>
. <other>


study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
evolution <PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
on <other>
various <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
A- <other>
, <other>
C- <other>
and <other>
r-plane <other>
sapphires I-<MAT>
by <other>
metal I-<CMT>
organic <CMT>
chemical <CMT>
vapor <CMT>
deposition <CMT>
( <other>
MOCVD I-<CMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
. <other>


the <other>
shape <other>
of <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
was <other>
greatly <other>
influenced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
underlying <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


vertical <other>
aligned <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
were <other>
observed <other>
on <other>
A- <other>
and <other>
c-plane <other>
sapphires I-<MAT>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
nanopencils I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
r-plane <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
. <other>


A <other>
correlation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
established <other>
, <other>
where <other>
the <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
are <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
nanowires I-<DSC>
, <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
c-plane <other>
sapphires I-<MAT>
, <other>
have <other>
shown <other>
superior <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


comparatively <other>
higher <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
induced <PRO>
wettability <PRO>
transition <PRO>
has <other>
also <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
on <other>
r-plane <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
. <other>


vibrational I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
network I-<PRO>
topology <PRO>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
AsS I-<MAT>
systems <other>


we <other>
have <other>
measured <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
infrared I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
and <other>
reflection I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
of <other>
a-AsxS1-x I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
systems <other>
and <other>
have <other>
calculated <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
center <other>
of <other>
brillouin <other>
zone <other>
and <other>
the <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oscillator I-<PRO>
strengths <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
stretching I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
of <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
As2S3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
IR I-<CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
modes <other>
in <other>
a-AsS I-<MAT>
systems <other>
are <other>
originated <other>
in <other>
the <other>
AsS I-<MAT>
network <other>
rather <other>
than <other>
in <other>
a <other>
pyramidal <other>
unit <other>
. <other>


the <other>
calculations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
S8 <other>
ring <other>
molecule <other>
and <other>
the <other>
rigid I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
layer <PRO>
modes <PRO>
of <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
As2S3 I-<MAT>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
long I-<PRO>
range <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
between <other>
the <other>
non-bonded <other>
atoms <other>
are <other>
weak <other>
but <other>
important <other>
. <other>


optimization <other>
of <other>
FKr I-<MAT>
laser I-<SMT>
ablation <SMT>
parameters <other>
for <other>
in-situ <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
Y1Ba2Cu3O7-d I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


using <other>
a <other>
FKr I-<MAT>
pulsed I-<APL>
excimer <APL>
laser <APL>
, <other>
various <other>
interrelated <other>
deposition <other>
parameters <other>
governing <other>
the <other>
quality <other>
of <other>
laser I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
ablated <SMT>
Y1Ba2Cu3O1-d(123) I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
systematically <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


modification <other>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
target <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
laser <other>
exposure <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
affect <other>
the <other>
plume I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
axis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
plume <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
shift <other>
slowly <other>
towards <other>
the <other>
direction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
laser <other>
beam <other>
. <other>


small <other>
laser <other>
spots <other>
exposing <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
large <other>
diameter <other>
annular <other>
track <other>
of <other>
the <other>
rotating <other>
target <other>
have <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
give <other>
better <other>
plume I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
than <other>
larger <other>
spots <other>
exposing <other>
the <other>
same <other>
diameter <other>
track <other>
. <other>


because <other>
of <other>
better <other>
plume I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
and <other>
larger <other>
plume <other>
expansion <other>
, <other>
smaller <other>
laser <other>
spots <other>
have <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
give <other>
significantly <other>
better <other>
quality <other>
<nUm> <other>
films I-<DSC>
as <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
large <other>
spots <other>
under <other>
optimised <other>
growth <other>
conditions.The <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
varying <other>
O <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
target <other>
- <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
distance <other>
have <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
similar <other>
and <other>
the <other>
location <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
at <other>
or <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
tip <other>
of <other>
the <other>
plume <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
important <other>
for <other>
the <other>
realization <other>
of <other>
film I-<DSC>
stoichiometry I-<PRO>
and <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
. <other>


results <other>
have <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
under <other>
optimised <other>
conditions <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
cm-2 <other>
fluence <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
m <other>
TorrO2 <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm <other>
target <other>
- <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
distance <other>
, <other>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
 <other>
K,DT[?]1 <other>
K <other>
and <other>
critical I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
density,Jc <PRO>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
cm <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
can <other>
be <other>
reproducibly <other>
realized <other>
on <other>
<100>  <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
with <other>
small <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
laser <other>
spots <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
polyaniline <other>
: <other>
an <other>
important <other>
issue <other>
on <other>
its <other>
use <other>
in <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
energy <APL>
storage <APL>
devices <APL>


the <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
of <other>
an <other>
energy I-<APL>
storage <APL>
device <APL>
is <other>
closely <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reversibility I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
electrode I-<APL>
materials <other>
. <other>


although <other>
polyaniline <other>
( <other>
PANI <other>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
various <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
devices <APL>
, <other>
its <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
has <other>
not <other>
received <other>
enough <other>
attention <other>
. <other>


here <other>
, <other>
high <other>
reversible <other>
electrochemical <other>
active <other>
PANI <other>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
are <other>
prepared <other>
and <other>
mixed <other>
with <other>
hydroxyethyl <other>
cellulose <other>
( <other>
HEC <other>
) <other>
. <other>


their <other>
supercapacitive I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammetry <CMT>
( <other>
CV I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
galvanostatic I-<CMT>
charge <CMT>
/ <CMT>
discharge <CMT>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
techniques <other>
on <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
electrodes I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
PANI <other>
has <other>
reversible <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
on <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
. <other>


but <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
decreases <other>
gradually <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
HEC <other>
content <other>
and <other>
even <other>
disappears <other>
when <other>
the <other>
HEC <other>
content <other>
reaches <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


it <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
the <other>
content <other>
of <other>
the <other>
inactive <other>
materials <other>
should <other>
be <other>
controlled <other>
strictly <other>
to <other>
guarantee <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
electrode I-<APL>
materials <other>
in <other>
fabricating <other>
high <other>
performance <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
energy <APL>
storage <APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


anodic I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>


oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
å <other>
thick <other>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
by <other>
anodizing I-<SMT>
p- I-<PRO>
or <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
crystals I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
current <other>
mode <other>
, <other>
in <other>
a <other>
diethylene <other>
glycol <other>
- <other>
KNO3 <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


several <other>
features <other>
of <other>
the <other>
anodization I-<SMT>
process <other>
are <other>
reported <other>
here <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


using <other>
ellipsometric I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
measured <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
å <other>
. <other>


this <other>
and <other>
other <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
is <other>
formed <other>
during <other>
anodization I-<SMT>
. <other>


certain <other>
discrepancies <other>
that <other>
make <other>
further <other>
confirmation <other>
necessary <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


densification I-<SMT>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintered <SMT>
CZr I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
O2Zr <MAT>
composites I-<DSC>


CZr I-<MAT>
based <other>
composites I-<DSC>
alloyed I-<SMT>
by <other>
nanosized I-<DSC>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
stabilized I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
were <other>
produced <other>
with <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
to <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
the <other>
theoretical I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
by <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
under <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
50MPa <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
. <other>


the <other>
volume <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
stabilized <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
varied <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
40vol <other>
% <other>
in <other>
the <other>
precursor <other>
powder I-<DSC>
blend <other>
. <other>


room <other>
temperature <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
modulus I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
elasticity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
compacts I-<DSC>
were <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
reported <other>
earlier <other>
for <other>
similar <other>
materials <other>
densified I-<SMT>
by <other>
pressureless I-<SMT>
sintering <SMT>
, <other>
while <other>
indentation I-<PRO>
fracture <PRO>
toughness <PRO>
was <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


structural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
indicated <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
oxycarbides I-<MAT>
of <other>
various <other>
stoichiometries I-<PRO>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
new <other>
chloride <other>
thiosilicate <other>
with <other>
neodymium I-<MAT>
Nd3ClS2[SiS4] <MAT>


single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
Nd3ClS2[SiS4] I-<MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
from <other>
the <other>
elements <other>
. <other>


data <other>
collection <other>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
using <other>
a <other>
STOE I-<CMT>
image <CMT>
plate <CMT>
detector <CMT>
at <other>
293K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
compound <other>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
space <other>
group <other>
pnma I-<SPL>
with <other>
eight <other>
familiar <other>
units <other>
in <other>
a <other>
cell <other>
of <other>
dimension <other>
: <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
b <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
c <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
pm <other>
the <other>
corresponding <other>
residual <other>
( <other>
all <other>
data <other>
) <other>
for <other>
the <other>
refined <other>
structures <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
chloride <other>
ions <other>
form <other>
chains <other>
along <other>
[010] <other>
with <other>
trigonal <other>
coordination <other>
by <other>
the <other>
lanthanide <other>
ions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
powdered I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
was <other>
interpreted <other>
by <other>
ligand I-<CMT>
field <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
where <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ligand I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
was <other>
taken <other>
into <other>
account <other>
by <other>
applying <other>
the <other>
angular I-<CMT>
overlap <CMT>
model <CMT>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
by <other>
the <other>
molecular I-<CMT>
field <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
. <other>


ferroelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
niobate <MAT>
Bi7NbO21Ti4 <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>


the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
niobate <MAT>
Bi7NbO21Ti4 <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Bi7NbO21Ti4 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
was <other>
successfully <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
platinized I-<SMT>
Si I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
solution <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystallization <other>
of <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
niobate <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
was <other>
observed <other>
using <other>
an <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hysteresis I-<CMT>
loop <CMT>
was <other>
observed <other>
a <other>
standardized <other>
ferroelectric I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
system <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
exhibits <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
hysteresis <PRO>
with <other>
remnant I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
P <PRO>
r <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mC <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
and <other>
coercive I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
e <PRO>
c <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
/ <other>
cm <other>
. <other>


studies <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
<nUm> <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
NQR I-<CMT>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
wide <other>
range <other>
of <other>
x <other>
in <other>
La I-<MAT>
2-x <MAT>
Sr <MAT>
x <MAT>
CuO <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>


the <other>
nuclear I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
- <PRO>
lattice <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
rate <PRO>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
NQR I-<CMT>
in <other>
La2-xSrxCuO4 I-<MAT>
is <other>
suppressed <other>
by <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
without <other>
the <other>
BCS I-<PRO>
type <PRO>
enhancement <PRO>
just <other>
below <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
its <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
obeys <other>
the <other>
korringa I-<CMT>
relation <CMT>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
in <other>
the <other>
normal <other>
region <other>
. <other>


the <other>
clear <other>
changes <other>
of <other>
the <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
T1 I-<PRO>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
T2 I-<PRO>
and <other>
also <other>
of <other>
the <other>
profile <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
NQR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
are <other>
observed <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
x <other>
beyond <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
the <other>
change <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
La I-<MAT>
- <other>
system <other>
around <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
anomalies <other>
of <other>
relaxation <other>
and <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
- <other>
NQR I-<CMT>
near <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
where <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
is <other>
again <other>
localized <other>
, <other>
seems <other>
to <other>
be <other>
newly <other>
suggestive <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
order <PRO>
. <other>


nanocomposites I-<DSC>
of <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
embedded <other>
in <other>
a <other>
(Ti,Al)N I-<MAT>
coated I-<SMT>
film I-<DSC>


titanium I-<MAT>
aluminum <MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
(Ti,Al)N I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
widely <other>
used <other>
as <other>
hard I-<APL>
protective <APL>
coating <APL>
materials <other>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
their <other>
remarkable <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
( <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
) <other>
are <other>
an <other>
ideal <other>
candidate <other>
as <other>
reinforcing I-<APL>
components <APL>
in <other>
such <other>
coatings I-<APL>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
(Ti,Al)N I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
steel I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
and <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
were <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
top <other>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
CVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


A <other>
second <other>
(Ti,Al)N I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
covered <other>
the <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
a <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
similar <other>
to <other>
reinforced <other>
concrete I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
chemical <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
growth I-<PRO>
of <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
possible <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
homogeneous <other>
dispersion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
within <other>
the <other>
matrix <other>
by <other>
adjusting <other>
the <other>
CVD I-<SMT>
time <other>
. <other>


mechanical I-<CMT>
testing <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
adherence I-<PRO>
and <other>
nanohardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
(Ti,Al)N I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
/ <other>
(Ti,Al)N I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
were <other>
performed <other>
by <other>
scratch I-<CMT>
and <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
by <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
integration <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
of <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
physical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ba4Cu3Ge20 I-<MAT>


structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
, <other>
heat I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
, <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ba4Cu3Ge20 I-<MAT>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


Ba4Cu3Ge20 I-<MAT>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
clathrate I-<SPL>
I <SPL>
type <SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
unit I-<PRO>
cell <PRO>
a <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
(1)A. <other>
Ba4Cu3Ge20 I-<MAT>
exhibits <other>
diamagnetic I-<PRO>
susceptibility <PRO>
-0.024 <other>
emu <other>
/ <other>
gT <other>
, <other>
einstein I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
debye I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
σ <PRO>
, <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
S <PRO>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
κ <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
figure <PRO>
of <PRO>
merit <PRO>
ZT <PRO>
of <other>
Ba4Cu3Ge20 I-<MAT>
from <other>
2K <other>
to <other>
300K <other>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


study <other>
of <other>
gadolinia I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
solid I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
surface I-<DSC>
by <other>
XPS I-<CMT>


gadolinia I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
( <other>
CGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
an <other>
important <other>
material <other>
to <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
electrolyte I-<APL>
for <other>
solid I-<APL>
oxide <APL>
fuel <APL>
cell <APL>
for <other>
intermediate <other>
temperature <other>
operation <other>
. <other>


ceria I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
gadolinia I-<MAT>
( <other>
Ce18Gd2O39 I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
conventional <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
and <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
single <other>
phase <other>
by <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
sample <other>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


though <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
was <other>
present <other>
in <other>
its <other>
characteristic <other>
chemical <other>
state <other>
, <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
in <other>
both <other>
ce4+ <other>
and <other>
ce3+ <other>
states <other>
. <other>


presence <other>
of <other>
ce3+ <other>
state <other>
was <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
differential <other>
yield <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
atoms <other>
in <other>
the <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
back I-<APL>
electrode <APL>
on <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
/ <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>


to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
quantum I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
( <other>
QE I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
hence <other>
the <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
/ <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
solar I-<APL>
cell <APL>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
employed <other>
a <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
dielectric I-<PRO>
layer I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
rear <other>
side <other>
. <other>


the <other>
high <other>
dipole I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
reduces <other>
the <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
's <other>
work I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
function <PRO>
and <other>
then <other>
lowers <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
at <other>
back I-<APL>
contact <APL>
. <other>


this <other>
lower <other>
energy I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
height <PRO>
helps <other>
to <other>
enhance <other>
both <other>
the <other>
operating I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
QE I-<PRO>
at <other>
longer <other>
wavelength <other>
region <other>
, <other>
in <other>
turn <other>
improves <other>
the <other>
open I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
circuit <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <other>
voc I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
short I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
circuit <PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
jsc I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
then <other>
overall <other>
cell I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
. <other>


with <other>
optimized <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
with <other>
intrinsic <other>
thin I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
( <other>
HIT I-<DSC>
) <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
were <other>
produced <other>
with <other>
industry <other>
- <other>
compatible <other>
process <other>
, <other>
yielding <other>
voc I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mV <other>
, <other>
jsc I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
, <other>
and <other>
cell I-<PRO>
efficiencies <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


therefore <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
on <other>
rear <other>
side <other>
is <other>
proposed <other>
as <other>
an <other>
alternate <other>
back I-<APL>
electrode <APL>
for <other>
high <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
HIT I-<APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


hydriding I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
dehydriding <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
NdNi5 I-<MAT>
and <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
sn-substitution I-<SMT>


the <other>
pressure I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
composition <PRO>
– <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
relations <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
reaction I-<PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
NdNi5-sSns I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
s <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
– <MAT>
H <MAT>
system <other>
are <other>
measured <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
PCT I-<PRO>
for <other>
NdNi5 I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
presents <other>
two <other>
well <other>
- <other>
separated <other>
plateau <other>
regions <other>
at <other>
rather <other>
high <other>
pressures <other>
, <other>
is <other>
strongly <other>
altered <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sn-substitution I-<SMT>
. <other>


namely <other>
, <other>
both <other>
plateau <other>
pressures <other>
are <other>
continually <other>
reduced <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
substitution <other>
and <other>
the <other>
relative <other>
separation <other>
is <other>
reduced <other>
to <other>
cause <other>
a <other>
nearly <other>
single <other>
sloped <other>
plateau <other>
without <other>
reducing <other>
the <other>
maximum <other>
hydrogen I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
appreciably <other>
( <other>
H I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
m <PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
hydriding I-<PRO>
and <other>
dehydriding I-<PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
are <other>
substantially <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sn-substitution <other>
. <other>


the <other>
promotion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
reaction I-<PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
is <other>
related <other>
with <other>
increased <other>
tendency <other>
toward <other>
pulverization <other>
during <other>
hydriding I-<SMT>
– <other>
dehydriding I-<SMT>
cycles <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
study <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
NdNi5 I-<MAT>
is <other>
structurally <other>
stabilized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sn-substitution <other>
against <other>
decomposition <other>
during <other>
the <other>
H I-<SMT>
– <other>
d I-<SMT>
cycles <other>
. <other>


In <other>
conclusion <other>
, <other>
Nd5Ni24Sn I-<MAT>
appears <other>
to <other>
be <other>
favorable <other>
for <other>
use <other>
as <other>
a <other>
hydrogen I-<APL>
storage <APL>
alloy I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
above <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Fe+N I-<MAT>
codoped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
anatase I-<SPL>


the <other>
undoped <other>
, <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
, <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
and <other>
Fe+N I-<MAT>
codoped I-<DSC>
titanium I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
. <other>


detailed <other>
analysis <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
all <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
are <other>
pure <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
with <other>
the <other>
shape <other>
of <other>
a <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
N <other>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
ions <other>
are <other>
incorporated <other>
into <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
lattice <other>
. <other>


for <other>
all <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
, <other>
the <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
in <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Fe+N I-<MAT>
codoped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
> <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
> <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
> <other>
undoped <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


upon <other>
N <other>
doping <other>
, <other>
enhanced <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
N <other>
content <other>
in <other>
Fe+N I-<MAT>
codoped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
is <other>
about <other>
two <other>
times <other>
as <other>
large <other>
as <other>
that <other>
in <other>
the <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
may <other>
account <other>
for <other>
the <other>
largest <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
observed <other>
in <other>
Fe+N I-<MAT>
codoped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
metal <other>
ion <other>
and <other>
N <other>
codoping <other>
may <other>
provide <other>
a <other>
new <other>
approach <other>
for <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
dilute I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
semiconductors <PRO>
. <other>


mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
on <other>
the <other>
double I-<DSC>
substituted <DSC>
lithium I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
Li[Fe0.9(Al <MAT>
x <MAT>
ga1-x <MAT>
)0.1]5O8 <MAT>


room <other>
temperature <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
Ga I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al I-<MAT>
substituted I-<DSC>
lithium I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
Li[Fe0.9(AlxGa1-x)0.1]5O8 <MAT>
with <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
the <other>
varying <other>
covalence I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
bonds <PRO>
caused <other>
by <other>
gallium I-<MAT>
and <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
ions <other>
can <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
values <other>
of <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
fields <PRO>
and <other>
isomer I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
shifts <PRO>
. <other>


domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
[(Na0.7K0.2Li0.1)0.5Bi0.5]TiO3 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
studied <other>
by <other>
piezoresponse I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>


the <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
lead I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
ceramics I-<DSC>
[(Na0.7K0.2Li0.1)0.5Bi0.5]TiO3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
piezoresponse I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
PFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
complicated <other>
curved <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
there <other>
are <other>
some <other>
nano I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
sub-microsized I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
indicate <other>
the <other>
relaxor I-<PRO>
nature <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanism <other>
for <other>
the <other>
strong <other>
relaxation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
material <other>
was <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
letter <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reversal I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
domain I-<PRO>
was <other>
also <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
PFM I-<CMT>
method <other>
. <other>


only <other>
part <other>
of <other>
the <other>
domains I-<PRO>
reversed <other>
after <other>
the <other>
poling <other>
process <other>
, <other>
and <other>
domains I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
reversed <other>
back <other>
from <other>
the <other>
center <other>
of <other>
the <other>
domains I-<PRO>
at <other>
first <other>
. <other>


photovoltaic I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
in <other>
electrochemically I-<SMT>
prepared <SMT>
photoluminescent I-<PRO>
porous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>


using <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<SMT>
procedure <SMT>
for <other>
the <other>
production <other>
of <other>
porous I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
material <other>
is <other>
produced <other>
which <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
solid I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
photovoltaic <PRO>
response <PRO>
. <other>


under <other>
simulated <other>
sunlight <other>
, <other>
the <other>
open I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
is <other>
near <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
and <other>
the <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
is <other>
near <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
. <other>


the <other>
current I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
high <other>
series I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
which <other>
is <other>
on <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MO <other>
. <other>


the <other>
spectral I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
is <other>
characteristic <other>
of <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
itself <other>
, <other>
and <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
a <other>
heterojunction I-<APL>
is <other>
formed <other>
between <other>
the <other>
high <other>
effective <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
porous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
p-silicon I-<MAT>
wafer I-<DSC>
. <other>


time I-<CMT>
resolved <CMT>
photoconductivity <CMT>
measurements <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
porous I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
material <other>
is <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
high <other>
recombination I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
. <other>


At <other>
low <other>
excess <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
barrier <other>
to <other>
this <other>
recombination <other>
which <other>
is <other>
tentatively <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
band I-<PRO>
bending <PRO>
and <other>
carrier <other>
injection <other>
at <other>
the <other>
porous I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
/ <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


deposition <other>
of <other>
CVD I-<SMT>
diamond I-<MAT>
onto <other>
GaN I-<MAT>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
experiments <other>
have <other>
been <other>
performed <other>
to <other>
deposit <other>
continuous <other>
layers I-<DSC>
of <other>
CVD I-<CMT>
diamond I-<MAT>
onto <other>
epitaxial <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


such <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
would <other>
be <other>
useful <other>
to <other>
enhance <other>
the <other>
light I-<PRO>
extraction <PRO>
and <other>
heat I-<PRO>
dissipation <PRO>
in <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
LEDs I-<APL>
. <other>


A <other>
hot I-<SMT>
filament <SMT>
CVD <SMT>
reactor <other>
utilising <other>
a <other>
CH4 <other>
/ <other>
H <other>
gas <other>
mixture <other>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
deposit <other>
the <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
consisted <other>
of <other>
an <other>
epitaxial <other>
layer I-<DSC>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
grown <other>
onto <other>
a <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
base <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
at <other>
deposition <other>
temperatures <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
the <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
decomposed <other>
, <other>
evolving <other>
gaseous <other>
N <other>
which <other>
created <other>
pinholes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
growing <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
or <other>
caused <other>
it <other>
to <other>
delaminate <other>
. <other>


lowering <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperature <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
a <other>
prohibitively <other>
low <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
poor <other>
quality <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
. <other>


results <other>
will <other>
also <other>
be <other>
presented <other>
from <other>
a <other>
further <other>
series <other>
of <other>
experiments <other>
performed <other>
using <other>
N <other>
addition <other>
to <other>
the <other>
CH4 <other>
/ <other>
H <other>
gas <other>
mixture <other>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
idea <other>
that <other>
a <other>
high <other>
background <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
of <other>
N <other>
would <other>
slow <other>
or <other>
prevent <other>
the <other>
decomposition <other>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
. <other>


hollow I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
microspheres I-<DSC>
assembled <other>
with <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
mesocrystals I-<DSC>
: <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
one I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pot <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
and <other>
the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>


hollow <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
microspheres I-<DSC>
assembled <other>
with <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
mesocrystal I-<DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
were <other>
precipitated <other>
directly <other>
from <other>
a <other>
mixed <other>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
of <other>
C4K2O9Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
HO I-<MAT>
and <other>
HNO3 I-<MAT>
at <other>
a <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hollow I-<DSC>
microspheres <DSC>
consisted <other>
of <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
mesocrystal I-<DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
diameter <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
length <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
evolution <other>
upon <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
duration <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
is <other>
formed <other>
through <other>
a <other>
hydrolysis I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
dissolution <SMT>
– <SMT>
precipitation <SMT>
procedure <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
unique <other>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
hollow I-<DSC>
microspheres <DSC>
showed <other>
remarkable <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
in <other>
photodegrading <other>
rhodamine <other>
B <other>
in <other>
water <other>
under <other>
the <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
illumination <other>
. <other>


pseudopotential I-<CMT>
calculations <CMT>
of <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
ga1-x I-<MAT>
In <MAT>
x <MAT>
N <MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
with <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
blende <SPL>
structure I-<PRO>


this <other>
paper <other>
is <other>
concerned <other>
with <other>
the <other>
pseudopotential I-<CMT>
investigation <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
its <other>
related <other>
quantities <other>
for <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
blende <SPL>
Ga1-xInxN I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


our <other>
results <other>
for <other>
the <other>
important <other>
direct <other>
and <other>
indirect I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
- <PRO>
gap <PRO>
energies <PRO>
, <other>
electron I-<PRO>
effective <PRO>
masses <PRO>
and <other>
antisymmetric I-<PRO>
gaps <PRO>
for <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
and <other>
InN I-<MAT>
agree <other>
well <other>
with <other>
the <other>
available <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
. <other>


attention <other>
has <other>
also <other>
been <other>
paid <other>
to <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
disorder I-<PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ga1-xInxN I-<MAT>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


for <other>
this <other>
purpose <other>
, <other>
the <other>
compositional I-<PRO>
disorder <PRO>
is <other>
added <other>
to <other>
the <other>
virtual I-<CMT>
crystal <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
as <other>
an <other>
effective <other>
potential <other>
. <other>


such <other>
correction <other>
improves <other>
significantly <other>
the <other>
value <other>
of <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
gap <PRO>
bowing <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
in <other>
Ga1-xInxN I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


single I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electron <PRO>
transistor <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
F2Sr <MAT>
granular I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


we <other>
prepared <other>
single I-<APL>
- <APL>
electron <APL>
tunnelling <APL>
( <APL>
SET <APL>
) <APL>
transistors <APL>
made <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanodots I-<DSC>
and <other>
investigated <other>
their <other>
fundamental <other>
properties <other>
. <other>


the <other>
device <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
nanodot I-<DSC>
arrays <other>
embedded <other>
in <other>
a <other>
F2Sr I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
co-evaporation I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
on <other>
thermally I-<SMT>
oxidized <SMT>
Si I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
were <other>
used <other>
as <other>
backgate I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
current I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
curves <PRO>
between <other>
source <other>
and <other>
drain I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>
were <other>
nonlinear <other>
even <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


coulomb <other>
blockade <other>
was <other>
clearly <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
8K <other>
. <other>


current <other>
oscillation <other>
which <other>
is <other>
another <other>
SET I-<APL>
characteristic <other>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
curves <other>
of <other>
drain I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
versus <PRO>
gate <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
oscillation I-<PRO>
period <PRO>
was <other>
roughly <other>
estimated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


deposition <other>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Mo(Si,Al)2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BMo I-<MAT>
layered I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
on <other>
TZM I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


A <other>
two I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
pack <SMT>
cementation <SMT>
process <SMT>
including <other>
first <other>
boronizing I-<SMT>
and <other>
then <other>
co-depositing I-<SMT>
of <other>
Si-Al-Y I-<MAT>
with <other>
different <other>
Al I-<MAT>
contents <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
10wt <other>
% <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
packs <other>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
deposit <other>
oxidation I-<APL>
- <APL>
resistant <APL>
coatings <APL>
on <other>
TZM I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
as-formed I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
are <other>
MoSi2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BMo I-<MAT>
, <other>
Mo(Si,Al)2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BMo I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Mo(Si,Al)2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Mo-Al-B I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BMo I-<MAT>
layered I-<DSC>
coatings I-<APL>
respectively <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
MoSi2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BMo I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
, <other>
the <other>
improved <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
performance <PRO>
is <other>
presented <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Mo(Si,Al)2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BMo I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mo(Si,Al)2 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Mo-Al-B I-<MAT>
/ <other>
BMo I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
upon <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
which <other>
should <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
sluggish <other>
inward <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
Si I-<MAT>
into <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
forming <other>
dense <other>
scales <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
change <other>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
coatings I-<APL>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
evolution <other>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
electroless I-<SMT>
plated <SMT>
on <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
whisker I-<DSC>
during <other>
electroless I-<SMT>
plating <SMT>
and <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>


SiCw I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Co I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
particles <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
electroless I-<APL>
plating <APL>
cobalt I-<MAT>
on <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
evolution <other>
of <other>
the <other>
plated I-<SMT>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
images <other>
show <other>
that <other>
growth <other>
occurs <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
at <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
stage <other>
; <other>
as <other>
they <other>
grow <other>
larger <other>
, <other>
the <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
converge <other>
to <other>
form <other>
a <other>
continuous <other>
coating I-<APL>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
actually <other>
stacking <other>
of <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
clusters I-<DSC>
. <other>


after <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treated <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
a <other>
hydrogen <other>
atmosphere <other>
, <other>
the <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
transforms <other>
from <other>
an <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
to <other>
a <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
state <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
SiCw I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Co I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
is <other>
low <other>
because <other>
of <other>
the <other>
weak <other>
bonding <other>
between <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
continuous <other>
coating I-<APL>
aggregates <other>
to <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
through <other>
surface I-<DSC>
diffusion <other>
during <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
. <other>


investigation <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
substituted I-<DSC>
nickel I-<MAT>
ferrite <MAT>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
, <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>


NiFe2-xAlxO4 I-<MAT>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
, <other>
where <other>
x <other>
is <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
with <other>
a <other>
step <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
and <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
non-magnetic I-<PRO>
aluminum I-<MAT>
content <other>
on <other>
their <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
patterns <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
synthesized <other>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
are <other>
single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


mean <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
sizes <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
calculated <other>
by <other>
scherrer I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
formula <CMT>
and <other>
were <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
mean I-<PRO>
particle <PRO>
sizes <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<CMT>
hysteresis <CMT>
loops <CMT>
were <other>
recorded <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
in <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
applied <other>
field <other>
of <other>
3000Oe <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
by <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
the <other>
magnetizations I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
are <other>
decreased <other>
. <other>


this <other>
reduction <other>
is <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
non-magnetic I-<PRO>
al3+ <other>
ions <other>
, <other>
which <other>
by <other>
their <other>
substitutions <other>
the <other>
super I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
between <other>
different <other>
sites <other>
will <other>
be <other>
reduced <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
also <other>
seen <other>
that <other>
the <other>
magnetizations I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
are <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
those <other>
related <other>
to <other>
their <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
counterparts <other>
. <other>


this <other>
reduction <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
as <other>
a <other>
consequence <other>
of <other>
surface I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
disorder <PRO>
. <other>


m I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
T <PRO>
curves <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
using <other>
a <other>
faraday I-<CMT>
balance <CMT>
and <other>
by <other>
which <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
that <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
are <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
their <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
counterparts <other>
. <other>


ultraviolet I-<CMT>
reflectance <CMT>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
BeO I-<MAT>


the <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
ultraviolet I-<CMT>
reflectance <CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
flux I-<SMT>
grown <SMT>
red I-<MAT>
ruby <MAT>
( <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
with <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
per <other>
cent <other>
Cr2O3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
flux I-<SMT>
grown <SMT>
beryllia I-<MAT>
( <other>
BeO I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
natural <other>
quartz I-<MAT>
( <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
on <other>
natural <other>
faces <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
with <other>
an <other>
angle <other>
of <other>
incidence <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
. <other>


the <other>
spectra <other>
show <other>
exciton <other>
- <other>
like <other>
peaks <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
BeO I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
broad <other>
structures <other>
presumably <other>
due <other>
to <other>
interband <other>
transitions <other>
. <other>


striking <other>
similarities <other>
between <other>
the <other>
spectra <other>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
are <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


highly <other>
nitrogen <other>
doped I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
as <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
electrocatalyst I-<APL>
for <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
reaction <APL>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
highly <other>
nitrogen <other>
doped I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
( <other>
HNCNSs I-<DSC>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
EDTA <other>
calcium <other>
disodium <other>
salt <other>
. <other>


they <other>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
direct <other>
four <other>
- <other>
electron <other>
reaction <other>
pathway <other>
and <other>
high <other>
stability I-<PRO>
as <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
metal I-<APL>
- <APL>
free <APL>
catalyst <APL>
for <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
reaction <APL>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
transition <other>
metal <other>
doping <other>
on <other>
the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposited <SMT>
DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


doped I-<DSC>
or <other>
alloyed I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
( <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
superior <other>
properties <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
undoped I-<DSC>
DLC I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


but <other>
the <other>
choice <other>
of <other>
dopant <other>
plays <other>
a <other>
vital <other>
role <other>
in <other>
tailoring <other>
specific <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
desired <other>
for <other>
specific <other>
application <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
, <other>
a <other>
comparative <other>
study <other>
has <other>
been <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
bring <other>
out <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
transition <other>
metal <other>
( <other>
TM <other>
) <other>
doped I-<DSC>
DLC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


nanocomposite I-<DSC>
DLC I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
TM <MAT>
( <MAT>
TM <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ti <MAT>
and <MAT>
Ni <MAT>
) <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
by <other>
nanosecond I-<SMT>
pulsed <SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
on <other>
to <other>
AISISS304 I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


films I-<DSC>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
glancing I-<CMT>
incidence <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
GI I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
XRD <CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
HRTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sp2 I-<PRO>
and <other>
sp3 I-<PRO>
fraction <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
well <other>
described <other>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
energy <CMT>
loss <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EELS I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
TM <other>
films I-<DSC>
showed <other>
peak <other>
shift <other>
towards <other>
lower <other>
wavenumber <other>
indicating <other>
the <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
internal <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
TM <other>
nanoclusters I-<DSC>
and <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
phases <other>
were <other>
confirmed <other>
in <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
TM <other>
films I-<DSC>
by <other>
GI I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
XRD <CMT>
, <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
and <other>
HRTEM I-<CMT>
. <other>


DLC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
showed <other>
low <other>
friction I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
large <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
sp2 <other>
lubricant <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
high <other>
friction I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
measured <other>
in <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


such <other>
a <other>
high <other>
friction I-<PRO>
is <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
hard I-<PRO>
CTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
sp3 <other>
phase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
respectively <other>
. <other>


sintering I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
WC I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>


the <other>
sintering I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
WC I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
via <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
initial <other>
WC I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
powders <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
via <other>
metal I-<SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
in <other>
a <other>
spouted <other>
bed <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
carburization I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


then <other>
the <other>
nanocomposite I-<DSC>
powders <DSC>
were <other>
densified I-<SMT>
via <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
disks I-<DSC>
such <other>
as <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
WC I-<MAT>
– <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
show <other>
maximum <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa*m1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
monolithic I-<DSC>
alumina I-<MAT>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
observations <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
WC I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
are <other>
dispersed <other>
within <other>
the <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
which <other>
limit <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
growth <PRO>
of <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
. <other>


the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
changes <other>
from <other>
intergranular <other>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
monolithic I-<DSC>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
to <other>
transgranular <other>
mode <other>
for <other>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
to <other>
reinforce <other>
their <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


single-unit-cell I-<DSC>
thick <DSC>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
nanosheets I-<DSC>


single-unit-cell I-<DSC>
thick <DSC>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
sheets I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
an <other>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


these <other>
nanosheets I-<DSC>
have <other>
a <other>
<001>  <other>
orientation <other>
and <other>
are <other>
terminated <other>
at <other>
the <other>
MnO2 I-<MAT>
atomic I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
huge <other>
shape I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
, <other>
they <other>
demonstrated <other>
lower <other>
TC I-<PRO>
and <other>
much <other>
greater <other>
coercivity I-<PRO>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
Mn3O4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


organic I-<SMT>
solvent <SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
free I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
standing <DSC>
Li2MnO3*LiNi1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Co1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Mn1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3O2 <MAT>
on <other>
3D I-<DSC>
graphene I-<MAT>
as <other>
a <other>
high I-<APL>
energy <APL>
density <APL>
cathode <APL>


A <other>
novel <other>
organic I-<SMT>
solvent <SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
freeze <SMT>
- <SMT>
drying <SMT>
pathway <other>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
effectively <other>
protect <other>
and <other>
uniformly <other>
distribute <other>
active <other>
particles I-<DSC>
, <other>
is <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
fabricate <other>
a <other>
free I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
standing <DSC>
Li2MnO3*LiNi1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Co1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3Mn1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3O2 <MAT>
( <MAT>
LR <MAT>
) <MAT>
/ <other>
rGO I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
on <other>
a <other>
large <other>
scale <other>
. <other>


thus <other>
, <other>
very <other>
high <other>
energy I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
power I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
are <other>
realized <other>
for <other>
LR I-<MAT>
materials <other>
with <other>
robust <other>
long <other>
- <other>
term <other>
cyclability I-<PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
situ <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
on <other>
pure I-<DSC>
Ti I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
by <other>
TIG I-<SMT>
surfacing <SMT>
process <SMT>


In <other>
the <other>
current <other>
study <other>
, <other>
the <other>
in-situ <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
on <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
during <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
TIG I-<SMT>
cladding <SMT>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
regards <other>
, <other>
pure <other>
Al I-<MAT>
wire I-<DSC>
( <other>
graid <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
was <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
commercially <other>
pure <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
TIG I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
and <other>
the <other>
produced <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
823K <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
for <other>
different <other>
periods <other>
of <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
optical I-<CMT>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
OM I-<CMT>
& <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
was <other>
also <other>
examined <other>
in <other>
ClNa I-<MAT>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
electrolyte <other>
by <other>
potansiostate I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
with <other>
average <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
value <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
HV <other>
can <other>
successfully <other>
form <other>
on <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
during <other>
TIG I-<SMT>
cladding <SMT>
process <SMT>
. <other>


by <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
the <other>
produced <other>
coatings I-<APL>
, <other>
the <other>
percentages <other>
of <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
phase <other>
was <other>
increased <other>
and <other>
one <other>
adhesive <other>
and <other>
uniform <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
formed <other>
on <other>
clad I-<DSC>
/ <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
interface <DSC>
. <other>


by <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
times <other>
, <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
phase <other>
has <other>
increased <other>
and <other>
reached <other>
to <other>
a <other>
value <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
um <other>
after <other>
20h <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al3Ti I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
was <other>
also <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
increasing <other>
the <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
time <other>
. <other>


tribology I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
ex-situ <other>
and <other>
in-situ <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
reinforced <other>
iron I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
produced <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>


In <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
ex-situ <other>
( <other>
adding <other>
the <other>
particles I-<DSC>
reinforcement <other>
phase <other>
into <other>
the <other>
matrix I-<DSC>
materials <other>
directly <other>
) <other>
and <other>
in-situ <other>
( <other>
the <other>
particles I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
directly <other>
from <other>
elemental <other>
powders I-<DSC>
of <other>
W I-<MAT>
and <other>
C I-<MAT>
during <other>
the <other>
fabrication <other>
) <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
particle I-<DSC>
reinforced <other>
iron I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
( <other>
WC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
) <other>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
well <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>
with <other>
the <other>
particle <other>
volume <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
main <other>
phases <other>
were <other>
ferrite I-<MAT>
, <other>
WC I-<MAT>
, <other>
CW2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
CFe3W3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
pearlite I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
content <other>
of <other>
CFe3W3 I-<MAT>
in <other>
ex-situ <other>
WC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
was <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
in <other>
in-situ <other>
WC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
some <other>
of <other>
which <other>
spread <other>
throughout <other>
particles I-<DSC>
in <other>
ex-situ <other>
WC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
homogenous <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
WC I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
within <other>
the <other>
iron I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
was <other>
obtained <other>
with <other>
strong <other>
bonding <other>
to <other>
the <other>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
mean <other>
WC I-<MAT>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
was <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
for <other>
ex-situ <other>
and <other>
in-situ <other>
WC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
traditional <other>
martensitic I-<SPL>
wear I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
steels I-<MAT>
, <other>
these <other>
two <other>
type <other>
composites I-<DSC>
presented <other>
the <other>
more <other>
excellent <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
which <other>
was <other>
enhanced <other>
at <other>
least <other>
six <other>
times <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
better <other>
particles I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
interfacial I-<PRO>
microstructure <PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
in-situ <other>
composite I-<DSC>
had <other>
the <other>
lower <other>
specific <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm3 <other>
/ <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
which <other>
was <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ex-situ <other>
composite I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm3 <other>
/ <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dominant <other>
wear I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
in-situ <other>
and <other>
ex-situ <other>
WC I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
was <other>
a <other>
combination <other>
of <other>
abrasive I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
and <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
different <other>
from <other>
the <other>
micro-ploughing <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
the <other>
martensitic I-<SPL>
wear I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
steel I-<MAT>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
ex-situ <other>
composites I-<DSC>
, <other>
coarse I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
grained <PRO>
WC I-<MAT>
and <other>
higher <other>
content <other>
of <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
phase <other>
CFe3W3 I-<MAT>
increased <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
and <other>
reduced <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


reversible <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
effects <other>
on <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
thin <DSC>
films <DSC>
for <other>
gas I-<APL>
sensing <APL>
applications <APL>


carbon I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
( <other>
CNTs I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
enhanced <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
PECVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
as <other>
resistive I-<APL>
gas <APL>
sensors <APL>
towards <other>
NO2 <other>
oxidizing <other>
gas <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
air I-<SMT>
oxidative <SMT>
treatment <SMT>
dramatically <other>
influence <other>
the <other>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
' <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
as <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
volt I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
amperometric <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


In <other>
particular <other>
, <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
show <other>
that <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
CNT I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
converted <other>
from <other>
semiconducting I-<PRO>
to <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
through <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatments <SMT>
in <other>
oxygen <other>
. <other>


after <other>
oxygen I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
proves <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
linked <other>
to <other>
nickel I-<MAT>
located <other>
at <other>
the <other>
nanotube I-<DSC>
's <other>
cap <other>
and <other>
a <other>
no <other>
appreciable <other>
variation <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
physisorbed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
. <other>


tangential <other>
mode <other>
raman I-<CMT>
lines <other>
from <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
oxidized I-<SMT>
CNTs I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
depend <other>
sensitively <other>
on <other>
adsorbed <other>
oxidizing <other>
molecules <other>
exhibiting <other>
different <other>
line <other>
shapes <other>
than <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
nanotubes <DSC>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
line <other>
shapes <other>
became <other>
identical <other>
after <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
degassing <other>
of <other>
doping <other>
adsorbates <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
measured <other>
by <other>
exposing <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
to <other>
sub-ppm <other>
NO2 <other>
concentrations <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppb <other>
in <other>
air <other>
) <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
decrease <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
results <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
nanotubes I-<DSC>
could <other>
find <other>
use <other>
as <other>
sensitive I-<APL>
chemical <APL>
gas <APL>
sensor <APL>
for <other>
the <other>
fast <other>
response <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
a <other>
high <other>
sensitivity <other>
to <other>
sub-ppm <other>
NO2 <other>
exposure <other>
; <other>
the <other>
precise <other>
recover <other>
of <other>
the <other>
base <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
value <other>
in <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
NO2 <other>
at <other>
a <other>
fixed <other>
operating <other>
temperature <other>
likewise <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
intrinsic <other>
properties <other>
measured <other>
on <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
nanotubes <DSC>
may <other>
be <other>
severely <other>
changed <other>
by <other>
extrinsic <other>
oxidative I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
effects <other>
. <other>


formation <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Si <MAT>
bulk I-<PRO>
metallic <PRO>
glasses <PRO>
with <other>
different <other>
( I-<PRO>
Ti <PRO>
+ <PRO>
Zr <PRO>
) <PRO>
/ <PRO>
Cu <PRO>
ratios <PRO>
for <other>
biomedical I-<APL>
application <APL>


Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
– <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
– <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
– <MAT>
Sn <MAT>
– <MAT>
Si <MAT>
bulk I-<PRO>
metallic <PRO>
glasses <PRO>
( <other>
BMGs I-<PRO>
) <other>
free <other>
from <other>
highly <other>
toxic <other>
elements <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
and <other>
Be I-<MAT>
were <other>
developed <other>
as <other>
promising <other>
biomaterials I-<APL>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
( I-<PRO>
Ti <PRO>
+ <PRO>
Zr <PRO>
) <PRO>
/ <PRO>
Cu <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
on <other>
glass I-<DSC>
- <other>
formation <other>
, <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
bio-corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
wettability <PRO>
and <other>
biocompatibility I-<PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
BMG I-<PRO>
system <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Cu80Fe5Si2Sn4Ti94Zr15 I-<MAT>
glassy I-<DSC>
alloy <DSC>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
glass I-<PRO>
forming <PRO>
ability <PRO>
( <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
) <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
the <other>
largest <other>
supercooled I-<SMT>
liquid <other>
region <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
glassy I-<DSC>
rod <DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
critical I-<PRO>
diameter <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
copper I-<MAT>
- <other>
mold I-<SMT>
casting <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
BMGs I-<PRO>
possess <other>
high <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
strength <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPa <other>
and <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
hv <other>
. <other>


young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Cu80Fe5Si2Sn4Ti94Zr15 I-<MAT>
glassy I-<DSC>
alloy <DSC>
was <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
slightly <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
6Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
4V <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
Cu80Fe5Si2Sn4Ti94Zr15 I-<MAT>
glassy I-<DSC>
alloy <DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
GFA I-<PRO>
exhibited <other>
high <other>
bio-corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
good <other>
surface I-<PRO>
hydrophilia <PRO>
and <other>
cytocompatibility I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanisms <other>
for <other>
glass <other>
formation <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
( I-<PRO>
Ti <PRO>
+ <PRO>
Zr <PRO>
) <PRO>
/ <PRO>
Cu <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
on <other>
bio-corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <other>
and <other>
biocompatibility I-<PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


photoluminescence I-<CMT>
properties <other>
and <other>
energy I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
transfer <PRO>
of <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
stable <PRO>
ce3+ <other>
, <other>
mn2+ <other>
- <other>
codoped I-<DSC>
barium I-<MAT>
strontium <MAT>
lithium <MAT>
silicate <MAT>
red I-<APL>
phosphors <APL>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
stable <PRO>
ce3+ <other>
, <other>
mn2+ <other>
- <other>
codoped I-<DSC>
barium I-<MAT>
strontium <MAT>
lithium <MAT>
silicate <MAT>
( <other>
BSLS I-<MAT>
) <other>
phosphors I-<APL>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
solid <SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
patterns <other>
of <other>
this <other>
phosphor I-<APL>
seem <other>
to <other>
be <other>
a <other>
new <other>
phase <other>
that <other>
has <other>
not <other>
been <other>
reported <other>
before <other>
. <other>


BSLS I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
ce3+ <MAT>
, <MAT>
mn2+ <MAT>
showed <other>
two <other>
emission <other>
bands <other>
under <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
excitation <other>
: <other>
one <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
was <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
ce3+ <other>
emission <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
other <other>
found <other>
in <other>
red <other>
region <other>
was <other>
assigned <other>
to <other>
mn2+ <other>
emission <other>
through <other>
ce3+ <other>
– <other>
mn2+ <other>
efficient <other>
energy <other>
transfer <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mn2+ <other>
emission <other>
shifted <other>
red <other>
along <other>
with <other>
the <other>
replacement <other>
of <other>
barium I-<MAT>
by <other>
strontium I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
change <other>
of <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
composition <other>
- <other>
optimized <other>
phosphor I-<APL>
, <other>
BSLS I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
0.10Ce3+ <MAT>
, <MAT>
0.05Mn2+ <MAT>
( <MAT>
Ba <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
exhibited <other>
strong <other>
and <other>
broad <other>
red I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
emitting <PRO>
and <other>
supreme <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
this <other>
phosphor I-<APL>
is <other>
suitable <other>
as <other>
a <other>
red I-<APL>
component <APL>
for <other>
NUV I-<APL>
LED <APL>
or <other>
high I-<APL>
pressure <APL>
Hg <APL>
vapor <APL>
( <APL>
HPMV <APL>
) <APL>
lamp <APL>
. <other>


investigation <other>
of <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
impurities <other>
charge I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
bonds <PRO>
in <other>
PLZT I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
the <other>
first <other>
observation <other>
of <other>
207Pb <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
both <other>
in <other>
pure I-<DSC>
PLZT I-<MAT>
and <other>
doped I-<DSC>
by <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
peculiarities <other>
were <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
lanthanum I-<MAT>
and <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
and <other>
connected <other>
with <other>
a <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
shift <PRO>
tensor <PRO>
values <other>
and <other>
their <other>
principal <other>
axis <other>
directions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ESR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
in <other>
PLZT I-<MAT>
with <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
spectra <other>
were <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
those <other>
of <other>
cr3+ <other>
, <other>
cr5+ <other>
and <other>
ti3+ <other>
their <other>
intensities <other>
being <other>
dependent <other>
on <other>
the <other>
La I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
La I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
the <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
cr5+ <other>
to <other>
cr3+ <other>
and <other>
disappearance <other>
of <other>
ti3+ <other>
took <other>
place <other>
. <other>


the <other>
relative <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
cr3+ <other>
and <other>
cr5+ <other>
in <other>
the <other>
ESR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
was <other>
supposed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
proportional <other>
to <other>
the <other>
volume <other>
of <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
regions <other>
in <other>
PLZT I-<MAT>
samples <other>
. <other>


it <other>
follows <other>
both <other>
from <other>
ESR I-<CMT>
and <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
that <other>
for <other>
lanthanum I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
there <other>
are <other>
no <other>
local <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
regions <other>
in <other>
PLZT I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
data <other>
for <other>
the <other>
appearance <other>
of <other>
dipole I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
state <PRO>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
mesoporous <DSC>
titania I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
enhanced <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
under <other>
UV <other>
light <other>
irradiation <other>


Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
mesoporous <DSC>
titania I-<MAT>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
a <other>
combined <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
process <other>
with <other>
surfactant I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
templating <SMT>
method <other>
using <other>
cetyltrimethyl <other>
ammonium <other>
bromide <other>
( <other>
CTAB <other>
) <other>
as <other>
the <other>
structure <other>
- <other>
directing <other>
agent <other>
. <other>


the <other>
prepared <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
N I-<CMT>
adsorption <CMT>
– <CMT>
desorption <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
( <other>
BET I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
degradation <other>
of <other>
model <other>
contaminant <other>
water <other>
of <other>
phenol <other>
in <other>
aqueous <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
different <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>
had <other>
different <other>
effects <other>
on <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sample <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
shows <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
undoped I-<DSC>
mesoporous <DSC>
titania I-<MAT>
. <other>


multiplicity <other>
of <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
in <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
and <other>
defect I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
of <other>
( I-<MAT>
ba1-x <MAT>
r <MAT>
x <MAT>
)(Ti1-x <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
x <MAT>
)O3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
r <MAT>
= <MAT>
La <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Sm <MAT>
) <MAT>
dielectric I-<APL>
ceramics <APL>


( I-<MAT>
Ba1-xR <MAT>
x)(Ti1-xHo <MAT>
x)O3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
r <MAT>
= <MAT>
La <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Sm <MAT>
; <MAT>
x <MAT>
≥ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
( <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
using <other>
a <other>
mixed I-<SMT>
oxides <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
solubility <other>
limits <other>
in <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
with <MAT>
r <MAT>
= <MAT>
La <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Sm <MAT>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
to <other>
be <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
radius <PRO>
of <other>
r <other>
at <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
site <other>
plays <other>
a <other>
decisive <other>
role <other>
in <other>
the <other>
solubility <other>
limit <other>
in <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
. <other>


only <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
with <other>
r <other>
= <other>
La I-<MAT>
satisfied <other>
vegard I-<CMT>
's <CMT>
law <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
multiplicity <other>
of <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
signals <other>
of <other>
nd3+ <other>
/ <other>
ho3+ <other>
and <other>
sm3+ <other>
/ <other>
ho3+ <other>
in <other>
raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
under <other>
532-nm <other>
excitation <other>
laser <other>
and <other>
the <other>
high <other>
- <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
abnormality <other>
for <other>
the <other>
denser <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
with <other>
r <other>
= <other>
Sm I-<MAT>
and <other>
at <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
were <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
PL I-<CMT>
provided <other>
the <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
small <other>
number <other>
of <other>
ho3+ <other>
at <other>
Ba I-<MAT>
- <other>
site <other>
in <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
and <other>
it <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
that <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
Ba I-<MAT>
- <other>
site <other>
ho3+ <other>
ions <other>
increased <other>
from <other>
0.05at <other>
% <other>
at <other>
r <other>
= <other>
La I-<MAT>
to <other>
0.19at <other>
% <other>
at <other>
r <other>
= <other>
Sm I-<MAT>
with <other>
increasing <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
number <PRO>
of <other>
light <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
. <other>


BRTH I-<MAT>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
much <other>
broadened <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
, <other>
marked <other>
by <other>
× <other>
5T <other>
, <other>
× <other>
6T <other>
, <other>
× <other>
7T <other>
, <other>
and <other>
× <other>
8S <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
specifications <PRO>
for <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
with <MAT>
r <MAT>
= <MAT>
La <MAT>
, <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Sm <MAT>
and <other>
at <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
and <other>
they <other>
exhibited <other>
lower <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
( <other>
tan I-<PRO>
δ <PRO>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
peak <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
Tm I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
BRTH I-<MAT>
decreased <other>
linearly <other>
at <other>
a <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
less <other>
than <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
/ <other>
% <other>
( <other>
r <other>
/ <other>
Ho <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
, <other>
solubility I-<PRO>
limit <PRO>
, <other>
lower <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
abnormality <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
solvent <other>
and <other>
chelating <other>
agent <other>
on <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
solid I-<APL>
oxide <APL>
fuel <APL>
cell <APL>
perovskite I-<SPL>
, <other>
La0.8Sr0.2CrO3-d I-<MAT>


effects <other>
of <other>
solvent <other>
and <other>
chelating <other>
agent <other>
on <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
La0.8Sr0.2CrO3-d I-<MAT>
perovskite I-<SPL>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


samples <other>
are <other>
synthesized <other>
using <other>
a <other>
solvent <other>
( <other>
ethylene <other>
glycol <other>
or <other>
2-methoxyethanol <other>
) <other>
and <other>
a <other>
chelating <other>
agent <other>
( <other>
acetylacetone <other>
, <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
or <other>
ethylene <other>
diamine <other>
tetraacetic <other>
acid <other>
) <other>
by <other>
polymeric I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometry <CMT>
and <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


citric <other>
acid <other>
to <other>
metal <other>
cations <other>
molar <other>
ratio <other>
( <other>
rc <other>
) <other>
is <other>
varied <other>
for <other>
ethylene <other>
glycol <other>
– <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
system <other>
. <other>


samples <other>
are <other>
mainly <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
perovskite <SPL>
. <other>


CrO4Sr I-<MAT>
is <other>
appeared <other>
as <other>
a <other>
secondary <other>
phase <other>
and <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
the <other>
lowest <other>
for <other>
ethylene <other>
glycol <other>
– <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
combination <other>
with <other>
rc <other>
equal <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


crystallographic I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
of <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
are <other>
determined <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
those <other>
of <other>
CrLaO3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


A <other>
mechanism <other>
employing <other>
a <other>
partial I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
charge <CMT>
model <CMT>
, <other>
chelating <other>
effect <other>
and <other>
solvent <other>
- <other>
cage <other>
effect <other>
is <other>
proposed <other>
to <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
results <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
on <other>
phase <other>
, <other>
relative I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
samples <other>
prepared <other>
using <other>
ethylene <other>
glycol <other>
and <other>
citric <other>
acid <other>
( <other>
rc <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
is <other>
also <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
their <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
in <other>
nonstoichiometric I-<DSC>
cobaltous I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>


defect I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
point <PRO>
defects <PRO>
in <other>
pure I-<DSC>
metal I-<PRO>
deficient <PRO>
cobalt I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
Co1-yO I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
in <other>
Co1-yO I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Cr2O3 <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
pressure <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
Pa <other>
) <other>
using <other>
microthermogravimetric I-<CMT>
techniques <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
the <other>
predominant <other>
defects I-<PRO>
in <other>
pure <other>
and <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
cobaltous I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
are <other>
singly <other>
ionized <other>
cation I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
of <other>
dopant <other>
is <other>
high <other>
enough <other>
to <other>
fix <other>
the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
predominant <other>
defects I-<PRO>
in <other>
such <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
on <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
level <other>
being <other>
much <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
in <other>
pure <other>
Co1-yO I-<MAT>
. <other>


re-equilibration I-<CMT>
rate <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
have <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
diffusion <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
and <other>
thereby <other>
the <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
point <PRO>
defects <PRO>
in <other>
pure <other>
Co1-yO I-<MAT>
is <other>
concentration <other>
independent <other>
, <other>
strongly <other>
suggesting <other>
that <other>
in <other>
spite <other>
of <other>
rather <other>
high <other>
their <other>
concentration <other>
no <other>
interactions <other>
and <other>
clustering <other>
of <other>
defects I-<PRO>
is <other>
to <other>
be <other>
expected <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
in <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
cobaltous I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
, <other>
re-equilibration I-<CMT>
rate <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
have <other>
shown <other>
, <other>
that <other>
in <other>
this <other>
case <other>
the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
is <other>
more <other>
complicated <other>
, <other>
although <other>
singly <other>
ionized <other>
cation I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
seem <other>
to <other>
be <other>
still <other>
predominant <other>
defects I-<PRO>
. <other>


MBE I-<SMT>
growth <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Fe3(Al,Si) I-<MAT>
on <other>
GaAs(100) I-<MAT>


we <other>
report <other>
a <other>
successful <other>
epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
an <other>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
compound <other>
Fe3(Al,Si) I-<MAT>
on <other>
GaAs(100) I-<MAT>
. <other>


Fe3(Al,Si) I-<MAT>
has <other>
a <other>
BiF3 I-<SPL>
( <other>
DO3 I-<SPL>
) <other>
structure <other>
with <other>
a <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
adjusted <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
a <other>
perfect <other>
lattice <other>
match <other>
with <other>
GaAs(100) I-<MAT>
face <other>
by <other>
tuning <other>
the <other>
relative <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
to <other>
Si I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<DSC>
growth <other>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
in <other>
an <other>
MBE I-<SMT>
system <other>
consisting <other>
of <other>
dual <other>
growth <other>
chambers <other>
, <other>
one <other>
for <other>
III <other>
– <other>
V <other>
compound <other>
semiconductors I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
other <other>
for <other>
growing <other>
metals I-<PRO>
ot <other>
group <other>
IV <other>
like <other>
Si I-<MAT>
. <other>


sharp <other>
, <other>
elongated <other>
streaks <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
reflection I-<CMT>
high <CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
RHEED I-<CMT>
) <other>
pattern <other>
after <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
one <other>
monolayer I-<DSC>
( <other>
ML I-<DSC>
) <other>
of <other>
Fe3(Al,Si) I-<MAT>
, <other>
indicating <other>
the <other>
attainment <other>
of <other>
an <other>
atomically I-<PRO>
smooth <PRO>
surface <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
streaky <other>
RHEED I-<CMT>
pattern <other>
sharpened <other>
further <other>
until <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
MLs <other>
) <other>
thickness <other>
was <other>
reached <other>
, <other>
and <other>
retained <other>
similar <other>
quality <other>
in <other>
thicker <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
was <other>
also <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
high I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolution <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
rutherford I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
/ <other>
channeling I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
rocking I-<CMT>
curve <CMT>
as <other>
narrow <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
full <other>
width <other>
half <other>
maximum <other>
along <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
bragg I-<CMT>
reflection <CMT>
was <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
an <other>
Al4Fe29Si7 I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
thick <other>
. <other>


formation I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
and <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
by <other>
ilmenite I-<MAT>
, <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphite I-<MAT>


Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
are <other>
used <other>
as <other>
cutting I-<APL>
tools <APL>
for <other>
machining I-<APL>
gray <other>
cast I-<MAT>
iron <MAT>
and <other>
steels I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
improves <other>
the <other>
toughness I-<PRO>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


ilmenite I-<MAT>
, <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
used <other>
to <other>
produce <other>
in-situ <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
– <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


however <other>
the <other>
formation I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
and <other>
reaction I-<PRO>
sequences <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
system <other>
are <other>
not <other>
clear <other>
enough <other>
. <other>


therefore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
present <other>
research <other>
is <other>
designed <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
formation I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
reaction I-<PRO>
sequences <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
foresaid <other>
system <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
research <other>
, <other>
ilmenite I-<MAT>
was <other>
synthesized <other>
to <other>
prevent <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
impurities <other>
in <other>
the <other>
system <other>
and <other>
then <other>
the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
of <other>
ilmenite I-<MAT>
, <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
mixture <other>
were <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
. <other>


the <other>
milled I-<SMT>
and <other>
pressed I-<SMT>
samples <other>
, <other>
prepared <other>
from <other>
this <other>
mixture <other>
, <other>
were <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treated <SMT>
at <other>
the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
final <other>
products <other>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
with <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
at <other>
the <other>
first <other>
exothermic I-<PRO>
peak <PRO>
of <other>
DTA I-<CMT>
curve <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
, <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
reacts <other>
with <other>
FeO3Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
forming <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
, <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al5Fe2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


further <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
results <other>
not <other>
only <other>
in <other>
the <other>
transformation <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
to <other>
O3Ti2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
OTi I-<MAT>
, <other>
but <other>
also <other>
in <other>
the <other>
conversion <other>
of <other>
Al5Fe2 I-<MAT>
to <other>
AlFe I-<MAT>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
will <other>
also <other>
be <other>
formed <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
rise <other>
in <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
O3Ti2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
OTi I-<MAT>
and <other>
iron I-<MAT>
aluminides <MAT>
disappear <other>
and <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
will <other>
be <other>
the <other>
final <other>
compounds <other>
. <other>


band I-<CMT>
offset <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
of <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
se1-x <MAT>
/ <other>
SZn I-<MAT>
y <MAT>
se1-y <MAT>
heterostructures I-<DSC>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
design <other>
devices <other>
based <other>
on <other>
II <other>
– <other>
VI <other>
materials <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
necessary <other>
to <other>
know <other>
the <other>
potential <other>
across <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
between <other>
two <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


following <other>
our <other>
recent <other>
calculations <other>
which <other>
prove <other>
that <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
ZnSxSe1-x I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
nonlinear <other>
behaviour <other>
versus <other>
the <other>
sulphur I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
x <other>
, <other>
it <other>
appears <other>
that <other>
an <other>
accurate <other>
knowledge <other>
of <other>
band I-<PRO>
offsets <PRO>
for <other>
ZnSxSe1-x I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ZnSySe1-y I-<MAT>
structures <other>
will <other>
be <other>
useful <other>
to <other>
model <other>
devices <other>
based <other>
on <other>
this <other>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
a <other>
model I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
solid <CMT>
theory <CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
report <other>
in <other>
this <other>
work <other>
the <other>
band I-<CMT>
offset <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
for <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
pseudomorphically <other>
strained <other>
ZnSxSe1-x I-<MAT>
/ <other>
ZnSySe1-y I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
, <other>
we <other>
have <other>
calculated <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energies <PRO>
of <other>
ZnSxSe1-x I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
pseudomorphically <other>
strained <other>
on <other>
ZnSySe1-y I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
x <other>
and <other>
y <other>
in <other>
the <other>
whole <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
x,y <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


also <other>
, <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gaps <PRO>
of <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
ZnSxSe1-x I-<MAT>
deposed <other>
on <other>
ZnSySe1-y I-<MAT>
for <other>
several <other>
values <other>
of <other>
y <other>
have <other>
been <other>
calculated <other>
versus <other>
the <other>
sulphur <other>
content <other>
x <other>
. <other>


analytical <other>
formulas <other>
fitting <other>
these <other>
bands <other>
have <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


In <other>
view <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lack <other>
of <other>
theoretical <other>
calculations <other>
, <other>
our <other>
results <other>
seem <other>
likely <other>
to <other>
be <other>
useful <other>
especially <other>
in <other>
the <other>
design <other>
of <other>
ZnSxSe1-x I-<MAT>
structures <other>
for <other>
optoelectronic I-<APL>
devices <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
M-W <other>
hexaferrite I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>


Ca-Co-Mn-Zn I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
Sr I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
hexaferrites <MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
cation I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
Sr0.7Ca0.3Fen-0.6Co0.2Mn0.2Zn0.2 I-<MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
using <other>
conventional <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
processes <other>
by <other>
varying <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
contents <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
n <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hexaferrite I-<MAT>
sample <other>
with <other>
an <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
content <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
n <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
exhibited <other>
composite I-<DSC>
phases <other>
of <other>
m <other>
- <other>
type <other>
and <other>
W <other>
- <other>
type <other>
hexaferrite I-<MAT>
on <other>
calcining I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
air <other>
while <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
calcined I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
air <other>
exhibited <other>
only <other>
the <other>
m <other>
- <other>
type <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sample <other>
with <other>
n <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
( <other>
MS I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
emu <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
after <other>
performing <other>
calcination I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


MS I-<PRO>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
non-doped I-<DSC>
m <other>
- <other>
type <other>
Sr I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
hexaferrite <MAT>
( <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
emu <other>
/ <other>
g <other>
) <other>
sample <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
volume <other>
portion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
high-MS I-<PRO>
W <other>
- <other>
type <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
also <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
co-doping I-<SMT>
of <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
, <other>
Co I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
is <other>
crucial <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
W <other>
- <other>
type <other>
phase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
calcined I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
air <other>
. <other>


novel <other>
powellite I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
red I-<APL>
- <APL>
emitting <APL>
phosphors <APL>
: <other>
CaLa1- I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
MoNbO8 <MAT>
: <MAT>
xEu3+ <MAT>
for <other>
white I-<APL>
light <APL>
emitting <APL>
diodes <APL>


we <other>
report <other>
the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
properties <other>
of <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
powellite I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
red I-<APL>
- <APL>
emitting <APL>
phosphor <APL>
material <other>
: <other>
CaLa1-xNbMoO8 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
xEu3+ <MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
investigations <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
CaLa1-xNbMoO8 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
xEu3+ <MAT>
emits <other>
strong <other>
red <other>
light <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
originating <other>
from <other>
5D0-7F2 <other>
( <other>
electric <other>
dipole <other>
transition <other>
) <other>
under <other>
excitation <other>
either <other>
into <other>
the <other>
5L0 <other>
state <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
or <other>
the <other>
5D2 <other>
state <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
that <other>
correspond <other>
to <other>
the <other>
two <other>
popular <other>
emission <other>
lines <other>
from <other>
near-UV <other>
and <other>
blue I-<APL>
LED <APL>
chips <APL>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


when <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
emission I-<PRO>
intensity <PRO>
from <other>
a <other>
CaMoO4 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
eu3+ <MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
emission <other>
from <other>
CaLaMoNbO8 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
eu3+ <MAT>
showed <other>
greater <other>
intensity <other>
values <other>
under <other>
the <other>
same <other>
excitation <other>
wavelength <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhanced <other>
red I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
enhanced <other>
f I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
f <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
of <other>
eu3+ <other>
. <other>


these <other>
materials <other>
could <other>
be <other>
promising <other>
red I-<APL>
phosphors <APL>
for <other>
use <other>
in <other>
generating <other>
white <other>
light <other>
in <other>
phosphor-converted I-<APL>
white <APL>
light <APL>
emitting <APL>
diodes <APL>
( <other>
WLEDs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


structural- I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
properties <PRO>
analysis <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
hematite I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
one I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pot <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
approach <SMT>


high <other>
quality <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
hematite I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
with <other>
average <other>
dimensions <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
were <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
facile I-<SMT>
one <SMT>
- <SMT>
pot <SMT>
hydrothermal <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


systematic <other>
analyses <other>
were <other>
performed <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
morphological- I-<PRO>
, <other>
structural- I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
. <other>


continuous <other>
formation <other>
and <other>
hourly <other>
monitoring <other>
towards <other>
proper <other>
arrangement <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
was <other>
observed <other>
throughout <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
heating <SMT>
process <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
probable <other>
growth <other>
mechanism <other>
on <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
is <other>
also <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


electron I-<CMT>
micrographs <CMT>
show <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
synthesized <other>
at <other>
the <other>
most <other>
optimum <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
heating <SMT>
duration <other>
are <other>
indeed <other>
produced <other>
in <other>
high <other>
- <other>
yield <other>
with <other>
a <other>
well <other>
- <other>
defined <other>
cubical <other>
shape <other>
. <other>


the <other>
typical <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
structure <other>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
evident <other>
from <other>
the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
pattern <other>
. <other>


the <other>
SAED I-<CMT>
pattern <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
the <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
are <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
in <other>
nature <other>
, <other>
with <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fringes <PRO>
and <other>
a <other>
d-spacing I-<PRO>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
reveals <other>
that <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanocubes I-<DSC>
show <other>
strong <other>
visible I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
light <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
while <other>
the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
spectra <other>
depicts <other>
a <other>
mono-peak <other>
centered <other>
at <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


both <other>
the <other>
SAED I-<CMT>
pattern <other>
and <other>
UV I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
vis <CMT>
spectra <CMT>
show <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
correlation <other>
with <other>
the <other>
standard <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
is <other>
of <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
that <other>
potentially <other>
could <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
a <other>
visible I-<APL>
- <APL>
light <APL>
active <APL>
nanomaterial <APL>
in <other>
renewable I-<APL>
energy <APL>
device <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


strain <other>
effects <other>
on <other>
CaLaMn2O6 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
of <other>
CaLaMn2O6 I-<MAT>
( <other>
LCMO I-<MAT>
) <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
O3SrTi I-<MAT>
( <other>
STO I-<MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
orientations I-<PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
GaLaO4Sr I-<MAT>
( <other>
SLGO I-<MAT>
) <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


three <other>
different <other>
thicknesses <other>
for <other>
each <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
were <other>
studied <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
energy <other>
and <other>
the <other>
width <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
tilting I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
have <other>
shown <other>
thickness <other>
and <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
dependence <other>
, <other>
implying <other>
an <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
mismatch <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
tilting I-<PRO>
angle <PRO>
. <other>


low <other>
temperature <other>
measurements <other>
( <other>
80K <other>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
at <other>
different <other>
scattering <other>
polarizations <other>
for <other>
the <other>
thicker <other>
films I-<DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
spectra <other>
of <other>
LCMO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
STO(100) I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
strongly <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
the <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
to <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
FM I-<PRO>
) <other>
or <other>
charge I-<PRO>
ordered <PRO>
( <other>
CO I-<PRO>
) <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
AF I-<PRO>
) <other>
transitions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
jahn I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
teller <PRO>
( <PRO>
JT <PRO>
) <PRO>
modes <PRO>
gain <other>
intensity <other>
close <other>
to <other>
the <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
where <other>
a <other>
considerable <other>
softening <other>
of <other>
the <other>
tilting I-<PRO>
mode <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
also <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


new <other>
bands <other>
appear <other>
below <other>
neel I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TN I-<PRO>
) <other>
for <other>
LCMO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
STO(100) I-<MAT>
, <other>
while <other>
this <other>
transition <other>
can <other>
not <other>
be <other>
observed <other>
on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
possible <other>
explanation <other>
is <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
coexistence <other>
which <other>
is <other>
discovered <other>
at <other>
the <other>
FM I-<PRO>
to <other>
CO I-<PRO>
/ <other>
AF I-<PRO>
region <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
150K <other>
) <other>
for <other>
LCM I-<MAT>
/ <other>
STO(100) I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
a <other>
strain <other>
effect <other>
seems <other>
to <other>
destroy <other>
the <other>
FM I-<PRO>
phase <other>
on <other>
contrary <other>
to <other>
the <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
JT I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
do <other>
not <other>
appear <other>
( <other>
partially <other>
hidden <other>
by <other>
the <other>
spectrum <other>
of <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
spectra <other>
of <other>
LCMO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
STO(111) I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
show <other>
a <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
spectrum <PRO>
, <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
JT I-<PRO>
distortion <PRO>
appears <other>
decreased <other>
in <other>
LCMO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
SLGO(001) I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
transition I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
are <other>
affected <other>
from <other>
the <other>
strains <other>
. <other>


nanoindentation I-<CMT>
and <other>
nanoscratch I-<CMT>
investigations <other>
on <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
nano-platelets I-<DSC>
( <other>
GNPs I-<MAT>
) <other>
on <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
polymer <other>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
and <other>
nanoscratch I-<CMT>
methods <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
GNPs I-<MAT>
at <other>
different <other>
weight <other>
fractions <other>
namely <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
were <other>
dispersed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
polymer <other>
matrix <other>
using <other>
a <other>
mechanical I-<CMT>
stirrer <CMT>
and <other>
ultrasonic I-<CMT>
apparatus <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
standard <other>
berkovich I-<CMT>
indenter <CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
for <other>
indentation <other>
at <other>
three <other>
different <other>
normal <other>
loads <other>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mN <other>
. <other>


both <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
increased <other>
with <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
GNP I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
nanoscratch I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
in <other>
conjunction <other>
with <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
; <other>
less <other>
pile <other>
ups <other>
and <other>
high <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
were <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
this <other>
research <other>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
pure <other>
polymer <other>
matrix <other>
are <other>
improved <other>
significantly <other>
with <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
low <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
the <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
nano-platelets I-<DSC>
. <other>


relation <other>
between <other>
interdiffusion <other>
and <other>
polarity I-<PRO>
for <other>
MBE I-<SMT>
growth <other>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
epilayers I-<DSC>
on <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>


we <other>
report <other>
on <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
growth <other>
on <other>
Zn I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
polar <PRO>
OZn I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
using <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
molecular <SMT>
- <SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>
( <other>
P-MBE I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


before <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
growth <other>
, <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
annealing I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
were <other>
optimized <other>
. <other>


reflection I-<CMT>
high <CMT>
- <CMT>
energy <CMT>
electron <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
RHEED I-<CMT>
) <other>
patterns <other>
after <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
annealing I-<SMT>
changed <other>
from <other>
streaky <other>
to <other>
spotty <other>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
that <other>
zinc I-<MAT>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
atoms <other>
interdiffuse <other>
from <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
into <other>
the <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
epilayer I-<DSC>
. <other>


this <other>
interdiffusion <other>
results <other>
in <other>
a <other>
mix I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
polar <PRO>
GaN I-<MAT>
epilayer I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
situ <other>
strain <other>
evolution <other>
during <other>
a <other>
disconnection <other>
event <other>
in <other>
a <other>
battery I-<APL>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>


lithium I-<APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
are <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
form <other>
of <other>
energy I-<APL>
storage <APL>
in <other>
mobile I-<APL>
devices <APL>
, <other>
increasingly <other>
employed <other>
in <other>
transportation I-<APL>
, <other>
and <other>
likely <other>
candidates <other>
for <other>
renewable I-<APL>
energy <APL>
storage <APL>
and <other>
integration <other>
into <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<APL>
grid <APL>
. <other>


to <other>
fulfil <other>
their <other>
powerful <other>
potential <other>
, <other>
electrodes I-<APL>
with <other>
increased <other>
capacity I-<PRO>
, <other>
faster <other>
charge I-<PRO>
rates <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
longer <other>
cycle I-<PRO>
life <PRO>
must <other>
be <other>
developed <other>
. <other>


understanding <other>
the <other>
mechanics I-<PRO>
and <other>
chemistry I-<PRO>
of <other>
individual <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
under <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
conditions <other>
is <other>
a <other>
crucial <other>
step <other>
to <other>
improving <other>
performance <other>
and <other>
mitigating <other>
damage <other>
. <other>


here <other>
we <other>
reveal <other>
three <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
strain <other>
evolution <other>
within <other>
a <other>
single <other>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
of <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
high I-<APL>
voltage <APL>
cathode <APL>
material <other>
, <other>
Li2Mn3NiO8 I-<MAT>
, <other>
under <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
particle <other>
becomes <other>
disconnected <other>
during <other>
the <other>
second <other>
charging <other>
cycle <other>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
cathode I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
interphase I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
with <other>
slow <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
three <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
strain <other>
pattern <other>
within <other>
the <other>
particle <other>
is <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
cell <other>
voltage <other>
after <other>
disconnection <other>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
the <other>
particle <other>
is <other>
unable <other>
to <other>
redistribute <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
within <other>
its <other>
volume <other>
or <other>
to <other>
its <other>
neighbours <other>
. <other>


understanding <other>
the <other>
disconnection <other>
process <other>
at <other>
the <other>
single <other>
particle <other>
level <other>
and <other>
the <other>
equilibrium <other>
or <other>
non-equilibrium <other>
state <other>
of <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
is <other>
essential <other>
to <other>
improving <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
current <other>
and <other>
future <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
energy <APL>
storage <APL>
systems <APL>
. <other>


enhanced <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
H13 <MAT>
steel <MAT>
treated <other>
by <other>
nitrogen I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
immersion <SMT>
ion <SMT>
implantation <SMT>


electrochemical I-<CMT>
corrosion <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
of <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
H13 <MAT>
steel <MAT>
treated <other>
by <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
process <other>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
( <other>
wt <other>
) <other>
ClNa I-<MAT>
solution <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


so <other>
far <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
H13 <MAT>
steel <MAT>
by <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
has <other>
not <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrochemical <other>
results <other>
are <other>
correlated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
, <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
. <other>


ion I-<SMT>
implantation <SMT>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
into <other>
H13 I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
was <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
technique <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
examination <other>
revealed <other>
a <other>
generalized <other>
corrosion <other>
and <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
over <other>
all <other>
analyzed <other>
sample <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


penetration <other>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
reaching <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
was <other>
achieved <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
as <other>
high <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
HV <other>
( <other>
factor <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
enhancement <other>
over <other>
standard <other>
tempered I-<SMT>
and <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
H13 I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
reached <other>
by <other>
a <other>
high <other>
power <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
treatment <other>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
potentiodynamic I-<CMT>
polarization <CMT>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
noblest <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
treated <other>
by <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
during <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
. <other>


anodic <other>
branches <other>
of <other>
polarization I-<PRO>
curves <other>
of <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
processed <other>
samples <other>
show <other>
a <other>
passive <other>
region <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
protective <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
passive I-<PRO>
region <PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
treated <other>
H13 I-<MAT>
samples <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
) <other>
is <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
times <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
the <other>
one <other>
of <other>
untreated <other>
specimens <other>
, <other>
which <other>
demonstrates <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
for <other>
the <other>
PIII I-<SMT>
treated <other>
H13 I-<MAT>
samples <other>
. <other>


ultrahigh <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
in <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
modified <other>
<nUm> I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
na1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2Bi1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2)TiO3-0.05BaTiO3 <MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>


single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
x I-<MAT>
at <MAT>
% <MAT>
Fe <MAT>
+ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
( <MAT>
na1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2Bi1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2)TiO3-0.05BaTiO3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
% <MAT>
-Fe <MAT>
: <MAT>
NBBT5 <MAT>
, <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
with <other>
ultrahigh <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
were <other>
developed <other>
by <other>
introducing <other>
defect <other>
associations <other>
. <other>


the <other>
very <other>
large <other>
field I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
induced <PRO>
bipolar <PRO>
and <other>
unipolar I-<PRO>
strains <PRO>
, <other>
i.e. <other>
, <other>
smax I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
emax I-<PRO>
/ <other>
emax I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
pm <other>
V-1 <other>
, <other>
d33 I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
pC <other>
N-1 <other>
and <other>
permittivity I-<PRO>
tunability <PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
these <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
are <other>
promising <other>
candidates <other>
as <other>
lead I-<APL>
- <APL>
free <APL>
ferroelectrics <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
further <other>
provides <other>
their <other>
new <other>
application <other>
potential <other>
as <other>
multiferroic I-<APL>
materials <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
defect I-<PRO>
chemistry <PRO>
and <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
were <other>
studied <other>
systematically <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
microscopic <other>
defect <other>
functional <other>
centers <other>
on <other>
macroscopic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
detail <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
directionally I-<SMT>
grown <SMT>
Bi10Co9O5Sr10 I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
on <other>
directionally I-<SMT>
solidified <SMT>
Bi2Sr2Co1.8Ox I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
rods <DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
for <other>
different <other>
times <other>
up <other>
to <other>
1008h <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
has <other>
shown <other>
five <other>
different <other>
phases <other>
in <other>
the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
materials <other>
which <other>
have <other>
been <other>
reduced <other>
to <other>
two <other>
major <other>
ones <other>
after <other>
1008h <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
, <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
an <other>
important <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
. <other>


these <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
changes <other>
are <other>
reflected <other>
on <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
which <other>
are <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
measured <other>
in <other>
the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
materials <other>
in <other>
all <other>
cases <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
they <other>
also <other>
produce <other>
an <other>
important <other>
decrease <other>
on <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
and <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
thermopower I-<PRO>
, <other>
leading <other>
to <other>
a <other>
raise <other>
on <other>
the <other>
power I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
on <other>
thermally I-<SMT>
treated <SMT>
samples <other>
, <other>
about <other>
two <other>
times <other>
, <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
as-grown I-<DSC>
samples <other>
. <other>


C3Cr7 I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
cermet I-<DSC>
coating I-<APL>
deposited <other>
on <other>
stainless I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
by <other>
electrospark I-<SMT>
process <SMT>
: <other>
structural I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>


the <other>
electrospark I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
ESD I-<SMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
has <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
deposit <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
a <other>
cermet I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
of <other>
C3Cr7 I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
bound <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt. <other>
% <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
on <other>
a <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
stainless <MAT>
steel <MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
possible <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
a <other>
fully <other>
dense I-<PRO>
, <other>
uniform <other>
and <other>
strong <other>
adherent <other>
coating I-<APL>
layer I-<DSC>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
30-mm <other>
thickness <other>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
this <other>
coating I-<APL>
system <other>
have <other>
been <other>
evaluated <other>
in <other>
ClH <other>
electrolyte <other>
by <other>
conventional <other>
anodic I-<CMT>
polarization <CMT>
tests <CMT>
and <other>
impedance I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicate <other>
an <other>
exceptional <other>
resistance <other>
of <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
to <other>
both <other>
general <other>
and <other>
localized <other>
corrosion <other>
attack <other>
. <other>


some <other>
surface I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
relief <PRO>
microcracks <PRO>
formed <other>
during <other>
the <other>
ESD I-<SMT>
deposit <other>
cycles <other>
do <other>
not <other>
impair <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
even <other>
after <other>
long <other>
time <other>
immersion <other>
in <other>
ClH <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
rutile I-<SPL>


nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
titanium I-<MAT>
dioxide <MAT>
( <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
has <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
homogeneous I-<SMT>
precipitation <SMT>
using <other>
urea <other>
and <other>
Cl2OTi I-<MAT>
. <other>


A <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
urea <other>
and <other>
Cl2OTi I-<MAT>
is <other>
heated I-<SMT>
on <other>
a <other>
hot <other>
water <other>
bath <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
to <other>
precipitate <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
powders I-<DSC>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
studies <other>
on <other>
these <other>
oven I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
dried <SMT>
powders I-<DSC>
indicated <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
rutile I-<SPL>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
experiments <other>
were <other>
also <other>
performed <other>
to <other>
confirm <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
investigations <other>
revealed <other>
the <other>
average <other>
particle I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
powders I-<DSC>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
via <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
route <SMT>
for <other>
thin I-<APL>
- <APL>
film <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>


CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
chalcopyrite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
used <other>
in <other>
thin I-<APL>
- <APL>
film <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
were <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
via <other>
a <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
within <other>
short <other>
durations <other>
. <other>


well I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystallized <DSC>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
were <other>
formed <other>
via <other>
the <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
reaction <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
1h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
concentrations <other>
of <other>
stabilizer <other>
, <other>
triethanolamine <other>
( <other>
TEA <other>
) <other>
, <other>
significantly <other>
affected <other>
the <other>
purity I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
particle I-<PRO>
sizes <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
prepared <other>
powders I-<DSC>
. <other>


increasing <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
duration <other>
and <other>
temperatures <other>
led <other>
to <other>
decrease <other>
the <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
second <other>
phase <other>
H3InO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
pure <other>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


densified I-<SMT>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
from <other>
ink I-<SMT>
printing <SMT>
with <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
flux <other>
. <other>


increasing <other>
the <other>
selenization I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
improved <other>
the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
of <other>
CuInSe2 I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
RERu2Si2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
RE <MAT>
= <MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Gd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er <MAT>
) <MAT>
interm I-<PRO>
etallics <PRO>


neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
magnetometric I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
on <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
samples <other>
of <other>
( I-<MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Gd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er)Ru2Si2 <MAT>
compounds <other>
were <other>
performed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


all <other>
compounds <other>
have <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
, <other>
Cr2Si2Th I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
( I-<MAT>
Pr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Nd)Ru2Si2 <MAT>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
within <other>
the <other>
Pr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
sublattices <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
is <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
the <other>
c-axis <other>
. <other>


for <other>
( I-<MAT>
Tb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er)Ru2Si2 <MAT>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
alignment <PRO>
is <other>
of <other>
a <other>
linear <other>
transverse <other>
wave <other>
mode <other>
. <other>


this <other>
static I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
wave <PRO>
is <other>
propagating <other>
along <other>
the <other>
b-axis <other>
with <other>
τ I-<PRO>
= <other>
[0,t,0] <other>
and <other>
is <other>
polarized <other>
in <other>
the <other>
c-axis <other>
for <other>
Ru2Si2Tb I-<MAT>
and <other>
DyRu2Si2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
in <other>
the <other>
b-axis <other>
for <other>
ErRu2Si2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
schemes <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
isotropic <other>
RKKY I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
lead I-<MAT>
iron <MAT>
tungstate <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
by <other>
two <other>
preparation <other>
methods <other>


lead I-<MAT>
iron <MAT>
tungstate <MAT>
( <other>
Pb(Fe I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
W <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
)O3 <MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
difficult <other>
to <other>
sinter I-<SMT>
as <other>
a <other>
single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
perovskite I-<SPL>
ceramic I-<DSC>
. <other>


side <other>
reactions <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
undesirable <other>
second <other>
phases <other>
damaging <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
material <other>
. <other>


understanding <other>
these <other>
reaction <other>
routes <other>
is <other>
necessary <other>
to <other>
eliminate <other>
them <other>
and <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
on <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
these <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


lead I-<MAT>
iron <MAT>
tungstate <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
from <other>
powders I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
mixtures <other>
of <other>
the <other>
three <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
, <other>
or <other>
by <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
prereacted <other>
iron I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
and <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
with <other>
lead I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
, <other>
in <other>
an <other>
attempt <other>
to <other>
control <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reaction <other>
sequences <other>
, <other>
different <other>
in <other>
both <other>
cases <other>
, <other>
lead <other>
to <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
yield <other>
of <other>
the <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
phase <other>
when <other>
the <other>
prereacted <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
used <other>
, <other>
avoiding <other>
therefore <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
undesirable <other>
phases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
by <other>
both <other>
methodologies <other>
are <other>
reported <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
. <other>


the <other>
prereacted I-<SMT>
intermediate <SMT>
phase <SMT>
method <SMT>
leads <other>
to <other>
a <other>
more <other>
ordered <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
with <other>
better <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
. <other>


tungsten I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
formation <other>
by <other>
multipulse I-<SMT>
excimer <SMT>
laser <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>


the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
induced <other>
by <other>
ClXe I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
of <other>
W(150 I-<MAT>
nm <other>
) <other>
/ <other>
Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
W(500 I-<MAT>
nm <other>
) <other>
/ <other>
Si I-<MAT>
samples <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
at <other>
laser <other>
fluences <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
. <other>


up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
subsequent <other>
laser <other>
pulses <other>
were <other>
directed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
same <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
site <other>
. <other>


after <other>
irradiation I-<SMT>
the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
examined <other>
by <other>
different <other>
diagnostic <other>
techniques <other>
: <other>
rutherford I-<CMT>
backscattering <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
scattering <CMT>
, <other>
resistometry I-<CMT>
and <other>
surface I-<CMT>
profilometry <CMT>
. <other>


complete <other>
reaction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
W I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
with <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
was <other>
obtained <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
laser <other>
pulses <other>
at <other>
the <other>
fluence <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
, <other>
and <other>
after <other>
<nUm> <other>
laser <other>
pulses <other>
and <other>
at <other>
the <other>
fluence <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
silicides I-<MAT>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
. <other>


At <other>
the <other>
used <other>
fluences <other>
, <other>
only <other>
the <other>
onset <other>
of <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
synthesis <other>
at <other>
the <other>
W-Si I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
was <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
W I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


numerical <other>
computations <other>
of <other>
the <other>
evolution <other>
and <other>
depth I-<CMT>
profiles <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
in <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
as <other>
a <other>
consequence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
laser <other>
pulse <other>
were <other>
performed <other>
and <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
. <other>


recovery <other>
of <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
work <SMT>
in <other>
extruded I-<SMT>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
wt <MAT>
% <MAT>
Nb <MAT>


x-ray I-<CMT>
line <CMT>
broadening <CMT>
measurements <other>
and <other>
electron I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
have <other>
been <other>
used <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
substructures <PRO>
in <other>
extruded I-<SMT>
, <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
worked <SMT>
and <other>
stress I-<PRO>
relieved <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
wt <MAT>
% <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
pressure I-<SMT>
tube <SMT>
materials <other>
. <other>


variation <other>
in <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
substructure <PRO>
deduced <other>
from <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
line <CMT>
broadening <CMT>
measurements <other>
give <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
observations <other>
. <other>


recovery <other>
of <other>
cold I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
work <SMT>
occurs <other>
in <other>
three <other>
“ <other>
stages <other>
” <other>
in <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
wt <MAT>
% <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
. <other>


between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
the <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
decreases <other>
from <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
m-2 <other>
to <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
m-2 <other>
with <other>
little <other>
change <other>
in <other>
sub-grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
or <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
arrangement <PRO>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


from <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
the <other>
sub-grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
increases <other>
from <other>
〈 <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
to <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
while <other>
the <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
decreases <other>
slowly <other>
to <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
m-2 <other>
. <other>


above <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
the <other>
sub-grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
increases <other>
to <other>
800 <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
some <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
occurs <other>
and <other>
only <other>
a <other>
few <other>
well <other>
defined <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
networks <PRO>
remain <other>
. <other>


as-extruded I-<SMT>
Zr I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
wt <MAT>
% <MAT>
Nb <MAT>
has <other>
a <other>
sub-grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
and <other>
a <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
m <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
implications <other>
of <other>
the <other>
measurements <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


piezoresistance I-<PRO>
in <other>
n-channel I-<APL>
inversion <APL>
layers <APL>
of <other>
Si I-<MAT>
MOSFET I-<APL>
's <APL>


the <other>
piezoresistance I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
n-channel I-<APL>
inversion <APL>
layers <APL>
of <other>
metal I-<APL>
- <APL>
oxide <APL>
- <APL>
semiconductor <APL>
field <APL>
- <APL>
effect <APL>
transistors <APL>
( <other>
MOSFET I-<APL>
's <APL>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
a <other>
diaphragm <other>
and <other>
a <other>
beam <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
strain <other>
, <other>
gate <other>
voltage <other>
, <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
direction <PRO>
and <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
experimental <other>
results <other>
are <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
a <other>
self I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
consistent <CMT>
calculation <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<CMT>
quantization <CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
deformation I-<CMT>
potential <CMT>
theory <CMT>
. <other>


it <other>
can <other>
be <other>
concluded <other>
that <other>
the <other>
main <other>
feature <other>
is <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
electron <other>
repopulation <other>
among <other>
valleys <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
the <other>
strain <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
subband I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
change <other>
. <other>


the <other>
polarity I-<PRO>
change <other>
in <other>
the <other>
transverse I-<PRO>
piezoresistivity <PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
in <other>
the <other>
larger <other>
gate <other>
voltage <other>
region <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


this <other>
fact <other>
is <other>
a <other>
remarkably <other>
departure <other>
from <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
results <other>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
repopulation <other>
effect <other>
. <other>


it <other>
can <other>
be <other>
concluded <other>
that <other>
this <other>
polarity I-<PRO>
change <other>
is <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
relaxation I-<PRO>
time <PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
intervalley I-<PRO>
scattering <PRO>
. <other>


growth <other>
and <other>
holographic I-<PRO>
storage <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
In I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
In I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
In2O3 I-<MAT>
were <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
the <other>
czochralski I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
infrared I-<PRO>
transmission <PRO>
spectra <other>
and <other>
the <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
damage <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
ability <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
were <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


the <other>
OH- I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
peak <PRO>
of <other>
in(3mol I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
shifts <other>
to <other>
ultraviolet <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
damage <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
ability <PRO>
of <other>
in(3mol I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
is <other>
about <other>
two <other>
orders <other>
of <other>
magnitude <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
those <other>
of <other>
pure I-<DSC>
LiNbO3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
diffraction I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
, <other>
response I-<PRO>
time <PRO>
of <other>
In I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
were <other>
tested <other>
by <other>
two I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
wave <CMT>
coupling <CMT>
experiment <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
response I-<PRO>
time <PRO>
of <other>
in(3mol I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
: <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
crystal I-<DSC>
only <other>
one <other>
fourth <other>
of <other>
that <other>
of <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Cu <MAT>
: <MAT>
LiNbO3 <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
OH- I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
peak <PRO>
shifting <other>
and <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
damage <PRO>
resistant <PRO>
ability <PRO>
enhancement <other>
were <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


cathodoluminescence I-<CMT>
from <other>
deformed I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>


cathodoluminescence I-<CMT>
of <other>
deformed I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
is <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
a <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
based <other>
cathodoluminescence I-<CMT>
measurement <other>
system <other>
. <other>


mechanical I-<SMT>
damage <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
produces <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
the <other>
CL I-<CMT>
emission <other>
and <other>
a <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
the <other>
emission I-<PRO>
peak <PRO>
to <other>
higher <other>
wavelengths <other>
. <other>


the <other>
possible <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
effects <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


dense I-<PRO>
b-SiAlONs I-<MAT>
consolidated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
modified <other>
hydrolysis I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
solidification <SMT>
route <SMT>


dense I-<PRO>
b-Si4Al2O2N6 I-<MAT>
materials <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
modified <other>
hydrolysis I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
solidification <SMT>
( <other>
HAS I-<SMT>
) <other>
route <other>
from <other>
aqueous <other>
slurries <other>
containing <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
50vol. <other>
% <other>
solids <other>
, <other>
in <other>
which <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
22wt. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
the <other>
required <other>
a-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
replaced <other>
by <other>
equivalent <other>
amounts <other>
of <other>
unprotected <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
) <other>
powder I-<DSC>
to <other>
promote <other>
consolidation <other>
via <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
hydrolysis I-<SMT>
. <other>


A <other>
fixed <other>
amount <other>
( <other>
9.37wt. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
passivated <other>
against <other>
hydrolysis I-<SMT>
with <other>
a <other>
coating I-<APL>
phosphate I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
also <other>
added <other>
to <other>
all <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
consolidated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
HAS I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
aqueous <other>
slurries <other>
were <other>
cast <other>
in <other>
non-porous <other>
moulds <other>
, <other>
allowed <other>
to <other>
set <other>
and <other>
dried I-<SMT>
before <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
4h <other>
. <other>


for <other>
comparison <other>
purposes <other>
, <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
predicted <other>
final <other>
composition I-<PRO>
( <other>
having <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
a-Si3N4 I-<MAT>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
a-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
O3Y2 I-<MAT>
as <other>
starting <other>
materials <other>
) <other>
were <other>
also <other>
consolidated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
conventional <other>
dry I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
powder <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
( <other>
CDPP I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
b-Si4Al2O2N6 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
consolidated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
HAS I-<SMT>
route <SMT>
exhibited <other>
superior <other>
outstanding <other>
properties <other>
( <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
density I-<PRO>
, <other>
apparent I-<PRO>
porosity <PRO>
, <other>
water I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
capacity <PRO>
, <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
) <other>
in <other>
comparison <other>
to <other>
the <other>
traditional <other>
dry I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
powder <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
route <other>
. <other>


band I-<PRO>
alignments <PRO>
at <other>
interface I-<DSC>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FAPbI3 I-<MAT>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


the <other>
band I-<PRO>
alignments <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CH5I3N2Pb I-<MAT>
( <other>
FAPbI3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
were <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


core I-<PRO>
levels <PRO>
of <other>
Pb I-<MAT>
5d <other>
and <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
3d <other>
were <other>
utilized <other>
to <other>
align <other>
the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
band <PRO>
offset <PRO>
( <other>
VBO I-<PRO>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
VBO I-<PRO>
was <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
band <PRO>
offset <PRO>
( <other>
CBO I-<PRO>
) <other>
was <other>
concluded <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
manifesting <other>
that <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FAPbI3 I-<MAT>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
type-I <other>
band I-<PRO>
alignment <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
data <other>
of <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
alignment <PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
FAPbI3 I-<MAT>
heterojunction I-<DSC>
may <other>
benefit <other>
the <other>
design <other>
and <other>
development <other>
of <other>
novel <other>
perovskite I-<APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
CsPS I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


defect I-<PRO>
driven <PRO>
magnetism <PRO>
in <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
: <other>
surface I-<DSC>
effects <other>


magnetism I-<PRO>
and <other>
energetics I-<PRO>
of <other>
intrinsic <other>
and <other>
extrinsic I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
and <other>
defect I-<PRO>
clusters <PRO>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
and <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
is <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
to <other>
understand <other>
the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
in <other>
inducing <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
in <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
nanoparticles <DSC>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
Sn I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
induce <other>
the <other>
largest <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
and <other>
on <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
they <other>
have <other>
very <other>
large <other>
formation I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
on <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
are <other>
much <other>
easier <other>
to <other>
create <other>
than <other>
SnV I-<PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
neutral <other>
and <other>
V I-<PRO>
O <PRO>
+ <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
do <other>
not <other>
induce <other>
any <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
on <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


V I-<PRO>
O <PRO>
+ <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
induce <other>
small <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
and <other>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


isolated <other>
SnZn I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
much <other>
easier <other>
to <other>
create <other>
than <other>
isolated <other>
Sn I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
and <other>
induce <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
as <other>
well <other>
on <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
charge <other>
compensation <other>
, <other>
ZnSn+VO I-<PRO>
defect <PRO>
cluster <PRO>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
the <other>
lowest <other>
formation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
amongst <other>
all <other>
the <other>
defects <other>
; <other>
it <other>
has <other>
a <other>
large <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
a <other>
small <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
moment <PRO>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
surface I-<DSC>
and <other>
non-magnetic I-<PRO>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
. <other>


thus <other>
, <other>
we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
SnZn I-<MAT>
and <other>
ZnSn+VO I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
play <other>
an <other>
important <other>
role <other>
in <other>
inducing <other>
the <other>
magnetism I-<PRO>
in <other>
Zn I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


densification I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pressed <SMT>
CZr I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
additives <other>


densifications <other>
of <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pressed <SMT>
CZr I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
additives <other>
were <other>
studied <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


CZr I-<MAT>
with <other>
8.94wt <other>
% <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
additive <other>
( <other>
named <other>
ZC10 I-<MAT>
) <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
achieved <other>
higher <other>
relative I-<PRO>
densities <PRO>
( <other>
> <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
additive <other>
- <other>
free <other>
CZr I-<MAT>
( <other>
< <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
densification <other>
improvement <other>
was <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
non-stoichiometric I-<DSC>
C9Zr10 I-<MAT>
, <other>
whereas <other>
there <other>
had <other>
rapid <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
with <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
in <other>
ZC10 I-<MAT>
. <other>


by <other>
adding <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
additive <other>
of <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
plus <other>
C I-<MAT>
and <other>
adjusting <other>
the <other>
molar I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
of <PRO>
Zr <PRO>
/ <PRO>
C <PRO>
, <other>
CZr I-<MAT>
with <other>
co-doped I-<DSC>
additives <other>
with <other>
Zr I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
C <PRO>
molar <PRO>
ratio <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
named <other>
ZC12 I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
CZr I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
both <other>
high <other>
relative I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
and <other>
fine <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
( <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
non-stoichiometric I-<DSC>
ZrC1-x I-<MAT>
on <other>
densification I-<SMT>
of <other>
CZr I-<MAT>
was <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
vickers I-<PRO>
hardness <PRO>
and <other>
indentation I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
ZC10 I-<MAT>
and <other>
ZC12 I-<MAT>
samples <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
3.0MPam1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
MPam1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
physical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
derived <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
microscope <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
spin <SMT>
coating <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


zinc I-<MAT>
acetate <MAT>
( <other>
AcZn I-<MAT>
) <other>
dehydrate <other>
was <other>
used <other>
as <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
salt <other>
material <other>
source <other>
. <other>


A <other>
homogeneous <other>
and <other>
stable <other>
solution <other>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
dissolving <other>
AcZn I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
solution <other>
of <other>
monoethanolamine <other>
( <other>
MEA <other>
) <other>
. <other>


OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
after <other>
preheating I-<SMT>
the <other>
spin I-<SMT>
coated <SMT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
after <other>
each <other>
coating I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
after <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
eighth <other>
layer <other>
, <other>
were <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
1h <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
annealing <SMT>
in <other>
air <other>
on <other>
the <other>
physical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
derived <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
and <other>
its <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometer <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
method <other>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
consist <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
with <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
structure <other>
( <other>
JCPDS <other>
36-1451 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
show <other>
the <other>
c-axis I-<PRO>
grain <PRO>
orientation <PRO>
. <other>


increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
c-axis <other>
orientation <other>
and <other>
the <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
highly <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
with <other>
average <other>
transmission I-<PRO>
exceeding <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
range <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
measured <other>
optical I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
gap <PRO>
values <other>
of <other>
the <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
which <other>
were <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
values <other>
of <other>
intrinsic <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
) <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
of <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
has <other>
shown <other>
a <other>
completely <other>
different <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
of <other>
surface I-<DSC>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanocrystal I-<DSC>


OZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
doped <DSC>
with <other>
nitrogen <other>
on <other>
surface I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
calcinating I-<SMT>
pure <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
H3N <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


uniform <other>
N <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
nanocrystal I-<DSC>
was <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
strong <other>
violet <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
PL I-<CMT>
) <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
when <other>
excited <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
light <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
emission <other>
peak <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
nitrogen I-<PRO>
atoms <PRO>
concentration <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
violet <other>
PL I-<CMT>
originated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
from <other>
shallow I-<PRO>
donor <PRO>
levels <PRO>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
and <other>
doping I-<SMT>
nitrogen <other>
atoms <other>
to <other>
the <other>
top <other>
of <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
level <PRO>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
dip <SMT>
coated <SMT>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
vanadium I-<MAT>
pentoxide <MAT>
( <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
and <other>
cost <other>
effective <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
dip <SMT>
coating <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
on <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
average <other>
diameter <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
after <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
is <other>
observed <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffractometry <CMT>
indicates <other>
that <other>
an <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structured <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
is <other>
transformed <other>
to <other>
b-V2O5 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
by <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
also <other>
confirmed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
strongly <other>
correlates <other>
with <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
conditions <other>
; <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
formation <other>
can <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
surface I-<PRO>
diffusion <PRO>
phenomenon <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammetry <CMT>
. <other>


pressure <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
optoelectronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
blende <SPL>
structure <other>


the <other>
optoelectronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
with <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
blende <SPL>
structure <other>
under <other>
hydrostatic <other>
pressure <other>
up <other>
to <other>
120kbar <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
employing <other>
the <other>
empirical I-<CMT>
pseudopotential <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
pressure I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
of <other>
several <other>
critical I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
point <PRO>
band <PRO>
gaps <PRO>
are <other>
calculated <other>
and <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
in <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
the <other>
available <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
. <other>


the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
decreases <other>
linearly <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
pressure <other>
showing <other>
a <other>
negative I-<PRO>
pressure <PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
. <other>


At <other>
zero <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
the <other>
agreement <other>
between <other>
our <other>
calculated <other>
optical I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
constant <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
existing <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
depends <other>
on <other>
the <other>
model <other>
used <other>
for <other>
calculating <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
shock <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
h-BN I-<MAT>
– <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
combustion I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>


h-BN I-<MAT>
– <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
– <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
– <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
with <other>
volume <other>
content <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
– <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
combustion I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
from <other>
powder I-<DSC>
compacts <other>
of <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
, <other>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
under <other>
100MPa <other>
nitrogen <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
volume <other>
fraction <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
– <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
shock <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
increasing <other>
volume <other>
content <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
– <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
improved <other>
remarkably <other>
, <other>
while <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
shock <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
decreased <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<CMT>
shock <CMT>
tests <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
critical I-<PRO>
thermal <PRO>
shock <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
DT I-<PRO>
) <other>
was <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
– <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
contents <other>
of <other>
30vol <other>
% <other>
; <other>
while <other>
it <other>
was <other>
decreased <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
– <other>
NTi I-<MAT>
contents <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
70vol <other>
% <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


current <other>
progress <other>
and <other>
future <other>
perspectives <other>
for <other>
organic <other>
/ <other>
inorganic <other>
perovskite I-<APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>


the <other>
recent <other>
emergence <other>
of <other>
efficient <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
based <other>
on <other>
organic <other>
/ <other>
inorganic <other>
lead I-<MAT>
halide <MAT>
perovskite <MAT>
absorbers I-<APL>
promises <other>
to <other>
transform <other>
the <other>
fields <other>
of <other>
dye <other>
- <other>
sensitized <other>
, <other>
organic <other>
, <other>
and <other>
thin I-<APL>
film <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


solution <other>
processed <other>
photovoltaics I-<APL>
incorporating <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
absorbers I-<APL>
have <other>
achieved <other>
efficiencies I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
[1] <other>
in <other>
solid I-<APL>
- <APL>
state <APL>
device <APL>
configurations <other>
, <other>
superseding I-<APL>
liquid <APL>
dye <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cell <APL>
( <other>
DSC I-<APL>
) <other>
, <other>
evaporated <other>
and <other>
tandem I-<APL>
organic <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
various <other>
thin I-<APL>
film <APL>
photovoltaics <APL>
; <other>
thus <other>
establishing <other>
perovskite I-<APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
as <other>
a <other>
robust <other>
candidate <other>
for <other>
commercialization <other>
. <other>


since <other>
the <other>
first <other>
reports <other>
in <other>
late <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
interest <other>
has <other>
soared <other>
in <other>
the <other>
innovative <other>
device <other>
structures <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
new <other>
materials <other>
, <other>
promising <other>
further <other>
improvements <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
identifying <other>
the <other>
basic <other>
working <other>
mechanisms <other>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
still <other>
being <other>
debated <other>
, <other>
will <other>
be <other>
crucial <other>
to <other>
design <other>
the <other>
optimum <other>
device <other>
configuration <other>
and <other>
maximize <other>
solar I-<APL>
cell <APL>
efficiencies I-<PRO>
. <other>


here <other>
we <other>
distill <other>
the <other>
current <other>
state <other>
- <other>
of <other>
- <other>
the <other>
- <other>
art <other>
and <other>
highlight <other>
the <other>
guidelines <other>
to <other>
ascertain <other>
the <other>
scientific <other>
challenges <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
requisites <other>
to <other>
make <other>
this <other>
technology <other>
market <other>
- <other>
viable <other>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
and <other>
formation <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
Li2MnO3 I-<MAT>
ultrathin I-<DSC>
porous <DSC>
nanobelts <DSC>
by <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>


Li2MnO3 I-<MAT>
ultrathin I-<DSC>
porous <DSC>
nanobelts <DSC>
with <other>
excellent <other>
continuities <other>
have <other>
been <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


both <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
observations <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
Li2MnO3 I-<MAT>
was <other>
well <other>
- <other>
defined <other>
one <other>
- <other>
dimensional <other>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
results <other>
exhibited <other>
that <other>
the <other>
regular <other>
belt <other>
- <other>
like <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
possessed <other>
high <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
without <other>
any <other>
detectable <other>
impurity <other>
phases <other>
, <other>
while <other>
their <other>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
counterparts <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
typical <other>
sol I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
gel <SMT>
route <other>
were <other>
beset <other>
by <other>
several <other>
foreign <other>
impurities <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
such <other>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
also <other>
demonstrated <other>
larger <other>
surface I-<PRO>
areas <PRO>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
temperature <other>
- <other>
dependent <other>
experiment <other>
has <other>
been <other>
adopted <other>
in <other>
an <other>
attempt <other>
to <other>
trail <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
process <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
then <other>
a <other>
possible <other>
formation <other>
mechanism <other>
was <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
, <other>
other <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
manganese <MAT>
oxides <MAT>
e.g. <other>
LiMn2O4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Li4Mn5O12 I-<MAT>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
synthesized <other>
via <other>
simply <other>
changing <other>
the <other>
rations <other>
of <other>
Li I-<MAT>
to <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
, <other>
indicating <other>
a <other>
versatile <other>
method <other>
was <other>
introduced <other>
in <other>
this <other>
work <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
regular <other>
nanobelts I-<DSC>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ba2Fe3O8Y I-<MAT>
from <other>
a <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
study <CMT>


the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Y I-<MAT>
Ba2Fe3O8 <MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
systematically <other>
investigated <other>
within <other>
the <other>
framework <other>
of <other>
density I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
functional <CMT>
theory <CMT>
using <other>
the <other>
standard <other>
generalized I-<CMT>
gradient <CMT>
approximation <CMT>
( <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
) <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
plus <CMT>
hubbard <CMT>
U <CMT>
( <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
+ <CMT>
U <CMT>
) <other>
method <other>
. <other>


the <other>
GGA I-<CMT>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
g I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
antiferromagnetic <PRO>
( <other>
AFM I-<PRO>
) <other>
state <other>
is <other>
preferred <other>
among <other>
the <other>
considered <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
configurations <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
striking <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
character <PRO>
is <other>
shown <other>
for <other>
Y I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ba I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
while <other>
very <other>
strong <other>
hybridization <other>
is <other>
found <other>
between <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
3d <other>
and <other>
O <other>
2p <other>
orbitals <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
superexchange I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
should <other>
be <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AFM I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
structure <PRO>
in <other>
this <other>
case <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
our <other>
theoretical <other>
calculations <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
ground I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
of <other>
Y I-<MAT>
Ba2Fe3O8 <MAT>
is <other>
a <other>
strongly I-<PRO>
correlated <PRO>
charge <PRO>
- <PRO>
transfer <PRO>
insulator <PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
finite <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
above <other>
the <other>
fermi I-<PRO>
level <PRO>
obtained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
GGA+U I-<CMT>
scheme <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
in <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
observations <other>
. <other>


localized <other>
plasmon I-<PRO>
resonances <PRO>
of <other>
bimetallic I-<PRO>
Ag2Au I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>


we <other>
investigated <other>
the <other>
localized <other>
surface I-<PRO>
plasmon <PRO>
resonances <PRO>
of <other>
individual <other>
Ag2Au I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
( <other>
NRs I-<DSC>
) <other>
using <other>
the <other>
dark I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
field <CMT>
spectro <CMT>
- <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
technique <other>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
the <other>
scattering <other>
spectra <other>
of <other>
such <other>
hetero I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
NRs <DSC>
show <other>
longitudinal I-<PRO>
resonance <PRO>
wavelengths <PRO>
that <other>
are <other>
nearly <other>
insensitive <other>
to <other>
the <other>
relative <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
and <other>
Au I-<MAT>
. <other>


instead <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resonance I-<PRO>
is <other>
mostly <other>
governed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
length <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanorod I-<DSC>
. <other>


this <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
plasmons I-<PRO>
oscillate <other>
along <other>
the <other>
entire <other>
length <other>
of <other>
the <other>
NR I-<DSC>
without <other>
the <other>
significant <other>
perturbation <other>
at <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
– <other>
Au I-<MAT>
interfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
geometry <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
determine <other>
the <other>
tunability <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hetero I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
metallic <PRO>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
provide <other>
an <other>
important <other>
design <other>
rule <other>
for <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
- <other>
tunable <other>
bimetallic I-<PRO>
plasmon <PRO>
structures <PRO>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
nonstoichiometry <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
physical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-d I-<MAT>
□ <MAT>
δ <MAT>
manganites <MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
δ <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>


we <other>
present <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
deficiency <PRO>
effects <other>
on <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-d#d I-<MAT>
solution <other>
where <other>
□ <other>
is <other>
a <other>
vacancy <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
δ I-<PRO>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
samples <other>
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-d#d I-<MAT>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
a <other>
new <other>
method <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
series <other>
of <other>
manganites I-<MAT>
the <other>
mn3+ I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
is <other>
systematically <other>
increased <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
nonstoichiometry I-<PRO>
δ <PRO>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
phase <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
a <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
to <other>
an <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
system <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
δ I-<PRO>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
material <other>
is <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
δ I-<PRO>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
δ I-<PRO>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
TC <PRO>
and <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
ms <PRO>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
δ I-<PRO>
. <other>


resistivity I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
show <other>
a <other>
remarkable <other>
behavior <other>
for <other>
the <other>
La7Mn10O29Sr3 I-<MAT>
compound <other>
; <other>
it <other>
is <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
metallic <PRO>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
T <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
becomes <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
insulator <PRO>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
where <other>
a <other>
charge I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
seems <other>
to <other>
appear <other>
. <other>


the <other>
difference <other>
in <other>
the <other>
hopping I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
in <other>
our <other>
samples <other>
can <other>
be <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
two <other>
crystallographic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
, <other>
one <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
and <other>
the <other>
other <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
. <other>


seebeck I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
ZnCr2-x I-<MAT>
In <MAT>
x <MAT>
se4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
< <MAT>
x <MAT>
< <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>


from <other>
the <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
measurements <other>
it <other>
follows <other>
, <other>
that <other>
the <other>
spinels I-<SPL>
under <other>
study <other>
with <other>
the <other>
low <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
x <other>
are <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
the <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
electrical <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
x <other>
n-p I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
with <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
and <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
InSe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
tunneling I-<APL>
barriers <APL>
for <other>
tunable <other>
negative I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
and <other>
negative I-<APL>
capacitance <APL>
applications <APL>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
the <other>
design <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
magnesium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
based <other>
tunneling I-<APL>
diodes <APL>
which <other>
are <other>
produced <other>
on <other>
Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
InSe I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
as <other>
rectifying I-<APL>
substrates <APL>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
when <other>
Al I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
are <other>
used <other>
, <other>
the <other>
device <other>
exhibit <other>
tunneling I-<PRO>
diode <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
sharp <other>
valley <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
and <other>
peak I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
valley <PRO>
current <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
( <other>
PVCR I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
spectra <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
device <other>
show <other>
a <other>
resonance <other>
peak <other>
of <other>
negative I-<PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
( <other>
NC I-<PRO>
) <other>
values <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
MHz <other>
. <other>


the <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
and <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
handled <other>
at <other>
an <other>
ac <other>
signal <other>
frequency <other>
of <other>
100MHz <other>
reflected <other>
a <other>
build I-<PRO>
in <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <other>
vbi I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
and <other>
a <other>
negative I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
( <other>
NR I-<PRO>
) <other>
effect <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


this <other>
device I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
factor <PRO>
( <PRO>
q <PRO>
) <PRO>
– <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
response <PRO>
is <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
is <other>
replaced <other>
by <other>
InSe I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
tunneling I-<APL>
diode <APL>
valley <other>
appeared <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
PVCR I-<PRO>
, <other>
NR I-<PRO>
range <PRO>
, <other>
NC I-<PRO>
resonance <PRO>
peak <PRO>
, <other>
q I-<PRO>
and <other>
vbi I-<PRO>
are <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
MHz <other>
, <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
wide <other>
differential I-<PRO>
negative <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
and <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
ranges <other>
and <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
response <other>
of <other>
the <other>
C I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
InSe I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
device <other>
at <other>
1.0GHz <other>
, <other>
these <other>
devices <other>
appear <other>
to <other>
be <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
applications <other>
as <other>
frequency I-<APL>
mixers <APL>
, <other>
amplifiers I-<APL>
, <other>
and <other>
monostable I-<APL>
– <APL>
bistable <APL>
circuit <APL>
elements <APL>
( <other>
MOBILE I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
FeSr2Y1.5Ce0.5Cu2O8+x I-<MAT>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
FeSr2Y1.5Ce0.5Cu2O8+x I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
saturated <PRO>
( <other>
OS I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
reduced <PRO>
( <PRO>
OR <PRO>
) <PRO>
states <PRO>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
the <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
spin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
glass <PRO>
transition <PRO>
is <other>
not <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
content <other>
in <other>
the <other>
SrFeO3-x I-<MAT>
subunit <other>
although <other>
the <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
weiss <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
is <other>
significantly <other>
larger <other>
in <other>
the <other>
OR I-<PRO>
sample <other>
. <other>


the <other>
oxygen <other>
reduced <other>
sample <other>
also <other>
has <other>
an <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
at <other>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
that <other>
is <other>
likely <other>
to <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
moments <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CuO2 I-<MAT>
plane <other>
. <other>


the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
from <other>
the <other>
OR I-<PRO>
sample <other>
can <other>
be <other>
modeled <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
variable <other>
range <other>
hopping <other>
and <other>
activated I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
it <other>
is <other>
a <other>
very <other>
disordered I-<PRO>
semiconductor <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
saturated <PRO>
sample <other>
has <other>
additional <other>
holes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CuO2 I-<MAT>
plane <other>
and <other>
the <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
is <other>
likely <other>
due <other>
to <other>
pair <other>
breaking <other>
from <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
sites <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CuO2 I-<MAT>
plane <other>
. <other>


we <other>
modeled <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
OS I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
inhomogeneous I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
where <other>
there <other>
are <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
regions <other>
and <other>
disordered I-<PRO>
regions <other>
that <other>
have <other>
a <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
with <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
Tm I-<PRO>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


3D I-<CMT>
mapping <CMT>
of <other>
anisotropic <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
/ <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
composites I-<DSC>


macroscopic I-<PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
in <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
materials <other>
is <other>
of <other>
key <other>
interest <other>
since <other>
it <other>
may <other>
help <other>
filling <other>
the <other>
gap <other>
between <other>
randomly <other>
oriented <other>
polycrystals I-<DSC>
like <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
and <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
. <other>


non-destructive I-<CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
computed <CMT>
micro <CMT>
tomography <CMT>
( <other>
XCMT I-<CMT>
) <other>
is <other>
a <other>
necessary <other>
step <other>
towards <other>
the <other>
full <other>
control <other>
and <other>
modelling <other>
of <other>
such <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
, <other>
beyond <other>
the <other>
standard <other>
scheme <other>
of <other>
interfaces I-<DSC>
. <other>


to <other>
ascertain <other>
this <other>
progress <other>
, <other>
XCMT I-<CMT>
is <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
3D I-<DSC>
mixtures <DSC>
of <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
and <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
oxides I-<MAT>
processed <other>
by <other>
spark I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
sintering <SMT>
( <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
such <other>
conditions <other>
, <other>
not <other>
only <other>
is <other>
this <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
seen <other>
in <other>
the <other>
overall <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
but <other>
it <other>
also <other>
shows <other>
up <other>
in <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


experimental <other>
macroscopic I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
are <other>
linked <other>
to <other>
the <other>
3D I-<PRO>
morphological <PRO>
anisotropy <PRO>
of <other>
individual <other>
MgO I-<MAT>
inclusions I-<DSC>
induced <other>
during <other>
SPS I-<SMT>
. <other>


aqueous I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
stainless I-<MAT>
steels <MAT>
manufactured <other>
from <other>
mixes <other>
of <other>
gas I-<SMT>
atomized <SMT>
and <other>
water I-<SMT>
atomized <SMT>
powders I-<DSC>


the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
improvement <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
powder I-<DSC>
metallurgical <DSC>
( <other>
PM I-<DSC>
) <other>
stainless I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
is <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
this <other>
work <other>
. <other>


water I-<SMT>
atomized <SMT>
( <other>
WA I-<SMT>
) <other>
ferritic I-<SPL>
AISI I-<MAT>
434L <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
mixed <other>
with <other>
gas I-<SMT>
atomized <SMT>
( <other>
GA I-<SMT>
) <other>
austenitic I-<SPL>
( <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
316L <MAT>
type <other>
) <other>
and <other>
ferritic I-<SPL>
( <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
430L <MAT>
type <other>
) <other>
powders I-<DSC>
and <other>
processed <other>
through <other>
the <other>
traditional <other>
PM I-<SMT>
route <other>
. <other>


the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
GA I-<SMT>
powder I-<DSC>
to <other>
the <other>
usual <other>
WA I-<SMT>
powder I-<DSC>
decreases <other>
the <other>
mean I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <PRO>
the <PRO>
pores <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
stainless I-<MAT>
steels <MAT>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
bigger <other>
pores <other>
are <other>
the <other>
ones <other>
that <other>
are <other>
able <other>
to <other>
act <other>
as <other>
crevices <other>
, <other>
unlike <other>
the <other>
smaller <other>
ones <other>
– <other>
that <other>
act <other>
as <other>
closed <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
, <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
the <other>
number <other>
of <other>
big <other>
pores <other>
tends <other>
to <other>
improve <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
PM I-<SMT>
stainless I-<MAT>
steels <MAT>
. <other>


reductions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
( <other>
icorr I-<PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
increases <other>
of <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
( <other>
ecorr I-<PRO>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
in <other>
neutral <other>
media <other>
, <other>
with <other>
and <other>
without <other>
chlorides <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
additional <other>
beneficial <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
achieving <other>
a <other>
duplex <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
through <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
GA I-<SMT>
austenitic I-<SPL>
powders I-<DSC>
to <other>
the <other>
WA I-<SMT>
ferritic I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
has <other>
also <other>
been <other>
verified <other>
. <other>


study <other>
on <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
advanced <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
on <other>
ITO I-<MAT>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
an <other>
advanced <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
method <SMT>
( <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
) <other>
on <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
to <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
functional I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
manufacturing <other>
of <other>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


A <other>
pure <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
target <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
was <other>
irradiated I-<SMT>
by <other>
a <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
YAG <MAT>
laser I-<APL>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
ns <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
mJ <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
J <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
) <other>
in <other>
an <other>
oxygen <other>
atmosphere <other>
at <other>
different <other>
pressures <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mTorr <other>
) <other>
and <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


after <other>
deposition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
subjected <other>
to <other>
an <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
process <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
film I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
, <other>
thickness <other>
, <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
transmission <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


regardless <other>
of <other>
the <other>
wavelength <other>
used <other>
, <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
presented <other>
only <other>
OTi2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
OTi I-<MAT>
peaks <other>
. <other>


after <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
became <other>
strongly <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
, <other>
with <other>
a <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
in <other>
the <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
phase <other>
; <other>
the <other>
threshold <other>
temperature <other>
value <other>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
was <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
/ <other>
pulse <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
transmission <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
range <other>
was <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
composites I-<DSC>
in <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
electrocatalysis <APL>
: <other>
a <other>
perspective <other>
and <other>
review <other>
of <other>
recent <other>
progress <other>


the <other>
pressing <other>
necessity <other>
of <other>
a <other>
sustainable <other>
energy <other>
economy <other>
renders <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
energy <APL>
conversion <APL>
technologies <APL>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
polymer I-<APL>
electrolyte <APL>
fuel <APL>
cells <APL>
or <other>
metal I-<APL>
– <APL>
air <APL>
batteries <APL>
, <other>
of <other>
paramount <other>
importance <other>
. <other>


the <other>
implementation <other>
of <other>
these <other>
technologies <other>
at <other>
scale <other>
still <other>
faces <other>
cost <other>
and <other>
operational <other>
durability I-<PRO>
challenges <other>
that <other>
stem <other>
from <other>
the <other>
conventionally <other>
used <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
reaction <APL>
( <APL>
ORR <APL>
) <APL>
electrocatalysts <APL>
. <other>


while <other>
years <other>
of <other>
progress <other>
in <other>
ORR I-<APL>
catalyst <APL>
research <other>
has <other>
yielded <other>
some <other>
very <other>
attractive <other>
material <other>
designs <other>
, <other>
further <other>
advances <other>
are <other>
still <other>
required <other>
. <other>


graphene I-<MAT>
entered <other>
the <other>
picture <other>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
years <other>
ago <other>
, <other>
and <other>
scientists <other>
have <other>
only <other>
recently <other>
achieved <other>
a <other>
level <other>
of <other>
understanding <other>
regarding <other>
how <other>
its <other>
specific <other>
properties <other>
can <other>
be <other>
fine <other>
- <other>
tuned <other>
for <other>
electrocatalyst I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


this <other>
paper <other>
provides <other>
a <other>
critical <other>
review <other>
of <other>
the <other>
knowledge <other>
generated <other>
and <other>
progress <other>
realized <other>
over <other>
these <other>
past <other>
years <other>
for <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
ORR I-<APL>
catalysts <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
first <other>
section <other>
discusses <other>
the <other>
application <other>
potential <other>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
or <other>
modified <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
as <other>
platinum I-<MAT>
nanoparticle I-<DSC>
catalyst I-<APL>
supports <other>
. <other>


the <other>
second <other>
section <other>
discusses <other>
the <other>
important <other>
role <other>
that <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
has <other>
played <other>
in <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
non-precious <other>
metal <other>
ORR I-<APL>
catalysts <APL>
, <other>
and <other>
more <other>
particularly <other>
its <other>
role <other>
in <other>
pyrolyzed <other>
transition <other>
metal <other>
– <other>
nitrogen <other>
– <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
complexes <other>
or <other>
as <other>
a <other>
support <other>
for <other>
inorganic <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


finally <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
heteroatom <other>
doped I-<DSC>
graphene I-<MAT>
species <other>
is <other>
discussed <other>
, <other>
as <other>
this <other>
has <other>
been <other>
demonstrated <other>
as <other>
an <other>
excellent <other>
method <other>
to <other>
fine <other>
- <other>
tune <other>
the <other>
physicochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
induce <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
. <other>


throughout <other>
this <other>
paper <other>
, <other>
clear <other>
differentiation <other>
is <other>
made <other>
between <other>
acidic <other>
and <other>
alkaline <other>
ORR I-<APL>
catalysts <APL>
, <other>
and <other>
some <other>
common <other>
misconceptions <other>
or <other>
improper <other>
testing <other>
practices <other>
used <other>
throughout <other>
the <other>
literature <other>
are <other>
revealed <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
strategies <other>
and <other>
how <other>
they <other>
pertain <other>
to <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


In <other>
light <other>
of <other>
the <other>
large <other>
body <other>
of <other>
work <other>
done <other>
in <other>
this <other>
area <other>
, <other>
specific <other>
strategies <other>
are <other>
suggested <other>
for <other>
perpetuating <other>
the <other>
advancement <other>
of <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
ORR I-<APL>
electrocatalysts <APL>
. <other>


with <other>
concerted <other>
efforts <other>
it <other>
is <other>
one <other>
day <other>
likely <other>
that <other>
graphene I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
will <other>
be <other>
a <other>
staple <other>
of <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
energy <APL>
systems <APL>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
mechanically I-<SMT>
alloyed <SMT>
amorphous I-<DSC>
FeMZr I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
 <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
, <MAT>
Co <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ni <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er <MAT>
) <MAT>


magnetization I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
have <other>
been <other>
made <other>
on <other>
mechanically I-<SMT>
alloyed <SMT>
amorphous I-<DSC>
(Fe1-xMx)0.7Zr0.3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
 <MAT>
Mn <MAT>
, <MAT>
Co <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ni <MAT>
, <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ce <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
and <MAT>
Er <MAT>
) <MAT>
. <other>


spin I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
glass <PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
and <other>
unusual <other>
sperimagnetic I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
like <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
noncollinear I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
parent <other>
FeZr I-<MAT>
base <other>
should <other>
be <other>
modified <other>
variously <other>
by <other>
replacing <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
with <other>
different <other>
m <other>
atoms <other>
. <other>


NMR I-<CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
SDW I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
of <other>
cr1-x I-<MAT>
T <MAT>
x <MAT>
B2 <MAT>
( <MAT>
T <MAT>
= <MAT>
Mo <MAT>
and <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>


the <other>
nuclear I-<CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
resonance <CMT>
and <CMT>
relaxation <CMT>
( <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
) <other>
were <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
11B <other>
in <other>
Cr1-xTxB2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
T <MAT>
= <MAT>
Mo <MAT>
and <MAT>
V <MAT>
) <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
11B <other>
NMR I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
with <other>
a <other>
powder I-<DSC>
pattern <other>
characteristic <other>
of <other>
the <other>
SDW I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
vicinity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
collapse <other>
of <other>
the <other>
antiferromagnetism I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
SDW I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
in <other>
this <other>
system <other>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
of <other>
intermediate <other>
regime <other>
of <other>
itinerant I-<PRO>
magnetism <PRO>
by <other>
analyses <other>
of <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hyperfine I-<PRO>
field <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
nuclear I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
- <PRO>
lattice <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
rate <PRO>
. <other>


improvement <other>
in <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
with <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
niobium- I-<MAT>
and <other>
rhenium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
molybdenum I-<MAT>
and <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
diselenide <MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
photoconductivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
semiconductors <PRO>
, <other>
we <other>
made <other>
a <other>
particular <other>
study <other>
of <other>
TSe2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
T <MAT>
≡ <MAT>
Mo <MAT>
, <MAT>
W <MAT>
) <MAT>
transition <other>
dichalcogenides I-<MAT>
. <other>


niobium- I-<MAT>
and <other>
rhenium I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
single <DSC>
crystals <DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
chemical I-<CMT>
vapour <CMT>
transport <CMT>
from <other>
a <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
metal I-<PRO>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
solution <other>
, <other>
using <other>
iodine <other>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
MoSe2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Cl4Se I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
Se2W I-<MAT>
, <other>
as <other>
transport <other>
agents <other>
. <other>


the <other>
best <other>
results <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
doped I-<DSC>
MoSe2 I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
Mo1-xRexSe2 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
possible <other>
, <other>
when <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
to <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
photocurrent I-<PRO>
gain <PRO>
by <other>
a <other>
factor <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
without <other>
any <other>
applied <other>
voltage <other>
, <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
being <other>
at <other>
a <other>
maximum <other>
. <other>


the <other>
best <other>
saturation I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
was <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
Mo1-xRexSe2 I-<MAT>
when <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
reaching <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
m-2 <other>
. <other>


this <other>
value <other>
is <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
ever <other>
found <other>
among <other>
transition I-<MAT>
dichalcogenides <MAT>
. <other>


anisotropic <other>
li+ I-<PRO>
ion <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
in <other>
a <other>
large <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
of <other>
a <other>
Co(III) I-<MAT>
coordination <other>
complex <other>


large <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
of <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
lithium I-<MAT>
cobalt <MAT>
coordination <other>
compound <other>
, <other>
C112Co8H82Li8N16O81 I-<MAT>
[LiCo(PDC)2] <MAT>
were <other>
grown <other>
via <other>
a <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
reaction <SMT>
in <other>
high <other>
yield <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
data <other>
measured <other>
on <other>
a <other>
large <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
of <other>
LiCo(PDC)2 I-<MAT>
revealed <other>
very <other>
interesting <other>
anisotropic <other>
li+ I-<PRO>
ion <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
redox I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
for <other>
co3+ <other>
/ <other>
co4+ <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
ca. <other>
<nUm> <other>
mV <other>
in <other>
the <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammogram <CMT>
was <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
the <other>
electric I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
where <other>
the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
occurred <other>
. <other>


detailed <other>
structural I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
on <other>
a <other>
series <other>
of <other>
stoichiometrically <other>
equivalent <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
coordination <other>
compounds <other>
, <other>
ACo(PDC)2 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
A <MAT>
= <MAT>
na+ <MAT>
, <MAT>
K+ <MAT>
, <MAT>
and <MAT>
H3O+ <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
ion <other>
channels <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
a <other>
suitable <other>
cation I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
is <other>
critical <other>
for <other>
the <other>
anisotropic <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
boron I-<MAT>
- <other>
enriched I-<DSC>
BCo14Fe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
melt I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
spun <SMT>
ribbons I-<DSC>


heat I-<SMT>
treated <SMT>
melt <SMT>
- <SMT>
spun <SMT>
ribbons I-<DSC>
of <other>
(Nd0.95La0.05)9.5FebalCo5Nb2B10.5 I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
systematically <other>
by <other>
superconducting I-<CMT>
quantum <CMT>
interference <CMT>
device <CMT>
( <other>
SQUID I-<CMT>
) <other>
magnetometry I-<CMT>
, <other>
conventional <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
CTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
lorentz I-<CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
LTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
sample <other>
's <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
grew <other>
from <other>
an <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
state <other>
through <other>
a <other>
partially <other>
crystallized I-<DSC>
state <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
and <other>
finally <other>
to <other>
a <other>
fully <other>
crystallized I-<DSC>
state <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


excessive <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
producing <other>
grains <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
diameter <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
when <other>
the <other>
ribbon I-<DSC>
was <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


soft I-<PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
phases <PRO>
such <other>
as <other>
BFe3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
a-Fe I-<MAT>
precipitated <other>
at <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
intergranular I-<PRO>
phases <PRO>
are <other>
exchange <other>
coupled <other>
with <other>
the <other>
hard I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
causing <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
hc I-<PRO>
. <other>


exchange I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
coupling <PRO>
dominant <other>
and <other>
dipolar I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
coupling <PRO>
dominant <other>
regions <other>
co-exist <other>
inside <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
latter <other>
regions <other>
, <other>
snake <other>
- <other>
shaped <other>
interactive I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
are <other>
frequently <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


anisotropic I-<PRO>
compressibility <PRO>
and <other>
expansivity I-<PRO>
in <other>
layered I-<DSC>
GeSe2 I-<MAT>


unit I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
cell <PRO>
dimensions <PRO>
of <other>
layered I-<DSC>
GeSe2 I-<MAT>
( <other>
P21 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
c <SPL>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
are <other>
determined <other>
isothermally <other>
and <other>
isobarically <other>
by <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
high <other>
- <other>
pressure <other>
angle I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
isothermal I-<PRO>
bulk <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
KT <PRO>
, <other>
from <other>
a <other>
third I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
order <CMT>
birch <CMT>
– <CMT>
murnaghan <CMT>
equation <CMT>
of <CMT>
state <CMT>
with <other>
its <other>
first I-<PRO>
pressure <PRO>
derivative <PRO>
KT' <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
( <other>
T <other>
= <other>
573K <other>
, <other>
0.0001GPa <other>
≤ <other>
P <other>
≤ <other>
3.9GPa <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
isobaric I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
expansivities <PRO>
aP <PRO>
are <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-5-7 <other>
× <other>
10-9 <other>
T <other>
) <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-5 <other>
K-1 <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-5-7 <other>
× <other>
10-9 <other>
T <other>
) <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-5 <other>
K-1 <other>
at <other>
P <other>
= <other>
0.0001GPa <other>
( <other>
298K <other>
≤ <other>
T <other>
≤ <other>
773K <other>
) <other>
and <other>
1GPa <other>
( <other>
298K <other>
≤ <other>
T <other>
≤ <other>
614K <other>
) <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


both <other>
the <other>
compressibility I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
expansivity I-<PRO>
are <other>
largely <other>
anisotropic <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
two I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
dimensional <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
this <other>
compound <other>
. <other>


hot I-<PRO>
workability <PRO>
of <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
AlFe3 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
alloy I-<DSC>


processing I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
AlFe3 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
Cr <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
constant I-<CMT>
strain <CMT>
rate <CMT>
isothermal <CMT>
compression <CMT>
tests <CMT>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
strain <other>
rate <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
s-1 <other>
. <other>


At <other>
strain <other>
rates <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
s-1 <other>
, <other>
the <other>
stress I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
strain <PRO>
curves <PRO>
are <other>
of <other>
steady <other>
- <other>
state <other>
type <other>
while <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
strain <other>
rates <other>
the <other>
flow I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
reaches <other>
a <other>
peak <other>
before <other>
falling <other>
into <other>
either <other>
a <other>
steady <other>
- <other>
state <other>
or <other>
continuous <other>
flow <other>
softening <other>
with <other>
strain <other>
. <other>


the <other>
processing <other>
map <other>
of <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
revealed <other>
a <other>
domain <other>
of <other>
dynamic I-<PRO>
recrystallization <PRO>
( <other>
DRX I-<PRO>
) <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
greater <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
the <other>
optimum <other>
conditions <other>
for <other>
processing <other>
occur <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
at <other>
strain <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
s-1 <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
dynamic <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
, <other>
the <other>
optimum <other>
condition <other>
for <other>
processing <other>
has <other>
moved <other>
to <other>
higher <other>
strain <other>
rates <other>
. <other>


flow <other>
instabilities <other>
occur <other>
in <other>
the <other>
form <other>
of <other>
adiabatic I-<PRO>
shear <PRO>
bands <PRO>
when <other>
deformed <other>
at <other>
strain <other>
rates <other>
greater <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
s-1 <other>
and <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


A <other>
constitutive <other>
relationship <other>
for <other>
hot I-<SMT>
working <SMT>
is <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
describe <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
flow I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
, <other>
strain <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
CoZr I-<MAT>
and <other>
ZrCoX3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
H <MAT>
, <MAT>
d <MAT>
and <MAT>
T <MAT>
) <MAT>
compounds <other>


the <other>
dynamical I-<PRO>
, <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
CoZr I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
hydrides I-<MAT>
ZrCoX3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
H <MAT>
, <MAT>
d <MAT>
and <MAT>
T <MAT>
) <MAT>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


while <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<CMT>
structure <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
are <other>
performed <other>
using <other>
plane I-<CMT>
wave <CMT>
pseudopotential <CMT>
approach <CMT>
, <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
isotopes <other>
on <other>
the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermodynamic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
demonstrated <other>
through <other>
frozen I-<CMT>
phonon <CMT>
approach <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
reveal <other>
significant <other>
difference <other>
between <other>
the <other>
CoH3Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
its <other>
isotopic <other>
analogs <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
phonon I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
and <other>
zero I-<PRO>
point <PRO>
energies <PRO>
. <other>


for <other>
example <other>
, <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
between <other>
optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
acoustic I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
reduces <other>
in <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
ZrCoT3 I-<MAT>
> <other>
ZrCoD3 I-<MAT>
> <other>
CoH3Zr I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
intermetallic I-<PRO>
CoZr I-<MAT>
is <other>
dynamically I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
whereas <other>
ZrCoX3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
H <MAT>
, <MAT>
d <MAT>
and <MAT>
T <MAT>
) <MAT>
are <other>
dynamically I-<PRO>
unstable <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
calculated <other>
formation I-<PRO>
energies <PRO>
of <other>
ZrCoX3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
including <other>
the <other>
ZPE I-<PRO>
, <other>
are <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
kJ <other>
/ <other>
( <other>
mole <other>
of <other>
ZrCoX3 <other>
) <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
H <other>
, <other>
d <other>
and <other>
T <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
CoZr I-<MAT>
upon <other>
hydrogenation I-<SMT>
have <other>
also <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
show <other>
that <other>
both <other>
CoZr I-<MAT>
and <other>
CoH3Zr I-<MAT>
are <other>
mechanically I-<PRO>
stable <PRO>
at <other>
ambient <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
debye I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
of <other>
both <other>
CoZr I-<MAT>
and <other>
CoH3Zr I-<MAT>
are <other>
determined <other>
using <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
moduli <PRO>
. <other>


controllable <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activities <PRO>
of <other>
water I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
soluble <PRO>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>


water I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
soluble <PRO>
anatase I-<SPL>
, <other>
mixed I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
phase <SPL>
( <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
and <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
) <other>
and <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
( <other>
NPs I-<DSC>
) <other>
or <other>
nanorods I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
under <other>
mild I-<SMT>
solution <SMT>
conditions <SMT>
using <other>
polyethylene <other>
glycol <other>
<nUm> <other>
( <other>
PEG <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
as <other>
a <other>
stabilizer <other>
and <other>
ClH <other>
as <other>
a <other>
phase <other>
controlling <other>
reagent <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
NPs I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
phases <PRO>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
by <other>
photocatalytic I-<CMT>
degradation <CMT>
experiments <other>
of <other>
methyl <other>
orange <other>
( <other>
MO <other>
) <other>
. <other>


as-prepared I-<DSC>
pure <DSC>
anatase I-<SPL>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
NPs I-<DSC>
show <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
than <other>
other <other>
samples <other>
and <other>
commercial <other>
P25 I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
may <other>
be <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
high <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
pure <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
small <other>
size <other>
and <other>
the <other>
enhanced <other>
absorbability I-<PRO>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
PEG <other>
<nUm> <other>
on <other>
the <other>
NP I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
anomalies <other>
around <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
order <PRO>
in <other>
LaMn2O6Sr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn2NdO6Sr I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>


the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
k(T) <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
for <other>
sintered-La0.50Sr0.50MnO3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
S-LSMO I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
Mn2NdO6Sr I-<MAT>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
floating I-<SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <SMT>
( <other>
FZ I-<SMT>
- <other>
NSMO I-<MAT>
) <other>
in <other>
magnetic <other>
fields <other>
up <other>
to <other>
5T <other>
. <other>


both <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
commonly <other>
show <other>
a <other>
first <other>
order <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
the <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
FM I-<PRO>
) <other>
to <other>
the <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
AF I-<PRO>
) <other>
phase <other>
with <other>
decreasing <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
k(T) I-<PRO>
shows <other>
seemingly <other>
similar <other>
reductions <other>
just <other>
below <other>
the <other>
neel I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
TN <PRO>
in <other>
zero <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
. <other>


the <other>
field <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
k(T) I-<PRO>
is <other>
, <other>
in <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
quite <other>
different <other>
. <other>


k(T) I-<PRO>
of <other>
FZ I-<SMT>
- <other>
NSMO I-<MAT>
increases <other>
over <other>
the <other>
entire <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
below <other>
TN I-<PRO>
in <other>
applied <other>
fields <other>
because <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
component <PRO>
( <other>
ke I-<PRO>
) <other>
enhancement <other>
. <other>


for <other>
S-LSMO I-<MAT>
, <other>
where <other>
the <other>
heat I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
is <other>
mainly <other>
due <other>
to <other>
phonons <other>
, <other>
k(T) I-<PRO>
hardly <other>
depends <other>
on <other>
the <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
except <other>
for <other>
the <other>
change <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
the <other>
TN I-<PRO>
shift <other>
. <other>


analyses <other>
suggest <other>
that <other>
the <other>
phonon I-<PRO>
scattering <PRO>
by <other>
conduction <other>
electrons <other>
is <other>
very <other>
strong <other>
in <other>
the <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
FM <PRO>
phase <other>
of <other>
FZ I-<SMT>
- <other>
NSMO I-<MAT>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
surface I-<DSC>
coverage <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
microrods I-<DSC>
by <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
photophysical I-<PRO>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
- <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
system <other>


this <other>
report <other>
presents <other>
findings <other>
on <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
, <other>
photophysical I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
flexible I-<PRO>
and <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
. <other>


OZn I-<MAT>
microrods I-<DSC>
are <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
method <SMT>
for <other>
different <other>
solute <other>
concentrations <other>
and <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
are <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
photo I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
on <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
microrods I-<DSC>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
electron I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
studies <other>
confirm <other>
that <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
microrods I-<DSC>
belong <other>
to <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
wurtzite <SPL>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
grown <other>
along <other>
[001] <other>
direction <other>
with <other>
random <other>
alignment <other>
showing <other>
that <other>
majority <other>
microrods I-<DSC>
are <other>
aligned <other>
with <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
face <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


plasmonic I-<PRO>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
are <other>
attached <other>
to <other>
different <other>
faces <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
optical I-<CMT>
reflection <CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
plasmon <PRO>
resonance <PRO>
peak <other>
due <other>
to <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
appears <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gaps <PRO>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
microrods I-<DSC>
turn <other>
out <other>
to <other>
be <other>
narrower <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
decreases <other>
the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
intensity <other>
which <other>
might <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
non-radiative I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
direct I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
transfer <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
plasmon I-<PRO>
– <other>
exciton I-<PRO>
system <other>
. <other>


the <other>
quenching <other>
of <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
in <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
at <other>
different <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
depend <other>
on <other>
the <other>
extent <other>
of <other>
surface I-<DSC>
coverage <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
by <other>
plasmonic I-<PRO>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
. <other>


photocatalytic I-<PRO>
degradation <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
is <other>
higher <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
microrods I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
extent <other>
of <other>
surface I-<DSC>
coverage <other>
of <other>
OZn I-<MAT>
microrods I-<DSC>
by <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
is <other>
crucial <other>
for <other>
the <other>
observed <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
photophysical I-<PRO>
and <other>
photochemical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


quantitative <other>
assessment <other>
of <other>
solid I-<SMT>
oxide <SMT>
electrochemical <SMT>
doping <SMT>


quantitative <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
metal <other>
cation <other>
doping <other>
by <other>
solid I-<SMT>
oxide <SMT>
electrochemical <SMT>
doping <SMT>
( <other>
SOED I-<SMT>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
performed <other>
under <other>
galvanostatic <other>
doping <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


A <other>
m I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
b''-Al2O3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
m <MAT>
= <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
, <MAT>
Na <MAT>
) <MAT>
microelectrode I-<APL>
( <other>
contact <other>
radius <other>
: <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
was <other>
used <other>
as <other>
cation <other>
source <other>
to <other>
attain <other>
a <other>
homogeneous <other>
solid I-<APL>
– <APL>
solid <APL>
contact <APL>
between <other>
the <other>
b''-Al2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
doping <other>
target <other>
. <other>


In <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
doping <other>
into <other>
alkali I-<MAT>
borate <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
measured <other>
dopant <other>
amount <other>
closely <other>
matched <other>
the <other>
theoretical <other>
value <other>
. <other>


high <other>
faraday I-<PRO>
efficiencies <PRO>
of <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


this <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
the <other>
dopant <other>
amount <other>
can <other>
be <other>
precisely <other>
controlled <other>
on <other>
a <other>
micromole <other>
scale <other>
by <other>
the <other>
electric <other>
charge <other>
during <other>
electrolysis I-<SMT>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
current <other>
efficiencies <other>
of <other>
Na I-<MAT>
doping <other>
into <other>
Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy I-<MAT>
( <other>
BSCCO I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
depended <other>
on <other>
the <other>
applied <other>
constant <other>
current <other>
. <other>


efficiencies I-<PRO>
of <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
were <other>
achieved <other>
at <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
current <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
cm-2 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
efficiencies <other>
were <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
saturation <other>
of <other>
BSCCO I-<MAT>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
with <other>
Na <other>
. <other>


by <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
excess <other>
Na <other>
was <other>
detected <other>
on <other>
the <other>
anodic <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
at <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
current <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
cm-2 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
study <other>
, <other>
we <other>
demonstrate <other>
that <other>
SOED I-<SMT>
enables <other>
micromole <other>
- <other>
scale <other>
control <other>
over <other>
dopant <other>
amount <other>
. <other>


high I-<PRO>
pressure <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
in <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ga1-xAlxAs I-<MAT>
multiple I-<APL>
quantum <APL>
wells <APL>


the <other>
high I-<PRO>
pressure <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
in <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AlAsGa I-<MAT>
multiple I-<APL>
quantum <APL>
wells <APL>
was <other>
investigated <other>
at <other>
80K <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
pressure <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
exciton I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
g1e,hh <PRO>
was <other>
nonlinear <other>
. <other>


the <other>
nonlinearity <other>
may <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
pressure <other>
- <other>
induced <other>
transition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ga1-xAlxAs I-<MAT>
barrier <other>
layers I-<DSC>
from <other>
a <other>
direct <other>
to <other>
an <other>
indirect I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
decrease <other>
of <other>
the <other>
effective I-<PRO>
barrier <PRO>
height <PRO>
. <other>


fabrication <other>
and <other>
wear I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
MoSi2 I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
reinforced <other>
by <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mo5Si3 I-<MAT>


MoSi2 I-<MAT>
matrix I-<DSC>
composites <DSC>
with <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
Mo5Si3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
LMM I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
propagating <SMT>
high <SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
( <other>
SHS I-<SMT>
) <other>
and <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
technique <other>
. <other>


these <other>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


results <other>
shows <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
both <other>
Mo5Si3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
is <other>
clearly <other>
contributive <other>
to <other>
strengthen <other>
and <other>
toughen <other>
the <other>
base <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
contents <other>
of <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mo5Si3 I-<MAT>
are <other>
0.9wt <other>
% <other>
and <other>
5at. <other>
% <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
LMM I-<MAT>
are <other>
increased <other>
independently <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
pure <other>
MoSi2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
by <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
0.9wt <other>
% <other>
La2O3 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MoSi2 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
toughening I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composite I-<DSC>
includes <other>
fine <other>
crystal <other>
and <other>
crack <other>
microbridging <other>
. <other>


this <other>
composite I-<DSC>
exhibits <other>
excellent <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
. <other>


its <other>
wear I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
adhesion I-<PRO>
, <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
and <other>
brittle I-<PRO>
fracture <PRO>
during <other>
dry I-<CMT>
slide <CMT>
wear <CMT>
test <CMT>
against <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
steel <MAT>
. <other>


impurity I-<CMT>
auger <CMT>
spectra <other>
: <other>
A <other>
probe <other>
of <other>
the <other>
local I-<PRO>
impurity <PRO>
density <PRO>
of <PRO>
state <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
impurity I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
— <PRO>
electron <PRO>
interactions <PRO>


we <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
local I-<PRO>
impurity <PRO>
density <PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
impurity I-<PRO>
electron <PRO>
— <PRO>
electron <PRO>
interactions <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
impurity I-<CMT>
auger <CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


for <other>
a <other>
Ag19Pd I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
we <other>
find <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
pd(d) <other>
character <other>
in <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
d <other>
band <other>
and <other>
pd(4d-4d) <other>
coulomb I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
which <other>
are <other>
much <other>
larger <other>
than <other>
the <other>
virtual I-<PRO>
bound <PRO>
state <PRO>
widths <PRO>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
and <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
SSn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
bath <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


SSn I-<MAT>
( <other>
stannous I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
bath <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
in <other>
which <other>
a <other>
novel <other>
chelating <other>
reagent <other>
ammonium <other>
citrate <other>
was <other>
used <other>
. <other>


the <other>
film I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
structure <other>
or <other>
an <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
which <other>
is <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
pH <other>
value <other>
and <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reason <other>
for <other>
this <other>
result <other>
is <other>
considered <other>
to <other>
be <other>
that <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
under <other>
different <other>
conditions <other>
have <other>
different <other>
deposition <other>
mechanisms <other>
( <other>
ion <other>
- <other>
by <other>
- <other>
ion <other>
mechanism <other>
for <other>
the <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
structured <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
and <other>
hydroxide <other>
cluster <other>
mechanism <other>
for <other>
the <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structured <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
prepared <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
homogeneous I-<PRO>
and <other>
well <other>
adhered <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
images <other>
show <other>
that <other>
the <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
structures <other>
have <other>
different <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphologies <PRO>
. <other>


electrical I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
is <other>
as <other>
low <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
ocm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
ocm <other>
for <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
and <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
SSn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
much <other>
lower <other>
than <other>
the <other>
ever <other>
reported <other>
values <other>
. <other>


persistent I-<PRO>
photoconductivity <PRO>
( <other>
PPC I-<PRO>
) <other>
phenomena <other>
are <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
both <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
and <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structures <other>
by <other>
photo I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
current <CMT>
responses <CMT>
measurement <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
bandgaps <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
SSn I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
zinc I-<SPL>
blende <SPL>
structure <other>
and <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


thermoluminescence I-<CMT>
properties <other>
of <other>
ce3+ <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
B3LiO9Sr4 I-<MAT>
phosphor I-<APL>


borates <other>
B3LiO9Sr4 I-<MAT>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
high I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
temperature <SMT>
solid <SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
thermoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
TL I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
some <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dosimetric I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
ce3+ <other>
- <other>
activated <other>
B3LiO9Sr4 I-<MAT>
were <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
TL I-<CMT>
glow <other>
curve <other>
is <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
only <other>
one <other>
peak <other>
located <other>
at <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
between <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optimum <other>
ce3+ <other>
concentration <other>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
TL I-<CMT>
intensity <other>
. <other>


the <other>
TL I-<PRO>
kinetic <PRO>
parameters <PRO>
of <other>
B3LiO9Sr4 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
0.01Ce3+ <MAT>
were <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
the <other>
peak I-<CMT>
shape <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
TL I-<CMT>
dose I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
is <other>
linear <other>
in <other>
the <other>
protection <other>
dose <other>
ranging <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
mGy <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
Gy <other>
. <other>


the <other>
three I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dimensional <CMT>
thermoluminescence <CMT>
emission <CMT>
spectra <other>
were <other>
also <other>
studied <other>
, <other>
peaking <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
characteristic I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
of <other>
ce3+ <other>
. <other>


pressure <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
pseudo-one I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
compound <other>
Mo3Se3Tl I-<MAT>


measurements <other>
of <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
pressure <other>
dependences <other>
of <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
pseudo-one I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
ternary <other>
compound <other>
Mo3Se3Tl I-<MAT>
are <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
parallel <other>
to <other>
the <other>
highly <other>
conducting I-<PRO>
c-axis <PRO>
is <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
Tc <PRO>
is <other>
suppressed <other>
by <other>
pressure <other>
at <other>
a <other>
rate <other>
thTc I-<PRO>
thP <PRO>
= <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
kbar-1 <other>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
relation <other>
to <other>
the <other>
current <other>
models <other>
of <other>
transport <other>
in <other>
one I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
conductors I-<PRO>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
electrocatalytic I-<PRO>
property <PRO>
of <other>
mono-dispersed I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
micro-sphere <DSC>


one <other>
- <other>
step <other>
reaction <other>
was <other>
designed <other>
to <other>
synthesize <other>
mono-dispersed I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
micro-sphere I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
content <other>
via <other>
a <other>
facile <other>
and <other>
easily <other>
controlled <other>
hydrothermal I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
without <other>
use <other>
of <other>
any <other>
surfactant <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phases <other>
and <other>
composition I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
samples <other>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
by <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
field I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
FE I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
SEM <CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Fe3O4 I-<MAT>
composite I-<DSC>
samples <other>
with <other>
different <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
content <other>
were <other>
micro-spheres I-<DSC>
with <other>
almost <other>
the <other>
identical <other>
size <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
or <other>
so <other>
in <other>
diameter <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
resultant <other>
samples <other>
modified <other>
on <other>
a <other>
glassy I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
( <other>
GCE I-<APL>
) <other>
for <other>
p-nitrophenol I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
in <other>
a <other>
basic <other>
solution <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
all <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
exhibited <other>
enhanced <other>
electrocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
for <other>
p-nitrophenol I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
electrocatalytic I-<PRO>
one <PRO>
. <other>


growth <other>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
eutectic I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>


neutron I-<APL>
imaging <APL>
devices <APL>
employing <other>
a <other>
scintillator I-<APL>
can <other>
be <other>
used <other>
in <other>
various <other>
fields <other>
, <other>
and <other>
eutectic I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
the <other>
imaging <other>
with <other>
a <other>
fine <other>
position <other>
resolution <other>
of <other>
a <other>
few <other>
hundred <other>
micrometers <other>
. <other>


since <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
and <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
have <other>
different <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
indexes <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
the <other>
eutectic I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
is <other>
expected <other>
to <other>
behave <other>
as <other>
a <other>
scintillator I-<APL>
with <other>
light I-<PRO>
guiding <PRO>
properties <PRO>
. <other>


thus <other>
, <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
eutectic I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
micro-pulling I-<SMT>
down <SMT>
method <SMT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
light I-<PRO>
output <PRO>
of <other>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
F3La <MAT>
eutectic I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
was <other>
relatively <other>
small <other>
. <other>


the <other>
emission <other>
peaks <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
originating <other>
from <other>
ce3+ <other>
of <other>
5d <other>
– <other>
4f <other>
transition <other>
were <other>
observed <other>
under <other>
excitation <other>
by <other>
UV <other>
photons <other>
and <other>
5.5MeV <other>
alpha <other>
rays <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
luminescence <PRO>
decay <PRO>
time <PRO>
of <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
FLi I-<MAT>
/ <other>
F3La I-<MAT>
eutectic I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
was <other>
estimated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
ns <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
of <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
from <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
combustion <SMT>
rod I-<DSC>
by <other>
floating I-<SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <SMT>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
prepare <other>
a <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
of <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
high <other>
purity I-<PRO>
using <other>
the <other>
floating I-<SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
the <other>
feed I-<APL>
rods <APL>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
combustion <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
metal <other>
and <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
control <other>
of <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
feed I-<APL>
rod <APL>
, <other>
the <other>
impurity <other>
refining <other>
, <other>
the <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
feed I-<APL>
rod <APL>
and <other>
the <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
were <other>
examined <other>
in <other>
the <other>
process <other>
of <other>
self I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
combustion <SMT>
. <other>


using <other>
the <other>
feed I-<APL>
rod <APL>
prepared <other>
in <other>
this <other>
way <other>
, <other>
a <other>
high <other>
purity I-<PRO>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
with <other>
controlled <other>
composition I-<PRO>
was <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
modified I-<SMT>
zone <SMT>
leveling <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
on <other>
thermochromic I-<PRO>
performances <PRO>
of <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
fabricated <other>
by <other>
magnetron I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


As <other>
a <other>
well <other>
- <other>
developed <other>
industrial <other>
fabricating <other>
method <other>
, <other>
magnetron I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
technique <other>
has <other>
its <other>
distinct <other>
advantages <other>
for <other>
the <other>
large <other>
- <other>
scale <other>
production <other>
. <other>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
and <other>
thermochromic I-<PRO>
performances <PRO>
of <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
using <other>
RF I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
method <other>
, <other>
we <other>
fabricated <other>
three <other>
kinds <other>
of <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
O2Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
on <other>
soda I-<MAT>
lime <MAT>
float I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
glass <DSC>
. <other>


then <other>
according <other>
to <other>
the <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
DC <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
method <other>
, <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
. <other>


due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
restriction <other>
of <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
temperature <other>
when <other>
using <other>
soda I-<MAT>
lime <MAT>
float I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
glass <DSC>
as <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
, <other>
dense I-<PRO>
rutile I-<SPL>
phase <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
can <other>
not <other>
be <other>
formed <other>
, <other>
leading <other>
to <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
vanadium I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
compounds <other>
containing <other>
Na I-<MAT>
ions <other>
. <other>


when <other>
using <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
as <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
, <other>
we <other>
found <other>
that <other>
relatively <other>
high <other>
pure <other>
O2V I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
deposited <other>
more <other>
easily <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
, <other>
we <other>
observed <other>
an <other>
enhanced <other>
visible <other>
transparency I-<PRO>
, <other>
a <other>
decreased <other>
infrared I-<PRO>
emissivity <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
should <other>
be <other>
mainly <other>
originated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
modified <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
the <other>
hetero I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
structured <DSC>
O2V I-<MAT>
/ <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


ablation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
– <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
protective I-<APL>
coating <APL>
for <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
/ <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>


ablation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
– <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
protective I-<APL>
coating <APL>
for <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
/ <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
during <other>
oxyacetylene I-<CMT>
flame <CMT>
test <CMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
analyzing <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
differentiation <other>
caused <other>
by <other>
the <other>
increasing <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
from <other>
the <other>
border <other>
to <other>
the <other>
center <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


after <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
, <other>
a <other>
continuous <other>
O2Si I-<MAT>
scale I-<DSC>
, <other>
a <other>
porous I-<DSC>
O2Si I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
inlaid <other>
with <other>
fine <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
nuclei <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
continuous <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
scale I-<DSC>
respectively <other>
emerged <other>
in <other>
the <other>
border <other>
region <other>
, <other>
the <other>
transitional <other>
region <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
center <other>
region <other>
. <other>


In <other>
order <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
microstructure I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
stage <other>
, <other>
the <other>
sub-layer I-<PRO>
microstructure <PRO>
was <other>
characterized <other>
and <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
mainly <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
coral I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
structures I-<PRO>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
showed <other>
huge <other>
difference <other>
with <other>
the <other>
continuous <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
kinetic I-<CMT>
model <CMT>
concerning <other>
the <other>
thickness <other>
change <other>
induced <other>
by <other>
volatilization <other>
and <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
during <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
was <other>
built <other>
to <other>
explain <other>
the <other>
different <other>
growth I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
continuous <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
scale I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
coral I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
structure I-<PRO>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
the <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>


two <other>
examples <other>
of <other>
nucleation <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
on <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
( <other>
SOS I-<MAT>
) <other>
will <other>
be <other>
discussed <other>
as <other>
observed <other>
during <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
a <other>
standard <other>
deposition <other>
performed <other>
on <other>
an <other>
industrial <other>
vertical I-<SMT>
reactor <SMT>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
a <other>
deposition <other>
performed <other>
in <other>
an <other>
horizontal I-<SMT>
reactor <SMT>
working <other>
at <other>
reduced <other>
pressure <other>
. <other>


the <other>
first <other>
stages <other>
of <other>
nucleation <other>
have <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
by <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
last <other>
stages <other>
of <other>
nucleation <other>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


on <other>
thick <other>
deposits <other>
secondary I-<CMT>
ion <CMT>
mass <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SIMS I-<CMT>
) <other>
which <other>
gives <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
profiles <other>
has <other>
been <other>
performed <other>
. <other>


correlation <other>
on <other>
nucleation <other>
results <other>
with <other>
electrical I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
on <other>
integrated I-<APL>
devices <APL>
will <other>
be <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


electrode I-<APL>
polarization I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
Co4FeLa3O15Sr2 I-<MAT>
− <MAT>
δ <MAT>
, <other>
O <other>
/ <other>
yttria I-<MAT>
stabilized I-<DSC>
zirconia I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
: <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
gas <other>
phase <other>
composition <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>


the <other>
steady I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
state <PRO>
current <PRO>
- <PRO>
overpotential <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
O2,La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 I-<MAT>
− <MAT>
δ <MAT>
/ <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
oxygen <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


ideal <other>
nernst I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
pressure <other>
range <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
kPa <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
I I-<CMT>
− <CMT>
η <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
indicate <other>
that <other>
in <other>
the <other>
potential <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
, <other>
the <other>
apparent <other>
anodic I-<PRO>
and <other>
cathodic I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
transfer <PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
are <other>
close <other>
to <other>
unity <other>
: <other>
aa I-<PRO>
= <other>
ac I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


the <other>
logarithm <other>
of <other>
the <other>
equilibrium I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
current <PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
I0 I-<PRO>
) <other>
shows <other>
a <other>
positive <other>
dependence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
logarithm <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
partial <other>
pressure <other>
with <other>
a <other>
slope <other>
m I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
± <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


these <other>
observations <other>
are <other>
in <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
a <other>
proposed <other>
reaction <other>
model <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
diffusion <other>
of <other>
singly <other>
ionized <other>
oxygen <other>
adatoms <other>
( <other>
oads- <other>
) <other>
on <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
is <other>
assumed <other>
to <other>
be <other>
the <other>
rate <other>
determining <other>
step <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electrode I-<APL>
reaction <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
addition <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ba400Nd933O5400Ti1800 I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>


Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54*xwt I-<MAT>
% <MAT>
Al2O3 <MAT>
( <other>
BNT-A I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
conventional <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Ba400Nd933O5400Ti1800 I-<MAT>
( <other>
BNT I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
backscatter I-<CMT>
electronic <CMT>
images <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
additive <other>
gave <other>
rise <other>
to <other>
a <other>
second <other>
phase <other>
Al2BaO14Ti5 I-<MAT>
( <other>
BAT I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
formation I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
growth <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
BAT I-<MAT>
phase <other>
were <other>
first <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


dielectric I-<CMT>
property <CMT>
test <CMT>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
additive <other>
had <other>
improved <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
BNT I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
: <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
q I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
f <PRO>
value <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
and <other>
decreased <other>
the <other>
tf I-<PRO>
value <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


A <other>
BNT-A I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
with <other>
excellent <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
: <other>
er I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
q I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
f <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
, <other>
tf I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
° <other>
C <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
with <other>
2.0wt <other>
% <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
added <other>
after <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
4h <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Mg-Sn-Ca I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
after <other>
extrusion I-<SMT>


Mg-Sn-Ca I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>
promise <other>
a <other>
reasonable <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
in <other>
combination <other>
with <other>
good <other>
creep I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
likely <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
Ca2-xMgxSn I-<MAT>
and <other>
other <other>
phases <other>
. <other>


the <other>
selected <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Sn I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
have <other>
been <other>
extruded I-<SMT>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
more <other>
homogeneous <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
alloys <DSC>
. <other>


optical I-<CMT>
microscopy(OM) <CMT>
and <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction(XRD) <CMT>
techniques <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
phases <other>
of <other>
these <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
salt I-<CMT>
spray <CMT>
test <CMT>
and <other>
potentio-dynamic I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
on <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
Mg-3Sn I-<MAT>
( <other>
T3 I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
Mg-3Sn-1Ca I-<MAT>
( <other>
TX31 I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
Mg-3Sn-2Ca I-<MAT>
( <other>
TX32 I-<MAT>
) <other>
indicate <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
same <other>
phases <other>
in <other>
as-cast I-<DSC>
and <other>
after <other>
extrusion I-<SMT>
, <other>
namely <other>
Mg2Sn I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ca2-xMgxSn I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Ca2-xMgxSn I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CaMg2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
occurrence <other>
of <other>
extensive <other>
recrystallization <other>
in <other>
the <other>
extrusion I-<SMT>
process <other>
, <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
has <other>
significantly <other>
reduced <other>
after <other>
extrusion I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
reduction <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
the <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
after <other>
extrusion I-<SMT>
which <other>
is <other>
then <other>
comparable <other>
with <other>
the <other>
commercial <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
AZ91D I-<MAT>
. <other>


ionic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
in <other>
( I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
x)B2O3 <MAT>
+ <MAT>
xLi2O <MAT>


A <other>
model <other>
of <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
in <other>
glasses I-<DSC>
is <other>
developed <other>
, <other>
in <other>
which <other>
the <other>
transport <other>
of <other>
classical <other>
particles <other>
takes <other>
place <other>
by <other>
hopping <other>
between <other>
negatively <other>
charged <other>
sites <other>
with <other>
possible <other>
multiple <other>
occupancy <other>
. <other>


this <other>
relates <other>
the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
( I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
x)B2O3 <MAT>
+ <MAT>
xLi2O <MAT>
with <other>
the <other>
structural <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
glass I-<DSC>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
alkali I-<MAT>
metal <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
give <other>
the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
negative <other>
traps <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
x <other>
. <other>


A <other>
mean I-<CMT>
field <CMT>
calculation <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
these <other>
ideas <other>
correctly <other>
predicts <other>
the <other>
behaviour <other>
of <other>
the <other>
activation I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
and <other>
explains <other>
the <other>
surprisingly <other>
simple <other>
arrhenius I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
conductivity I-<PRO>
. <other>


magnetoimpedance I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
at <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
for <other>
manganite I-<MAT>
La0.7Ca0.3MnO3-d <MAT>


In <other>
the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
, <other>
the <other>
AC I-<PRO>
magnetoimpedance <PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
La0.7Ca0.3MnO3-d I-<MAT>
at <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
peak <other>
of <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
insulator <PRO>
transition <PRO>
occurs <other>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
. <other>


negative <other>
magnetoimpedance I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
La0.7Ca0.3MnO3-d I-<MAT>
is <other>
obtained <other>
at <other>
frequencies <other>
f <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
MHz <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
magnetoimpedance I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
of <other>
manganites I-<MAT>
, <other>
the <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
not <other>
only <other>
decreases <other>
the <other>
permeability I-<PRO>
mt <PRO>
, <other>
but <other>
also <other>
reduces <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
ρ <PRO>
by <other>
aligning <other>
the <other>
local I-<PRO>
spins <PRO>
and <other>
varying <other>
the <other>
transfer I-<PRO>
integral <PRO>
tij <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
AC I-<PRO>
magnetoimpedance <PRO>
participated <other>
by <other>
the <other>
DC I-<PRO>
colossal <PRO>
magnetoresistance <PRO>
( <other>
CMR I-<PRO>
) <other>
in <other>
manganites I-<MAT>
, <other>
should <other>
be <other>
connected <other>
with <other>
the <other>
combined <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
double I-<PRO>
exchange <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
, <other>
electron I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
phonon <PRO>
coupling <PRO>
and <other>
skin I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
. <other>


high <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
of <other>
weyl I-<PRO>
semimetal <PRO>
AsTa I-<MAT>


the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
weyl I-<PRO>
nodes <PRO>
predicted <other>
in <other>
AsTa I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
angle I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
resolved <CMT>
photoemission <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
, <other>
which <other>
provides <other>
potential <other>
applications <other>
in <other>
thermoelectric I-<APL>
devices <APL>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
extraordinary <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
AsTa I-<MAT>
. <other>


by <other>
using <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
and <other>
semiclassical I-<CMT>
boltzmann <CMT>
transport <CMT>
theory <CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
study <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
AsTa I-<MAT>
. <other>


high <other>
anisotropy I-<PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
transport <PRO>
of <other>
AsTa I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
seebeck I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
are <other>
in <other>
good <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
experimental <other>
values <other>
. <other>


the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
dynamics <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
AsTa I-<MAT>
are <other>
also <other>
investigated <other>
and <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
phonon I-<PRO>
frequencies <PRO>
agree <other>
well <other>
with <other>
the <other>
measurements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
thermal <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
is <other>
calculated <other>
using <other>
the <other>
self I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
consistent <CMT>
iterative <CMT>
approach <CMT>
. <other>


anisotropic <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
thermal <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
as <other>
well <other>
. <other>


maximum <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
figure <PRO>
of <PRO>
merit <PRO>
zT <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
900K <other>
is <other>
found <other>
for <other>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
doping <PRO>
AsTa I-<MAT>
along <other>
zz <other>
direction <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
, <other>
the <other>
size <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
thermal <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
and <other>
corresponding <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
investigated <other>
for <other>
designing <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
work <other>
sheds <other>
light <other>
on <other>
the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
of <other>
weyl I-<PRO>
semimetal <PRO>
. <other>


low <other>
frequency <other>
underwater I-<APL>
piezoceramic <APL>
transducer <APL>


this <other>
paper <other>
presents <other>
some <other>
aspects <other>
about <other>
the <other>
piezoceramic I-<PRO>
materials <other>
utilized <other>
in <other>
low I-<APL>
frequency <APL>
flextensional <APL>
piezoceramic <APL>
transducers <APL>
for <other>
underwater I-<APL>
acoustics <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
piezoceramic I-<PRO>
material <other>
utilized <other>
in <other>
the <other>
flextensional I-<APL>
transducer <APL>
is <other>
type <other>
O300Pb100Ti47Zr53 I-<MAT>
( <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
with <other>
various <other>
additions <other>
( <other>
Ni I-<MAT>
, <other>
Bi I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
underwater I-<APL>
acoustic <APL>
device <APL>
realized <other>
in <other>
the <other>
laboratory <other>
presents <other>
an <other>
omnidirectional <other>
directivity <other>
diagram <other>
and <other>
low <other>
resonant I-<PRO>
frequency <PRO>
. <other>


superconductivity I-<PRO>
at <other>
15K <other>
in <other>
As10Fe9Nd10O10Rh I-<MAT>
without <other>
F <other>
- <other>
doping I-<SMT>


we <other>
present <other>
results <other>
of <other>
transport I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
measurements <other>
performed <other>
on <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
As10Fe9Nd10O10Rh I-<MAT>
. <other>


despite <other>
the <other>
large <other>
size <other>
difference <other>
between <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
and <other>
Rh I-<MAT>
elements <other>
, <other>
this <other>
compound <other>
undergoes <other>
a <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
with <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
compared <other>
the <other>
transport I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
this <other>
Rh I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
oxypnictide I-<MAT>
with <other>
that <other>
of <other>
optimally <other>
doped I-<DSC>
As25F3Fe25Nd25O22 I-<MAT>
. <other>


contrary <other>
to <other>
this <other>
latter <other>
compound <other>
, <other>
a <other>
strong <other>
upturn <other>
of <other>
the <other>
normal I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
state <PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
occurs <other>
above <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
no <other>
peak <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermopower I-<PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
addition <other>
on <other>
CO I-<PRO>
gas <PRO>
- <PRO>
sensing <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
prepared <other>
by <other>
oxidizing I-<SMT>
mechanically <SMT>
- <SMT>
synthesized <SMT>
NTi I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>


NTi I-<MAT>
– <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
in <other>
a <other>
pressurized <other>
N <other>
atmosphere <other>
using <other>
a <other>
ball I-<SMT>
milling <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


O2Ti I-<MAT>
sensing I-<APL>
materials <other>
were <other>
added <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
8at <other>
% <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
was <other>
prepared <other>
via <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


structural I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
was <other>
performed <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
field I-<CMT>
emission <CMT>
scattering <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
FE I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
SEM <CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


Cu I-<MAT>
addition <other>
promoted <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
transformation <other>
and <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
responses <other>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
that <other>
were <other>
oxidized I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
with <other>
CO <other>
gas <other>
were <other>
enhanced <other>
by <other>
adding <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
to <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
unmodified <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
materials <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
showed <other>
the <other>
greatest <other>
response I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
CO <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
of <other>
CO <other>
gas <other>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
response I-<PRO>
value <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
of <other>
unmodified <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
CO I-<MAT>
gas <other>
under <other>
identical <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
sensitivity I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
CO <PRO>
gas <PRO>
is <other>
believed <other>
to <other>
originate <other>
from <other>
well <other>
- <other>
dispersed <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
and <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
are <other>
known <other>
catalysts I-<APL>
for <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<APL>
of <APL>
CO <APL>
gas <APL>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
was <other>
increased <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
strongly <other>
bound <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
dissociated <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
response <other>
changed <other>
to <other>
p I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
proposed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
segregation <other>
induces <other>
a <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
pathway <PRO>
through <other>
CuO I-<MAT>
. <other>


density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
studies <CMT>
of <other>
magneto I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
optic <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
CdCoS I-<MAT>


density I-<CMT>
functional <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
are <other>
performed <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Cd1-xCoxS I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
in <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
zinc <SPL>
- <SPL>
blende <SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


accurate <other>
exchange I-<CMT>
potential <CMT>
modified <CMT>
becke <CMT>
and <CMT>
johnson <CMT>
( <other>
mBJ I-<CMT>
) <other>
within <other>
the <other>
FP I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
FLAPW <CMT>
method <CMT>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
in <other>
the <other>
calculations <other>
. <other>


lattice I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
decreases <other>
while <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
first <other>
decreased <other>
and <other>
then <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
increased <other>
in <other>
Co I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
substituted <other>
Co I-<MAT>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
is <other>
because <other>
of <other>
the <other>
exchange I-<PRO>
interaction <PRO>
between <other>
co-3d <other>
and <other>
s-3p <other>
state <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
nature <other>
of <other>
material <other>
is <other>
due <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
polarization <PRO>
of <other>
co-3d <other>
state <other>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
compound <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
increased <other>
in <other>
Co I-<MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
varies <other>
mostly <other>
in <other>
visible <other>
region <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electromagnetic <other>
spectrum <other>
; <other>
therefore <other>
the <other>
material <other>
is <other>
precious <other>
for <other>
solar I-<APL>
cell <APL>
application <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
like <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
, <other>
index I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
refraction <PRO>
and <other>
reflectivity I-<PRO>
are <other>
also <other>
calculated <other>
. <other>


superior <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
of <other>
novel <other>
1D I-<DSC>
nanobraid <DSC>
and <other>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
structures <other>


we <other>
have <other>
produced <other>
novel <other>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
of <other>
pure <other>
and <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
using <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
, <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
h <other>
with <other>
ramp <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
min-1 <other>
. <other>


electron I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
clearly <other>
reveals <other>
the <other>
novel <other>
morphologies I-<PRO>
, <other>
namely <other>
nanobraids I-<DSC>
and <other>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
suggesting <other>
that <other>
the <other>
precursor <other>
, <other>
( <other>
iron(III) <other>
acetylacetonate <other>
, <other>
( <other>
fe(acac)3 <other>
) <other>
) <other>
to <other>
polyvinylpyrrolidone <other>
( <other>
PVP <other>
) <other>
ratio <other>
greatly <other>
influences <other>
structural I-<PRO>
transformations <PRO>
of <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
of <other>
fe(acac)3 <other>
/ <other>
PVP <other>
solution <other>
used <other>
for <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
kV <other>
a <other>
potential <other>
produced <other>
nanobraid I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
ceramic <DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
indicating <other>
that <other>
binodal <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
is <other>
predominant <other>
at <other>
this <other>
ratio <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
the <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
wt <other>
% <other>
of <other>
fe(acac)3 <other>
/ <other>
PVP <other>
solution <other>
induces <other>
spinodal <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
that <other>
results <other>
in <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
ceramic <DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
fibers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
nanobraids I-<DSC>
and <other>
nanoporous I-<DSC>
ceramic <DSC>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
exhibit <other>
superior <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
performances <PRO>
of <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
for <other>
the <other>
organic <other>
dye <other>
, <other>
congo <other>
red <other>
( <other>
CR <other>
) <other>
in <other>
the <other>
shorter <other>
time <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
under <other>
photoirradiation <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
concluded <other>
that <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
porous I-<DSC>
surface <DSC>
and <other>
smaller <other>
crystallite I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
nanostructures I-<DSC>
act <other>
as <other>
active <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
centers <PRO>
and <other>
play <other>
a <other>
key <other>
role <other>
in <other>
allowing <other>
effective <other>
interaction <other>
between <other>
organic <other>
dye <other>
and <other>
a-Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
in <other>
turn <other>
enhance <other>
photocatalytic I-<PRO>
degradation <PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
surface I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
and <other>
long I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
term <PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
new <other>
quaternary <other>
Ti-Zr-Ta-Ag I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
for <other>
implant I-<APL>
use <other>


the <other>
novel <other>
Ti-20Zr-5Ta-2Ag I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
was <other>
characterised <other>
concerning <other>
its <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
its <other>
passive <other>
film I-<DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
thickness <other>
, <other>
its <other>
long I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
term <PRO>
electrochemical <PRO>
stability <PRO>
, <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
ion I-<PRO>
release <PRO>
rate <PRO>
in <other>
ringer <other>
solution <other>
of <other>
acid <other>
, <other>
neutral <other>
and <other>
alkaline <other>
pH <other>
values <other>
and <other>
antibacterial I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
new <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
has <other>
a <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
α I-<PRO>
microstructure <PRO>
( <other>
by <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


long I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
term <CMT>
XPS <CMT>
and <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
analyses <other>
show <other>
the <other>
thickening <other>
of <other>
the <other>
passive I-<PRO>
film I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
hydroxyapatite I-<MAT>
in <other>
neutral <other>
and <other>
alkaline <other>
ringer <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


the <other>
values <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
confirm <other>
the <other>
over <other>
time <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
new <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
passive I-<PRO>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


all <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
have <other>
very <other>
favourable <other>
values <other>
in <other>
time <other>
which <other>
attest <other>
a <other>
high <other>
resistance I-<PRO>
to <PRO>
corrosion <PRO>
. <other>


impedance I-<CMT>
spectra <CMT>
evinced <other>
a <other>
bi-layered I-<DSC>
passive I-<PRO>
film I-<DSC>
formed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
barrier <other>
, <other>
insulating I-<PRO>
layer I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
porous I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
monitoring <other>
of <other>
the <other>
open I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
potentials <PRO>
indicated <other>
the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
protective I-<APL>
layers <APL>
and <other>
their <other>
thickening <other>
in <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
new <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
releases <other>
( <other>
by <other>
ICP-MS I-<CMT>
measurements <other>
) <other>
very <other>
low <other>
quantities <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
ions <other>
and <other>
no <other>
Ta I-<MAT>
ions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
new <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
low <other>
antibacterial I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
. <other>


mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
BC2N I-<MAT>
, <other>
a <other>
new <other>
superhard I-<PRO>
phase <other>


A <other>
new <other>
superhard I-<PRO>
phase <other>
, <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
BC2N I-<MAT>
, <other>
has <other>
very <other>
recently <other>
been <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
direct <other>
conversion <other>
of <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
- <other>
like <other>
BN I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
C <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
, <other>
young I-<PRO>
's <PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
and <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
this <other>
phase <other>
have <other>
been <other>
examined <other>
using <other>
micro- I-<CMT>
and <other>
nanoindentation I-<CMT>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
values <other>
( <other>
e I-<PRO>
, <other>
g I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
the <other>
c-BC2N I-<MAT>
are <other>
intermediate <other>
between <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
and <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
, <other>
which <other>
makes <other>
this <other>
new <other>
phase <other>
the <other>
hardest I-<PRO>
known <other>
solid <other>
after <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
rare <other>
earth <other>
dopants <other>
on <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
nanoceria I-<MAT>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
combustion I-<SMT>
method <SMT>


structural I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
combustion I-<SMT>
synthesized <SMT>
, <other>
calcined I-<SMT>
and <other>
densified I-<SMT>
pure I-<DSC>
and <other>
doped I-<DSC>
nanoceria I-<MAT>
with <other>
tri-valent <other>
cations <other>
of <other>
Er I-<MAT>
, <other>
Y I-<MAT>
, <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
, <other>
Sm I-<MAT>
and <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
were <other>
analyzed <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
transmission <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
HRTEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
as-synthesized I-<DSC>
and <other>
calcined I-<SMT>
nanopowders I-<DSC>
were <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
and <other>
calculated <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
were <other>
close <other>
to <other>
theoretical <other>
ion I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
packing <CMT>
model <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
dopants <other>
on <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
, <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
of <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
pure I-<DSC>
and <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
tri-valent <other>
cation <other>
dopants <other>
increased <other>
the <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
fracture I-<PRO>
toughness <PRO>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
were <other>
decreased <other>
. <other>


determination <other>
of <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
time <PRO>
in <other>
GaSb I-<MAT>
from <other>
microwave I-<CMT>
harmonic <CMT>
mixing <CMT>
and <other>
transport I-<PRO>
phenomena <PRO>


the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
time <PRO>
t[?] <PRO>
of <other>
GaSb I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
independently <other>
from <other>
microwave I-<CMT>
harmonic <CMT>
mixing <CMT>
experiments <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
and <other>
from <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


from <other>
measurements <other>
of <other>
the <other>
i.r. I-<PRO>
faraday <PRO>
effect <PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
valley I-<PRO>
populations <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electric <other>
field <other>
strength <other>
are <other>
obtained <other>
which <other>
are <other>
in <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
values <other>
calculated <other>
with <other>
help <other>
of <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
time <PRO>
obtained <other>
by <other>
methods <other>
mentioned <other>
before <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
evaluation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
data <other>
a <other>
two I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
band <CMT>
model <CMT>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
microwave I-<CMT>
experiments <CMT>
are <other>
extrapolated <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
assuming <other>
polar I-<PRO>
optical <PRO>
mode <PRO>
scattering <PRO>
. <other>


good <other>
agreement <other>
of <other>
these <other>
values <other>
and <other>
the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
current I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
faraday I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
was <other>
found <other>
. <other>


the <other>
values <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
sec <other>
and <other>
approximately <other>
1*6 <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
sec <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
current I-<PRO>
detour <PRO>
effect <PRO>
observed <other>
on <other>
materials <other>
with <other>
random <other>
microstucture I-<PRO>
: <other>
experimental <other>
evidence <other>
from <other>
li3x I-<MAT>
la2 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3-x <MAT>
O3Ti <MAT>
studied <other>
by <other>
impedance I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


impedance I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
IS I-<CMT>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
used <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
low <other>
frequency <other>
part <other>
of <other>
the <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
diagrams <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
fast <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductor <PRO>
, <other>
Li3xLa2 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
3-xTiO3 <MAT>
with <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
( <other>
named <other>
hereafter <other>
LLTO I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


this <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
has <other>
been <other>
synthesised <other>
by <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


after <other>
synthesis <other>
, <other>
the <other>
powder I-<DSC>
of <other>
LLTO I-<MAT>
displays <other>
a <other>
large <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
agglomerates <other>
. <other>


the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
distribution <other>
and <other>
the <other>
porosity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
changed <other>
by <other>
heat I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treatment <SMT>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
in <other>
air <other>
. <other>


the <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
spectra <other>
of <other>
these <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
, <other>
recorded <other>
at <other>
different <other>
temperatures <other>
from <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
RT <other>
) <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
show <other>
a <other>
low <other>
- <other>
frequency <other>
depressed <other>
arc <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
characteristic <other>
of <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
response <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
. <other>


its <other>
shape <other>
depends <other>
strongly <other>
on <other>
the <other>
heat I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
therefore <other>
, <other>
on <other>
its <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
arc <other>
when <other>
the <other>
pellet I-<DSC>
is <other>
well <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
but <other>
becomes <other>
very <other>
complex <other>
for <other>
non-sintered <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
high <other>
resistive I-<PRO>
grain <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
and <other>
pores I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
“ <other>
fish <other>
” <other>
shape <other>
indicates <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
current <other>
“ <other>
detours <other>
effect <other>
” <other>
in <other>
the <other>
material <other>
. <other>


this <other>
effect <other>
means <other>
that <other>
current <other>
detours <other>
around <other>
blocking <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundary <PRO>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
pores I-<PRO>
occur <other>
to <other>
lower <other>
the <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
. <other>


consequently <other>
, <other>
the <other>
brick I-<CMT>
layer <CMT>
model <CMT>
( <other>
BLM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
assumes <other>
an <other>
ideal <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
then <other>
no <other>
current <other>
“ <other>
detours <other>
effect <other>
” <other>
, <other>
can <other>
not <other>
be <other>
used <other>
to <other>
analyse <other>
these <other>
impedance I-<PRO>
data <other>
. <other>


preparation <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
La2-xCexFe14B I-<MAT>
compounds <other>


pseudoternary <other>
La2-xCexFe14B I-<MAT>
compounds <other>
having <other>
the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
BFe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
over <other>
the <other>
entire <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
composition <other>
range <other>
. <other>


with <other>
appropriate <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
schedules <other>
, <other>
samples <other>
which <other>
were <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
phase <DSC>
or <other>
nearly <other>
so <other>
were <other>
obtained <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


lattice I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
( <other>
a I-<PRO>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TC I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
data <other>
are <other>
reported <other>
for <other>
each <other>
of <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
. <other>


we <other>
find <other>
that <other>
( <other>
i <other>
) <other>
a I-<PRO>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
TC I-<PRO>
decrease <other>
linearly <other>
with <other>
Ce I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
x <other>
; <other>
( <other>
ii <other>
) <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
is <other>
essentially <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
x <other>
; <other>
and <other>
( <other>
iii <other>
) <other>
there <other>
is <other>
no <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
occurence <other>
of <other>
ce3+ <other>
over <other>
any <other>
range <other>
in <other>
x <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
of <other>
ODS <other>
- <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
microwave I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
sintered <SMT>
from <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
prepared <other>
nano-powders I-<DSC>


nano-sized I-<DSC>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
La2O3 <MAT>
and <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
sol I-<SMT>
– <SMT>
gel <SMT>
method <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
hydrogen I-<SMT>
reduction <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
average <other>
particle <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
powders I-<DSC>
is <other>
smaller <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
. <other>


microwave I-<SMT>
sintering <SMT>
method <other>
was <other>
used <other>
for <other>
the <other>
consolidation <other>
of <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
samples <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
relatively <other>
low <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
and <other>
short I-<SMT>
soaking <SMT>
time <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
) <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
grains I-<PRO>
growth <other>
. <other>


nano-sized I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
size <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
were <other>
homogeneously <other>
dispersed <other>
in <other>
the <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
. <other>


the <other>
relative I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
, <other>
average <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
vickers I-<PRO>
micro-hardness <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
microwave I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
sintered <SMT>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
La2O3 <MAT>
and <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
samples <other>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
O3Y2 <MAT>
samples <other>
showed <other>
better <other>
sinterability I-<PRO>
, <other>
finer <other>
grains I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
higher <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
than <other>
the <other>
W I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
% <MAT>
La2O3 <MAT>
samples <other>
. <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
doping <other>
on <other>
structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
and <other>
LPG I-<PRO>
sensing <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
OZn I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
cobalt I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
zinc I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
CZO I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
to <other>
the <other>
corning I-<MAT>
glass <MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
spray I-<SMT>
pyrolysis <SMT>
technique <other>
using <other>
zinc <other>
acetate <other>
and <other>
cobaltous <other>
nitrate <other>
as <other>
precursors <other>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
, <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
and <other>
gas I-<PRO>
sensing <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
various <other>
Co I-<MAT>
doping <other>
concentrations <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


XRD I-<CMT>
patterns <other>
confirm <other>
that <other>
, <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
with <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
( <other>
wurtzite I-<SPL>
) <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


XPS I-<CMT>
reveals <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
sub-stoichiometric I-<DSC>
in <other>
nature <other>
with <other>
Co I-<MAT>
present <other>
in <other>
two <other>
chemical <other>
states <other>
. <other>


SEM I-<CMT>
images <other>
show <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
compact <other>
, <other>
densely I-<PRO>
packed <PRO>
with <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
flakes I-<DSC>
and <other>
spherical <other>
grains <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
direct I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
- <PRO>
gap <PRO>
energy <PRO>
increases <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
with <other>
cobalt I-<MAT>
doping I-<SMT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


LPG I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
increased <other>
with <other>
Co I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
at <other>
% <other>
and <other>
decreased <other>
thereafter <other>
. <other>


Pd I-<MAT>
sensitized <other>
2at <other>
% <other>
CZO I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
shows <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
gas I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
as <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
for <other>
un-sensitized <other>
CZO I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
. <other>


film I-<DSC>
shows <other>
stable <other>
gas I-<PRO>
response <PRO>
even <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
in <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
LPG <other>
. <other>


effects <other>
of <other>
processing <other>
parameters <other>
on <other>
density I-<PRO>
and <other>
electric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
electric <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
compacted I-<SMT>
by <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
voltage <SMT>
electromagnetic <SMT>
compaction <SMT>


In <other>
this <other>
research <other>
, <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
voltage <SMT>
electromagnetic <SMT>
compaction <SMT>
( <other>
EMC I-<SMT>
) <other>
was <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
compact I-<SMT>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
indirect <other>
way <other>
. <other>


after <other>
selecting <other>
the <other>
appropriate <other>
processing <other>
parameters <other>
, <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
of <other>
higher <other>
density I-<PRO>
and <other>
better <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
produced <other>
compared <other>
with <other>
traditional <other>
static I-<SMT>
compaction <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
microstructures I-<PRO>
of <other>
two <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
produced <other>
by <other>
two <other>
above-mentioned <other>
methods <other>
respectively <other>
show <other>
that <other>
, <other>
the <other>
average <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
compacted <other>
by <other>
low I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
voltage <SMT>
EMC <SMT>
are <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
which <other>
are <other>
smaller <other>
than <other>
that <other>
by <other>
static I-<SMT>
compaction <SMT>
respectively <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
under <other>
the <other>
same <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
condition <other>
. <other>


discharge I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
and <other>
charge I-<PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
are <other>
important <other>
factors <other>
to <other>
the <other>
green I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
part <other>
's <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
each <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


meanwhile <other>
, <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
have <other>
their <other>
own <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
range <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
for <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
for <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
during <other>
which <other>
each <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
pressed I-<SMT>
effectively <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
condition <other>
of <other>
charge I-<PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
, <other>
as <other>
the <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
increases <other>
toward <other>
a <other>
peak <other>
value <other>
, <other>
the <other>
green I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
part <other>
's <other>
density I-<PRO>
increase <other>
, <other>
then <other>
tend <other>
to <other>
decrease <other>
after <other>
that <other>
peak <other>
value <other>
. <other>


the <other>
green I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
and <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
part <other>
's <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <other>
each <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
increase <other>
and <other>
the <other>
above <other>
peak <other>
discharge I-<PRO>
voltage <PRO>
decrease <other>
slightly <other>
, <other>
as <other>
charge I-<PRO>
capacitance <PRO>
enlarges <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
pancake <other>
coil <other>
turns <other>
and <other>
field <other>
shaper <other>
structure <other>
on <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
density I-<PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


In <other>
most <other>
of <other>
cases <other>
investigated <other>
, <other>
the <other>
higher <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
part <other>
's <other>
density I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
better <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
parts <other>
and <other>
the <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
of <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
parts <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
evolution <other>
and <other>
wall I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
in <other>
BFe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
melt I-<SMT>
spun <SMT>
allos I-<DSC>


the <other>
evolution <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
in <other>
BFe14Nd2 I-<MAT>
melt I-<SMT>
spun <SMT>
alloys I-<DSC>
is <other>
observed <other>
by <other>
lorentz I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
in <other>
grains <other>
the <other>
c-axis <other>
of <other>
which <other>
is <other>
nearly <other>
normal <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ribbon <other>
plane <other>
. <other>


A <other>
domain I-<PRO>
wall <PRO>
energy <PRO>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mJ <other>
m-2 <other>
is <other>
estimated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
domain I-<PRO>
wall <PRO>
thickness <PRO>
revealed <other>
by <other>
foucault I-<CMT>
mode <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
values <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
bubble <PRO>
diameters <PRO>
and <other>
collapse I-<PRO>
fields <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
MCrAlY I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
on <other>
AlNi3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
base <other>
superalloy I-<DSC>


this <other>
work <other>
is <other>
concerned <other>
with <other>
AlCrNiY I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlCoCrNiY I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
deposited <other>
on <other>
the <other>
superalloy I-<DSC>
IC-6 I-<MAT>
( <other>
AlNi3 I-<MAT>
- <other>
base <other>
superalloy I-<DSC>
) <other>
by <other>
arc I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
plating <SMT>
( <other>
AIP I-<SMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
Mo I-<MAT>
in <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
IC-6 I-<MAT>
impeded <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
moving <other>
from <other>
coatings I-<APL>
to <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
during <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
process <other>
. <other>


As <other>
a <other>
consequence <other>
, <other>
the <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
is <other>
well <other>
proportioned <other>
in <other>
both <other>
AlCrNiY I-<MAT>
and <other>
AlCoCrNiY I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
. <other>


vacuum I-<SMT>
heat <SMT>
treatment <SMT>
drastically <other>
increased <other>
diffusivities I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
became <other>
more <other>
uniform <other>
. <other>


the <other>
interdiffusion <other>
also <other>
led <other>
to <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transformation <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
. <other>


although <other>
g'-Ni3Al I-<MAT>
and <other>
g-Ni I-<MAT>
were <other>
still <other>
the <other>
major <other>
phases <other>
in <other>
the <other>
coating I-<APL>
, <other>
their <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
a0 <PRO>
decreased <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
isothermal I-<SMT>
oxidation <SMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
coatings I-<APL>
obeyed <other>
the <other>
parabolic I-<CMT>
rate <CMT>
law <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
was <other>
not <other>
influenced <other>
very <other>
much <other>
by <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
Co I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
AlCrNiY I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
static <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


AlCoCrNiY I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
had <other>
poorer <other>
oxidation I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
than <other>
AlCrNiY I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
when <other>
they <other>
were <other>
exposed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


growth <other>
of <other>
Ba3Cu3In4O12 I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
whiskers <DSC>


single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystal <DSC>
whiskers <DSC>
of <other>
Ba3Cu3In4O12 I-<MAT>
were <other>
successfully <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
precursor <other>
pellets I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
nominal <other>
composition I-<PRO>
of <other>
Ba4In4Cu3Te0.5Ca0.5Ox I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
grown <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
were <other>
typically <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
in <other>
length <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
in <other>
width <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
in <other>
thickness <other>
. <other>


Te I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ca I-<MAT>
were <other>
not <other>
detected <other>
in <other>
the <other>
whiskers I-<DSC>
by <other>
electron I-<CMT>
probe <CMT>
microanalysis <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
precursor <other>
pellets I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
after <other>
the <other>
whisker I-<DSC>
growth <other>
were <other>
composed <other>
of <other>
Ba3Cu3In4O12 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Ba2CaO6Te I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ba2CaO6Te I-<MAT>
plays <other>
an <other>
important <other>
role <other>
as <other>
a <other>
flux <other>
for <other>
enhancing <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
Ba3Cu3In4O12 I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
. <other>


sorption I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
heavy <other>
metals <other>
on <other>
poorly I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
manganese I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
: <other>
roles <other>
of <other>
water <other>
conditions <other>
and <other>
light <other>


the <other>
objective <other>
of <other>
this <other>
study <other>
was <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
solution <other>
properties <other>
and <other>
light <other>
on <other>
the <other>
metal <other>
uptake <other>
and <other>
release <other>
in <other>
a <other>
nanosized I-<DSC>
, <other>
poorly I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
manganese I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
d-MnO2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
system <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
from <other>
synthetic <other>
water <other>
matrices <other>
revealed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
aggregation I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
was <other>
strongly <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
ionic <other>
strength <other>
, <other>
ca2+ <other>
, <other>
and <other>
humic <other>
acid <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
particle <other>
aggregation <other>
subsequently <other>
changed <other>
the <other>
ability <other>
of <other>
d-MnO2 I-<MAT>
to <other>
adsorb <other>
and <other>
sequester <other>
heavy <other>
metal <other>
ions <other>
( <other>
Cu(II) I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
extent <other>
of <other>
Cu(II) I-<MAT>
uptake <other>
onto <other>
d-MnO2 I-<MAT>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
negative <other>
correlation <other>
with <other>
the <other>
attachment I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
value <other>
, <other>
which <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
sorption I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
could <other>
be <other>
achieved <other>
under <other>
aggregation <other>
- <other>
inducing <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


upon <other>
exposure <other>
to <other>
light <other>
, <other>
the <other>
adsorbed <other>
Cu(II) I-<MAT>
was <other>
released <other>
from <other>
the <other>
d-MnO2 I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
via <other>
photoinduced I-<SMT>
dissolution <SMT>
of <other>
MnO2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
concentration <other>
of <other>
Cu(II) I-<MAT>
desorbed <other>
was <other>
substantially <other>
higher <other>
when <other>
the <other>
humic <other>
acid <other>
was <other>
present <other>
together <other>
with <other>
ca2+ <other>
. <other>


the <other>
present <other>
investigation <other>
enables <other>
us <other>
to <other>
better <other>
understand <other>
the <other>
adsorption <other>
– <other>
desorption <other>
processes <other>
of <other>
heavy <other>
metals <other>
occurring <other>
at <other>
the <other>
MnO2 I-<MAT>
– <other>
solution <other>
interface <other>
in <other>
response <other>
to <other>
common <other>
environmental <other>
stimuli <other>
. <other>


synthesis <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
: <other>
A <other>
spectroscopic I-<CMT>
study <CMT>


this <other>
report <other>
aimed <other>
to <other>
study <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
doping <other>
in <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
phase <other>
transformation <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
from <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
to <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


CdS I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
nanocomposites I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
prepared <other>
and <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
fourier I-<CMT>
transform <CMT>
infrared <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
TEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
contrary <other>
to <other>
bare <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
, <other>
phase <other>
transformation <other>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
from <other>
anatase I-<SPL>
to <other>
rutile I-<SPL>
is <other>
hindered <other>
when <other>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
at <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
more <other>
sensitive <other>
for <other>
detection <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
as <other>
compared <other>
to <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
. <other>


aerospace I-<APL>
application <APL>
on <other>
Al I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
with <other>
reinforced <other>
– <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
and <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
in-situ <other>
composites I-<DSC>


In <other>
this <other>
study <other>
, <other>
the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
aluminium <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
is <other>
reinforced <other>
with <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
( <other>
aluminium I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
) <other>
& <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
( <other>
zirconium I-<MAT>
boride <MAT>
) <other>
in <other>
wt. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
by <other>
stir I-<SMT>
casting <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
composites I-<DSC>
particles <DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
under <other>
dry <other>
sliding <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
is <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
conducting <other>
various <other>
test <other>
like <other>
hardness I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
, <other>
tensile I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
and <other>
compression I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
to <other>
understand <other>
the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
the <other>
wt. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
reinforcement <other>
and <other>
the <other>
matrix <other>
metal I-<PRO>
. <other>


this <other>
is <other>
followed <other>
by <other>
the <other>
micro I-<CMT>
structural <CMT>
study <CMT>
to <other>
examine <other>
the <other>
bond <other>
formation <other>
and <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
reduction <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
addition <other>
of <other>
reinforcement <other>
. <other>


the <other>
taguchi I-<CMT>
L25 <CMT>
orthogonal <CMT>
array <CMT>
is <other>
used <other>
to <other>
optimize <other>
the <other>
process <other>
parameters <other>
to <other>
obtain <other>
minimum <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
analysis I-<CMT>
of <CMT>
variance <CMT>
( <other>
ANOVA I-<CMT>
) <other>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
parameter <other>
affecting <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
is <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
to <other>
understand <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
of <other>
worn <other>
out <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
wear <other>
debris <other>
. <other>


the <other>
manipulate <other>
of <other>
the <other>
wt. <other>
% <other>
of <other>
reinforcements <other>
and <other>
applied <other>
load <other>
on <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
rate <PRO>
, <other>
wear I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
, <other>
specific I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
rate <PRO>
, <other>
coefficient I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
wear <PRO>
rate <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
mass <other>
loss <other>
were <other>
premeditated <other>
using <other>
the <other>
pin I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
on <CMT>
- <CMT>
disk <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


‘ <other>
umkehreffekt I-<PRO>
’ <other>
and <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
of <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>


the <other>
magneto I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
seebeck <PRO>
effect <PRO>
in <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
is <other>
measured <other>
along <other>
a <other>
bisectrix <other>
direction <other>
y <other>
with <other>
the <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
rotating <other>
in <other>
the <other>
xz <other>
- <other>
plane <other>
. <other>


the <other>
asymmetry <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
‘ <other>
umkehreffekt I-<PRO>
’ <other>
is <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
sense <other>
of <other>
the <other>
binary <other>
axis <other>
. <other>


gamma <other>
ray <other>
induced <other>
thermoluminescence I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
eu3+ <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
phosphor I-<APL>


this <other>
paper <other>
reports <other>
the <other>
thermoluminescence I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
eu3+ <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
phosphors I-<APL>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
combustion I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
thermoluminescence I-<CMT>
( <other>
TL I-<CMT>
) <other>
studies <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
after <other>
irradiating I-<SMT>
the <other>
sample <other>
by <other>
g-rays <other>
in <other>
the <other>
dose <other>
range <other>
100Gy <other>
to <other>
1KGy <other>
. <other>


the <other>
glow I-<PRO>
curves <PRO>
of <other>
g-irradiated I-<SMT>
phosphors I-<APL>
were <other>
resolved <other>
into <other>
two <other>
peaks <other>
, <other>
one <other>
centred <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
and <other>
other <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


intensity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
glow <other>
peak <other>
increases <other>
linearly <other>
in <other>
the <other>
studied <other>
dose <other>
range <other>
of <other>
g-rays <other>
. <other>


kinetic I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
such <other>
as <other>
order I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
, <other>
trap I-<PRO>
depth <PRO>
and <other>
frequency I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
glow <other>
peak <other>
were <other>
calculated <other>
by <other>
various <other>
glow I-<CMT>
curve <CMT>
methods <CMT>
. <other>


comparison <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
and <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
- <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
LP I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
MOCVD <CMT>


the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
dependence <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
LP I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
MOCVD <CMT>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
c-plane <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
AlN I-<MAT>
starts <other>
to <other>
grow <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
where <other>
its <other>
c-axis <other>
is <other>
on <other>
the <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
c-plane <other>
. <other>


when <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
increases <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
c-axis <other>
becomes <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
the <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
c-axis <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
3C I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
CSi <MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
, <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
AlN I-<MAT>
grows <other>
with <other>
its <other>
c-axis <other>
on <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
of <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
. <other>


laser I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
induced <SMT>
evaporation <SMT>
, <other>
reactivity <other>
and <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
mixed <other>
Ce-V I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>


it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
that <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
laser <SMT>
ablation <SMT>
has <other>
good <other>
potentiality <other>
for <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
, <other>
CeO2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
O5V2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
mixed <other>
Ce-V I-<MAT>
oxides <MAT>
which <other>
are <other>
very <other>
important <other>
materials <other>
for <other>
their <other>
application <other>
in <other>
optics I-<APL>
and <other>
electrochromic I-<APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


laser <other>
induced <other>
compositional <other>
changes <other>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
ablation I-<SMT>
and <other>
deposition <other>
processes <other>
of <other>
these <other>
materials <other>
have <other>
been <other>
explored <other>
. <other>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
the <other>
oxygen <other>
gas <other>
pressure <other>
on <other>
the <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
composition I-<PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
examined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
congruency <other>
of <other>
the <other>
process <other>
has <other>
been <other>
treated <other>
on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
a <other>
thermal <other>
mechanism <other>
of <other>
evaporation <other>
– <other>
decomposition <other>
of <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
. <other>


an <other>
attempt <other>
to <other>
model <other>
the <other>
processes <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
a <other>
thermodynamic I-<CMT>
approach <CMT>
is <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


composition I-<PRO>
dependent <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
electric I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
Pb(Fe1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2Nb1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2)O3 <MAT>
Pb(Fe2 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
W1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3)O3 <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
solutions <DSC>


we <other>
report <other>
on <other>
the <other>
studies <other>
of <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
RT <other>
) <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
electric I-<PRO>
and <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
( I-<MAT>
1-x <MAT>
) <MAT>
Pb(Fe1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2Nb1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
2)O3 <MAT>
– <MAT>
x <MAT>
Pb(Fe2 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
W1 <MAT>
/ <MAT>
3)O3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
PFN1-x <MAT>
– <MAT>
PFWx <MAT>
) <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
and <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
through <other>
the <other>
measurements <other>
of <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
FTIR I-<CMT>
, <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
, <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
, <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
and <other>
ferroelectric I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
. <other>


FTIR I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
showed <other>
two <other>
main <other>
perovskite I-<SPL>
related <other>
transmission <other>
bands <other>
. <other>


the <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
shows <other>
an <other>
average <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
for <other>
all <other>
the <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
. <other>


rietveld I-<CMT>
refinement <CMT>
was <other>
performed <other>
on <other>
RT I-<CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
neutron I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
ND I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
reveals <other>
, <other>
the <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
with <other>
space <other>
group <other>
Cm I-<SPL>
and <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
with <other>
space <other>
group <other>
pm-3m I-<SPL>
. <other>


In <other>
other <other>
words <other>
, <other>
increasing <other>
x <other>
, <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
phase <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
to <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
corroborates <other>
the <other>
change <other>
in <other>
structural I-<PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
from <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
( <other>
Cm I-<SPL>
) <other>
to <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
( <other>
pm-3m I-<SPL>
) <other>
on <other>
varying <other>
x <other>
. <other>


the <other>
coexistence <other>
of <other>
both <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
and <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
symmetries <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
between <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


magnetic I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
shows <other>
that <other>
, <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
phase <PRO>
transition <PRO>
from <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
to <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
( <other>
AFM I-<PRO>
) <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
or <other>
above <other>
RT <other>
for <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
above <other>
. <other>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
was <other>
refined <other>
using <other>
the <other>
propagation I-<PRO>
vector <PRO>
k <PRO>
= <other>
( <other>
½ <other>
, <other>
½ <other>
, <other>
½ <other>
) <other>
and <other>
structure I-<PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
g I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
antiferromagnetic <PRO>
. <other>


magnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
( <other>
M-H I-<CMT>
loops <CMT>
) <other>
shows <other>
, <other>
a <other>
weak <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
with <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
at <other>
RT <other>
. <other>


At <other>
RT <other>
, <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
exhibits <other>
disordered I-<PRO>
paramagnetic <PRO>
property <PRO>
but <other>
weakly <other>
coupled <other>
with <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
. <other>


but <other>
, <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
samples <other>
show <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
they <other>
are <other>
weakly <other>
coupled <other>
with <other>
paramagnetic I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature I-<PRO>
dependent <PRO>
magnetization <PRO>
( <other>
M(T) I-<PRO>
) <other>
confirms <other>
, <other>
the <other>
augmentation <other>
of <other>
neel I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
( <other>
TN I-<PRO>
) <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
on <other>
increasing <other>
x. <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
confirms <other>
superparamagnetic I-<PRO>
nature <other>
with <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
in <other>
3+ <other>
state <other>
and <other>
on <other>
increasing <other>
x <other>
, <other>
the <other>
spectra <other>
changes <other>
from <other>
doublet <other>
to <other>
sextet <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
( <other>
P-E I-<PRO>
) <other>
study <other>
confirms <other>
the <other>
existence <other>
of <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
ordering <PRO>
with <other>
leaky I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
reasonable <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
loops <PRO>
with <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
indicate <other>
samples <other>
with <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
show <other>
good <other>
magnetoelectric I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
and <other>
may <other>
find <other>
applications <other>
in <other>
multiferroics I-<APL>
. <other>


spin I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
dy3 I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
x <MAT>
Y <MAT>
x <MAT>
O7Ta <MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
system <other>


several <other>
x-compositions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
polycrystalline I-<DSC>
Dy3-xYxTaO7 I-<MAT>
system <other>
, <other>
crystallizing <other>
in <other>
the <other>
weberite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
structure <other>
, <other>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
and <other>
structurally <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
rietveld I-<CMT>
refinements <CMT>
based <other>
on <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
data <other>
. <other>


In <other>
previous <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
Dy3O7Ta I-<MAT>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
same <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
an <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
at <other>
T <other>
= <other>
2.3K <other>
has <other>
been <other>
assigned <other>
to <other>
this <other>
compound <other>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
basis <other>
of <other>
DC I-<CMT>
and <other>
AC I-<CMT>
magnetic <CMT>
susceptibilities <CMT>
analyses <CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
show <other>
in <other>
this <other>
work <other>
that <other>
all <other>
compounds <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
≤ <other>
x <other>
≤ <other>
<nUm> <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
spin I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
nature <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spin I-<PRO>
glass <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
Dy3-xYxTaO7 I-<MAT>
, <other>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
highly <other>
frustrated <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
interaction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dy3+ <other>
sublattice <other>
and <other>
to <other>
the <other>
dy3+ <other>
– <other>
dy3+ <other>
distorted <other>
tetrahedra <other>
array <other>
in <other>
the <other>
weberite I-<SPL>
- <other>
type <other>
structure <other>
of <other>
this <other>
system <other>
. <other>


by <other>
fitting <other>
AC I-<CMT>
susceptibility <CMT>
data <other>
, <other>
using <other>
dynamical I-<CMT>
scaling <CMT>
theory <CMT>
equations <CMT>
, <other>
we <other>
conclude <other>
that <other>
a <other>
cluster I-<PRO>
spin <PRO>
glass <PRO>
is <other>
present <other>
in <other>
Dy3-xYxTaO7 I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
. <other>


depending <other>
on <other>
the <other>
x-composition <other>
, <other>
tg I-<PRO>
~ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
range <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
300K <other>
the <other>
system <other>
obeys <other>
a <other>
curie I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
weiss <PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


superconductivity I-<PRO>
in <other>
CInNb2 I-<MAT>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
the <other>
CInNb2 I-<MAT>
phase <other>
is <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
, <other>
heat I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
, <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
. <other>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
samples <other>
with <other>
CInNb2 I-<MAT>
nominal <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
solid I-<SMT>
state <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
powder <CMT>
patterns <CMT>
suggest <other>
that <other>
all <other>
peaks <other>
can <other>
be <other>
indexed <other>
with <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
of <other>
AlCCr2 I-<MAT>
prototype <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
for <other>
CInNb2 I-<MAT>
shows <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
below <other>
7.5K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
M(H) I-<PRO>
data <other>
show <other>
typical <other>
type-II <other>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
with <other>
CH I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
Oe <other>
at <other>
1.8K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
specific I-<PRO>
heat <PRO>
data <other>
are <other>
consistent <other>
with <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
superconductivity I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
sommerfeld I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
is <other>
estimated <other>
as <other>
γ I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
mJmol-1K-1 <other>
. <other>


nano-sized I-<DSC>
indium I-<MAT>
- <other>
free <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
transparent I-<APL>
conducting <APL>
electrode <APL>
prepared <other>
by <other>
RF I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
for <other>
organic I-<APL>
photovoltaic <APL>
cells <APL>


As <other>
an <other>
alternative <other>
to <other>
indium I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
tin <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
( <other>
MAM I-<MAT>
) <other>
multilayer I-<APL>
transparent <APL>
electrodes <APL>
with <other>
a <other>
nano-sized I-<DSC>
Ag I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
embedded <other>
between <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
tin I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
) <other>
layers I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
. <other>


the <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
a <other>
glass I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
by <other>
RF I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
to <other>
evaluate <other>
their <other>
characteristics <other>
as <other>
transparent I-<APL>
electrodes <APL>
for <other>
organic I-<APL>
photovoltaic <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
OPVs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


optical I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
single I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
MTO I-<MAT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
at <other>
various <other>
working <other>
pressures <other>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
partial <other>
pressures <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
optimal <other>
condition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
multilayer I-<APL>
electrode <APL>
showed <other>
a <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
Ω <other>
/ <other>
sq <other>
and <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
in <other>
the <other>
visible <other>
range <other>
( <other>
λ <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
) <other>
. <other>


their <other>
values <other>
are <other>
compatible <other>
with <other>
commercial <other>
indium I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
tin <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
) <other>
. <other>


conventional <other>
- <other>
type <other>
bulk I-<APL>
hetero <APL>
- <APL>
junction <APL>
organic <APL>
photovoltaic <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
BHJ I-<APL>
- <APL>
OPVs <APL>
) <other>
using <other>
the <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
multilayer I-<APL>
electrode <APL>
show <other>
an <other>
open I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
( <other>
VOC I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
, <other>
a <other>
short I-<PRO>
circuit <PRO>
current <PRO>
( <other>
JSC I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
, <other>
a <other>
fill I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
( <other>
FF I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
power I-<PRO>
conversion <PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
( <other>
PCE I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


this <other>
PCE I-<PRO>
is <other>
comparable <other>
with <other>
a <other>
commercial <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
. <other>


this <other>
suggests <other>
that <other>
the <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ag I-<MAT>
/ <other>
MTO I-<MAT>
multilayer I-<APL>
electrode <APL>
is <other>
a <other>
new <other>
promising <other>
transparent I-<APL>
conducting <APL>
electrode <APL>
for <other>
BHJ I-<APL>
- <APL>
OPVs <APL>
. <other>


PdPt I-<MAT>
porous I-<DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
with <other>
enhanced <other>
electrocatalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
and <other>
durability I-<PRO>
for <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
reaction <APL>


through <other>
a <other>
bromide I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
induced <SMT>
galvanic <SMT>
replacement <SMT>
reaction <SMT>
between <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
and <other>
Cl6K2Pt I-<DSC>
, <other>
PdPt I-<MAT>
porous I-<DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
are <other>
successfully <other>
synthesized <other>
. <other>


with <other>
such <other>
interesting <other>
porous I-<DSC>
and <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
structured <DSC>
PdPt I-<MAT>
nanorods I-<DSC>
as <other>
cathode I-<APL>
catalyst <APL>
for <other>
oxygen I-<APL>
reduction <APL>
reaction <APL>
( <other>
ORR I-<APL>
) <other>
, <other>
obvious <other>
advantages <other>
are <other>
shown <other>
evidently <other>
in <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
. <other>


first <other>
, <other>
the <other>
porous I-<DSC>
structure <other>
shows <other>
large <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
( <other>
ECSA I-<PRO>
) <other>
, <other>
thus <other>
providing <other>
an <other>
efficient <other>
way <other>
to <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
usage <other>
of <other>
expensive <other>
noble <other>
metals <other>
. <other>


second <other>
, <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
large <other>
surface I-<PRO>
area <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
synergistic <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
alloy I-<DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
phase <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resulting <other>
porous I-<DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
exhibit <other>
enhanced <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
for <other>
ORR I-<APL>
compared <other>
to <other>
the <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
and <other>
commercial <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
catalyst I-<APL>
. <other>


third <other>
, <other>
the <other>
PdPt I-<MAT>
porous I-<DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
exhibit <other>
excellent <other>
durability I-<PRO>
in <other>
ORR I-<APL>
with <other>
only <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
loss <other>
of <other>
the <other>
initial <other>
ECSA I-<PRO>
after <other>
the <other>
accelerated <other>
durability I-<CMT>
tests <CMT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
potential <other>
cycles <other>
) <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
nanowires I-<DSC>
and <other>
commercial <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
/ <other>
C I-<MAT>
catalyst I-<APL>
lose <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
of <other>
their <other>
original <other>
ECSA I-<PRO>
. <other>


such <other>
porous I-<DSC>
nanorods <DSC>
appear <other>
to <other>
be <other>
promising <other>
cathode I-<APL>
electrocatalysts <APL>
for <other>
fuel I-<APL>
cells <APL>
with <other>
enlarged <other>
surface <other>
area <other>
, <other>
enhanced <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
and <other>
improved I-<PRO>
durability <PRO>
. <other>


high <other>
temperature <other>
raman I-<CMT>
studies <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
has <other>
become <other>
the <other>
definitive <other>
technique <other>
for <other>
assessing <other>
the <other>
quality <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


not <other>
only <other>
can <other>
the <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
/ <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
contents <other>
be <other>
determined <other>
, <other>
but <other>
more <other>
detailed <other>
information <other>
, <other>
for <other>
example <other>
, <other>
about <other>
the <other>
domain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
stress I-<PRO>
associated <other>
with <other>
a <other>
coating I-<APL>
can <other>
be <other>
gleaned <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
a <other>
raman I-<CMT>
microprobe <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
synthetic <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
alumina I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
, <other>
at <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>
( <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
in <other>
controlled <other>
atmospheres <other>
of <other>
hydrogen <other>
, <other>
argon <other>
and <other>
oxygen <other>
are <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


the <other>
position <other>
of <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
band <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
diamond I-<MAT>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
) <other>
was <other>
monitored <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


from <other>
the <other>
shift <other>
of <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
band <other>
from <other>
its <other>
natural <other>
position <other>
, <other>
an <other>
associated <other>
stress I-<PRO>
value <other>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
HDDR <SMT>
NdFeB I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
magnets I-<APL>


the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
B578Fe8099Nd1273Zr50 I-<MAT>
magnet I-<APL>
was <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
before <other>
and <other>
after <other>
disproportionation I-<SMT>
by <other>
a <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
HDDR <SMT>
process <other>
. <other>


Zr I-<MAT>
eliminates <other>
free <other>
iron I-<MAT>
dendrites I-<DSC>
and <other>
results <other>
in <other>
platelet I-<DSC>
- <other>
like <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
precipitates I-<DSC>
in <other>
the <other>
intergranular <other>
region <other>
, <other>
inhibiting <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
. <other>


the <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
platelets I-<DSC>
are <other>
not <other>
affected <other>
by <other>
the <other>
disproportionation I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
on <other>
the <other>
memorizing <other>
effect <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


cubic I-<SPL>
nitrides I-<MAT>
of <other>
the <other>
sixth <other>
group <other>
of <other>
transition <other>
metals <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
nitrogen I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
during <other>
metal <other>
condensation <other>


nitrogen <other>
- <other>
containing <other>
phases <other>
of <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
, <other>
molybdenum I-<MAT>
and <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
were <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
evaporation I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
under <other>
simultaneous <other>
nitrogen I-<SMT>
ion <SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
. <other>


with <other>
gradually <other>
increasing <other>
ion I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
intensity <other>
, <other>
chromium I-<MAT>
forms <other>
initially <other>
Cr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Cr2N I-<MAT>
phase <other>
mixtures <other>
, <other>
then <other>
additionally <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
appears <other>
, <other>
and <other>
at <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
intensities <other>
pure <other>
CrN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
formed <other>
. <other>


molybdenum I-<MAT>
also <other>
forms <other>
pure <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
MoN <MAT>
under <other>
intense <other>
ion I-<SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
in <other>
this <other>
case <other>
two <other>
different <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
are <other>
found <other>
, <other>
the <other>
stable I-<PRO>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
and <other>
the <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
cubic I-<SPL>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


the <other>
latter <other>
is <other>
favoured <other>
under <other>
intense <other>
ion I-<SMT>
irradiation <SMT>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
case <other>
of <other>
tungsten I-<MAT>
, <other>
even <other>
at <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
intensities <other>
, <other>
only <other>
phase <other>
mixtures <other>
of <other>
W I-<MAT>
and <other>
NW2 I-<MAT>
were <other>
formed <other>
. <other>


these <other>
observed <other>
differences <other>
can <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
low <other>
reactivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
metals I-<PRO>
towards <other>
nitrogen <other>
and <other>
the <other>
low <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nitrides I-<MAT>
, <other>
particularly <other>
of <other>
WN I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
high <PRO>
- <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
MoN I-<MAT>
is <other>
formed <other>
under <other>
the <other>
particular <other>
conditions <other>
of <other>
ion I-<SMT>
bombardment <SMT>
with <other>
rapid <other>
energy <other>
dissipation <other>
. <other>


optical I-<CMT>
and <other>
spectroscopic I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
germanium I-<MAT>
selenide <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


A <other>
previews <other>
study <other>
of <other>
germanium I-<MAT>
selenide <MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
revealed <other>
a <other>
heterogeneous <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
consisting <other>
of <other>
granular <other>
regions <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
size <other>
, <other>
which <other>
cause <other>
high <other>
optical I-<PRO>
losses <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
was <other>
performed <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
further <other>
characterize <other>
such <other>
materials <other>
using <other>
spectroscopic I-<CMT>
ellipsometry <CMT>
, <other>
infrared I-<CMT>
( <other>
IR I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopies <CMT>
. <other>


chalcogenide I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
GeSe2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ge7Sb3Se15 I-<MAT>
and <other>
GeSe I-<MAT>
compositions I-<PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
silica I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
substrates <DSC>
by <other>
vacuum I-<SMT>
thermal <SMT>
evaporation <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
film I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
and <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
constants <PRO>
were <other>
obtained <other>
from <other>
spectroscopic I-<CMT>
ellipsometry <CMT>
using <other>
the <other>
tauc I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
lorenz <CMT>
dispersion <CMT>
formula <CMT>
. <other>


A <other>
model <other>
was <other>
derived <other>
for <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
included <other>
a <other>
roughness I-<PRO>
layer <PRO>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


this <other>
top <other>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
a <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
, <other>
of <other>
the <other>
order <other>
of <other>
the <other>
size <other>
of <other>
the <other>
granular <other>
regions <other>
previously <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
bandgap <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
samples <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
selenium I-<MAT>
content <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
refractive I-<PRO>
index <PRO>
decreased <other>
. <other>


despite <other>
a <other>
previous <other>
report <other>
of <other>
large <other>
scale <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
in <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
Ge13Sb7Se30 I-<MAT>
glass I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
fundamental <other>
IR I-<CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
the <other>
present <other>
work <other>
did <other>
not <other>
provide <other>
any <other>
clear <other>
evidence <other>
for <other>
such <other>
phase <other>
separation <other>
which <other>
could <other>
be <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
heterogeneous <other>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
observed <other>
at <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


facile <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
interwoven I-<DSC>
Mn2O4Zn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
by <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
and <other>
their <other>
performance <other>
in <other>
Li I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>


interwoven I-<DSC>
Mn2O4Zn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
with <other>
porous I-<DSC>
nanostructures <DSC>
were <other>
successfully <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
an <other>
electrospinning I-<SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
results <other>
reveal <other>
that <other>
the <other>
obtained <other>
Mn2O4Zn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
in <other>
diameter <other>
and <other>
several <other>
micrometers <other>
in <other>
length <other>
. <other>


the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
shows <other>
that <other>
the <other>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
possess <other>
highly <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
without <other>
any <other>
impurity <other>
phase <other>
. <other>


when <other>
evaluated <other>
as <other>
an <other>
electrode I-<APL>
material <other>
for <other>
Li I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
( <other>
LIBs I-<APL>
) <other>
, <other>
results <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
show <other>
that <other>
these <other>
unique <other>
interwoven I-<DSC>
Mn2O4Zn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
exhibit <other>
admirable <other>
lithium I-<PRO>
storage <PRO>
performances <PRO>
with <other>
high <other>
specific I-<PRO>
capacity <PRO>
and <other>
excellent <other>
rate I-<PRO>
capability <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
interwoven I-<DSC>
and <other>
continuous <other>
one I-<DSC>
dimensional <DSC>
( <other>
1D I-<DSC>
) <other>
nanostructure I-<DSC>
of <other>
Mn2O4Zn I-<MAT>
nanofibers I-<DSC>
makes <other>
a <other>
prominent <other>
contribution <other>
to <other>
the <other>
excellent <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
simulation <other>
study <other>
on <other>
pseudomorphic I-<APL>
high <APL>
electron <APL>
mobility <APL>
transistors <APL>
( <other>
pHEMT I-<APL>
) <other>
fabricated <other>
using <other>
the <other>
GaInP I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
material <other>
system <other>


the <other>
DC I-<PRO>
and <other>
RF I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
gate <other>
length <other>
Ga13In12P25 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
As5Ga4In I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ga13In12P25 I-<MAT>
double I-<APL>
- <APL>
heterojunction <APL>
pseudomorphic <APL>
high <APL>
electron <APL>
mobility <APL>
transistor <APL>
( <other>
DH I-<APL>
- <APL>
pHEMT <APL>
) <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
gate <other>
length <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
heterojunction <DSC>
Ga13In12P25 I-<MAT>
/ <other>
As5Ga4In I-<MAT>
/ <other>
AsGa I-<MAT>
( <other>
SH I-<APL>
- <APL>
pHEMT <APL>
) <other>
were <other>
simulated <other>
using <other>
a <other>
two I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dimensional <CMT>
device <CMT>
simulator <CMT>
, <other>
MEDICI I-<CMT>
[12] <other>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
incorporation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
GaxIn1-xAsyP1-y I-<MAT>
quaternary <other>
well <other>
formed <other>
between <other>
GaInP I-<MAT>
and <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


by <other>
including <other>
the <other>
interfacial I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
between <other>
the <other>
GaInP I-<MAT>
- <other>
on <other>
- <other>
AsGaIn I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
( <other>
and <other>
vice <other>
versa <other>
) <other>
, <other>
the <other>
simulator <other>
is <other>
able <other>
to <other>
model <other>
and <other>
give <other>
an <other>
insight <other>
into <other>
the <other>
transconductance I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
devices <other>
, <other>
namely <other>
the <other>
second I-<PRO>
transconductance <PRO>
peak <PRO>
of <other>
lower <other>
magnitude <other>
at <other>
negative <other>
gate <other>
biases <other>
observed <other>
for <other>
double I-<DSC>
heterojunctions <DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
high <other>
transconductance I-<PRO>
maintained <other>
at <other>
positive <other>
gate <other>
biases <other>
for <other>
the <other>
single I-<APL>
- <APL>
heterojunction <APL>
devices <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
simulation <other>
program <other>
was <other>
also <other>
used <other>
to <other>
predict <other>
the <other>
performance <other>
of <other>
a <other>
pHEMT I-<APL>
, <other>
which <other>
uses <other>
a <other>
strained <other>
barrier <other>
( <other>
Ga3In2P5 I-<MAT>
) <other>
to <other>
suppress <other>
the <other>
undesired <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
the <other>
interfacial I-<DSC>
quaternary <DSC>
layers <DSC>
formed <other>
at <other>
the <other>
heterojunctions I-<DSC>
. <other>


hall I-<CMT>
measurements <CMT>
revealed <other>
that <other>
higher <other>
electron I-<PRO>
mobility <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
channel <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
in <other>
this <other>
structure <other>
and <other>
simulations <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
high <other>
transconductance I-<PRO>
and <other>
good <other>
device I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
is <other>
obtainable <other>
despite <other>
lower <other>
electron I-<PRO>
concentrations <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
fabricated <other>
device <other>
exhibited <other>
a <other>
peak <other>
transconductance I-<PRO>
, <other>
gm I-<PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mS <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
, <other>
maximum <other>
drain I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
, <other>
IDSmax I-<PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mA <other>
/ <other>
mm <other>
and <other>
current I-<PRO>
gain <PRO>
cut <PRO>
- <PRO>
off <PRO>
frequency <PRO>
, <other>
fT I-<PRO>
, <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
. <other>


efficiency I-<PRO>
enhancement <other>
of <other>
solid <other>
- <other>
state <other>
PbS I-<MAT>
quantum I-<APL>
dot <APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
with <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
barrier I-<APL>
layer <APL>


atomic I-<SMT>
layer <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
ALD I-<SMT>
) <other>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
grow <other>
both <other>
PbS I-<MAT>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
and <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
barrier I-<APL>
layers <APL>
in <other>
a <other>
solid I-<APL>
- <APL>
state <APL>
quantum <APL>
dot <APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cell <APL>
( <other>
QDSSC I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


barrier I-<APL>
layers <APL>
grown <other>
prior <other>
to <other>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
resulted <other>
in <other>
a <other>
near <other>
- <other>
doubling <other>
of <other>
device I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
) <other>
whereas <other>
barrier I-<APL>
layers <APL>
grown <other>
after <other>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
did <other>
not <other>
improve <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
, <other>
indicating <other>
the <other>
importance <other>
of <other>
quantum I-<DSC>
dots <DSC>
in <other>
recombination <other>
processes <other>
. <other>


growth <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
on <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>


diamond I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
fabricated <other>
on <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
) <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
by <other>
hot I-<SMT>
filament <SMT>
( <other>
HFCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
method <other>
. <other>


high <other>
nucleation I-<PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
more <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
cm2 <other>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
on <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
wafers I-<DSC>
by <other>
the <other>
pre-irradiation I-<SMT>
of <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
filament <other>
in <other>
the <other>
hydrogen <other>
atmosphere <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
using <other>
photothermal I-<CMT>
deflection <CMT>
techniques <CMT>
( <other>
PTD I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
diffusivity <PRO>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
/ <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
depends <other>
on <other>
the <other>
quality <other>
and <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
coated I-<SMT>
diamond I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


polymorphism I-<PRO>
and <other>
heavy I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
fermion <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
Au2SnU I-<MAT>


Au2SnU I-<MAT>
has <other>
two <other>
polymorphic <other>
forms <other>
; <other>
a <other>
high <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
AlCu2Mn I-<MAT>
- <other>
type <other>
form <other>
and <other>
a <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
AlPt2Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
type <other>
one <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
Au2SnU I-<MAT>
behaves <other>
like <other>
a <other>
nonmagnetic I-<PRO>
heavy <PRO>
- <PRO>
fermion <PRO>
system <PRO>
with <other>
C I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
T <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
mJ <other>
/ <other>
K2 <other>
mol <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


by <other>
contrast <other>
, <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
one <other>
orders <other>
antiferromagnetically I-<PRO>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
leaving <other>
C I-<PRO>
/ <PRO>
T <PRO>
as <other>
large <other>
as <other>
<nUm> <other>
mJ <other>
/ <other>
K2 <other>
mol <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


Co2LaO6Sr I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
technology <APL>
for <other>
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 I-<MAT>
thin I-<APL>
film <APL>
nonvolatile <APL>
memories <APL>


oxide I-<MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
technology <APL>
is <other>
investigated <other>
for <other>
optimization <other>
of <other>
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 I-<MAT>
( <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
capacitor I-<APL>
properties <other>
for <other>
high I-<APL>
density <APL>
nonvolatile <APL>
memory <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


PZT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
capacitors I-<APL>
with <other>
RF I-<SMT>
sputter <SMT>
deposited <SMT>
Co2LaO6Sr I-<MAT>
( <other>
LSCO I-<MAT>
) <other>
electrodes I-<APL>
have <other>
been <other>
characterized <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
the <other>
following <other>
parameters <other>
: <other>
initial <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
hysteresis <PRO>
loop <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
, <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
performance <PRO>
, <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
imprint I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
. <other>


our <other>
studies <other>
have <other>
determined <other>
that <other>
the <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
of <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
capacitors I-<APL>
with <other>
LSCO I-<MAT>
electrodes I-<APL>
is <other>
less <other>
sensitive <other>
to <other>
B I-<PRO>
site <PRO>
cation <PRO>
ratio <PRO>
and <other>
underlying <other>
electrode I-<APL>
stack <APL>
technology <APL>
than <other>
with <other>
O2Ru I-<MAT>
electrodes I-<APL>
. <other>


doping <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
with <other>
Nb I-<MAT>
( <other>
PNZT I-<MAT>
) <other>
improves <other>
imprint I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
LSCO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
/ <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
/ <other>
/ <other>
LSCO I-<MAT>
capacitors I-<APL>
considerably <other>
. <other>


we <other>
have <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
PNZT I-<MAT>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
/ <other>
/ <other>
LSCO I-<MAT>
capacitors I-<APL>
thermally I-<SMT>
processed <SMT>
at <other>
either <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
have <other>
almost <other>
identical <other>
initial <other>
hysteresis I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
exhibit <other>
essentially <other>
no <other>
fatigue <other>
out <other>
to <other>
approximately <other>
<nUm> <other>
cycles <other>
. <other>


deposition <other>
and <other>
characterization <other>
of <other>
1D I-<DSC>
O2Ru I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


well <other>
- <other>
aligned <other>
1D I-<DSC>
O2Ru I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
( <other>
CsN I-<DSC>
) <other>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
(SA)(100) <MAT>
, <other>
SA(001) I-<MAT>
and <other>
LiNbO3 I-<MAT>
(LNO)(100) <MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
via <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
using <other>
a <other>
Ru I-<MAT>
metal I-<PRO>
target <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
, <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
spectroscopic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
as-deposited I-<DSC>
CsN <DSC>
are <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
field I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
emission <CMT>
scanning <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
FESEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
micro-Raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
RS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


FESEM I-<CMT>
micrographs <other>
show <other>
that <other>
CsN I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
SA(100) I-<MAT>
/ <other>
LNO(100) I-<MAT>
are <other>
vertically <other>
aligned <other>
, <other>
while <other>
CsN I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
SA(001) I-<MAT>
show <other>
in-plane <other>
alignment <other>
with <other>
mosaic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
results <other>
indicate <other>
that <other>
the <other>
CsN I-<DSC>
are <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
oriented <other>
on <other>
SA(100) I-<MAT>
/ <other>
LNO(100) I-<MAT>
and <other>
SA(001) I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


A <other>
strong <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
alignment <other>
of <other>
the <other>
O2Ru I-<MAT>
CsN I-<DSC>
deposition <other>
has <other>
been <other>
observed <other>
and <other>
the <other>
probable <other>
mechanism <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
these <other>
CsN I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
usefulness <other>
of <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
as <other>
a <other>
structural I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
technique <other>
of <other>
CsN I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
demonstrated <other>
. <other>


photoelectrochemical I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
thermally I-<SMT>
activated <SMT>
natural <other>
pyrite I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
photoelectrodes I-<APL>


natural <other>
pyrite I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
photoelectrodes I-<APL>
have <other>
been <other>
manufactured <other>
by <other>
the <other>
screen I-<SMT>
printing <SMT>
technique <SMT>
. <other>


solid <other>
state <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
starting <other>
material <other>
, <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermally I-<SMT>
activated <SMT>
powders I-<DSC>
, <other>
has <other>
been <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
energy I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
( <other>
EDX I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


information <other>
on <other>
the <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
reactivity <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammetry <CMT>
in <other>
alkaline <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


the <other>
air I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
treated <SMT>
electrodes I-<APL>
have <other>
been <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
photoactive I-<PRO>
when <other>
tested <other>
as <other>
photoanodes I-<APL>
in <other>
polyiodide <other>
— <other>
containing <other>
photoelectrochemical I-<APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
maximum <other>
obtained <other>
efficiency I-<PRO>
for <other>
solar I-<APL>
energy <APL>
conversion <APL>
was <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


formation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
heterostructure I-<DSC>
composed <other>
of <other>
FeS2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe2O3 I-<MAT>
phases <other>
is <other>
considered <other>
to <other>
be <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
way <other>
for <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
low I-<APL>
- <APL>
cost <APL>
devices <APL>
in <other>
the <other>
direct I-<APL>
conversion <APL>
of <APL>
solar <APL>
energy <APL>
. <other>


multiferroic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
layered I-<DSC>
perovskite I-<SPL>
- <other>
related <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
Fe99La300O1000Ti201 <MAT>


the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
layered I-<DSC>
perovskite I-<SPL>
- <other>
related <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
, <other>
Fe99La300O1000Ti201 I-<MAT>
, <other>
are <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
material <other>
possesses <other>
the <other>
structure <other>
of <other>
six <other>
ABO3 I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
with <other>
iron I-<MAT>
ions <other>
concentrated <other>
towards <other>
the <other>
center <other>
of <other>
the <other>
slabs I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
of <other>
La I-<MAT>
, <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
Fe I-<MAT>
ions <other>
was <other>
determined <other>
using <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
“ I-<PRO>
glassy <PRO>
” <PRO>
magnetic <PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Fe99La300O1000Ti201 I-<MAT>
can <other>
be <other>
understood <other>
by <other>
the <other>
coexistence <other>
and <other>
competition <other>
between <other>
two <other>
different <other>
types <other>
of <other>
interaction <other>
, <other>
which <other>
originate <other>
from <other>
both <other>
the <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
interactions <PRO>
between <other>
fe3+ <other>
– <other>
O <other>
– <other>
fe3+ <other>
in <other>
the <other>
central <other>
layers I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
slabs I-<DSC>
and <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
that <other>
is <other>
induced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
from <other>
the <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
ion <other>
enrichment <other>
zone <other>
at <other>
the <other>
borders <other>
, <other>
owing <other>
to <other>
the <other>
nonrandom <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
fe3+ <other>
ions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
ferromagnetism I-<PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
ferromagnetic I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
and <other>
spin I-<PRO>
canting <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
antiferromagnetic I-<PRO>
coupling <PRO>
via <other>
the <other>
dzyaloshinskii I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
moriya <PRO>
interaction <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
frequency <other>
- <other>
dependent <other>
behavior <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
loss <PRO>
peak <other>
in <other>
Fe99La300O1000Ti201 I-<MAT>
manifests <other>
itself <other>
as <other>
a <other>
thermally <other>
activated <other>
relaxation <other>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
P I-<CMT>
– <CMT>
e <CMT>
hysteresis <CMT>
loops <CMT>
and <other>
local <other>
piezoresponse I-<CMT>
loops <CMT>
confirm <other>
the <other>
ferroelectric I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
Fe99La300O1000Ti201 I-<MAT>
. <other>


microstructural I-<PRO>
evolution <other>
during <other>
the <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
of <other>
H2Ti I-<MAT>
– <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
particle I-<DSC>
mixtures <other>


microstructural I-<PRO>
evolution <other>
during <other>
the <other>
hot I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
of <other>
H2Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
powder I-<DSC>
mixtures <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
H2Ti I-<MAT>
was <other>
completely <other>
transformed <other>
to <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
and <other>
that <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
diffused <other>
from <other>
CTi I-<MAT>
particles I-<DSC>
into <other>
the <other>
matrix <other>
during <other>
the <other>
process <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
suggested <other>
that <other>
this <other>
was <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
a-Ti I-<MAT>
in <other>
the <other>
matrix <other>
in <other>
preference <other>
to <other>
the <other>
a'-Ti I-<MAT>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
epitaxial <other>
palladium I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
contacts I-<APL>
on <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
and <other>
diffused <other>
P-N I-<PRO>
diodes I-<APL>


Pd2Si I-<MAT>
contacts I-<APL>
to <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
made <other>
by <other>
depositing <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
a <other>
succession <other>
of <other>
elevated <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
initially <other>
formed <other>
is <other>
a <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
, <other>
even <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


its <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
is <other>
uniquely <other>
related <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
the <other>
underlying <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
with <other>
the <other>
basal <other>
plane <other>
of <other>
Pd2Si I-<MAT>
making <other>
an <other>
excellent <other>
match <other>
, <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
atom <other>
positions <other>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
plane <other>
of <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
. <other>


understanding <other>
this <other>
epitaxy <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
an <other>
appreciation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
excellent <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
contacts I-<APL>
which <other>
are <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
superior <other>
to <other>
alloyed I-<DSC>
aluminum I-<MAT>
. <other>


for <other>
comparison <other>
, <other>
barrier I-<CMT>
height <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
reproduce <other>
earlier <other>
results <other>
of <other>
kircher <other>
on <other>
Pd2Si I-<MAT>
formed <other>
during <other>
a <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
) <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
Pd I-<MAT>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
novel <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
reinforced I-<DSC>
zirconium I-<MAT>
alloys I-<DSC>


novel <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
- <other>
reinforced I-<DSC>
zirconium I-<MAT>
( <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
) <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
with <other>
different <other>
boron I-<MAT>
( <other>
B I-<MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
( <other>
Al I-<MAT>
) <other>
contents <other>
were <other>
produced <other>
by <other>
arc I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
melting <SMT>
technique <other>
. <other>


microstructural I-<PRO>
observation <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
both <other>
the <other>
a-lath I-<PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
prior-b I-<PRO>
grain <PRO>
size <PRO>
were <other>
significantly <other>
refined <other>
with <other>
increased <other>
B I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
α I-<PRO>
lath <PRO>
gradually <other>
increased <other>
with <other>
increased <other>
solute <other>
atom <other>
Al I-<MAT>
content <other>
. <other>


compressive I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
results <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
modulus I-<PRO>
and <other>
strengths I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
improved <other>
with <other>
increased <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Al I-<MAT>
contents <other>
. <other>


the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
abundant <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
and <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
atom <other>
Al I-<MAT>
were <other>
responsible <other>
for <other>
the <other>
increased <other>
young's I-<PRO>
modulus <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
strengthening I-<PRO>
mechanisms <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
strengthening I-<SMT>
through <other>
load <other>
transfer <other>
between <other>
the <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
and <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
, <other>
morphological I-<PRO>
changes <other>
in <other>
alloys I-<DSC>
resulting <other>
from <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
, <other>
and <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
solution <SMT>
strengthening <SMT>
caused <other>
by <other>
Al I-<MAT>
addition <other>
. <other>


fractography I-<CMT>
confirmed <other>
that <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
undertook <other>
the <other>
load <other>
transferred <other>
from <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
matrix <other>
and <other>
that <other>
crack <other>
sources <other>
were <other>
primarily <other>
generated <other>
at <other>
B2Zr I-<MAT>
whiskers I-<DSC>
. <other>


dopant <other>
redistribution <other>
during <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
silicides <MAT>


iron I-<MAT>
disilicide <MAT>
( <other>
b-FeSi2 I-<MAT>
) <other>
is <other>
a <other>
semiconducting I-<PRO>
silicide I-<MAT>
with <other>
a <other>
direct <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
, <other>
thus <other>
rendering <other>
it <other>
attractive <other>
properties <other>
for <other>
opto I-<APL>
- <APL>
electronic <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
compatibility <other>
with <other>
standard <other>
IC I-<APL>
- <APL>
technology <APL>
is <other>
of <other>
great <other>
importance <other>
for <other>
future <other>
on I-<APL>
- <APL>
chip <APL>
optical <APL>
interconnects <APL>
. <other>


this <other>
study <other>
is <other>
focused <other>
on <other>
the <other>
dopant I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
during <other>
processing <other>
of <other>
iron I-<MAT>
silicides <MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
redistribution <other>
of <other>
dopants <other>
during <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
formation <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
utilising <other>
SIMS I-<CMT>
analysis <CMT>
. <other>


different <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
procedures <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
silicides I-<MAT>
were <other>
either <other>
formed <other>
by <other>
reacting <other>
a <other>
deposited <other>
iron I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
with <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
or <other>
from <other>
a <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
structure <other>
consisting <other>
of <other>
excess <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
on <other>
top <other>
of <other>
the <other>
iron I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
. <other>


cross-sectional I-<CMT>
TEM <CMT>
micrographs <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bilayer I-<DSC>
structures <other>
showed <other>
an <other>
epitaxial <other>
regrowth <other>
of <other>
the <other>
excess <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
at <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
- <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
when <other>
the <other>
system <other>
was <other>
fully <other>
reacted <other>
. <other>


arsenic I-<MAT>
implanted I-<SMT>
silicon I-<MAT>
was <other>
observed <other>
to <other>
yield <other>
good <other>
epitaxial <other>
regrowth <other>
while <other>
boron I-<MAT>
showed <other>
an <other>
inferior <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
regrowth <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dopant I-<PRO>
redistribution <PRO>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
depend <other>
on <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
condition <other>
. <other>


boron I-<MAT>
and <other>
phosphorus I-<MAT>
were <other>
depleted <other>
at <other>
the <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
- <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
, <other>
while <other>
arsenic I-<MAT>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
yield <other>
a <other>
small <other>
accumulation <other>
at <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
luminescence I-<CMT>
characterization <CMT>
of <other>
porous I-<DSC>
anodic I-<PRO>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
on <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
formed <other>
in <other>
sulfamic <other>
acid <other>
solution <other>


atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
luminescence I-<CMT>
methods <CMT>
( <other>
galvanoluminescence I-<CMT>
and <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
) <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
porous I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
by <other>
aluminum I-<DSC>
anodization I-<SMT>
in <other>
sulfamic <other>
acid <other>
solution <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
we <other>
measured <other>
weak <other>
galvanoluminescence I-<PRO>
during <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
anodization I-<SMT>
in <other>
sulfamic <other>
acid <other>
and <other>
found <other>
strong <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
sample <other>
's <other>
surface I-<DSC>
pretreatment <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
anodic <other>
conditions <other>
on <other>
luminescence I-<PRO>
intensity <PRO>
. <other>


AFM I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
pore <other>
arrangement <other>
of <other>
porous I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
formed <other>
in <other>
sulfamic <other>
acid <other>
by <other>
two I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
step <SMT>
anodization <SMT>
process <other>
at <other>
a <other>
constant <other>
voltage <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
30V <other>
is <other>
relatively <other>
irregular <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectra <other>
and <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
In2S3 I-<MAT>


x-ray I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
the <other>
spinel I-<SPL>
In2S3 I-<MAT>
were <other>
recorded <other>
at <other>
the <other>
sulphur <other>
K <other>
and <other>
indium I-<MAT>
L1 I-<PRO>
and <other>
L3 I-<PRO>
absorption <PRO>
edges <PRO>
, <other>
scanning <other>
the <other>
unoccupied I-<PRO>
electronic <PRO>
states <PRO>
of <other>
S I-<MAT>
p <other>
, <other>
In I-<MAT>
p <other>
, <other>
and <other>
In I-<MAT>
( <other>
s,d <other>
) <other>
symmetry <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


alignment <other>
of <other>
all <other>
spectra <other>
on <other>
a <other>
common <other>
scale <other>
and <other>
comparison <other>
with <other>
calculated <other>
densities I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
allowed <other>
an <other>
interpretation <other>
of <other>
all <other>
observed <other>
features <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
final <other>
state <other>
character <other>
, <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
bonding <PRO>
and <other>
local I-<PRO>
symmetry <PRO>
. <other>


A <other>
picture <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
structure <PRO>
is <other>
established <other>
. <other>


A <other>
model <other>
of <other>
density I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
states <PRO>
in <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
C I-<MAT>
and <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
from <other>
time I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
of <CMT>
- <CMT>
flight <CMT>
measurement <CMT>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
drift <PRO>
mobility <PRO>
in <other>
glow I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
discharged <SMT>
undoped I-<DSC>
hydrogenated I-<SMT>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
, <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
and <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
stoichiometric I-<DSC>
compositional <other>
( <other>
a-Si0.5C0.5 I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
H <MAT>
) <other>
has <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
the <other>
time I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
of <CMT>
- <CMT>
flight <CMT>
method <CMT>
. <other>


all <other>
films I-<DSC>
displayed <other>
the <other>
same <other>
behaviour <other>
of <other>
the <other>
transient I-<PRO>
current <PRO>
and <other>
dispersion I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
can <other>
be <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
assuming <other>
a <other>
gaussian <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
tail I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
near <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
obtained <other>
results <other>
corroborated <other>
the <other>
common <other>
nature <other>
and <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
disorder <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
tail <PRO>
in <other>
all <other>
four <other>
- <other>
coordinated <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
semiconductors I-<PRO>
. <other>


electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
chalcogenides <MAT>
Bi2Q3 <MAT>
( <MAT>
q <MAT>
= <MAT>
O <MAT>
, <MAT>
S <MAT>
, <MAT>
Se <MAT>
, <MAT>
Te <MAT>
) <MAT>
by <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>


bismuth I-<MAT>
chalcogenides <MAT>
, <other>
including <other>
: <other>
Bi2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Bi2S3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Bi2Se3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
are <other>
important <other>
photoelectric I-<APL>
functional <APL>
materials <APL>
, <other>
and <other>
have <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
range <other>
of <other>
applications <other>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
article <other>
, <other>
first I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
principles <CMT>
calculations <CMT>
were <other>
performed <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
compounds <other>
. <other>


the <other>
relationship <other>
between <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
micro-structure <PRO>
, <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
systematically <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


on <other>
one <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
from <other>
Bi2O3 I-<MAT>
to <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
increasing <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
number <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
group <other>
VI <other>
elements <other>
, <other>
the <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
exhibit <other>
obvious <other>
similarities <other>
and <other>
tendencies <other>
. <other>


the <other>
bonding <other>
varies <other>
within <other>
the <other>
series <other>
from <other>
strongly <other>
ionic <other>
in <other>
the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
of <other>
Bi2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
to <other>
iono-covalent <other>
in <other>
the <other>
sulfide <other>
of <other>
Bi2S3 I-<MAT>
and <other>
selenide I-<MAT>
of <other>
Bi2Se3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
to <other>
weak <other>
covalent <other>
and <other>
van <other>
der <other>
waals <other>
in <other>
the <other>
teliuride <other>
of <other>
Bi2Te3 I-<MAT>
. <other>


owing <other>
to <other>
the <other>
difference <other>
between <other>
chain I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
like <DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
layered I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
gain <other>
of <other>
electrons <other>
of <other>
Se I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
in <other>
Bi2Se3 I-<MAT>
with <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
is <other>
more <other>
than <other>
that <other>
of <other>
in <other>
Bi2Se3 I-<MAT>
with <other>
trigonal I-<SPL>
structure <other>
. <other>


based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
calculated <other>
results <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
are <other>
determined <other>
by <other>
the <other>
components <other>
of <other>
the <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
chalcogenide <MAT>
compounds <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
the <other>
micro-structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
chalcogenide <MAT>
compounds <other>
. <other>


these <other>
calculated <other>
results <other>
can <other>
provide <other>
reliable <other>
data <other>
and <other>
support <other>
for <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
new <other>
bismuth I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
optoelectronic I-<APL>
materials <APL>
and <other>
devices I-<APL>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
brazing I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
and <other>
wettability I-<PRO>
on <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>


Ti I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
brazing I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
the <other>
non-consumable I-<SMT>
arc <SMT>
- <SMT>
melting <SMT>
technology <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
wettability I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
brazing I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
on <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
( <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
sessile I-<CMT>
drop <CMT>
method <CMT>
in <other>
vacuum <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
min <other>
. <other>


the <other>
brazing I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
of <other>
91.5Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
8.5Si <MAT>
( <MAT>
wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
, <other>
87.1Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
8.1Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
4.8Cu <MAT>
( <MAT>
wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
and <other>
83.2Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
7.7Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
9.1Cu <MAT>
( <MAT>
wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
exhibit <other>
good <other>
wettability I-<PRO>
on <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
plate I-<DSC>
, <other>
but <other>
bad <other>
cohesion I-<PRO>
with <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
after <other>
cooling I-<SMT>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
brazing I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
of <other>
22Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
78Si <MAT>
( <MAT>
wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
and <other>
21Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
74.2Si <MAT>
– <MAT>
4.8Cu <MAT>
( <MAT>
wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
exhibit <other>
both <other>
good <other>
wettability I-<PRO>
and <other>
cohesion I-<PRO>
with <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
after <other>
cooling I-<SMT>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
brazing I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
interface I-<DSC>
between <other>
the <other>
brazing I-<APL>
alloys I-<DSC>
and <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
using <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
coupled <other>
with <other>
EDS I-<CMT>
and <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


an <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscope <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
near I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
surface <PRO>
microstructures <PRO>
induced <other>
by <other>
deep I-<SMT>
rolling <SMT>
and <other>
laser I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
shock <SMT>
peening <SMT>


we <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
near I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
surface <PRO>
microstructures <PRO>
induced <other>
by <other>
deep I-<SMT>
rolling <SMT>
and <other>
laser I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
shock <SMT>
peening <SMT>
in <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
stainless <MAT>
steel <MAT>
( <other>
AISI I-<MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <other>
and <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
6Al <MAT>
– <MAT>
4V <MAT>
using <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
improvements <other>
in <other>
fatigue I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
at <other>
elevated <other>
temperature <other>
are <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
high I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
temperature <PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
work I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
hardened <SMT>
near I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
surface <PRO>
microstructure <PRO>
. <other>


selective <other>
synthesis <other>
and <other>
photoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Cu3S4Sb I-<MAT>
and <other>
CuS2Sb I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>


A <other>
novel <other>
solvothermal I-<CMT>
chemical <CMT>
route <CMT>
has <other>
been <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
synthesize <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Sb <MAT>
– <MAT>
S <MAT>
compound <other>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
controllable <other>
manner <other>
. <other>


Cu3S4Sb I-<MAT>
and <other>
CuS2Sb I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
selectively <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
modifying <other>
the <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependent <other>
release <other>
of <other>
antimony I-<MAT>
from <other>
potassium <other>
antimonyl <other>
tartrate <other>
trihydrate <other>
faciliated <other>
the <other>
selective <other>
synthesis <other>
of <other>
Cu3S4Sb I-<MAT>
and <other>
CuS2Sb I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
bandgap I-<PRO>
is <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
Cu3S4Sb I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
CuS2Sb I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


semiconductors I-<PRO>
of <other>
Cu I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
Sb <MAT>
– <MAT>
S <MAT>
compounds <other>
with <other>
such <other>
band I-<PRO>
gaps <PRO>
are <other>
desirable <other>
for <other>
solar I-<APL>
cell <APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
Cu3S4Sb I-<MAT>
and <other>
CuS2Sb I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
both <other>
showed <other>
obvious <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electric <PRO>
response <PRO>
, <other>
indicating <other>
their <other>
potential <other>
application <other>
as <other>
an <other>
active I-<APL>
layer <APL>
in <other>
thin I-<APL>
- <APL>
film <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
. <other>


A <other>
comparison <other>
of <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
radiation I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
at <other>
low <other>
and <other>
high <other>
temperatures <other>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
radiation I-<SMT>
on <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
calculated <other>
over <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
phonon I-<PRO>
scattering <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
times <PRO>
for <other>
various <other>
scattering <other>
mechanisms <other>
have <other>
been <other>
analyzed <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
each <other>
mechanism <other>
has <other>
on <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
thermal <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
methods <other>
of <other>
calculation <other>
at <other>
low <other>
and <other>
high <other>
temperature <other>
are <other>
reviewed <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
these <other>
calculations <other>
are <other>
presented <other>
to <other>
compare <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
at <other>
different <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
vacancy I-<PRO>
scattering <PRO>
can <other>
significantly <other>
reduce <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
over <other>
a <other>
wide <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
; <other>
for <other>
example <other>
, <other>
a <other>
vacancy I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
per <other>
atom <other>
leads <other>
to <other>
a <other>
fractional <other>
change <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
versus <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


this <other>
reduction <other>
has <other>
significance <other>
for <other>
the <other>
design <other>
and <other>
placement <other>
of <other>
radio I-<APL>
frequency <APL>
and <APL>
microwave <APL>
windows <APL>
in <other>
fusion I-<APL>
reactors <APL>
. <other>


observation <other>
of <other>
diamagnetic I-<PRO>
precursor <other>
to <other>
the <other>
meissner I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
above <other>
T I-<PRO>
c <PRO>
in <other>
high-T I-<PRO>
c <PRO>
la2-x I-<MAT>
Sr <MAT>
x <MAT>
CuO4 <MAT>
cuprates <MAT>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
SQUID <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>


we <other>
have <other>
studied <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
imaging <CMT>
of <other>
the <other>
superconducting I-<PRO>
and <other>
anomalous <other>
normal <other>
states <other>
for <other>
underdoped I-<DSC>
La2-xSrxCuO4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
LSCO I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
a <other>
PLD I-<SMT>
method <other>
and <other>
nearly <other>
optimal <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
LSCO I-<MAT>
single I-<DSC>
crystals <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
a <other>
traveling I-<SMT>
solvent <SMT>
floating <SMT>
zone <SMT>
method <SMT>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
SQUID <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
La2-xSrxCuO4 I-<MAT>
( <other>
LSCO I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
their <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
's <other>
are <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
SSM I-<CMT>
used <other>
here <other>
has <other>
a <other>
pick-up <other>
coil <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
and <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
flux <PRO>
sensitivity <PRO>
is <other>
less <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
mPh0 <other>
hz-1 <other>
/ <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


below <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
, <other>
clear <other>
quantized <other>
vortices <other>
are <other>
observable <other>
. <other>


above <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
, <other>
however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
magnetic I-<CMT>
image <CMT>
never <other>
becomes <other>
uniform <other>
, <other>
and <other>
inhomogeneous <other>
diamagnetic I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
appear <other>
. <other>


the <other>
nucleation <other>
of <other>
diamagnetic I-<PRO>
domains <PRO>
starts <other>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
K <other>
, <other>
then <other>
they <other>
develop <other>
with <other>
expanding <other>
their <other>
area <other>
as <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
reduced <other>
and <other>
connected <other>
with <other>
the <other>
meissner I-<PRO>
state <PRO>
at <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
diamagnetic I-<PRO>
amplitude <other>
of <other>
these <other>
domains <other>
is <other>
significantly <other>
large <other>
in <other>
the <other>
first <other>
stage <other>
and <other>
then <other>
decreases <other>
with <other>
reducing <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermal <other>
investigation <other>
of <other>
gadolinium I-<MAT>
gallium <MAT>
mixed <other>
oxides <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
coprecipitation I-<SMT>
: <other>
observation <other>
of <other>
a <other>
new <other>
metastable I-<PRO>
phase <other>


polycrystalline I-<DSC>
gadolinium I-<MAT>
gallium <MAT>
mixed <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
coprecipitation I-<SMT>
and <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
materials <other>
appear <other>
to <other>
be <other>
x-ray <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
after <other>
a <other>
heat I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
30h <other>
, <other>
but <other>
after <other>
30h <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
a <other>
major <other>
, <other>
unreported <other>
, <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
, <other>
isostructural <other>
with <other>
TAlO3 I-<MAT>
compounds <MAT>
( <MAT>
where <MAT>
T <MAT>
= <MAT>
Y <MAT>
, <MAT>
Eu <MAT>
, <MAT>
Gd <MAT>
, <MAT>
Tb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Dy <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ho <MAT>
, <MAT>
Er <MAT>
) <MAT>
appears <other>
to <other>
crystallize I-<DSC>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
a <other>
highly <other>
energetic <other>
mechanical I-<SMT>
treatment <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
powder <DSC>
previously <other>
annealed I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
changes <other>
considerably <other>
the <other>
shape <other>
and <other>
position <other>
of <other>
exothermal <other>
events <other>
occurring <other>
in <other>
the <other>
range <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
of <other>
the <other>
mechanically I-<SMT>
treated <SMT>
powder I-<DSC>
gives <other>
rise <other>
to <other>
the <other>
complete <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ga5Gd3O12 I-<MAT>
garnet I-<SPL>
structure <other>
at <other>
the <other>
expense <other>
of <other>
the <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
phase <other>
and <other>
of <other>
the <other>
minor <other>
Ga2Gd4O9 I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
phase <other>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
a <other>
7.0wt <other>
% <other>
contamination <other>
is <other>
found <other>
to <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
zirconia I-<MAT>
coming <other>
from <other>
vials <other>
and <other>
balls <other>
colliding <other>
media <other>
. <other>


the <other>
garnet I-<SPL>
phase <other>
may <other>
have <other>
strong <other>
deviations <other>
from <other>
the <other>
nominal <other>
stoichiometry I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
garnet I-<SPL>
, <other>
as <other>
suggested <other>
by <other>
the <other>
refined <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameter <PRO>
obtained <other>
from <other>
the <other>
powder I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
patterns <other>
and <other>
by <other>
the <other>
remarkable <other>
absence <other>
of <other>
intensity <other>
relative <other>
to <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
bragg <other>
peak <other>
position <other>
. <other>


determination <other>
of <other>
band I-<PRO>
offset <PRO>
in <other>
InP I-<MAT>
/ <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
hetero I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
junction <DSC>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>


Y I-<MAT>
- <other>
stabilized I-<DSC>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
( <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
) <other>
was <other>
one <other>
of <other>
the <other>
familiar <other>
high <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
films I-<DSC>
used <other>
in <other>
InP I-<MAT>
field I-<APL>
effect <APL>
transistors <APL>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
on <other>
InP I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
were <other>
rarely <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
band I-<PRO>
offsets <PRO>
in <other>
InP I-<MAT>
/ <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
hetero I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
junction <DSC>
was <other>
an <other>
important <other>
parameter <other>
, <other>
which <other>
had <other>
not <other>
been <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
work <other>
, <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
InP I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
structures I-<PRO>
of <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
and <other>
InP I-<MAT>
/ <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
interface I-<DSC>
were <other>
characterized <other>
. <other>


x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
was <other>
used <other>
to <other>
measure <other>
the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
discontinuity <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
InP I-<MAT>
/ <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
hetero I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
structure <DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
value <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
with <other>
In I-<MAT>
3d5 <other>
as <other>
the <other>
reference <other>
energy <other>
level <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
YSZ I-<MAT>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
for <other>
InP I-<MAT>
, <other>
this <other>
indicated <other>
a <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
offset <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
in <other>
the <other>
system <other>
. <other>


the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
on <other>
the <other>
stress I-<PRO>
and <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
from <other>
a <other>
filtered I-<SMT>
cathodic <SMT>
vacuum <SMT>
arc <SMT>


aluminium I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
( <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
reactively <other>
deposited <other>
using <other>
a <other>
filtered I-<SMT>
cathodic <SMT>
vacuum <SMT>
arc <SMT>
system <SMT>
. <other>


A <other>
pulsed <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
bias <other>
was <other>
applied <other>
in <other>
order <other>
to <other>
increase <other>
the <other>
average <other>
energy <other>
of <other>
the <other>
depositing <other>
species <other>
. <other>


the <other>
stress I-<PRO>
and <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
determined <other>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
pulse <other>
bias <other>
amplitude <other>
/ <other>
frequency <other>
. <other>


the <other>
stress I-<PRO>
generated <other>
in <other>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
with <other>
high <other>
voltage <other>
pulsed <other>
bias <other>
depended <other>
on <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
and <other>
a <other>
transition <other>
from <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
to <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
occurred <other>
as <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
increased <other>
. <other>


this <other>
trend <other>
was <other>
accompanied <other>
by <other>
progressive <other>
changes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
. <other>


In <other>
order <other>
of <other>
increasing <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
, <other>
the <other>
films I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
: <other>
a <other>
porous I-<DSC>
structure <other>
with <other>
tensile I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
; <other>
a <other>
dense I-<PRO>
AlN I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
with <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
; <other>
and <other>
a <other>
dense I-<PRO>
AlN I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
showing <other>
evidence <other>
of <other>
a <other>
thermally <other>
induced <other>
reduction <other>
in <other>
stress I-<PRO>
. <other>


anomalous <other>
relaxation <other>
in <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
C13Cr21Fe140Mn3P23 I-<MAT>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
for <other>
isothermal I-<SMT>
annealed <SMT>
C13Cr21Fe140Mn3P23 I-<MAT>
are <other>
examined <other>
via <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
, <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
mossbauer I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


anomalous I-<PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
were <other>
detected <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
phenomenologic <other>
description <other>
is <other>
given <other>
of <other>
the <other>
data <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


scattering <other>
of <other>
charge <other>
carriers <other>
in <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
and <other>
conducting I-<PRO>
thin <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
non-parabolic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
band <PRO>


A <other>
simple <other>
model <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
, <other>
with <other>
the <other>
assumption <other>
of <other>
a <other>
non-parabolic I-<PRO>
conduction <PRO>
band <PRO>
, <other>
has <other>
been <other>
applied <other>
to <other>
wide <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
, <other>
degenerate I-<PRO>
thin I-<DSC>
oxide I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
scattering I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
is <other>
explained <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
intergrain I-<PRO>
potential <PRO>
barriers <PRO>
and <other>
charged <other>
point <other>
defects <other>
. <other>


A <other>
comparison <other>
between <other>
theoretical <other>
results <other>
and <other>
experimental <other>
data <other>
is <other>
made <other>
for <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
and <other>
CdIn2O4 I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
system <other>
( <other>
PbTixZr1 I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
x <MAT>
O3 <MAT>
, <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <other>
: <other>
the <other>
real <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
of <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
( <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
) <other>
( <other>
part <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>


the <other>
sequence <other>
of <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transformations <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
ceramic I-<DSC>
system <other>
PbTixZr1-xO3 I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
is <other>
determined <other>
and <other>
the <other>
real <other>
phase I-<PRO>
diagram <PRO>
of <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solutions <DSC>
is <other>
built <other>
. <other>


the <other>
observed <other>
periodicity <other>
of <other>
phase <other>
formation <other>
processes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
and <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
regions <other>
is <other>
explained <other>
by <other>
the <other>
real <other>
( <other>
defective <other>
) <other>
structure I-<PRO>
of <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
system <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
in <other>
many <other>
respects <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
variable <other>
valence <other>
of <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
ions <other>
and <other>
, <other>
as <other>
a <other>
result <other>
, <other>
to <other>
formation <other>
, <other>
accumulation <other>
, <other>
and <other>
ordering <other>
of <other>
point I-<PRO>
defects <PRO>
( <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
vacancies <PRO>
) <other>
and <other>
their <other>
elimination <other>
by <other>
crystallographic <other>
shifts <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
results <other>
are <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
interpretation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
macroscopic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
based <other>
on <other>
the <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
system <other>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ternary <other>
indides <other>
Ce2In5Pd4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
CeIn4Pd I-<MAT>


the <other>
ternary <other>
indides <other>
Ce2In5Pd4 I-<MAT>
and <other>
CeIn4Pd I-<MAT>
were <other>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
arc I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
melting <SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
elements <other>
and <other>
subsequent <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
at <other>
870K <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
weeks <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
were <other>
solved <other>
from <other>
the <other>
single I-<DSC>
crystal <DSC>
x-ray I-<CMT>
data <other>
. <other>


Ce2In5Pd4 I-<MAT>
crystallizes <other>
in <other>
the <other>
new <other>
monoclinic I-<SPL>
structure <other>
( <other>
space <other>
group <other>
P21 I-<SPL>
/ <SPL>
m <SPL>
, <other>
mP22 I-<SPL>
) <other>
, <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
β I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
, <other>
V I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
A3 <other>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
r I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
w I-<PRO>
r <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
reflections <other>
. <other>


CeIn4Pd I-<MAT>
adopts <other>
the <other>
Al4NiY I-<MAT>
type <other>
structure <other>
( <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
, <other>
cmcm I-<SPL>
) <other>
a I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
b I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
c I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
Å <other>
, <other>
V I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
A3 <other>
, <other>
z I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
r I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
w I-<PRO>
r <PRO>
<nUm> <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
<nUm> <other>
reflections <other>
. <other>


domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
of <other>
a <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
antiferromagnet I-<PRO>


A <other>
theory <other>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
in <other>
an <other>
easy <other>
- <other>
plane <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
antiferromagnet I-<PRO>
with <other>
nonuniform <other>
internal <other>
magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
and <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
has <other>
been <other>
developed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reconstruction <other>
of <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
in <other>
an <other>
external <other>
magnetic <other>
field <other>
was <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


dependencies <other>
of <other>
critical I-<PRO>
fields <PRO>
of <PRO>
stability <PRO>
loss <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
domain I-<PRO>
structures <PRO>
upon <other>
a <other>
directional <other>
external <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
and <other>
magnetostrictive I-<PRO>
and <other>
nonuniform <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


the <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
magnetization I-<PRO>
curve <PRO>
on <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
has <other>
also <other>
been <other>
determined <other>
. <other>


hardening I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
softening <PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
pre-annealed I-<SMT>
and <other>
slightly <other>
deformed <other>
Fe3Ni7 I-<MAT>
nanoalloy I-<DSC>


the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
slight <other>
deformation <other>
on <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
evolution <other>
and <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
variation <other>
in <other>
pre-annealed I-<SMT>
Fe3Ni7 I-<MAT>
nanoalloy I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


an <other>
obvious <other>
hardening I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
to <PRO>
- <PRO>
softening <PRO>
transition <PRO>
is <other>
observed <other>
at <other>
the <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
strain <other>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


further <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
analysis <CMT>
and <other>
transmission I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
observation <other>
reveal <other>
a <other>
accumulation <other>
of <other>
dislocation I-<PRO>
, <other>
stacking I-<PRO>
fault <PRO>
and <other>
twin I-<PRO>
fault <PRO>
before <other>
the <other>
sample <other>
deformed <other>
to <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
considered <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
contribution <other>
to <other>
strain I-<SMT>
hardening <SMT>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
despite <other>
of <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
the <other>
sample <other>
at <other>
a <other>
relative <other>
small <other>
strain <other>
level <other>
, <other>
obvious <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
takes <other>
place <other>
overall <other>
deformation <other>
process <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
increasing <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
, <other>
Fe3Ni7 I-<MAT>
nanoalloy I-<DSC>
enters <other>
into <other>
strain <other>
softening <other>
region <other>
due <other>
to <other>
a <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
the <other>
quantity <other>
of <other>
defect I-<PRO>
densities <PRO>
when <other>
the <other>
rolling I-<SMT>
strain <other>
exceeds <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


crystal I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
nonlinear <other>
BEu3O9W I-<MAT>
and <other>
BNd3O9W I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>


IR I-<CMT>
, <other>
raman I-<CMT>
, <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
, <other>
electron I-<CMT>
absorption <CMT>
and <other>
luminescence I-<CMT>
studies <other>
have <other>
been <other>
performed <other>
for <other>
novel <other>
laser <other>
BNd3O9W I-<MAT>
and <other>
BEu3O9W I-<MAT>
borotungstates <MAT>
exhibiting <other>
non-centrosymmetric I-<PRO>
crystal <PRO>
structures <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
assignment <other>
of <other>
observed <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
to <other>
respective <other>
symmetry <other>
and <other>
vibrations <other>
of <other>
atoms <other>
has <other>
been <other>
proposed <other>
. <other>


these <other>
studies <other>
have <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
vibrational I-<PRO>
and <other>
electronic I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
these <other>
crystals I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
better <other>
explained <other>
when <other>
P63 I-<SPL>
symmetry <other>
is <other>
assumed <other>
, <other>
instead <other>
of <other>
previously <other>
proposed <other>
P3 I-<SPL>
one <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystal I-<CMT>
structure <CMT>
refinement <CMT>
has <other>
also <other>
confirmed <other>
that <other>
symmetry I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
BEu3O9W I-<MAT>
borotungstates <MAT>
is <other>
P63 I-<SPL>
, <other>
not <other>
P3 I-<SPL>
. <other>


structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
luminescence I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
ca1-x I-<MAT>
La <MAT>
x <MAT>
S <MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
− <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>


the <other>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
of <other>
Ca1-xLaxS I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
x <MAT>
= <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
) <MAT>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
samples <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
sulfurizing I-<SMT>
the <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
CaCO3and I-<MAT>
La2O3in <MAT>
the <other>
flux <other>
of <other>
CNa2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
S <other>
or <other>
CK2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
S <other>
, <other>
and <other>
by <other>
gas I-<SMT>
reaction <SMT>
with <other>
CS2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


by <other>
using <other>
different <other>
methods <other>
of <other>
preparation <other>
, <other>
defect I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
concentration <other>
could <other>
be <other>
controlled <other>
chemically <other>
. <other>


Ca1-xLaxS I-<MAT>
prepared <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CNa2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
S <other>
flux <other>
has <other>
a <other>
wider <other>
solid I-<DSC>
solution <DSC>
range <other>
than <other>
that <other>
prepared <other>
in <other>
the <other>
CK2O3 I-<MAT>
– <other>
S <other>
flux <other>
, <other>
and <other>
such <other>
a <other>
feature <other>
seems <other>
to <other>
be <other>
due <other>
to <other>
similar <other>
ionic <other>
size <other>
of <other>
na+and <other>
ca2+ <other>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
substitution <other>
of <other>
la3+increases <other>
, <other>
the <other>
band I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
host <other>
material <other>
decreases <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
parameters <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
of <other>
the <other>
Ca1-xLaxS I-<MAT>
shift <other>
to <other>
longer <other>
wavelengths <other>
. <other>


since <other>
la3+ion <other>
itself <other>
is <other>
transparent I-<PRO>
to <other>
ultraviolet <other>
radiation <other>
, <other>
vacancies I-<PRO>
( <other>
VCa2+ <other>
, <other>
VS2+ <other>
) <other>
and <other>
substituted <other>
ions <other>
( <other>
Na+Ca2+ <other>
, <other>
La3+Ca2+ <other>
) <other>
seem <other>
to <other>
be <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
luminescence <other>
centers <other>
. <other>


the <other>
acceptor I-<PRO>
levels <PRO>
of <other>
Na+Ca2+and <other>
VCa2+are <other>
estimated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
above <other>
the <other>
valence I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
donor I-<PRO>
levels <PRO>
of <other>
La3+Ca2+and <other>
VS2-to <other>
be <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
below <other>
the <other>
conduction I-<PRO>
band <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
emission I-<PRO>
bands <PRO>
observed <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
suggest <other>
the <other>
recombination <other>
processes <other>
of <other>
donors <other>
with <other>
acceptors <other>
. <other>


microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
(ABi)1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2MoO4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
A <MAT>
= <MAT>
Li <MAT>
, <MAT>
Na <MAT>
, <MAT>
K <MAT>
, <MAT>
Rb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
) <MAT>
type <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
with <other>
ultra-low <other>
firing I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>


A <other>
series <other>
of <other>
(ABi)1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2MoO4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
A <MAT>
= <MAT>
Li <MAT>
, <MAT>
Na <MAT>
, <MAT>
K <MAT>
, <MAT>
Rb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
) <MAT>
compositions I-<PRO>
were <other>
studied <other>
in <other>
regard <other>
to <other>
the <other>
sintering I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
, <other>
phase I-<PRO>
composition <PRO>
, <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
compatibility <PRO>
with <other>
silver I-<MAT>
and <other>
/ <other>
or <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
for <other>
electrodes I-<APL>
. <other>


all <other>
the <other>
(ABi)1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2MoO4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
A <MAT>
= <MAT>
Li <MAT>
, <MAT>
Na <MAT>
, <MAT>
K <MAT>
, <MAT>
Rb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
) <MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
could <other>
be <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
with <other>
relative I-<PRO>
densities <PRO>
above <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
. <other>


whereas <other>
the <other>
BiK I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2MoO4 <MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
sintered I-<SMT>
to <other>
a <other>
high <other>
density I-<PRO>
at <other>
around <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
/ <other>
2hrs <other>
with <other>
a <other>
relative I-<PRO>
permittivity <PRO>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
a <other>
qf I-<PRO>
value <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
and <other>
a <other>
temperature I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <PRO>
resonant <PRO>
frequency <PRO>
( <other>
TCF I-<PRO>
) <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
from <other>
the <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
analysis <other>
of <other>
co-fired I-<SMT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
, <other>
the <other>
BiK I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2MoO4 <MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
reacts <other>
with <other>
silver I-<MAT>
but <other>
not <other>
with <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
at <other>
its <other>
densification I-<PRO>
temperature <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
(ABi)1 I-<MAT>
/ <MAT>
2MoO4 <MAT>
( <MAT>
A <MAT>
= <MAT>
Li <MAT>
, <MAT>
Na <MAT>
, <MAT>
K <MAT>
, <MAT>
Rb <MAT>
, <MAT>
Ag <MAT>
) <MAT>
type <other>
ceramics I-<DSC>
can <other>
all <other>
be <other>
considered <other>
into <other>
the <other>
new <other>
field <other>
of <other>
ultra-low I-<APL>
temperature <APL>
co-firing <APL>
dielectrics <APL>
for <other>
multilayer I-<APL>
applications <APL>
. <other>


characteristics <other>
of <other>
indium I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
tin <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
flexible <other>
plastic <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>


transparent I-<PRO>
and <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
indium I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
tin <MAT>
oxide <MAT>
( <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
on <other>
polyethersulfone <other>
( <other>
PES <other>
) <other>
flexible <other>
plastic <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
DC I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
structure <PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
electric <PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
the <other>
optimum <other>
room <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
. <other>


the <other>
crystalline I-<PRO>
orientation <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
were <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
) <other>
and <other>
the <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
/ <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
interfaces <DSC>
were <other>
observed <other>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
SEM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
, <other>
the <other>
hall I-<PRO>
effect <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
optical I-<PRO>
transmittance <PRO>
were <other>
measured <other>
to <other>
characterize <other>
the <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
as I-<DSC>
grown <DSC>
films <DSC>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
epitaxially <other>
grown <other>
with <other>
the <other>
orientations <other>
<222>  <other>
, <other>
<400>  <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<440>  <other>
perpendicular <other>
to <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
plane <other>
. <other>


moreover <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
decreases <other>
with <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
diffraction <other>
intensity <other>
. <other>


the <other>
obtained <other>
optimum <other>
growth <other>
conditions <other>
for <other>
the <other>
room <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
deposition <other>
are <other>
: <other>
DC <other>
power <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
W <other>
, <other>
deposition <other>
pressure <other>
= <other>
2.0mTorr <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
gas <other>
of <other>
Ar <other>
: <other>
O <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
: <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


with <other>
the <other>
optimum <other>
conditions <other>
, <other>
the <other>
resistivity I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
10-3 <other>
ocm <other>
, <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
, <other>
and <other>
transmittance I-<PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
for <other>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
PES <other>
substrates I-<DSC>
are <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


comparing <other>
the <other>
results <other>
with <other>
those <other>
reported <other>
by <other>
other <other>
workers <other>
, <other>
we <other>
conclude <other>
that <other>
improved <other>
photo I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
electric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
ITO I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
can <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
using <other>
the <other>
DC I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
technique <other>
at <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


study <other>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
and <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
synthesized <other>
by <other>
SHS I-<SMT>
reactions <SMT>


the <other>
particular <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
and <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
obtained <other>
by <other>
SHS I-<SMT>
technology <SMT>
are <other>
reported <other>
. <other>


the <other>
synthesized <other>
powders I-<DSC>
showed <other>
high <other>
particle I-<PRO>
sizes <PRO>
that <other>
are <other>
not <other>
suitable <other>
for <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
. <other>


consequently <other>
, <other>
the <other>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
subjected <other>
to <other>
an <other>
energetic <other>
milling I-<SMT>
process <other>
using <other>
an <other>
attritor I-<SMT>
with <other>
different <other>
milling I-<SMT>
media <other>
and <other>
times <other>
. <other>


silicon I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
were <other>
milled I-<SMT>
with <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
balls I-<DSC>
while <other>
for <other>
aluminum I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
powders I-<DSC>
different <other>
media <other>
( <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
O2Zr I-<MAT>
) <other>
were <other>
used <other>
. <other>


particle I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
and <other>
specific I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
were <other>
determined <other>
in <other>
both <other>
powders I-<DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
function <other>
of <other>
the <other>
milling I-<SMT>
variables <other>
. <other>


the <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
the <other>
level <other>
of <other>
impurities <other>
associated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
milling I-<SMT>
procedure <other>
was <other>
measured <other>
. <other>


the <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
of <other>
each <other>
powder I-<DSC>
was <other>
analyzed <other>
before <other>
and <other>
after <other>
milling I-<SMT>
by <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
were <other>
evaluated <other>
by <other>
comparing <other>
with <other>
characteristics <other>
of <other>
typical <other>
commercial <other>
powders I-<DSC>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
and <other>
N4Si3 I-<MAT>
, <other>
to <other>
establish <other>
the <other>
differences <other>
with <other>
the <other>
SHS I-<SMT>
powders I-<DSC>
. <other>


© <other>


effect <other>
of <other>
external <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>


various <other>
particle I-<PRO>
sizes <PRO>
of <other>
starting <other>
barium I-<MAT>
titanate <MAT>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
external <other>
pressure <other>
and <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
phase I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
particle I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
of <other>
starting <other>
BaO3Ti I-<MAT>
was <other>
somewhat <other>
proportional <other>
to <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
, <other>
while <other>
internal I-<PRO>
stress <PRO>
is <other>
inversely <other>
related <other>
to <other>
the <other>
grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
. <other>


grain I-<PRO>
size <PRO>
refinement <other>
as <other>
well <other>
as <other>
external <other>
pressure <other>
shifts <other>
Tc I-<PRO>
to <other>
a <other>
lower <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
rhombohedral I-<SPL>
T2 I-<PRO>
shifts <other>
to <other>
a <other>
higher <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
orthorhombic I-<SPL>
T1 I-<PRO>
decreases <other>
with <other>
increase <other>
in <other>
pressure <other>
, <other>
reaches <other>
a <other>
minimum <other>
value <other>
, <other>
and <other>
then <other>
increases <other>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Al10BCr10Mn10Mo10N10Ni10Zr10 I-<MAT>
x <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
prepared <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
DC <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


the <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
Al10BCr10Mn10Mo10Ni10Zr10 I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
films I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
direct <SMT>
current <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
at <other>
various <other>
N <other>
- <other>
to <other>
- <other>
Ar <other>
flow <other>
ratios <other>
( <other>
RN <other>
) <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
films I-<DSC>
had <other>
an <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
at <other>
low <other>
RN <other>
and <other>
a <other>
face I-<SPL>
- <SPL>
centered <SPL>
cubic <SPL>
structure I-<PRO>
at <other>
a <other>
high <other>
RN <other>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
RN <other>
increased <other>
, <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
clusters I-<DSC>
and <other>
defects <other>
resulted <other>
in <other>
a <other>
dense <other>
columnar <other>
structure <other>
and <other>
low <other>
surface I-<PRO>
roughness <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
peak <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
modulus I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
GPa <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


the <other>
enhanced <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
is <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
increased <other>
metal <other>
– <other>
nitrogen <other>
bonding <other>
, <other>
solid I-<SMT>
solution <SMT>
strengthening <SMT>
of <other>
several <other>
metallic I-<PRO>
nitrides I-<MAT>
, <other>
and <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
nitride I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
RN <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
had <other>
friction I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


wear I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
out <PRO>
failure <PRO>
occurred <other>
within <other>
400s <other>
when <other>
RN <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
. <other>


adhesive I-<PRO>
wear <PRO>
was <other>
the <other>
dominant <other>
wear I-<PRO>
mechanism <PRO>
. <other>


optimizing <other>
electrical <other>
poling <other>
for <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
, <other>
lead I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
BZT I-<MAT>
– <other>
BCT I-<MAT>
piezoceramic I-<PRO>
alloys I-<DSC>


the <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
BZT I-<MAT>
– <other>
BCT I-<MAT>
materials <other>
have <other>
been <other>
shown <other>
to <other>
be <other>
improved <other>
by <other>
using <other>
the <other>
field I-<SMT>
cooling <SMT>
poling <SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
the <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
of <other>
tetragonal I-<SPL>
BZT I-<MAT>
– <other>
BCT I-<MAT>
materials <other>
increases <other>
with <other>
higher <other>
poling <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
optimum <other>
poling <other>
temperature <other>
lies <other>
near <other>
the <other>
curie I-<PRO>
temperatures <PRO>
for <other>
a <other>
broad <other>
range <other>
of <other>
compositions I-<PRO>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
also <other>
observed <other>
from <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
measurements <other>
with <other>
an <other>
applied <other>
electric <other>
field <other>
that <other>
the <other>
magnitude <other>
of <other>
domain I-<PRO>
alignment <PRO>
is <other>
enhanced <other>
with <other>
electrical <other>
poling <other>
at <other>
higher <other>
electric <other>
fields <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
remnant <other>
ferroelastic I-<PRO>
domain <PRO>
texture <PRO>
is <other>
not <other>
affected <other>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
these <other>
results <other>
show <other>
a <other>
direct <other>
correlation <other>
between <other>
the <other>
development <other>
of <other>
internal I-<PRO>
bias <PRO>
field <PRO>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
induced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
accumulation <other>
of <other>
defect I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
carriers <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
the <other>
enhanced <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
. <other>


these <other>
observations <other>
suggest <other>
an <other>
important <other>
role <other>
played <other>
by <other>
the <other>
alignment <other>
of <other>
defect I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
carriers <PRO>
in <other>
achieving <other>
optimum <other>
piezoelectric I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
in <other>
lead I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
free <PRO>
piezoelectric <PRO>
ceramics I-<DSC>
. <other>


elastic I-<PRO>
and <other>
viscous I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
an <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
Al15Ni25Y27Zr33 I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
with <other>
a <other>
two <other>
- <other>
stage <other>
glass I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>


A <other>
Al15Ni25Y27Zr33 I-<MAT>
amorphous I-<DSC>
alloy <DSC>
was <other>
found <other>
to <other>
exhibit <other>
a <other>
two <other>
- <other>
stage <other>
glass I-<PRO>
transition <PRO>
and <other>
crystallization <other>
processes <other>
because <other>
of <other>
the <other>
insoluble <other>
nature <other>
between <other>
Zr I-<MAT>
and <other>
Y I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
first <other>
- <other>
stage <other>
exothermic <other>
reaction <other>
is <other>
due <other>
to <other>
the <other>
precipitation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nanoscale I-<DSC>
Y I-<MAT>
- <other>
rich <other>
phase <other>
from <other>
the <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
matrix <DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
precipitates I-<DSC>
cause <other>
the <other>
suppression <other>
of <other>
the <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
viscosity I-<PRO>
and <other>
elasticity I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
supercooled I-<SMT>
liquid <other>
region <other>
. <other>


bipolar I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
hysteresis <PRO>
of <other>
poled <other>
composites I-<DSC>
with <other>
Nd I-<MAT>
– <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
PZT I-<MAT>
fibres I-<DSC>


Nd I-<MAT>
– <other>
Mn I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
PZT I-<MAT>
fibres I-<DSC>
were <other>
produced <other>
using <other>
the <other>
sol I-<SPL>
– <SPL>
gel <SPL>
process <other>
. <other>


the <other>
PZT I-<MAT>
was <other>
doped I-<DSC>
with <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
neodymium I-<MAT>
and <other>
an <other>
amount <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
% <other>
manganese I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
fibres I-<DSC>
were <other>
investigated <other>
with <other>
respect <other>
to <other>
microstructure I-<PRO>
, <other>
composition I-<PRO>
after <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
and <other>
phase I-<PRO>
content <PRO>
. <other>


strain <other>
and <other>
polarisation I-<PRO>
were <other>
measured <other>
after <other>
imbedding <other>
the <other>
fibres I-<DSC>
in <other>
a <other>
polymer <other>
matrix I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
resulting <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
3-composites I-<DSC>
were <other>
poled <other>
with <other>
constant <other>
electric <other>
field <other>
. <other>


measurements <other>
of <other>
strain <other>
and <other>
polarisation I-<PRO>
were <other>
done <other>
using <other>
a <other>
sinusoidal I-<CMT>
voltage <CMT>
of <CMT>
high <CMT>
amplitude <CMT>
. <other>


instead <other>
of <other>
a <other>
shifted <other>
strain I-<PRO>
hysteresis <PRO>
( <other>
butterfly I-<PRO>
loop <PRO>
) <other>
an <other>
asymmetric I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
– <PRO>
field <PRO>
relation <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


the <other>
asymmetry <other>
depends <other>
on <other>
the <other>
direction <other>
of <other>
the <other>
applied <other>
voltage <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
half <other>
wave <other>
with <other>
voltage <other>
parallel <other>
to <other>
former <other>
poling <other>
voltage <other>
the <other>
strain I-<PRO>
curve <PRO>
is <other>
linear <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
other <other>
half <other>
wave <other>
the <other>
strain I-<PRO>
curve <PRO>
inflates <other>
and <other>
there <other>
is <other>
a <other>
region <other>
with <other>
no <other>
change <other>
of <other>
strain <other>
. <other>


possible <other>
explanations <other>
for <other>
the <other>
asymmetric I-<PRO>
strain <PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
are <other>
discussed <other>
. <other>


thermal I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
stabilized <other>
LiNiyCo1-y I-<MAT>
− <MAT>
zMzO2 <MAT>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
cathode <APL>
material <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
a <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
route <SMT>


layered I-<DSC>
compounds <other>
, <other>
such <other>
as <other>
LiNiO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
CoLiO2 I-<MAT>
, <other>
have <other>
been <other>
extensively <other>
studied <other>
as <other>
active <other>
cathodic I-<APL>
materials <APL>
in <other>
lithium I-<APL>
- <APL>
ion <APL>
batteries <APL>
. <other>


mixed <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
having <other>
general <other>
formula <other>
LiNiyCo1-yO2 I-<MAT>
represent <other>
a <other>
good <other>
compromise <other>
between <other>
the <other>
limited <other>
cyclability I-<PRO>
of <other>
LiNiO2 I-<MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
high <other>
cost <other>
of <other>
CoLiO2 I-<MAT>
. <other>


however <other>
, <other>
recent <other>
studies <other>
have <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
LiNiyCo1-yO2 I-<MAT>
compounds <other>
are <other>
thermally I-<PRO>
unstable <PRO>
in <other>
their <other>
charged <other>
state <other>
, <other>
undergoing <other>
exothermic <other>
reactions <other>
that <other>
might <other>
cause <other>
thermal <other>
runaway <other>
and <other>
safety <other>
concern <other>
. <other>


the <other>
stability I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
compounds <other>
may <other>
be <other>
greatly <other>
controlled <other>
by <other>
doping <other>
with <other>
a <other>
suitable <other>
metal <other>
, <other>
m <other>
= <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
Mg I-<MAT>
. <other>


In <other>
this <other>
work <other>
we <other>
further <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
role <other>
of <other>
the <other>
doping <other>
metal <other>
on <other>
the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrochemical I-<PRO>
and <other>
structural I-<PRO>
characteristics <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
LiNiyCo1-y I-<MAT>
− <MAT>
zMzO2 <MAT>
electrode I-<APL>
materials <other>
. <other>


these <other>
materials <other>
were <other>
prepared <other>
using <other>
a <other>
soft I-<SMT>
chemistry <SMT>
route <SMT>
, <other>
to <other>
achieve <other>
the <other>
proper <other>
control <other>
of <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
homogeneity <PRO>
and <other>
of <other>
the <other>
microstructural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
final <other>
samples <other>
. <other>


the <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
LiNiyCo1-y I-<MAT>
− <MAT>
zMzO2 <MAT>
, <other>
where <other>
m <other>
= <other>
Al I-<MAT>
, <other>
was <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
differential I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
calorimetry <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
upon <other>
cycling <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
a <other>
recently <other>
, <other>
in-house <other>
developed <other>
, <other>
in <other>
situ <other>
energy I-<CMT>
dispersive <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
( <other>
EDXD I-<CMT>
) <other>
technique <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reversibility I-<PRO>
and <other>
rate I-<PRO>
capabilities <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
cathodes I-<APL>
in <other>
lithium I-<APL>
cells <APL>
were <other>
characterized <other>
using <other>
electrochemical I-<APL>
equipment <APL>
. <other>


scanning I-<CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
study <other>
of <other>
the <other>
epitaxial <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
strained <other>
As50Ga9In41 I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
on <other>
InP I-<MAT>


the <other>
2D <other>
– <other>
3D <other>
growth <other>
mode <other>
transition <other>
of <other>
compressively <other>
strained <other>
InxGa1-xAs I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
( <other>
x <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
or <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
lattice I-<PRO>
mismatch <PRO>
) <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
an <other>
As100Ga47In53 I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
lattice <other>
matched <other>
to <other>
InP I-<MAT>
was <other>
studied <other>
using <other>
scanning I-<CMT>
tunneling <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
deposited <other>
monolayers I-<DSC>
, <other>
a <other>
layer I-<DSC>
by <other>
layer I-<DSC>
growth <other>
mode <other>
is <other>
maintained <other>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
appears <other>
to <other>
be <other>
more <other>
compact <other>
for <other>
the <other>
strained <other>
layers I-<DSC>
than <other>
for <other>
the <other>
lattice <other>
matched <other>
buffer I-<DSC>
layer <DSC>
. <other>


after <other>
<nUm> <other>
monolayers I-<DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
topography <PRO>
undergoes <other>
very <other>
significant <other>
change <other>
and <other>
threedimensional <other>
patterns <other>
, <other>
highly <other>
anisotropic I-<PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
growing <other>
plane <other>
, <other>
appear <other>
. <other>


these <other>
remarkable <other>
evolutions <other>
are <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
the <other>
competition <other>
between <other>
surface I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
necessary <other>
to <other>
form <other>
new <other>
island <other>
facets <other>
and <other>
elastic I-<PRO>
energy <PRO>
relaxation <PRO>
allowed <other>
with <other>
small <other>
sized <other>
islands <other>
. <other>


low <other>
temperature <other>
direct <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
films I-<DSC>


hydrogenated I-<SMT>
silicon I-<MAT>
carbide <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
directly <other>
by <other>
reactive I-<SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
co-sputtering <SMT>
of <other>
Si I-<MAT>
and <other>
C I-<MAT>
targets <other>
in <other>
a <other>
pure <other>
hydrogen I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
at <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
temperatures <other>
, <other>
TS <other>
, <other>
ranging <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
reveal <other>
the <other>
achievement <other>
of <other>
nanocrystalline I-<DSC>
CSi I-<MAT>
at <other>
a <other>
deposition <other>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
the <other>
lowest <other>
temperature <other>
ever <other>
reported <other>
for <other>
the <other>
sputtering I-<SMT>
method <other>
. <other>


both <other>
intensity <other>
increase <other>
and <other>
peak <other>
narrowing <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lorentzian I-<PRO>
infrared <PRO>
absorption <PRO>
band <PRO>
at <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-1 <other>
ascribed <other>
to <other>
Si I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
C <PRO>
bonds <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
state <other>
, <other>
are <other>
indicative <other>
of <other>
the <other>
continuing <other>
improvement <other>
of <other>
the <other>
crystallinity I-<PRO>
when <other>
TS <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
beyond <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


according <other>
to <other>
the <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
measurements <other>
, <other>
the <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
are <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
rich <other>
with <other>
an <other>
atomic I-<PRO>
ratio <PRO>
C <PRO>
/ <PRO>
Si <PRO>
approaching <other>
<nUm> <other>
for <other>
TS <other>
≈ <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
Si I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
are <other>
found <other>
, <other>
however <other>
, <other>
tetracoordinated <other>
with <other>
only <other>
the <other>
C I-<MAT>
atoms <other>
, <other>
in <other>
perfect <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
the <other>
raman I-<CMT>
data <other>
that <other>
exclude <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
or <other>
crystalline I-<DSC>
Si I-<MAT>
, <other>
even <other>
though <other>
they <other>
report <other>
the <other>
presence <other>
of <other>
excess <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
. <other>


the <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
electron <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
observations <other>
clearly <other>
indicate <other>
the <other>
formation <other>
of <other>
randomly <other>
oriented <other>
CSi I-<MAT>
crystals I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
cubic I-<SPL>
phase <other>
at <other>
TS <other>
≥ <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
size <other>
of <other>
a <other>
few <other>
nanometers <other>
. <other>


lateral <other>
titanium I-<MAT>
silicide <MAT>
growth <other>
and <other>
its <other>
suppression <other>
using <other>
the <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>


the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
internal <other>
oxygen <other>
impurities <other>
released <other>
from <other>
the <other>
TiSiO2 I-<MAT>
reaction <other>
on <other>
the <other>
lateral <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
growth <other>
using <other>
the <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
structure <DSC>
are <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


the <other>
lateral <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
growth <other>
can <other>
be <other>
effectively <other>
retarded <other>
by <other>
internal <other>
oxygen <other>
impurities <other>
using <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
process <other>
after <other>
silicidation I-<SMT>
at <other>
a <other>
temperature <other>
below <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


compared <other>
with <other>
the <other>
simultaneously <other>
processed <other>
single <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
process <other>
, <other>
it <other>
is <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
both <other>
high <other>
- <other>
level <other>
oxygen <other>
impurities <other>
and <other>
their <other>
redistribution <other>
in <other>
the <other>
possible <other>
Si I-<PRO>
diffusion <PRO>
paths <PRO>
play <other>
the <other>
same <other>
important <other>
role <other>
on <other>
the <other>
suppression <other>
of <other>
the <other>
lateral <other>
silicide I-<MAT>
growth <other>
. <other>


finally <other>
, <other>
the <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
redistribution <PRO>
- <PRO>
dependent <PRO>
kinetics <PRO>
is <other>
developed <other>
to <other>
give <other>
a <other>
self <other>
- <other>
consistent <other>
explanation <other>
for <other>
the <other>
experimental <other>
observations <other>
from <other>
both <other>
the <other>
single <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
process <other>
and <other>
the <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
Ti <MAT>
bilayer I-<DSC>
process <other>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
initial <other>
growth <other>
stages <other>
on <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
epilayers I-<DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
metal I-<SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>


AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
of <other>
thickness <other>
of <other>
about <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
have <other>
been <other>
grown <other>
with <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
nucleation I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
( <other>
NLs I-<DSC>
) <other>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
using <other>
metal I-<SMT>
organic <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
. <other>


increasing <other>
the <other>
AlN-NL I-<MAT>
deposition <other>
temperature <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
has <other>
been <other>
found <other>
to <other>
have <other>
significant <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
- <other>
NLs I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
assessed <other>
using <other>
atomic I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
( <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
AFM I-<CMT>
images <other>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
- <other>
NLs I-<DSC>
reveal <other>
the <other>
coalescence <other>
pattern <other>
of <other>
NLs I-<DSC>
. <other>


AFM I-<CMT>
images <other>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
in-situ <other>
reflectance I-<CMT>
measurement <CMT>
disclose <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
pattern <other>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


smooth <other>
surface I-<DSC>
with <other>
macro-steps <other>
and <other>
terrace <other>
features <other>
has <other>
been <other>
achieved <other>
for <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
the <other>
NL I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
of <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
has <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
high I-<CMT>
resolution <CMT>
x-ray <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
screw I-<PRO>
dislocation <PRO>
density <PRO>
from <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
reflection <other>
and <other>
the <other>
average <other>
edge I-<PRO>
dislocation <PRO>
density <PRO>
from <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
, <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
and <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
reflections <other>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
on <other>
NL I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
are <other>
estimated <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


lateral I-<PRO>
correlation <PRO>
length <PRO>
( <other>
L I-<PRO>
) <other>
is <other>
calculated <other>
from <other>
the <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
reciprocal <other>
space <other>
mapping <other>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
and <other>
correlated <other>
with <other>
the <other>
edge I-<PRO>
dislocation <PRO>
density <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


raman I-<CMT>
E2 <other>
( <other>
high <other>
) <other>
phonon <other>
mode <other>
indicates <other>
compressive <other>
strain <other>
in <other>
the <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
grown <other>
on <other>
the <other>
NLs I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
at <other>
various <other>
temperatures <other>
. <other>


from <other>
this <other>
work <other>
, <other>
it <other>
has <other>
been <other>
inferred <other>
that <other>
the <other>
uniform <other>
coalescence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
nucleation <other>
islands <other>
and <other>
the <other>
complete <other>
coverage <other>
of <other>
AlN-NL I-<MAT>
determine <other>
the <other>
surface I-<PRO>
morphology <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
quality <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
subsequently <other>
grown <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
layers I-<DSC>
. <other>


magneto I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
transport <PRO>
study <other>
of <other>
manganites I-<MAT>
( <MAT>
la0.75- <MAT>
x <MAT>
Gd <MAT>
x <MAT>
)Ca0.25MnO3 <MAT>


the <other>
La0.75-xGdxCa0.25MnO3 I-<MAT>
manganites <MAT>
with <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
x <MAT>
≤ <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
are <other>
characterized <other>
by <other>
magnetic I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
and <other>
thermoelectric I-<PRO>
measurements <other>
. <other>


the <other>
isovalent <other>
Gd I-<MAT>
substitution <other>
causes <other>
that <other>
the <other>
metal I-<PRO>
– <PRO>
insulator <PRO>
transition <PRO>
is <other>
removed <other>
, <other>
whereas <other>
the <other>
negative I-<PRO>
magnetoresistance <PRO>
effect <PRO>
is <other>
weak <other>
. <other>


the <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
resistivity <PRO>
is <other>
described <other>
by <other>
the <other>
small I-<CMT>
polaron <CMT>
model <CMT>
. <other>


influence <other>
of <other>
composition I-<PRO>
on <other>
the <other>
wear I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
boron I-<MAT>
carbonitride <MAT>
( <other>
BCN I-<MAT>
) <other>
coatings I-<APL>
deposited <other>
by <other>
high I-<SMT>
power <SMT>
impulse <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>


we <other>
investigate <other>
boron-carbon-nitride I-<MAT>
( <other>
BCN I-<MAT>
) <other>
coatings I-<APL>
deposited <other>
with <other>
high I-<SMT>
power <SMT>
impulse <SMT>
magnetron <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
( <other>
HiPIMS I-<SMT>
) <other>
technology <other>
and <other>
conventional <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
DC <SMT>
sputtering <SMT>
for <other>
their <other>
application <other>
as <other>
wear I-<APL>
resistant <APL>
coatings <APL>
. <other>


especially <other>
for <other>
BCN I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
, <other>
HiPIMS I-<SMT>
qualifies <other>
as <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
deposition <other>
technology <other>
as <other>
the <other>
short <other>
pulses <other>
with <other>
very <other>
high <other>
power <other>
density <other>
result <other>
in <other>
a <other>
high <other>
ionization <other>
degree <other>
of <other>
the <other>
plasma <other>
species <other>
, <other>
allowing <other>
a <other>
manipulation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
film I-<DSC>
structure I-<PRO>
and <other>
properties <other>
. <other>


both <other>
, <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
and <other>
boron I-<MAT>
nitride <MAT>
can <other>
hybridize <other>
in <other>
sp2 <other>
or <other>
sp3 <other>
configuration <other>
or <other>
a <other>
mixture <other>
of <other>
both <other>
, <other>
so <other>
that <other>
coating I-<APL>
features <other>
such <other>
as <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
coefficient I-<PRO>
of <PRO>
friction <PRO>
can <other>
be <other>
tailored <other>
to <other>
meet <other>
the <other>
requirements <other>
of <other>
special <other>
applications <other>
. <other>


we <other>
studied <other>
the <other>
influence <other>
of <other>
different <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
sources <other>
and <other>
deposition <other>
modes <other>
on <other>
the <other>
composition I-<PRO>
and <other>
tribological I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
BCN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
including <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
, <other>
friction I-<PRO>
coefficient <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
. <other>


additionally <other>
, <other>
we <other>
investigated <other>
thermal <other>
degradation <other>
mechanisms <other>
by <other>
interpreting <other>
x-ray I-<CMT>
photoelectron <CMT>
spectra <other>
( <other>
XPS I-<CMT>
) <other>
. <other>


we <other>
observed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
either <other>
pulsed I-<SMT>
DC <SMT>
or <other>
HiPIMS I-<SMT>
pulse <other>
mode <other>
has <other>
a <other>
significant <other>
influence <other>
on <other>
the <other>
microhardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
coatings I-<APL>
, <other>
in <other>
which <other>
HiPIMS I-<SMT>
mode <other>
generally <other>
provides <other>
higher <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
better <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
. <other>


furthermore <other>
, <other>
we <other>
found <other>
that <other>
samples <other>
co-sputtered I-<SMT>
from <other>
B4C I-<MAT>
and <other>
graphite I-<MAT>
target <other>
show <other>
superior <other>
hardness I-<PRO>
and <other>
thermal I-<PRO>
stability <PRO>
compared <other>
to <other>
those <other>
sputtered I-<SMT>
reactively <SMT>
with <other>
acetylene <other>
. <other>


characterization <other>
and <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
Mg2O6VY I-<MAT>
ceramic I-<DSC>


tetragonal-structured I-<SPL>
Mg2O6VY I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
prepared <other>
by <other>
conventional <other>
solid I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
state <SMT>
method <SMT>
, <other>
and <other>
their <other>
physical I-<PRO>
and <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
. <other>


the <other>
forming <other>
of <other>
Mg2O6VY I-<MAT>
main <other>
phase <other>
was <other>
confirmed <other>
by <other>
XRD I-<CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
pattern <other>
. <other>


XPS I-<CMT>
and <other>
raman I-<CMT>
spectrum <other>
were <other>
recorded <other>
to <other>
clarify <other>
the <other>
chemical I-<PRO>
states <PRO>
of <PRO>
elements <PRO>
and <other>
vibration I-<PRO>
and <other>
rotation I-<PRO>
modes <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
specimen <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
the <other>
relationships <other>
between <other>
sintering I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
, <other>
packing I-<PRO>
fraction <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
properties <PRO>
in <other>
Mg2O6VY I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
were <other>
also <other>
studied <other>
. <other>


the <other>
new <other>
microwave I-<PRO>
dielectric <PRO>
material <other>
Mg2O6VY I-<MAT>
ceramics I-<DSC>
sintered I-<SMT>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
for <other>
4h <other>
has <other>
a <other>
dielectric I-<PRO>
constant <PRO>
( <other>
er I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
a <other>
q I-<PRO>
× <PRO>
f <PRO>
of <other>
∼ <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
( <other>
f I-<PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
GHz <other>
) <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
tf I-<PRO>
∼ <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
ppm <other>
/ <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
demonstrating <other>
a <other>
candidate <other>
for <other>
microwave I-<APL>
application <APL>
. <other>


investigation <other>
of <other>
the <other>
dosage <other>
effect <other>
on <other>
the <other>
activation <other>
of <other>
arsenic- I-<SMT>
and <SMT>
boron <SMT>
- <SMT>
implanted <SMT>
low <SMT>
- <SMT>
pressure <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
LPCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
- <other>
silicon I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>


the <other>
dopant <other>
activation <other>
of <other>
arsenic- I-<MAT>
and <other>
boron I-<MAT>
- <other>
implanted I-<SMT>
low <SMT>
- <SMT>
pressure <SMT>
chemical <SMT>
vapor <SMT>
deposition <SMT>
( <other>
LPCVD I-<SMT>
) <other>
amorphous I-<DSC>
silicon I-<MAT>
( <other>
a-Si I-<MAT>
) <other>
films I-<DSC>
, <other>
furnace I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
annealed <SMT>
with <other>
different <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperatures <other>
has <other>
been <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
arsenic I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
implanted <SMT>
specimens <other>
with <other>
a <other>
dosage <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
, <other>
an <other>
increase <other>
of <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
for <other>
the <other>
temperatures <other>
range <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
. <other>


the <other>
reverse <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
phenomenon <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
dopant <other>
segregation <other>
at <other>
grain I-<PRO>
boundaries <PRO>
and <other>
becomes <other>
less <other>
marked <other>
with <other>
heavier <other>
doped I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


consequently <other>
for <other>
a <other>
dosage <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
, <other>
the <other>
sheet I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
exhibits <other>
a <other>
monotonic <other>
decrease <other>
with <other>
increasing <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
. <other>


As <other>
for <other>
the <other>
boron I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
implanted <SMT>
specimens <other>
, <other>
the <other>
reverse <other>
annealing I-<SMT>
phenomenon <other>
is <other>
not <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


it <other>
means <other>
that <other>
dopant <other>
segregation <other>
is <other>
not <other>
significant <other>
for <other>
boron I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
implanted <SMT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


A <other>
simple <other>
and <other>
efficient <other>
synthetic <other>
route <other>
for <other>
preparation <other>
of <other>
F4NaY I-<MAT>
upconversion <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
by <other>
thermo I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <other>
rare <other>
- <other>
earth <other>
oleates <other>


hexagonal I-<SPL>
- <other>
phase <other>
F4NaY I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
with <other>
good <other>
uniformity I-<PRO>
and <other>
monodispersity I-<PRO>
have <other>
been <other>
successfully <other>
obtained <other>
through <other>
a <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
of <other>
rare <other>
- <other>
earth <other>
oleate <other>
complexes <other>
. <other>


by <other>
co-doping <other>
upconverters <other>
( <other>
Yb I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Er I-<MAT>
, <other>
Yb I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Tm I-<MAT>
or <other>
Yb I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Ho I-<MAT>
) <other>
or <other>
downconverters <other>
( <other>
Eu I-<MAT>
or <other>
Ce I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Tb I-<MAT>
) <other>
, <other>
multicolor <other>
upconversion <other>
( <other>
UC <other>
) <other>
luminescence <other>
under <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
laser <other>
excitation <other>
or <other>
downconversion <other>
luminescence <other>
under <other>
UV <other>
irradiation <other>
could <other>
be <other>
obtained <other>
. <other>


for <other>
the <other>
first <other>
time <other>
, <other>
we <other>
systematically <other>
investigate <other>
the <other>
effects <other>
of <other>
various <other>
parameters <other>
including <other>
reaction <other>
temperature <other>
, <other>
time <other>
, <other>
FNa I-<MAT>
to <other>
rare <other>
- <other>
earth <other>
ions <other>
ratio <other>
and <other>
oleic <other>
acid <other>
concentration <other>
on <other>
the <other>
size I-<PRO>
, <other>
morphology I-<PRO>
, <other>
phase I-<PRO>
purity <PRO>
and <other>
UC I-<PRO>
emission <PRO>
properties <PRO>
using <other>
Yb I-<MAT>
/ <other>
Er I-<MAT>
co-doped I-<DSC>
F4NaY I-<MAT>
UC <other>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
as <other>
a <other>
typical <other>
example <other>
. <other>


the <other>
results <other>
demonstrated <other>
that <other>
this <other>
strategy <other>
is <other>
a <other>
simple <other>
yet <other>
efficient <other>
route <other>
for <other>
fabrication <other>
of <other>
UCNPs I-<DSC>
with <other>
good <other>
uniformity I-<PRO>
and <other>
monodispersity I-<PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
enriches <other>
the <other>
synthetic <other>
routes <other>
for <other>
production <other>
of <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
hexagonal I-<SPL>
- <other>
phase <other>
F4NaY I-<MAT>
nanocrystals I-<DSC>
. <other>


In <other>
addition <other>
, <other>
a <other>
mesoporous I-<DSC>
silica I-<MAT>
layer I-<DSC>
was <other>
coated <other>
onto <other>
the <other>
hydrophobic I-<PRO>
F4NaY I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Yb <MAT>
/ <MAT>
Er <MAT>
nanoparticles I-<DSC>
, <other>
converting <other>
them <other>
into <other>
hydrophilic I-<PRO>
ones <other>
, <other>
which <other>
then <other>
could <other>
be <other>
used <other>
as <other>
a <other>
potential <other>
luminescent I-<APL>
probe <APL>
for <other>
cell I-<APL>
imaging <APL>
and <other>
a <other>
promising <other>
nanocarrier I-<APL>
for <other>
therapeutic I-<APL>
drug <APL>
delivery <APL>
, <other>
making <other>
them <other>
a <other>
multifunctional <other>
platform <other>
for <other>
simultaneous <other>
imaging I-<APL>
and <other>
therapy I-<APL>
. <other>


evaluation <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
produced <other>
by <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
immersion <SMT>
for <other>
orthopaedic I-<APL>
applications <APL>


the <other>
purpose <other>
of <other>
the <other>
present <other>
study <other>
was <other>
to <other>
evaluate <other>
the <other>
properties <other>
of <other>
diamond I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
like <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
( <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
) <other>
coating I-<APL>
on <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
( <other>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
13Nb <MAT>
– <MAT>
13Zr <MAT>
) <other>
produced <other>
by <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
immersion <SMT>
. <other>


measurements <other>
of <other>
mechanical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
and <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
behaviour <PRO>
were <other>
investigated <other>
. <other>


the <other>
corrosion I-<CMT>
studies <CMT>
( <other>
polarization I-<CMT>
test <CMT>
and <other>
electrochemical I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
) <other>
indicated <other>
that <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
coating I-<APL>
could <other>
improve <other>
corrosion I-<PRO>
resistance <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
simulated <other>
body <other>
fluid <other>
environment <other>
. <other>


In <other>
vivo <other>
tests <other>
were <other>
carried <other>
out <other>
by <other>
inserting <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
diameter <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
- <other>
coated I-<SMT>
Ti I-<MAT>
– <MAT>
13Nb <MAT>
– <MAT>
13Zr <MAT>
cylinders I-<DSC>
into <other>
both <other>
muscular <other>
tissue <other>
and <other>
femoral <other>
condyles <other>
of <other>
rats <other>
for <other>
intervals <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
weeks <other>
postoperatively <other>
. <other>


histological I-<CMT>
analyses <CMT>
showed <other>
that <other>
the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
were <other>
well <other>
tolerated <other>
in <other>
both <other>
types <other>
of <other>
implantation I-<SMT>
, <other>
demonstrating <other>
the <other>
in <other>
vivo I-<PRO>
biocompatibility <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
DLC I-<MAT>
coatings I-<APL>
produced <other>
by <other>
plasma I-<SMT>
immersion <SMT>
. <other>


electrical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
and <other>
their <other>
application <other>
to <other>
solid I-<APL>
oxide <APL>
fuel <APL>
cells <APL>


ionic I-<PRO>
conductivities <PRO>
of <other>
ceria-alkaline-earth I-<MAT>
and <other>
-rare-earth I-<MAT>
oxide <MAT>
systems <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
in <other>
relation <other>
to <other>
their <other>
structures I-<PRO>
, <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivities <PRO>
, <other>
and <other>
reducibilities I-<PRO>
. <other>


samaria I-<MAT>
and <other>
gadolinia I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
samples <other>
exhibited <other>
the <other>
highest <other>
electrical I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
in <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
- <other>
based <other>
oxides I-<MAT>
because <other>
of <other>
the <other>
close <other>
ionic <other>
radii <other>
of <other>
sm3+ <other>
and <other>
gd3+ <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
ce4+ <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ionic I-<PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
of <other>
samaria- I-<MAT>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
was <other>
also <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
an <other>
ac I-<CMT>
four <CMT>
- <CMT>
probe <CMT>
method <CMT>
with <other>
electron I-<APL>
blocking <APL>
electrodes <APL>
. <other>


A <other>
solid I-<APL>
oxide <APL>
fuel <APL>
cell <APL>
with <other>
a <other>
samaria I-<MAT>
ceria <MAT>
electrolyte I-<APL>
produced <other>
high <other>
electric I-<PRO>
power <PRO>
, <other>
because <other>
of <other>
its <other>
highest <other>
oxygen I-<PRO>
ionic <PRO>
conductivity <PRO>
. <other>


the <other>
reduction <other>
of <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
electrolyte I-<APL>
at <other>
the <other>
fuel <other>
side <other>
could <other>
be <other>
suppressed <other>
by <other>
a <other>
coating I-<APL>
of <other>
stabilized <other>
zirconia I-<MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
film <DSC>
on <other>
the <other>
ceria I-<MAT>
surface I-<DSC>
. <other>


the <other>
anodic I-<PRO>
overvoltage <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
doped I-<DSC>
ceria I-<MAT>
/ <other>
anode I-<APL>
interface I-<DSC>
was <other>
very <other>
small <other>
. <other>


high-surface-area I-<PRO>
microporous I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
as <other>
the <other>
efficient <other>
photocathode I-<APL>
of <other>
dye I-<APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>


this <other>
paper <other>
reports <other>
on <other>
the <other>
application <other>
of <other>
cornstalks <other>
- <other>
derived <other>
high-surface-area I-<PRO>
microporous I-<DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
( <other>
MC I-<MAT>
) <other>
as <other>
the <other>
efficient <other>
photocathode I-<APL>
of <other>
dye I-<APL>
- <APL>
sensitized <APL>
solar <APL>
cells <APL>
( <other>
DSCs I-<APL>
) <other>
. <other>


the <other>
photocathode I-<APL>
, <other>
which <other>
contains <other>
MC I-<MAT>
active <other>
material <other>
, <other>
vulcan I-<MAT>
XC <MAT>
– <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
carbon <MAT>
black <other>
conductive I-<PRO>
agent <other>
, <other>
and <other>
O2Ti I-<MAT>
binder <other>
, <other>
was <other>
obtained <other>
by <other>
a <other>
doctor I-<SMT>
blade <SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


electronic I-<CMT>
impedance <CMT>
spectroscopy <CMT>
( <other>
EIS I-<CMT>
) <other>
of <other>
the <other>
MC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
uniformly <other>
coated I-<SMT>
on <other>
fluorine <other>
doped I-<DSC>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
( <other>
FTO I-<MAT>
) <other>
glass I-<DSC>
displayed <other>
a <other>
low <other>
charge I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
transfer <PRO>
resistance <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
ocm2 <other>
. <other>


cyclic I-<CMT>
voltammetry <CMT>
( <other>
CV I-<CMT>
) <other>
analysis <other>
of <other>
the <other>
as-prepared I-<DSC>
MC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
exhibited <other>
excellent <other>
catalytic I-<PRO>
activity <PRO>
for <other>
I3- I-<APL>
/ <APL>
I- <APL>
redox <APL>
reactions <APL>
. <other>


the <other>
DSCs I-<APL>
assembled <other>
with <other>
the <other>
MC I-<MAT>
film I-<DSC>
photocathode I-<APL>
presented <other>
a <other>
short I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
circuit <PRO>
photocurrent <PRO>
density <PRO>
( <other>
jsc I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mAcm-2 <other>
, <other>
an <other>
open I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
circuit <PRO>
photovoltage <PRO>
( <other>
voc I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
mV <other>
, <other>
and <other>
a <other>
fill I-<PRO>
factor <PRO>
( <other>
FF I-<PRO>
) <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
, <other>
corresponding <other>
to <other>
an <other>
overall <other>
conversion I-<PRO>
efficiency <PRO>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
under <other>
AM <other>
<nUm> <other>
irradiation <other>
( <other>
100mWcm-2 <other>
) <other>
, <other>
which <other>
is <other>
comparable <other>
to <other>
that <other>
of <other>
DSCs I-<APL>
with <other>
Pt I-<MAT>
photocathode I-<APL>
obtained <other>
by <other>
conventional <other>
thermal I-<SMT>
decomposition <SMT>
. <other>


growth <other>
of <other>
InN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
by <other>
RF I-<SMT>
plasma <SMT>
- <SMT>
assisted <SMT>
MBE <SMT>
and <other>
cluster I-<SMT>
beam <SMT>
epitaxy <SMT>


this <other>
paper <other>
describes <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
, <other>
structure I-<PRO>
, <other>
transport I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
InN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
MBE I-<SMT>
using <other>
either <other>
nitrogen <other>
radicals <other>
( <other>
N2* <other>
) <other>
produced <other>
by <other>
a <other>
RF <other>
plasma <other>
source <other>
or <other>
clusters <other>
containing <other>
on <other>
the <other>
average <other>
<nUm> <other>
nitrogen <other>
molecules <other>
(N2)2000 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
InN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
grown <other>
at <other>
temperatures <other>
between <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
on <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
) <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
using <other>
either <other>
an <other>
InN I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
or <other>
a <other>
GaN I-<MAT>
template <other>
. <other>


it <other>
was <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
conversion <other>
of <other>
the <other>
surface I-<DSC>
of <other>
the <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
from <other>
Al2O3 I-<MAT>
to <other>
AlN I-<MAT>
, <other>
by <other>
exposing <other>
it <other>
to <other>
active <other>
nitrogen <other>
, <other>
is <other>
essential <other>
for <other>
the <other>
growth <other>
of <other>
single I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
crystalline <DSC>
InN I-<MAT>
films I-<DSC>
. <other>


thick I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
– <other>
<nUm> <other>
mm <other>
) <other>
, <other>
produced <other>
by <other>
the <other>
plasma <other>
source <other>
, <other>
tend <other>
to <other>
delaminate <other>
from <other>
the <other>
substrate I-<DSC>
presumably <other>
due <other>
to <other>
extreme <other>
compressive I-<PRO>
stresses <PRO>
. <other>


on <other>
the <other>
other <other>
hand <other>
, <other>
films I-<DSC>
adhere <other>
better <other>
if <other>
nitridation I-<SMT>
of <other>
the <other>
sapphire I-<MAT>
substrate I-<DSC>
and <other>
the <other>
low <other>
- <other>
temperature <other>
InN I-<MAT>
buffer I-<DSC>
are <other>
grown <other>
by <other>
the <other>
cluster <other>
source <other>
. <other>


all <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
auto I-<DSC>
- <DSC>
doped <DSC>
n I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
type <PRO>
with <other>
carrier I-<PRO>
concentration <PRO>
higher <other>
than <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
and <other>
best <other>
room <other>
temperature <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
/ <other>
vs <other>
. <other>


the <other>
energy I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
of <other>
InN I-<MAT>
was <other>
determined <other>
to <other>
be <other>
<nUm> <other>
eV <other>
. <other>


the <other>
plasma I-<PRO>
frequency <PRO>
was <other>
measured <other>
by <other>
infrared I-<CMT>
reflectivity <CMT>
and <other>
the <other>
data <other>
were <other>
used <other>
to <other>
determine <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
effective <PRO>
mass <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
m0 <other>
) <other>
. <other>


we <other>
found <other>
that <other>
the <other>
measured <other>
optical I-<PRO>
gap <PRO>
and <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
effective <PRO>
mass <PRO>
are <other>
in <other>
qualitative <other>
agreement <other>
with <other>
the <other>
predictions <other>
of <other>
the <other>
k*p I-<CMT>
method <CMT>
for <other>
direct I-<PRO>
semiconductors <PRO>
. <other>


codoping <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
O <other>
into <other>
Er I-<MAT>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
InP I-<MAT>
epitaxial I-<DSC>
layers <DSC>
grown <other>
by <other>
OMVPE I-<SMT>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
ESR I-<CMT>
in <other>
InP I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Er <MAT>
and <other>
the <other>
O <other>
codoping <other>
effect <other>
in <other>
InP I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Er <MAT>
have <other>
been <other>
studied <other>
by <other>
x-band I-<CMT>
ESR <CMT>
measurement <other>
at <other>
low <other>
temperature <other>
. <other>


the <other>
ESR I-<CMT>
at <other>
around <other>
g <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
which <other>
corresponds <other>
to <other>
er3+ <other>
site <other>
with <other>
td <other>
symmetry <other>
, <other>
lost <other>
it <other>
's <other>
intensity <other>
quickly <other>
as <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
is <other>
increased <other>
and <other>
disappeared <other>
above <other>
12K <other>
. <other>


the <other>
temperature <other>
dependence <other>
of <other>
the <other>
integrated <other>
intensity <other>
turned <other>
out <other>
to <other>
be <other>
different <other>
from <other>
simple <other>
curie I-<CMT>
law <CMT>
. <other>


the <other>
intensity <other>
of <other>
the <other>
ESR I-<CMT>
at <other>
around <other>
g <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
decreased <other>
as <other>
O <other>
is <other>
codoped I-<DSC>
into <other>
InP I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Er <MAT>
. <other>


No <other>
new <other>
ESR I-<CMT>
was <other>
observed <other>
in <other>
O <other>
codoped I-<DSC>
InP I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Er <MAT>
in <other>
contrast <other>
to <other>
the <other>
results <other>
of <other>
O <other>
codoped I-<DSC>
AsGa I-<MAT>
: <MAT>
Er <MAT>
. <other>


these <other>
results <other>
are <other>
discussed <other>
in <other>
connection <other>
with <other>
the <other>
O <other>
codoping <other>
effect <other>
of <other>
photoluminescence I-<CMT>
spectra <other>
. <other>


galvanic I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
of <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>


A <other>
technique <other>
is <other>
presented <other>
for <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
of <other>
high <other>
quality <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
sulfide <MAT>
( <other>
CdS I-<MAT>
) <other>
thin I-<DSC>
films <DSC>
onto <other>
O2Sn I-<MAT>
substrates I-<DSC>
by <other>
a <other>
galvanic I-<SMT>
method <SMT>
. <other>


single I-<DSC>
phase <DSC>
films <DSC>
were <other>
deposited <other>
in <other>
a <other>
bath <other>
of <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
chloride <MAT>
and <other>
sodium <other>
thiosulfate <other>
at <other>
pH <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
temperature <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
at <other>
a <other>
growth <other>
rate <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
nm <other>
/ <other>
min <other>
. <other>


In <other>
the <other>
pH <other>
range <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
, <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
is <other>
sensitive <other>
to <other>
cadmium I-<MAT>
chloride <MAT>
concentration <other>
. <other>


At <other>
higher <other>
pH <other>
the <other>
deposition <other>
rate <other>
is <other>
very <other>
low <other>
while <other>
at <other>
lower <other>
pH <other>
mixed <other>
phase <other>
films I-<DSC>
were <other>
obtained <other>
and <other>
homogeneous <other>
US <other>
formation <other>
occurred <other>
in <other>
the <other>
bath <other>
. <other>


the <other>
structural I-<PRO>
and <other>
optical I-<PRO>
properties <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
US <other>
films I-<DSC>
are <other>
also <other>
presented <other>
and <other>
are <other>
comparable <other>
to <other>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
other <other>
methods <other>
. <other>


CdS I-<MAT>
/ <other>
CdTe I-<MAT>
solar I-<APL>
cells <APL>
with <other>
efficiencies I-<PRO>
over <other>
<nUm> <other>
% <other>
were <other>
fabricated <other>
using <other>
evaporated I-<SMT>
CdTe I-<MAT>
to <other>
demonstrate <other>
the <other>
utility <other>
of <other>
US <other>
films I-<DSC>
deposited <other>
by <other>
this <other>
simple <other>
technique <other>
. <other>


the <other>
galvanic I-<SMT>
deposition <SMT>
technique <other>
is <other>
useful <other>
in <other>
laboratory <other>
settings <other>
with <other>
limited <other>
deposition <other>
hardware <other>
and <other>
limited <other>
chemical <other>
waste <other>
disposal <other>
facilities <other>
. <other>


structure I-<PRO>
development <other>
during <other>
superplastic I-<SMT>
deformation <SMT>
of <other>
an <other>
Al-Mg-Sc-Zr I-<MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>


the <other>
Al I-<MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
Mg <MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
Sc <MAT>
- <MAT>
<nUm> <MAT>
Zr <MAT>
( <MAT>
wt. <MAT>
% <MAT>
) <MAT>
alloy I-<DSC>
prepared <other>
using <other>
equal I-<SMT>
- <SMT>
channel <SMT>
angular <SMT>
pressing <SMT>
exhibits <other>
superplastic I-<PRO>
behavior <PRO>
in <other>
the <other>
temperature <other>
range <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
773K <other>
at <other>
strain <other>
rates <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
s-1 <other>
. <other>


microstructure I-<PRO>
investigation <other>
using <other>
the <other>
electron I-<CMT>
back <CMT>
- <CMT>
scattered <CMT>
diffraction <CMT>
revealed <other>
a <other>
gradual <other>
elimination <other>
of <other>
low <other>
- <other>
angle <other>
boundaries <other>
and <other>
slight <other>
grain <other>
growth <other>
during <other>
superplastic I-<SMT>
deformation <SMT>
. <other>


the <other>
surfaces I-<DSC>
of <other>
samples <other>
slightly <other>
strained <other>
under <other>
superplastic <other>
conditions <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
using <other>
light I-<CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
, <other>
electron I-<CMT>
scanning <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
and <other>
atom I-<CMT>
force <CMT>
microscopy <CMT>
. <other>


an <other>
inhomogeneous <other>
distribution <other>
of <other>
grain I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
boundary <PRO>
sliding <PRO>
was <other>
observed <other>
. <other>


facile I-<SMT>
synthesis <SMT>
of <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
porous <DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
for <other>
supercapacitors I-<APL>


A <other>
very <other>
simple <other>
, <other>
activation <other>
- <other>
free <other>
method <other>
for <other>
preparing <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
doped I-<DSC>
porous <DSC>
carbon I-<MAT>
with <other>
high <other>
surface I-<PRO>
area <PRO>
for <other>
supercapacitors I-<APL>
by <other>
direct I-<SMT>
pyrolysis <SMT>
of <other>
a <other>
nitrogen <other>
- <other>
containing <other>
organic <other>
salt <other>
, <other>
ethylenediamine <other>
tetraacetic <other>
acid <other>
( <other>
EDTA <other>
) <other>
disodium <other>
magnesium <other>
salt <other>
, <other>
in <other>
an <other>
inert <other>
atmosphere <other>
is <other>
presented <other>
. <other>


As <other>
the <other>
pyrolysis I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
increases <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
, <other>
both <other>
the <other>
BET I-<PRO>
surface <PRO>
area <PRO>
and <other>
pore I-<PRO>
volume <PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
disodium <other>
magnesium <other>
EDTA <other>
- <other>
derived <other>
carbons I-<MAT>
increase <other>
and <other>
reach <other>
up <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
g-1 <other>
and <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm3 <other>
g-1 <other>
, <other>
respectively <other>
, <other>
while <other>
the <other>
nitrogen <other>
content <other>
decreases <other>
from <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
to <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
. <other>


the <other>
carbon I-<MAT>
obtained <other>
at <other>
a <other>
moderate <other>
pyrolysis I-<SMT>
temperature <other>
of <other>
<nUm> <other>
° <other>
C <other>
possesses <other>
a <other>
balanced <other>
surface I-<PRO>
area <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
m2 <other>
g-1 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
nitrogen <other>
content <other>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
at. <other>
% <other>
) <other>
, <other>
exhibits <other>
high <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
F <other>
g-1 <other>
) <other>
, <other>
good <other>
rate I-<PRO>
capability <PRO>
( <other>
<nUm> <other>
F <other>
g-1 <other>
at <other>
<nUm> <other>
A <other>
g-1 <other>
) <other>
and <other>
cycle I-<PRO>
durability <PRO>
in <other>
<nUm> <other>
mol <other>
L-1 <other>
KOH <other>
aqueous <other>
electrolytes <other>
. <other>


charge I-<PRO>
carrier <PRO>
transport <PRO>
in <other>
gate-voltage-controlled <other>
heteroepitaxial I-<DSC>
indium I-<MAT>
arsenide <MAT>
layers I-<DSC>


the <other>
charge I-<PRO>
carrier <PRO>
transport <PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
of <other>
AsIn I-<MAT>
epilayers I-<DSC>
, <other>
grown <other>
on <other>
semi-insulating I-<PRO>
AsGa I-<MAT>
by <other>
chemical I-<SMT>
vapor <SMT>
phase <SMT>
heteroepitaxy <SMT>
, <other>
were <other>
investigated <other>
by <other>
means <other>
of <other>
gate-voltage-controlled I-<CMT>
electrical <CMT>
and <CMT>
galvanomagnetic <CMT>
measurements <CMT>
made <other>
on <other>
metal I-<PRO>
- <other>
oxide I-<MAT>
- <other>
semiconductor I-<PRO>
structures <other>
. <other>


the <other>
capacitance I-<PRO>
versus <PRO>
gate <PRO>
voltage <PRO>
dependence <other>
of <other>
such <other>
structures <other>
indicates <other>
that <other>
in <other>
the <other>
extrinsic <other>
temperature <other>
region <other>
the <other>
epilayer I-<DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
are <other>
accumulated <other>
for <other>
vg <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
and <other>
flat <other>
- <other>
band <other>
conditions <other>
apply <other>
for <other>
vg <other>
≈ <other>
− <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
. <other>


it <other>
is <other>
shown <other>
that <other>
if <other>
the <other>
epilayer I-<DSC>
thickness <other>
is <other>
corrected <other>
for <other>
depletion <other>
then <other>
the <other>
epilayer I-<DSC>
hall I-<PRO>
coefficients <PRO>
and <other>
conductivities I-<PRO>
are <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
vg <other>
and <other>
have <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
- <other>
like <other>
values <other>
and <other>
that <other>
the <other>
electron I-<PRO>
mobility <PRO>
has <other>
its <other>
bulk <other>
- <other>
like <other>
value <other>
and <other>
is <other>
independent <other>
of <other>
vg <other>
in <other>
depletion <other>
. <other>


In <other>
accumulation <other>
, <other>
the <other>
epilayer I-<DSC>
properties <other>
are <other>
considered <other>
in <other>
terms <other>
of <other>
a <other>
composite I-<DSC>
two I-<CMT>
- <CMT>
layer <CMT>
model <CMT>
: <other>
a <other>
bulk I-<DSC>
- <other>
like <other>
region <other>
of <other>
thickness <other>
db <other>
with <other>
an <other>
average <other>
flat I-<PRO>
- <PRO>
band <PRO>
electron <PRO>
density <PRO>
nb <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-3 <other>
and <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
mb <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
V-1 <other>
s-1 <other>
and <other>
a <other>
surface I-<DSC>
- <other>
like <other>
region <other>
of <other>
thickness <other>
ds <other>
with <other>
a <other>
gate <other>
- <other>
voltage <other>
- <other>
dependent <other>
surface I-<PRO>
charge <PRO>
density <PRO>
nsds <PRO>
and <other>
mobility I-<PRO>
ms <PRO>
where <other>
nsds I-<PRO>
( <other>
+ <other>
<nUm> <other>
V <other>
) <other>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm-2 <other>
and <other>
ms(+30 I-<PRO>
V <PRO>
) <PRO>
= <other>
<nUm> <other>
× <other>
<nUm> <other>
cm2 <other>
V-1 <other>
s-1 <other>
. <other>


the <other>
monotonic <other>
decrease <other>
in <other>
ms I-<PRO>
with <other>
vg <other>
is <other>
attributed <other>
to <other>
scattering <other>
of <other>
the <other>
conduction <other>
electrons <other>
by <other>
localized <other>
surface <other>
charges <other>
which <other>
decrease <other>
the <other>
specularity I-<PRO>
of <other>
the <other>
epilayer I-<DSC>
surfaces <DSC>
. <other>
