# Attributes

Tests for attribute access on various kinds of types.

## Class and instance variables

### Pure instance variables

#### Variable only declared/bound in `__init__`

Variables only declared and/or bound in `__init__` are pure instance variables. They cannot be
accessed on the class itself.

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self, param: int | None, flag: bool = False) -> None:
        value = 1 if flag else "a"
        self.inferred_from_value = value
        self.inferred_from_other_attribute = self.inferred_from_value
        self.inferred_from_param = param
        self.declared_only: bytes
        self.declared_and_bound: bool = True
        if flag:
            self.possibly_undeclared_unbound: str = "possibly set in __init__"

c_instance = C(1)

reveal_type(c_instance.inferred_from_value)  # revealed: int | str
reveal_type(c_instance.inferred_from_other_attribute)  # revealed: int | str
reveal_type(c_instance.inferred_from_param)  # revealed: int | None
reveal_type(c_instance.declared_only)  # revealed: bytes
reveal_type(c_instance.declared_and_bound)  # revealed: bool
reveal_type(c_instance.possibly_undeclared_unbound)  # revealed: str

# This assignment is fine, as we infer `int | str` for `inferred_from_value`.
c_instance.inferred_from_value = "value set on instance"

# This assignment is also fine:
c_instance.declared_and_bound = False

# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal["incompatible"]` is not assignable to attribute `declared_and_bound` of type `bool`"
c_instance.declared_and_bound = "incompatible"

# mypy shows no error here, but pyright raises "reportAttributeAccessIssue"
# error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `inferred_from_value` can only be accessed on instances, not on the class object `<class 'C'>` itself."
reveal_type(C.inferred_from_value)  # revealed: Unknown

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C.declared_and_bound)  # revealed: Unknown

# mypy shows no error here, but pyright raises "reportAttributeAccessIssue"
# error: [invalid-attribute-access] "Cannot assign to instance attribute `inferred_from_value` from the class object `<class 'C'>`"
C.inferred_from_value = "overwritten on class"

# This assignment is fine:
c_instance.declared_and_bound = False

# Strictly speaking, inferring this as `Literal[False]` rather than `bool` is unsound in general
# (we don't know what else happened to `c_instance` between the assignment and the use here),
# but mypy and pyright support this.
reveal_type(c_instance.declared_and_bound)  # revealed: Literal[False]
```

#### Variable declared in class body and possibly bound in `__init__`

The same rule applies even if the variable is *declared* (not bound!) in the class body: it is still
a pure instance variable.

```py
class C:
    declared_and_bound: str | None

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.declared_and_bound = "value set in __init__"

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.declared_and_bound)  # revealed: str | None

reveal_type(C.declared_and_bound)  # revealed: str | None

C.declared_and_bound = "overwritten on class"

# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to attribute `declared_and_bound` of type `str | None`"
c_instance.declared_and_bound = 1
```

Assignments to ordinary annotated instance attributes should remain valid even when the annotation
is `Never`/`NoReturn`; they should not be mistaken for non-returning descriptors.

```py
from typing import NoReturn

class ClassA:
    x: NoReturn
    y: list[NoReturn]

    def __init__(self, x: NoReturn, y: list[NoReturn]) -> None:
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
```

#### Variable declared in class body and not bound anywhere

If a variable is declared in the class body but not bound anywhere, we consider it to be accessible
on instances and the class itself. It would be more consistent to treat this as a pure instance
variable (and require the attribute to be annotated with `ClassVar` if it should be accessible on
the class as well), but other type checkers allow this as well. This is also heavily relied on in
the Python ecosystem:

```py
class C:
    only_declared: str

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.only_declared)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(C.only_declared)  # revealed: str

C.only_declared = "overwritten on class"
```

#### Mixed declarations/bindings in class body and `__init__`

```py
class C:
    only_declared_in_body: str | None
    declared_in_body_and_init: str | None

    declared_in_body_defined_in_init: str | None

    bound_in_body_declared_in_init = "a"

    bound_in_body_and_init = 1

    def __init__(self, flag) -> None:
        self.only_declared_in_init: str | None
        self.declared_in_body_and_init: str | None = None

        self.declared_in_body_defined_in_init = "a"

        self.bound_in_body_declared_in_init: str | None

        if flag:
            # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal["a"]` is not assignable to attribute `bound_in_body_and_init` of type `int`"
            self.bound_in_body_and_init = "a"

c_instance = C(True)

reveal_type(c_instance.only_declared_in_body)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(c_instance.only_declared_in_init)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(c_instance.declared_in_body_and_init)  # revealed: str | None

reveal_type(c_instance.declared_in_body_defined_in_init)  # revealed: str | None

reveal_type(c_instance.bound_in_body_declared_in_init)  # revealed: str | None

reveal_type(c_instance.bound_in_body_and_init)  # revealed: int | str
```

#### Variable defined in non-`__init__` method

We also recognize pure instance variables if they are defined in a method that is not `__init__`.

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self, param: int | None, flag: bool = False) -> None:
        self.initialize(param, flag)

    def initialize(self, param: int | None, flag: bool) -> None:
        value = 1 if flag else "a"
        self.inferred_from_value = value
        self.inferred_from_other_attribute = self.inferred_from_value
        self.inferred_from_param = param
        self.declared_only: bytes
        self.declared_and_bound: bool = True

c_instance = C(1)

reveal_type(c_instance.inferred_from_value)  # revealed: int | str

reveal_type(c_instance.inferred_from_other_attribute)  # revealed: int | str

reveal_type(c_instance.inferred_from_param)  # revealed: int | None

reveal_type(c_instance.declared_only)  # revealed: bytes

reveal_type(c_instance.declared_and_bound)  # revealed: bool

# error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `inferred_from_value` can only be accessed on instances, not on the class object `<class 'C'>` itself."
reveal_type(C.inferred_from_value)  # revealed: Unknown

# error: [invalid-attribute-access] "Cannot assign to instance attribute `inferred_from_value` from the class object `<class 'C'>`"
C.inferred_from_value = "overwritten on class"
```

#### Variable defined in multiple methods

If we see multiple un-annotated assignments to a single attribute (`self.x` below), we build the
union of all inferred types. If we see multiple conflicting declarations of the same attribute, that
should be an error.

```py
def get_int() -> int:
    return 0

def get_str() -> str:
    return "a"

class C:
    z: int

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.x = get_int()
        self.y: int = 1

    def other_method(self):
        self.x = get_str()

        # TODO: this redeclaration should be an error
        self.y: str = "a"

        # TODO: this redeclaration should be an error
        self.z: str = "a"

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.x)  # revealed: int | str
reveal_type(c_instance.y)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.z)  # revealed: int
```

#### Singleton promotion happens after unioning implicit assignments

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self, flag: bool = False) -> None:
        if flag:
            self.x = None
        else:
            self.x = 1

reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: None | int
```

#### Attributes defined in multi-target assignments

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.a = self.b = 1

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.a)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.b)  # revealed: int
```

#### Augmented assignments

```py
class Weird:
    def __iadd__(self, other: None) -> str:
        return "a"

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.w = Weird()
        self.w += None

# TODO: Mypy and pyright do not support this, but it would be great if we could
# infer `str` here (`Weird` is not a possible type for the `w` attribute).
reveal_type(C().w)  # revealed: Weird
```

#### Nested augmented assignments after narrowing

Augmented assignments to nested attributes (e.g., `self.inner.value += ...`) should work correctly
after narrowing away `None` from the intermediate attribute. This is a regression test for a case
where the combination of narrowing and augmented assignment on a nested attribute caused a false
positive.

```py
from unknown_module import unknown  # error: [unresolved-import]

class Inner:
    value: int = 0

class Outer:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.inner = None
        self.load()

    def load(self) -> None:
        self.inner = Inner() if unknown else unknown

    def update(self) -> None:
        if self.inner is None:
            return
        self.inner.value += unknown
```

#### Attributes defined in tuple unpackings

```py
def returns_tuple() -> tuple[int, str]:
    return (1, "a")

class C:
    a1, b1 = (1, "a")
    c1, d1 = returns_tuple()

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.a2, self.b2 = (1, "a")
        self.c2, self.d2 = returns_tuple()

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.a1)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.b1)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(c_instance.c1)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.d1)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(c_instance.a2)  # revealed: int

reveal_type(c_instance.b2)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(c_instance.c2)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.d2)  # revealed: str
```

#### Starred assignments

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.a, *self.b = (1, 2, 3)

c_instance = C()
reveal_type(c_instance.a)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.b)  # revealed: list[Literal[2, 3]]
```

#### Attributes defined in for-loop (unpacking)

```py
class TupleIterator:
    def __next__(self) -> tuple[int, str]:
        return (1, "a")

class TupleIterable:
    def __iter__(self) -> TupleIterator:
        return TupleIterator()

class NonIterable: ...

class C:
    def __init__(self):
        for self.x in range(3):
            pass

        for _, self.y in TupleIterable():
            pass

        # TODO: We should emit a diagnostic here
        for self.z in NonIterable():
            pass

reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(C().y)  # revealed: str
```

#### Attributes defined in `with` statements

```py
class ContextManager:
    def __enter__(self) -> int | None:
        return 1

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback) -> None:
        pass

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        with ContextManager() as self.x:
            pass

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.x)  # revealed: int | None
```

#### Attributes defined in `with` statements, but with unpacking

```py
class ContextManager:
    def __enter__(self) -> tuple[int | None, int]:
        return 1, 2

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback) -> None:
        pass

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        with ContextManager() as (self.x, self.y):
            pass

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.x)  # revealed: int | None
reveal_type(c_instance.y)  # revealed: int
```

#### Attributes defined in comprehensions

```toml
[environment]
python-version = "3.12"
```

```py
class TupleIterator:
    def __next__(self) -> tuple[int, str]:
        return (1, "a")

class TupleIterable:
    def __iter__(self) -> TupleIterator:
        return TupleIterator()

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        [... for self.a in range(3)]
        [... for (self.b, self.c) in TupleIterable()]
        [... for self.d in range(3) for self.e in range(3)]
        [[... for self.f in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
        [[... for self.g in range(3)] for self in [D()]]

class D:
    g: int

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.a)  # revealed: int

reveal_type(c_instance.b)  # revealed: int

reveal_type(c_instance.c)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(c_instance.d)  # revealed: int

reveal_type(c_instance.e)  # revealed: int

reveal_type(c_instance.f)  # revealed: int

# This one is correctly not resolved as an attribute:
# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(c_instance.g)  # revealed: Unknown
```

It does not matter how much the comprehension is nested.

Similarly attributes defined by the comprehension in a generic method are recognized.

```py
class C:
    def f[T](self):
        [... for self.a in [1]]
        [[... for self.b in [1]] for _ in [1]]

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.a)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.b)  # revealed: int
```

If the comprehension is inside another scope like function then that attribute is not inferred.

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self):
        def f():
            # error: [unresolved-attribute]
            [... for self.a in [1]]

        def g():
            # error: [unresolved-attribute]
            [... for self.b in [1]]
        g()

c_instance = C()

# This attribute is in the function f and is not reachable
# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(c_instance.a)  # revealed: Unknown

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(c_instance.b)  # revealed: Unknown
```

If the comprehension is nested in any other eager scope it still can assign attributes.

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self):
        class D:
            [[... for self.a in [1]] for _ in [1]]

reveal_type(C().a)  # revealed: int
```

#### Conditionally declared / bound attributes

We currently treat implicit instance attributes to be bound, even if they are only conditionally
defined:

```py
def flag() -> bool:
    return True

class C:
    def f(self) -> None:
        if flag():
            self.a1: str | None = "a"
            self.b1 = 1
    if flag():
        def f(self) -> None:
            self.a2: str | None = "a"
            self.b2 = 1

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.a1)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(c_instance.a2)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(c_instance.b1)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(c_instance.b2)  # revealed: int
```

#### Methods that does not use `self` as a first parameter

```py
class C:
    # This might trigger a stylistic lint like `invalid-first-argument-name-for-method`, but
    # it should be supported in general:
    def __init__(this) -> None:
        this.declared_and_bound: str | None = "a"

reveal_type(C().declared_and_bound)  # revealed: str | None
```

#### Aliased `self` parameter

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        this = self
        # error: [invalid-type-form]
        # error: [unresolved-attribute]
        this.declared_and_bound: str | None = "a"

# This would ideally be `str | None`, but mypy/pyright don't support this either,
# so `Unknown` + a diagnostic is also fine.
# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C().declared_and_bound)  # revealed: Unknown
```

#### Static methods do not influence implicitly defined attributes

```py
class Other:
    x: int

class C:
    @staticmethod
    def f(other: Other) -> None:
        other.x = 1

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C.x)  # revealed: Unknown

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: Unknown

# This also works if `staticmethod` is aliased:

my_staticmethod = staticmethod

class D:
    @my_staticmethod
    def f(other: Other) -> None:
        other.x = 1

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(D.x)  # revealed: Unknown

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(D().x)  # revealed: Unknown
```

If `staticmethod` is something else, that should not influence the behavior:

```py
def staticmethod(f):
    return f

class C:
    @staticmethod
    def f(self) -> None:
        self.x = 1

reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int
```

And if `staticmethod` is fully qualified, that should also be recognized:

```py
import builtins

class Other:
    x: int

class C:
    @builtins.staticmethod
    def f(other: Other) -> None:
        other.x = 1

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C.x)  # revealed: Unknown

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: Unknown
```

#### Attributes defined in statically-known-to-be-false branches

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        # We use a "significantly complex" condition here (instead of just `False`)
        # for a proper comparison with mypy and pyright, which distinguish between
        # conditions that can be resolved from a simple pattern matching and those
        # that need proper type inference.
        if (2 + 3) < 4:
            self.x: str = "a"

# TODO: this would ideally raise an `unresolved-attribute` error
reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: str
```

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self, cond: bool) -> None:
        if True:
            self.a = 1
        else:
            self.a = "a"

        if False:
            self.b = 2

        if cond:
            return

        self.c = 3

        self.d = 4
        self.d = "d"

    def set_c(self, c: str) -> None:
        self.c = c
    if False:
        def set_e(self, e: str) -> None:
            self.e = e

# TODO: this would ideally be `int`
reveal_type(C(True).a)  # revealed: int | str
# TODO: this would ideally raise an `unresolved-attribute` error
reveal_type(C(True).b)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(C(True).c)  # revealed: int | str
# TODO: ideally this would be `str`, but we don't attempt to analyze control flow within methods
# that closely; all reachable attribute assignments are included.
reveal_type(C(True).d)  # revealed: int | str
# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C(True).e)  # revealed: Unknown
```

#### Attributes considered always bound

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self, cond: bool):
        self.x = 1
        if cond:
            raise ValueError("Something went wrong")

        # We consider this attribute is always bound.
        # This is because, it is not possible to access a partially-initialized object by normal means.
        self.y = 2

reveal_type(C(False).x)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(C(False).y)  # revealed: int

class C:
    def __init__(self, b: bytes) -> None:
        self.b = b

        try:
            s = b.decode()
        except UnicodeDecodeError:
            raise ValueError("Invalid UTF-8 sequence")

        self.s = s

reveal_type(C(b"abc").b)  # revealed: bytes
reveal_type(C(b"abc").s)  # revealed: str

class C:
    def __init__(self, iter) -> None:
        self.x = 1

        for _ in iter:
            pass

        # The for-loop may not stop,
        # but we consider the subsequent attributes to be definitely-bound.
        self.y = 2

reveal_type(C([]).x)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(C([]).y)  # revealed: int
```

#### Diagnostics are reported for the right-hand side of attribute assignments

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        # error: [too-many-positional-arguments]
        # error: [invalid-argument-type]
        self.x: int = len(1, 2, 3)
```

### Pure class variables (`ClassVar`)

#### Annotated with `ClassVar` type qualifier

Class variables annotated with the [`typing.ClassVar`] type qualifier are pure class variables. They
cannot be overwritten on instances, but they can be accessed on instances.

For more details, see the [typing spec on `ClassVar`].

```py
from typing import ClassVar

class C:
    pure_class_variable1: ClassVar[str] = "value in class body"
    pure_class_variable2: ClassVar = 1

    def method(self):
        # error: [invalid-attribute-access] "Cannot assign to ClassVar `pure_class_variable1` from an instance of type `Self@method`"
        self.pure_class_variable1 = "value set through instance"

reveal_type(C.pure_class_variable1)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(C.pure_class_variable2)  # revealed: Unknown | Literal[1]

c_instance = C()

# It is okay to access a pure class variable on an instance.
reveal_type(c_instance.pure_class_variable1)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(c_instance.pure_class_variable2)  # revealed: Unknown | Literal[1]

# error: [invalid-attribute-access] "Cannot assign to ClassVar `pure_class_variable1` from an instance of type `C`"
c_instance.pure_class_variable1 = "value set on instance"

C.pure_class_variable1 = "overwritten on class"

# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to attribute `pure_class_variable1` of type `str`"
C.pure_class_variable1 = 1

class Subclass(C):
    pure_class_variable1: ClassVar[str] = "overwritten on subclass"

reveal_type(Subclass.pure_class_variable1)  # revealed: str
```

If a class variable is additionally qualified as `Final`, we do not union with `Unknown` for bare
`ClassVar`s:

```py
from typing import Final

class D:
    # error: [redundant-final-classvar] "Combining `ClassVar` and `Final` is redundant"
    final1: Final[ClassVar] = 1
    # error: [redundant-final-classvar] "Combining `ClassVar` and `Final` is redundant"
    final2: ClassVar[Final] = 1
    # error: [redundant-final-classvar] "Combining `ClassVar` and `Final` is redundant"
    final3: ClassVar[Final[int]] = 1
    # error: [redundant-final-classvar] "Combining `ClassVar` and `Final` is redundant"
    final4: Final[ClassVar[int]] = 1

reveal_type(D.final1)  # revealed: Literal[1]
reveal_type(D.final2)  # revealed: Literal[1]
reveal_type(D.final3)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(D.final4)  # revealed: int
```

#### Variable only mentioned in a class method

We also consider a class variable to be a pure class variable if it is only mentioned in a class
method.

```py
class C:
    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        cls.pure_class_variable = "value set in class method"

# for a more realistic example, let's actually call the method
C.class_method()

reveal_type(C.pure_class_variable)  # revealed: str

C.pure_class_variable = "overwritten on class"
reveal_type(C.pure_class_variable)  # revealed: Literal["overwritten on class"]

c_instance = C()
reveal_type(c_instance.pure_class_variable)  # revealed: str

# TODO: should raise an error.
c_instance.pure_class_variable = "value set on instance"
```

### Instance variables with class-level default values

These are instance attributes, but the fact that we can see that they have a binding (not a
declaration) in the class body means that reading the value from the class directly is also
permitted. This is the only difference for these attributes as opposed to "pure" instance
attributes.

#### Basic

```py
class C:
    variable_with_class_default1: str = "value in class body"
    variable_with_class_default2 = 1

    def instance_method(self):
        self.variable_with_class_default1 = "value set in instance method"

reveal_type(C.variable_with_class_default1)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(C.variable_with_class_default2)  # revealed: int

c_instance = C()

reveal_type(c_instance.variable_with_class_default1)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(c_instance.variable_with_class_default2)  # revealed: int

c_instance.variable_with_class_default1 = "value set on instance"

reveal_type(C.variable_with_class_default1)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(c_instance.variable_with_class_default1)  # revealed: Literal["value set on instance"]

C.variable_with_class_default1 = "overwritten on class"

reveal_type(C.variable_with_class_default1)  # revealed: Literal["overwritten on class"]
reveal_type(c_instance.variable_with_class_default1)  # revealed: Literal["value set on instance"]
```

#### Descriptor attributes as class variables

Whether they are explicitly qualified as `ClassVar`, or just have a class level default, we treat
descriptor attributes as class variables. This test mainly makes sure that we do *not* treat them as
instance variables. This would lead to a different outcome, since the `__get__` method would not be
called (the descriptor protocol is not invoked for instance variables).

```py
from typing import ClassVar

class Descriptor:
    def __get__(self, instance, owner) -> int:
        return 42

class C:
    a: ClassVar[Descriptor]
    b: Descriptor = Descriptor()
    c: ClassVar[Descriptor] = Descriptor()

reveal_type(C().a)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(C().b)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(C().c)  # revealed: int
```

### Inheritance of class/instance attributes

```py
class Base:
    attribute: int | None = 1

    redeclared_with_same_type: str | None
    redeclared_with_narrower_type: str | None
    redeclared_with_wider_type: str | None

    redeclared_in_method_with_same_type: str | None
    redeclared_in_method_with_narrower_type: str | None
    redeclared_in_method_with_wider_type: str | None

    overwritten_in_subclass_body: str
    overwritten_in_subclass_method: str

    undeclared = "base"

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.pure_attribute: str | None = "value in base"

        self.pure_overwritten_in_subclass_body: str = "value in base"
        self.pure_overwritten_in_subclass_method: str = "value in base"

        self.pure_undeclared = "base"

class Intermediate(Base):
    # Redeclaring base class attributes with the *same *type is fine:
    redeclared_with_same_type: str | None = None

    # Redeclaring them with a *narrower type* is unsound, because modifications
    # through a `Base` reference could violate that constraint.
    #
    # Mypy does not report an error here, but pyright does: "… overrides symbol
    # of same name in class "Base". Variable is mutable so its type is invariant"
    #
    # We should introduce a diagnostic for this. Whether or not that should be
    # enabled by default can still be discussed.
    #
    # TODO: This should be an error
    redeclared_with_narrower_type: str

    # Redeclaring attributes with a *wider type* directly violates LSP.
    #
    # In this case, both mypy and pyright report an error.
    #
    # TODO: This should be an error
    redeclared_with_wider_type: str | int | None

    # TODO: This should be an `invalid-assignment` error
    overwritten_in_subclass_body = 1

    # TODO: This should be an `invalid-assignment` error
    pure_overwritten_in_subclass_body = 1

    undeclared = "intermediate"

    def set_attributes(self) -> None:
        self.redeclared_in_method_with_same_type: str | None = None

        # TODO: This should be an error (violates Liskov)
        self.redeclared_in_method_with_narrower_type: str = "foo"

        # TODO: This should be an error (violates Liskov)
        self.redeclared_in_method_with_wider_type: object = object()

        self.overwritten_in_subclass_method = None  # error: [invalid-assignment]

        self.pure_overwritten_in_subclass_method = None  # error: [invalid-assignment]

        self.pure_undeclared = "intermediate"

class Derived(Intermediate): ...

reveal_type(Derived.attribute)  # revealed: int | None
reveal_type(Derived().attribute)  # revealed: int | None

reveal_type(Derived.redeclared_with_same_type)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(Derived().redeclared_with_same_type)  # revealed: str | None

# We infer the narrower type here, despite the Liskov violation,
# for compatibility with other type checkers (and to reflect the clear user intent)
reveal_type(Derived.redeclared_with_narrower_type)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(Derived().redeclared_with_narrower_type)  # revealed: str

# We infer the wider type here, despite the Liskov violation,
# for compatibility with other type checkers (and to reflect the clear user intent)
reveal_type(Derived.redeclared_with_wider_type)  # revealed: str | int | None
reveal_type(Derived().redeclared_with_wider_type)  # revealed: str | int | None

# TODO: Both of these should be `str`
reveal_type(Derived.overwritten_in_subclass_body)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(Derived().overwritten_in_subclass_body)  # revealed: int | str

reveal_type(Derived.redeclared_in_method_with_same_type)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(Derived().redeclared_in_method_with_same_type)  # revealed: str | None

# TODO: both of these should be `str`, despite the Liskov violation,
# for compatibility with other type checkers (and to reflect the clear user intent)
reveal_type(Derived.redeclared_in_method_with_narrower_type)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(Derived().redeclared_in_method_with_narrower_type)  # revealed: str | None

# TODO: both of these should be `object`, despite the Liskov violation,
# for compatibility with other type checkers (and to reflect the clear user intent)
reveal_type(Derived.redeclared_in_method_with_wider_type)  # revealed: str | None
reveal_type(Derived().redeclared_in_method_with_wider_type)  # revealed: object

reveal_type(Derived.overwritten_in_subclass_method)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(Derived().overwritten_in_subclass_method)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(Derived().pure_attribute)  # revealed: str | None

# TODO: This should be `str`
reveal_type(Derived().pure_overwritten_in_subclass_body)  # revealed: int | str

reveal_type(Derived().pure_overwritten_in_subclass_method)  # revealed: str

reveal_type(Derived.undeclared)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(Derived().undeclared)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(Derived().pure_undeclared)  # revealed: str
```

## Allow replacing ordinary methods with compatible functions

An ordinary method can be replaced directly on a class by another function with a compatible
signature. The replacement remains an ordinary function, so Python binds it to instances in the same
way as the original method.

A function-literal type identifies a specific function, not just its signature. This makes
identity-sensitive code unsound: after the assignment below, `Foo.add is original_add` is inferred
as `Literal[True]`, even though it evaluates to `False` at runtime and the assertion fails. Calls to
the method itself remain safe because both functions have compatible signatures and the same
instance-binding behavior.

```py
from typing import Literal

class Foo:
    def add(self, x: int, y: int, /) -> int:
        return x + y

def add_replacement(self: Foo, x: int, y: int, /) -> int:
    return x * y

original_add = Foo.add

def requires_true(value: Literal[True]) -> None:
    assert value

Foo.add = add_replacement
requires_true(Foo.add is original_add)  # accepted; assertion fails at runtime

def incompatible_replacement(self: Foo, x: str, y: str, /) -> str:
    return x + y

Foo.add = incompatible_replacement  # error: [invalid-assignment]
```

`staticmethod` and `classmethod` attributes cannot yet be replaced this way. If `static` were
replaced with a plain function, `DescriptorMethods.static(1)` would pass only `1`, as before, but
`DescriptorMethods().static(1)` would also pass the instance as the first argument. If `class_` were
replaced, `DescriptorMethods.class_(1)` would stop passing `DescriptorMethods` as the first
argument, while `DescriptorMethods().class_(1)` would pass the instance instead of the class.
Supporting these assignments requires replacements with the corresponding decorator (for example,
`staticmethod(static_replacement)` or `classmethod(class_replacement)`).

```py
class DescriptorMethods:
    @staticmethod
    def static(x: int) -> str:
        return str(x)

    @classmethod
    def class_(cls, x: int) -> str:
        return str(x)

def static_replacement(x: int) -> str:
    return str(x)

def class_replacement(cls: type[DescriptorMethods], x: int) -> str:
    return str(x)

DescriptorMethods.static = static_replacement  # error: [invalid-assignment]
DescriptorMethods.class_ = class_replacement  # error: [invalid-assignment]
```

## Accessing attributes on class objects

When accessing attributes on class objects, they are always looked up on the type of the class
object first, i.e. on the metaclass:

```py
from typing import Literal

class Meta1:
    attr: Literal["metaclass value"] = "metaclass value"

class C1(metaclass=Meta1): ...

reveal_type(C1.attr)  # revealed: Literal["metaclass value"]
```

A dynamically-created metaclass can define methods with the same names as methods in the class it
creates. These methods can have different roles; in particular, the metaclass's `__new__` creates
the class object and its `__call__` creates instances, while the class's methods create and operate
on instances of that class:

```py
class DynamicallyConstructed(
    metaclass=type(
        "DynamicMeta",
        (type,),
        {
            "__new__": lambda mcls, name, bases, namespace: type.__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace),
            "__call__": lambda cls: type.__call__(cls),
        },
    )
):
    def __new__(cls):
        return super().__new__(cls)

    def __call__(self, value: int) -> int:
        return value

DynamicallyConstructed()(1)
```

Assignments in instance methods of a metaclass are also attributes on its class-object instances. In
particular, a metaclass `__init__` assignment happens after the initial class namespace has been
converted into a class object, so it shadows an attribute from that namespace:

```py
class InitializingMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.attr: int = 1

class CCreated(metaclass=InitializingMeta): ...

reveal_type(CCreated.attr)  # revealed: int

class CInitialized(metaclass=InitializingMeta):
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal["initial class value"]` is not assignable to attribute `attr` of type `int`"
    attr = "initial class value"

reveal_type(CInitialized.attr)  # revealed: int
CInitialized.attr = 2
# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal["invalid"]` is not assignable to attribute `attr` of type `int`"
CInitialized.attr = "invalid"

class LiteralInitializingMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.attr: Literal[1] = 1

class CAugmentedInitialized(metaclass=LiteralInitializingMeta):
    attr = 1
    attr += 1  # error: [invalid-assignment]

class CLoopInitialized(metaclass=LiteralInitializingMeta):
    for attr in ("invalid",):  # error: [invalid-assignment]
        pass

class CNamedInitialized(metaclass=LiteralInitializingMeta):
    if attr := "invalid":  # error: [invalid-assignment]
        pass

class InvalidContextManager:
    def __enter__(self) -> str:
        return "invalid"

    def __exit__(self, exc_type: object, exc_value: object, traceback: object) -> None:
        pass

class CWithInitialized(metaclass=LiteralInitializingMeta):
    with InvalidContextManager() as attr:  # error: [invalid-assignment]
        pass

class CAnnotatedInitialized(metaclass=InitializingMeta):
    attr: str = "invalid"  # error: [invalid-assignment]

class CMethodInitialized(metaclass=InitializingMeta):
    # error: [invalid-assignment]
    def attr(self) -> None:
        pass

class CNestedClassInitialized(metaclass=InitializingMeta):
    # error: [invalid-assignment]
    class attr:
        pass

class CImportInitialized(metaclass=InitializingMeta):
    import sys as attr  # error: [invalid-assignment]

# Exception-handler targets are removed from the namespace on leaving the handler.
class CExceptionBindingCleared(metaclass=InitializingMeta):
    try:
        raise RuntimeError
    except RuntimeError as attr:
        pass

class BroadInitializingMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        value: object = object()
        cls.attr = value

class CDeclared(metaclass=BroadInitializingMeta):
    attr: str  # error: [invalid-assignment]

# A class-body declaration is a contract for an attribute populated by metaclass initialization.
reveal_type(CDeclared.attr)  # revealed: str

class DeclaredBroadInitializingMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.attr: object = object()

class CDeclaredAgainstDeclaredMeta(metaclass=DeclaredBroadInitializingMeta):
    attr: str  # error: [invalid-assignment]

reveal_type(CDeclaredAgainstDeclaredMeta.attr)  # revealed: str

from collections.abc import Callable
from typing import ClassVar

class DeclaredCallableMeta(type):
    factory: Callable[[str], str]

def identity(value: str) -> str:
    return value

class CStoredDescriptor(metaclass=DeclaredCallableMeta):
    # A metaclass declaration constrains access without replacing this stored descriptor.
    factory: ClassVar["staticmethod[[str], str]"] = staticmethod(identity)

class CIncompatibleStoredValue(metaclass=DeclaredCallableMeta):
    factory: ClassVar[int] = 1  # error: [invalid-assignment]

class CIncompatibleInferredValue(metaclass=DeclaredCallableMeta):
    factory = 1  # error: [invalid-assignment]

class CIncompatibleDeclaredAccess(metaclass=DeclaredCallableMeta):
    # TODO: This should be an `invalid-assignment` error, analogous to an incompatible
    # mutable attribute redeclaration on a subclass.
    factory: ClassVar[int]

class MethodDeclaredCallableMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.factory: Callable[[str], str]

class CStoredDescriptorAgainstMethodDeclaration(metaclass=MethodDeclaredCallableMeta):
    factory: ClassVar["staticmethod[[str], str]"] = staticmethod(identity)

class CompatibleInitializingMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.attr: int | str = 1

def _(flag: bool):
    class CConditionallyDeclared(metaclass=CompatibleInitializingMeta):
        if flag:
            attr: str = "class value"  # error: [invalid-assignment]

    # On paths without the class-body value, the metaclass-populated value remains available.
    reveal_type(CConditionallyDeclared.attr)  # revealed: int | str

class ReplacingMethodsMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.factory = lambda: object()
        cls.arguments = lambda: ()

class MethodsReplacedAtConstruction(metaclass=ReplacingMethodsMeta):
    def factory(self, value: int) -> str:
        return ""

    def arguments(self, value: int) -> str:
        return ""

class TypedReplacingMethodsMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.factory: object = object()

class MethodReplacedByTypedMeta(metaclass=TypedReplacingMethodsMeta):
    def factory(self) -> str:
        return ""

class PopulatingMetaclass(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.populated_on_meta: int = 1

class PopulatedMeta(type, metaclass=PopulatingMetaclass): ...
class ConstructedByPopulatedMeta(metaclass=PopulatedMeta): ...

reveal_type(PopulatedMeta.populated_on_meta)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(ConstructedByPopulatedMeta.populated_on_meta)  # revealed: int

class DerivedInitializingMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.inherited_attr: int = 1

class DeclaringBase:
    inherited_attr: str

class InitializedDerived(DeclaringBase, metaclass=DerivedInitializingMeta): ...

reveal_type(InitializedDerived.inherited_attr)  # revealed: int
```

An assignment through `cls` in an arbitrary metaclass method also writes to the constructed class
object if that method is called. Class-object lookup currently treats such an inferred write as
definitely present and drops an inherited value.

```py
class InstallingClassAttributeMeta(type):
    def install(cls) -> None:
        cls.installed: int = 1

class InstalledClassAttributeBase:
    installed = "inherited"

class OptionallyInstalledClassAttribute(InstalledClassAttributeBase, metaclass=InstallingClassAttributeMeta): ...

# TODO: Without tracking calls to `install`, lookup should conservatively reveal `int | str`.
reveal_type(OptionallyInstalledClassAttribute.installed)  # revealed: int
```

## Attributes stored on classes by metaclasses

An attribute declared in a metaclass with an annotation but no value describes an attribute of every
class created with that metaclass. The attribute is therefore available through instances of those
classes:

```py
from typing import TypeVar

class StoringMeta(type):
    generated: int

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        namespace["generated"] = 1
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class GeneratedClass(metaclass=StoringMeta):
    def method(self) -> None:
        reveal_type(self.generated)  # revealed: int

reveal_type(GeneratedClass().generated)  # revealed: int

TGenerated = TypeVar("TGenerated", bound=GeneratedClass)

def read_generated(value: TGenerated) -> None:
    reveal_type(value.generated)  # revealed: int
```

This also lets a generic metaclass method rely on a protocol describing the classes it accepts:

```py
from typing import Iterator, Protocol, TypeVar

class EnumProtocol(Protocol):
    _member_map_: dict[str, int]

    def __init__(self, value: int) -> None: ...

T = TypeVar("T", bound=EnumProtocol)

class EnumMeta(type, EnumProtocol):
    _member_map_: dict[str, int]

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        namespace["_member_map_"] = {"one": 1}
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

    def __iter__(cls: type[T]) -> Iterator[T]:
        return iter(cls(value) for value in cls._member_map_.values())

class EnumValue(int, metaclass=EnumMeta):
    def __init__(self, value: int) -> None: ...

reveal_type(EnumValue(1)._member_map_)  # revealed: dict[str, int]

for member in EnumValue:
    reveal_type(member)  # revealed: EnumValue
```

Because the metaclass stores the declared attribute directly on the new class, it takes precedence
over an attribute inherited from a base class:

```py
class GeneratedBase:
    generated = "base"

class StoresGenerated(GeneratedBase, metaclass=StoringMeta): ...

reveal_type(StoresGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int
```

As with ordinary instance lookup, an instance assignment does not completely shadow a regular class
attribute because the assignment may not have run. This applies whether the assignment is defined
directly or inherited from a base class:

```py
class InitializesGenerated(metaclass=StoringMeta):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.generated: str = "instance"

reveal_type(InitializesGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int | str

class InitializesInheritedGenerated:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.generated: str = "instance"

class InheritsGenerated(InitializesInheritedGenerated, metaclass=StoringMeta): ...

reveal_type(InheritsGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int | str
```

A function is a descriptor when stored on a class, but not when stored directly on an instance. The
instance attribute is therefore returned without descriptor binding:

```py
from typing import Callable

class CallableStoringMeta(type):
    generated_callable: Callable[[int], str]

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        namespace["generated_callable"] = lambda value: str(value)
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class StoresInstanceCallable(metaclass=CallableStoringMeta):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.generated_callable = lambda value: str(value)

reveal_type(StoresInstanceCallable().generated_callable(1))  # revealed: str
```

A dynamic base may provide an instance attribute of any type, so a regular attribute stored by the
metaclass does not remove that uncertainty. This remains true when an earlier static base provides a
class attribute with the same name:

```py
from typing import Any

DynamicGeneratedBase: Any = object

class InheritsDynamicGenerated(DynamicGeneratedBase, metaclass=StoringMeta): ...

reveal_type(InheritsDynamicGenerated().generated)  # revealed: Any

class StaticGeneratedBase:
    generated = "static"

class InheritsStaticThenDynamicGenerated(StaticGeneratedBase, DynamicGeneratedBase, metaclass=StoringMeta): ...

reveal_type(InheritsStaticThenDynamicGenerated().generated)  # revealed: Any
```

Implicit special method lookup ignores attributes stored on an instance. It therefore uses the
method supplied by a metaclass declaration even if the initializer assigns the same name:

```py
class IteratingMeta(type):
    __iter__: Callable[[], Iterator[int]]

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        def generated(self: object) -> Iterator[int]:
            return iter((1,))

        namespace["__iter__"] = generated
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class StoresInstanceIter(metaclass=IteratingMeta):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.__iter__: Callable[[], Iterator[str]] = lambda: iter(("instance",))

reveal_type(iter(StoresInstanceIter()))  # revealed: Iterator[int]
```

Splitting the class MRO around a generated attribute preserves the usual treatment of dunder
`Callable` attributes as bound-method descriptors:

```py
def pow_impl(value: object, exponent: int) -> object:
    raise NotImplementedError

class PowMeta(type):
    __pow__: Callable[[object, int], object]

class Tensor(metaclass=PowMeta):
    __pow__: Callable[[object, int], object] = pow_impl

reveal_type(Tensor() ** 2)  # revealed: object
```

An annotation-only `ClassVar` on the constructed class is a class-namespace contract and takes
precedence over the metaclass-generated attribute. An inherited `ClassVar` does not describe an
instance attribute on the constructed class, but an inherited dataclass field adds an instance
fallback:

```py
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import ClassVar

class DeclaresClassVarGenerated(metaclass=StoringMeta):
    generated: ClassVar[str]

reveal_type(DeclaresClassVarGenerated.generated)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(DeclaresClassVarGenerated().generated)  # revealed: str

class ClassVarGeneratedBase:
    generated: ClassVar[str]

class InheritsClassVarGenerated(ClassVarGeneratedBase, metaclass=StoringMeta): ...

reveal_type(InheritsClassVarGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int

@dataclass
class DataclassGeneratedBase:
    generated: str = "instance"

class InheritsDataclassGenerated(DataclassGeneratedBase, metaclass=StoringMeta): ...

reveal_type(InheritsDataclassGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int | str
```

The attribute stored by the metaclass also shadows a descriptor inherited from a base class. Both
that non-data class attribute and an instance assignment remain possible:

```py
from typing import Literal

class InheritedGeneratedProperty:
    @property
    def generated(self) -> Literal["property"]:
        return "property"

class StringStoringMeta(type):
    generated: str

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        namespace["generated"] = "class"
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class InitializesShadowedGenerated:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.generated: bytes = b"instance"

class ShadowsInheritedGeneratedProperty(
    InitializesShadowedGenerated, InheritedGeneratedProperty, metaclass=StringStoringMeta
): ...

reveal_type(ShadowsInheritedGeneratedProperty().generated)  # revealed: str | bytes
```

If the metaclass instead stores a data descriptor on the new class, the descriptor takes precedence
over an instance assignment:

```py
class GeneratedDescriptor:
    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type | None = None) -> Literal["descriptor"]:
        return "descriptor"

    def __set__(self, instance: object, value: int) -> None: ...

class DescriptorMeta(type):
    generated_descriptor: GeneratedDescriptor

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        namespace["generated_descriptor"] = GeneratedDescriptor()
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class UsesGeneratedDescriptor(metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.generated_descriptor = 1

reveal_type(UsesGeneratedDescriptor().generated_descriptor)  # revealed: Literal["descriptor"]
```

When a metaclass declaration uses a union, only the data descriptors in that union take precedence
over an instance attribute. A non-descriptor member and the instance attribute both remain possible:

```py
class MaybeDescriptorMeta(type):
    generated_descriptor: GeneratedDescriptor | int

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        namespace["generated_descriptor"] = GeneratedDescriptor()
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class UsesMaybeGeneratedDescriptorWithBytes(metaclass=MaybeDescriptorMeta):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.generated_descriptor = b"instance"

reveal_type(UsesMaybeGeneratedDescriptorWithBytes().generated_descriptor)  # revealed: Literal["descriptor"] | int | bytes
```

A dynamic base likewise supplies the fallback for the non-descriptor members of a union:

```py
class UsesMaybeGeneratedDescriptorWithDynamicBase(DynamicGeneratedBase, metaclass=MaybeDescriptorMeta): ...

reveal_type(UsesMaybeGeneratedDescriptorWithDynamicBase().generated_descriptor)  # revealed: Literal["descriptor"] | Any
```

Dynamic bases are ignored when descriptor detection requires a concrete `__get__` method:

```py
class GeneratedGetMeta(type):
    __get__: Callable[[object, object | None, type], str]

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        def generated_get(descriptor: object, instance: object | None, owner: type) -> str:
            return "generated"

        namespace["__get__"] = generated_get
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class GeneratedGetDescriptor(DynamicGeneratedBase, metaclass=GeneratedGetMeta): ...

class UsesGeneratedGetDescriptor:
    generated = GeneratedGetDescriptor()

reveal_type(UsesGeneratedGetDescriptor().generated)  # revealed: str
```

If the declaration can also be `Any`, the class attribute is not known to always be a data
descriptor. The `Any` result subsumes the instance attribute type:

```py
class MaybeDynamicDescriptorMeta(type):
    generated_descriptor: GeneratedDescriptor | Any

    def __new__(mcls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]):
        namespace["generated_descriptor"] = GeneratedDescriptor()
        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace)

class DynamicDescriptorInstanceBase:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.generated_descriptor: bytes = b"instance"

class UsesMaybeDynamicDescriptor(DynamicDescriptorInstanceBase, metaclass=MaybeDynamicDescriptorMeta): ...

reveal_type(UsesMaybeDynamicDescriptor().generated_descriptor)  # revealed: Literal["descriptor"] | Any
```

An instance attribute annotation without a value does not store anything in the class namespace, so
it cannot shadow a data descriptor. The annotation and non-descriptor members of the metaclass
declaration all remain possible:

```py
class DeclaresGeneratedDescriptor(metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
    generated_descriptor: int

reveal_type(DeclaresGeneratedDescriptor().generated_descriptor)  # revealed: Literal["descriptor"]

class DeclaresMaybeGeneratedDescriptor(metaclass=MaybeDescriptorMeta):
    generated_descriptor: bytes

reveal_type(DeclaresMaybeGeneratedDescriptor().generated_descriptor)  # revealed: Literal["descriptor"] | int | bytes
```

Assigning an attribute through the first parameter of a static method does not describe an instance
of the class:

```py
class StaticMethodAssignment(metaclass=StoringMeta):
    @staticmethod
    def assign(obj: Any) -> None:
        obj.generated = "instance"

reveal_type(StaticMethodAssignment().generated)  # revealed: int
```

An own class-body binding takes precedence when it exists, while the metaclass member supplies the
attribute before inherited class members on other paths. An unreachable binding does not suppress
that fallback. An assignment inside a conditionally defined method is only a possible instance
member, so the metaclass declaration remains as a fallback:

```py
def returns_bool() -> bool:
    raise NotImplementedError

flag = returns_bool()

class PrecedenceMeta(type):
    generated: int | bytes

class InheritedPrecedenceGenerated:
    generated = "inherited"

class UnreachablePrecedenceGenerated(InheritedPrecedenceGenerated, metaclass=PrecedenceMeta):
    if False:
        generated = b"unreachable"

reveal_type(UnreachablePrecedenceGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int | bytes

class DeclaredUnreachablePrecedenceGenerated(metaclass=PrecedenceMeta):
    generated: bytes
    if False:
        generated = b"unreachable"

reveal_type(DeclaredUnreachablePrecedenceGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int | bytes

class ConditionalPrecedenceGenerated(InheritedPrecedenceGenerated, metaclass=PrecedenceMeta):
    if flag:
        generated = b"conditional"

reveal_type(ConditionalPrecedenceGenerated().generated)  # revealed: bytes | int

class ConditionalGenerated(metaclass=StoringMeta):
    if flag:
        generated: int = 1

reveal_type(ConditionalGenerated().generated)  # revealed: int

class ConditionalMethodAssignment(metaclass=StoringMeta):
    if flag:
        def assign(self) -> None:
            self.generated = "instance"

reveal_type(ConditionalMethodAssignment().generated)  # revealed: int | str
```

An attribute assigned in the metaclass body is available on classes that use the metaclass, but not
on their instances:

```py
class MetaclassAttributeOnly(type):
    metaclass_only: int = 1

class DoesNotInheritMetaclassAttribute(metaclass=MetaclassAttributeOnly): ...

reveal_type(DoesNotInheritMetaclassAttribute.metaclass_only)  # revealed: int

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(DoesNotInheritMetaclassAttribute().metaclass_only)  # revealed: Unknown
```

By contrast, an assignment through `cls` in a metaclass instance method writes to the constructed
class namespace and is available through its instances. These inferred attributes are also inherited
from base metaclasses:

```py
class AssignmentOnlyMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.assignment_only: int = 1

class InfersAssignment(metaclass=AssignmentOnlyMeta):
    def method(self) -> None:
        reveal_type(self.assignment_only)  # revealed: int

reveal_type(InfersAssignment.assignment_only)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(InfersAssignment().assignment_only)  # revealed: int

class AssignmentBaseMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.inherited_assignment: str = "inherited"

class InheritedAssignmentMeta(AssignmentBaseMeta): ...
class InfersInheritedAssignment(metaclass=InheritedAssignmentMeta): ...

reveal_type(InfersInheritedAssignment.inherited_assignment)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(InfersInheritedAssignment().inherited_assignment)  # revealed: str
```

When the constructed class inherits an attribute with the same name, lookup through an instance uses
the same conservative behavior as ordinary instance lookup: an attribute inferred from a method does
not completely eliminate the inherited value. This currently applies even to an unconditional
assignment in the metaclass `__init__`.

```py
class InitializingInheritedMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        cls.initialized: int = 1

class InitializedBase:
    initialized = "inherited"

class Initialized(InitializedBase, metaclass=InitializingInheritedMeta): ...

reveal_type(Initialized.initialized)  # revealed: int
# TODO: Once we track definite initialization, this should narrow to `int`.
reveal_type(Initialized().initialized)  # revealed: int | str
```

A conditional assignment in the metaclass `__init__` necessarily retains the inherited alternative:

```py
def metaclass_condition() -> bool:
    raise NotImplementedError

class ConditionallyInitializingMeta(type):
    def __init__(cls, name: str, bases: tuple[type, ...], namespace: dict[str, object]) -> None:
        if metaclass_condition():
            cls.initialized: int = 1

class ConditionalBase:
    initialized = "inherited"

class ConditionallyInitialized(ConditionalBase, metaclass=ConditionallyInitializingMeta): ...

reveal_type(ConditionallyInitialized().initialized)  # revealed: int | str
```

An assignment in an arbitrary metaclass method likewise retains the inherited alternative because
the method may not have run:

```py
class InstallingMeta(type):
    def install(cls) -> None:
        cls.installed: int = 1

class InstalledBase:
    installed = "inherited"

class OptionallyInstalled(InstalledBase, metaclass=InstallingMeta): ...

reveal_type(OptionallyInstalled().installed)  # revealed: int | str
```

## Precedence between class and metaclass attributes

However, the metaclass attribute only takes precedence over a class-level attribute if it is a data
descriptor. If it is a non-data descriptor or a normal attribute, the class-level attribute is used
instead (see the [descriptor protocol tests] for data/non-data descriptor attributes):

```py
from typing import Literal

class Meta2:
    attr: str = "metaclass value"

class C2(metaclass=Meta2):
    attr: Literal["class value"] = "class value"

reveal_type(C2.attr)  # revealed: Literal["class value"]
```

If the class-level attribute is only partially defined, we union the metaclass attribute with the
class-level attribute:

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    class Meta3:
        attr1 = "metaclass value"
        attr2: Literal["metaclass value"] = "metaclass value"

    class C3(metaclass=Meta3):
        if flag:
            attr1 = "class value"
            # TODO: Neither mypy nor pyright show an error here, but we could consider emitting a conflicting-declaration diagnostic here.
            attr2: Literal["class value"] = "class value"

    reveal_type(C3.attr1)  # revealed: str
    reveal_type(C3.attr2)  # revealed: Literal["metaclass value", "class value"]
```

If the *metaclass* attribute is only partially defined, we emit a `possibly-missing-attribute`
diagnostic:

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    class Meta4:
        if flag:
            attr1: str = "metaclass value"

    class C4(metaclass=Meta4): ...
    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    reveal_type(C4.attr1)  # revealed: str
```

Finally, if both the metaclass attribute and the class-level attribute are only partially defined,
we union them and emit a `possibly-missing-attribute` diagnostic:

```py
def _(flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
    class Meta5:
        if flag1:
            attr1 = "metaclass value"

    class C5(metaclass=Meta5):
        if flag2:
            attr1 = "class value"

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    reveal_type(C5.attr1)  # revealed: str
```

## Invalid access to attribute

If an undefined variable is used in a method, and an attribute with the same name is defined and
accessible, then we emit a subdiagnostic suggesting the use of `self.`.

```py
class Foo:
    x: int

    def method(self):
        y = x  # snapshot
```

```snapshot
error[unresolved-reference]: Name `x` used when not defined
 --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:5:13
  |
5 |         y = x  # snapshot
  |             ^
  |
info: An attribute `x` is available: consider using `self.x`
```

```py
class Foo:
    x: int = 1

    def method(self):
        y = x  # snapshot
```

```snapshot
error[unresolved-reference]: Name `x` used when not defined
  --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:10:13
   |
10 |         y = x  # snapshot
   |             ^
   |
info: An attribute `x` is available: consider using `self.x`
```

```py
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1

    def method(self):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

In a staticmethod, we don't suggest that it might be an attribute.

```py
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 42

    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

In a classmethod, if the name matches a class attribute, we suggest `cls.`.

```py
from typing import ClassVar

class Foo:
    x: ClassVar[int] = 42

    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

In a classmethod, if the name matches an instance-only attribute, we don't suggest anything.

```py
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 42

    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

We also don't suggest anything if the method is (invalidly) decorated with both `@classmethod` and
`@staticmethod`:

```py
class Foo:
    x: ClassVar[int]

    @classmethod
    @staticmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

In an instance method that uses some other parameter name in place of `self`, we use that parameter
name in the sub-diagnostic.

```py
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 42

    def method(other):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

In a classmethod that uses some other parameter name in place of `cls`, we use that parameter name
in the sub-diagnostic.

```py
from typing import ClassVar

class Foo:
    x: ClassVar[int] = 42

    @classmethod
    def class_method(c_other):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

We don't suggest anything if an instance method or a classmethod only has variadic arguments, or if
the first parameter is keyword-only:

```py
from typing import ClassVar

class Foo:
    x: ClassVar[int] = 42

    def instance_method(*args, **kwargs):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        print(x)

    @classmethod
    def class_method(*, cls):
        # error: [unresolved-reference] "Name `x` used when not defined"
        y = x
```

## Unions of attributes

If the (meta)class is a union type or if the attribute on the (meta) class has a union type, we
infer those union types accordingly:

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    if flag:
        class C1:
            x = 1
            y: int = 1

    else:
        class C1:
            x = "b"
            y: int | str = "b"

    reveal_type(C1.x)  # revealed: int | str
    reveal_type(C1.y)  # revealed: int | str

    C1.y = 100
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal["problematic"]` is not assignable to attribute `y` on type `<class 'mdtest_snippet.<locals of function '_'>.C1 @ src/mdtest_snippet.py:3:15'> | <class 'mdtest_snippet.<locals of function '_'>.C1 @ src/mdtest_snippet.py:8:15'>`"
    C1.y = "problematic"

    class C2:
        if flag:
            x = 3
            y: int = 3
        else:
            x = "d"
            y: int | str = "d"

    reveal_type(C2.x)  # revealed: int | str
    reveal_type(C2.y)  # revealed: int | str

    C2.y = 100
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `None` is not assignable to attribute `y` of type `int | str`"
    C2.y = None
    # TODO: should be an error, needs more sophisticated union handling in `validate_attribute_assignment`
    C2.y = "problematic"

    if flag:
        class Meta3(type):
            x = 5
            y: int = 5

    else:
        class Meta3(type):
            x = "f"
            y: int | str = "f"

    class C3(metaclass=Meta3): ...
    reveal_type(C3.x)  # revealed: int | str
    reveal_type(C3.y)  # revealed: int | str

    C3.y = 100
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `None` is not assignable to attribute `y` of type `int | str`"
    C3.y = None
    # TODO: should be an error, needs more sophisticated union handling in `validate_attribute_assignment`
    C3.y = "problematic"

    class Meta4(type):
        if flag:
            x = 7
            y: int = 7
        else:
            x = "h"
            y: int | str = "h"

    class C4(metaclass=Meta4): ...
    reveal_type(C4.x)  # revealed: int | str
    reveal_type(C4.y)  # revealed: int | str

    C4.y = 100
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `None` is not assignable to attribute `y` of type `int | str`"
    C4.y = None
    # TODO: should be an error, needs more sophisticated union handling in `validate_attribute_assignment`
    C4.y = "problematic"
```

## Unions with possibly unbound paths

### Definite boundness within a class

In this example, the `x` attribute is not defined in the `C2` element of the union:

```py
def _(flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
    class C1:
        x = 1

    class C2: ...

    class C3:
        x = "a"

    C = C1 if flag1 else C2 if flag2 else C3

    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `x` is not defined on `<class 'C2'>` in union `<class 'C1'> | <class 'C2'> | <class 'C3'>`"
    reveal_type(C.x)  # revealed: int | str

    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[100]` is not assignable to attribute `x` on type `<class 'C1'> | <class 'C2'> | <class 'C3'>`"
    C.x = 100

    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `x` is not defined on `C2` in union `C1 | C2 | C3`"
    reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int | str

    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[100]` is not assignable to attribute `x` on type `C1 | C2 | C3`"
    C().x = 100
```

### Possibly-unbound within a class

We raise the same diagnostic if the attribute is possibly-unbound in at least one element of the
union:

```py
def _(flag: bool, flag1: bool, flag2: bool):
    class C1:
        x = 1

    class C2:
        if flag:
            x = "a"

    class C3:
        x = b"b"

    C = C1 if flag1 else C2 if flag2 else C3

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute] "Attribute `x` may be missing on object of type `<class 'C1'> | <class 'C2'> | <class 'C3'>`"
    reveal_type(C.x)  # revealed: int | str | bytes

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    # error: [invalid-assignment]
    C.x = 100

    # Note: we might want to consider ignoring possibly-missing diagnostics for instance attributes eventually,
    # see the "Possibly unbound/undeclared instance attribute" section below.
    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute] "Attribute `x` may be missing on object of type `C1 | C2 | C3`"
    reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int | str | bytes

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    # error: [invalid-assignment]
    C().x = 100
```

### Possibly-unbound within gradual types

```py
from typing import Any

def _(flag: bool):
    class Base:
        x: Any

    class Derived(Base):
        if flag:
            # Redeclaring `x` with a more static type is okay in terms of LSP.
            x: int

    reveal_type(Derived().x)  # revealed: int | Any

    Derived().x = 1

    # TODO
    # The following assignment currently fails, because we first check if "a" is assignable to the
    # attribute on the meta-type of `Derived`, i.e. `<class 'Derived'>`. When accessing the class
    # member `x` on `Derived`, we only see the `x: int` declaration and do not union it with the
    # type of the base class attribute `x: Any`. This could potentially be improved. Note that we
    # see a type of `int | Any` above because we have the full union handling of possibly-unbound
    # *instance* attributes.

    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal["a"]` is not assignable to attribute `x` of type `int`"
    Derived().x = "a"
```

### Attribute possibly unbound on a subclass but not on a superclass

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    class Foo:
        x = 1

    class Bar(Foo):
        if flag:
            x = 2

    reveal_type(Bar.x)  # revealed: int
    Bar.x = 3

    reveal_type(Bar().x)  # revealed: int
    Bar().x = 3
```

### Attribute possibly unbound on a subclass and on a superclass

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    class Foo:
        if flag:
            x = 1

    class Bar(Foo):
        if flag:
            x = 2

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    reveal_type(Bar.x)  # revealed: int

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    Bar.x = 3

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    reveal_type(Bar().x)  # revealed: int

    # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
    Bar().x = 3
```

### Possibly unbound/undeclared instance attribute

We currently treat implicit instance attributes to be bound, even if they are only conditionally
defined within a method. If the class-level definition or the whole method is only conditionally
available, we emit a `possibly-missing-attribute` diagnostic.

#### Possibly unbound and undeclared

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    class Foo:
        if flag:
            x: int

        def __init(self):
            if flag:
                self.x = 1

    reveal_type(Foo().x)  # revealed: int

    Foo().x = 1
```

#### Possibly unbound

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    class Foo:
        def __init(self):
            if flag:
                self.x = 1
                self.y = "a"
            else:
                self.y = b"b"

    reveal_type(Foo().x)  # revealed: int

    Foo().x = 2

    reveal_type(Foo().y)  # revealed: str | bytes
    Foo().y = "c"
```

### Unions with all paths unbound

If the symbol is unbound in all elements of the union, we detect that:

```py
def _(flag: bool):
    class C1: ...
    class C2: ...
    C = C1 if flag else C2

    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Object of type `<class 'C1'> | <class 'C2'>` has no attribute `x`"
    reveal_type(C.x)  # revealed: Unknown

    # TODO: This should ideally be a `unresolved-attribute` error. We need better union
    # handling in `validate_attribute_assignment` for this.
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to attribute `x` on type `<class 'C1'> | <class 'C2'>`"
    C.x = 1
```

## Unions with some paths unbound

If the symbol is unbound in some elements of the union, that's also an error:

```py
def f(x: list[int], y: list[int] | None, z: None):
    x.index
    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `index` is not defined on `None` in union `list[int] | None`"
    y.index
    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Object of type `None` has no attribute `index`"
    z.index
```

This is also true of type aliases of unions, special-case `NewType`s that have a union as a base
type, and type variables with union upper bounds:

```toml
[environment]
python-version = "3.12"
```

```py
from typing import NewType

type MaybeList = list[int] | None
FloatNT = NewType("FloatNT", float)

def g(x: MaybeList, y: FloatNT):
    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `index` is not defined on `None` in union `MaybeList`"
    x.index
    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `hex` is not defined on `int` in union `FloatNT`"
    y.hex

def h[T: list[int] | None](x: T):
    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Attribute `append` is not defined on `None` in union `list[int] | None`"
    x.append
```

## Inherited class attributes

### Basic

```py
class A:
    X = "foo"

class B(A): ...
class C(B): ...

reveal_type(C.X)  # revealed: str

C.X = "bar"
```

### Multiple inheritance

```py
from ty_extensions._internal import reveal_mro

class O: ...

class F(O):
    X = 56

class E(O):
    X = 42

class D(O): ...
class C(D, F): ...
class B(E, D): ...
class A(B, C): ...

# revealed: (<class 'A'>, <class 'B'>, <class 'E'>, <class 'C'>, <class 'D'>, <class 'F'>, <class 'O'>, <class 'object'>)
reveal_mro(A)

# `E` is earlier in the MRO than `F`, so we should use the type of `E.X`
reveal_type(A.X)  # revealed: int

A.X = 100
```

## Intersections of attributes

### Attribute only available on one element

```py
from ty_extensions import Intersection

class A:
    x: int = 1

class B: ...

def _(a_and_b: Intersection[A, B]):
    reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: int

    a_and_b.x = 2

# Same for class objects
def _(a_and_b: Intersection[type[A], type[B]]):
    reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: int

    a_and_b.x = 2
```

### Attribute available on both elements

```py
from ty_extensions import Intersection

class P: ...
class Q: ...
class R(P, Q): ...

class A:
    x: P = P()

class B:
    x: Q = Q()

def _(a_and_b: Intersection[A, B]):
    reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P & Q
    a_and_b.x = R()

# Same for class objects
def _(a_and_b: Intersection[type[A], type[B]]):
    reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P & Q
    a_and_b.x = R()
```

### Method binding uses the full intersection type

For `Intersection[A, B]`, member lookup searches `A` and `B` separately to find the method. Once
found, however, `Self` must be bound using the full `A & B` receiver.

```py
from typing_extensions import Self
from ty_extensions import Intersection

class A:
    def method(self) -> Self:
        return self

class B: ...

def _(a_and_b: Intersection[A, B]):
    reveal_type(a_and_b.method())  # revealed: A & B
```

### Descriptor binding uses the full intersection type

Descriptors found while searching the individual elements of an intersection must also be bound
using the full intersection as the receiver.

```py
from typing import TypeVar
from ty_extensions import Intersection

T = TypeVar(name="T")

class Descriptor:
    def __get__(self, instance: T, owner: type | None = None, /) -> T:
        return instance

class A:
    desc = Descriptor()

class B: ...

def _(a_and_b: Intersection[A, B]):
    reveal_type(a_and_b.desc)  # revealed: A & B
```

### Negation types

Make sure that attributes accessible on `object` are also accessible on a negation type like `~P`,
which is equivalent to `object & ~P`:

```py
class P: ...

def _(obj: object):
    if not isinstance(obj, P):
        reveal_type(obj)  # revealed: ~P

        reveal_type(obj.__dict__)  # revealed: dict[str, Any]
```

### Possible unboundness

```py
from ty_extensions import Intersection

class P: ...
class Q: ...
class R(P, Q): ...

def _(flag: bool):
    class A1:
        if flag:
            x: P = P()

    class B1: ...

    def inner1(a_and_b: Intersection[A1, B1]):
        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P

        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        a_and_b.x = R()
    # Same for class objects
    def inner1_class(a_and_b: Intersection[type[A1], type[B1]]):
        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P

        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        a_and_b.x = R()

    class A2:
        if flag:
            x: P = P()

    class B1:
        x: Q = Q()

    def inner2(a_and_b: Intersection[A2, B1]):
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P & Q

        # TODO: this should not be an error, we need better intersection
        # handling in `validate_attribute_assignment` for this
        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        a_and_b.x = R()
    # Same for class objects
    def inner2_class(a_and_b: Intersection[type[A2], type[B1]]):
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P & Q

    class A3:
        if flag:
            x: P = P()

    class B3:
        if flag:
            x: Q = Q()

    def inner3(a_and_b: Intersection[A3, B3]):
        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P & Q

        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        a_and_b.x = R()
    # Same for class objects
    def inner3_class(a_and_b: Intersection[type[A3], type[B3]]):
        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P & Q

        # error: [possibly-missing-attribute]
        a_and_b.x = R()

    class A4: ...
    class B4: ...

    def inner4(a_and_b: Intersection[A4, B4]):
        # error: [unresolved-attribute]
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: Unknown

        # error: [invalid-assignment]
        a_and_b.x = R()
    # Same for class objects
    def inner4_class(a_and_b: Intersection[type[A4], type[B4]]):
        # error: [unresolved-attribute]
        reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: Unknown

        # error: [invalid-assignment]
        a_and_b.x = R()
```

### Intersection of implicit instance attributes

```py
from ty_extensions import Intersection

class P: ...
class Q: ...

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x: P = P()

class B:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x: Q = Q()

def _(a_and_b: Intersection[A, B]):
    reveal_type(a_and_b.x)  # revealed: P & Q
```

## Attribute access on `Any`

The union of the set of types that `Any` could materialise to is equivalent to `object`. It follows
from this that attribute access on `Any` resolves to `Any` if the attribute does not exist on
`object` -- but if the attribute *does* exist on `object`, the type of the attribute is
`<type as it exists on object> & Any`.

```py
from typing import Any

class Foo(Any): ...

reveal_type(Foo.bar)  # revealed: Any
reveal_type(Foo.__repr__)  # revealed: (def __repr__(self) -> str) & Any
```

Similar principles apply if `Any` appears in the middle of an inheritance hierarchy:

```py
from typing import ClassVar, Literal
from ty_extensions._internal import reveal_mro

class A:
    x: ClassVar[Literal[1]] = 1

class B(Any): ...
class C(B, A): ...

reveal_mro(C)  # revealed: (<class 'C'>, <class 'B'>, Any, <class 'A'>, <class 'object'>)
reveal_type(C.x)  # revealed: Literal[1] & Any
```

## Classes with custom `__getattr__` methods

### Basic

If a type provides a custom `__getattr__` method, we use the return type of that method as the type
for unknown attributes. Consider the following `CustomGetAttr` class:

```py
from typing import Literal

def flag() -> bool:
    return True

class GetAttrReturnType: ...

class CustomGetAttr:
    class_attr: int = 1

    if flag():
        possibly_unbound: bytes = b"a"

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.instance_attr: str = "a"

    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> GetAttrReturnType:
        return GetAttrReturnType()
```

We can access arbitrary attributes on instances of this class, and the type of the attribute will be
`GetAttrReturnType`:

```py
c = CustomGetAttr()

reveal_type(c.whatever)  # revealed: GetAttrReturnType
```

If an attribute is defined on the class, it takes precedence over the `__getattr__` method:

```py
reveal_type(c.class_attr)  # revealed: int
```

If the class attribute is possibly missing, we union the type of the attribute with the fallback
type of the `__getattr__` method:

```py
reveal_type(c.possibly_unbound)  # revealed: bytes | GetAttrReturnType
```

Instance attributes also take precedence over the `__getattr__` method:

```py
# Note: we could attempt to union with the fallback type of `__getattr__` here, as we currently do not
# attempt to determine if instance attributes are always bound or not. Neither mypy nor pyright do this,
# so it's not a priority.
reveal_type(c.instance_attr)  # revealed: str
```

Importantly, `__getattr__` is only called if attributes are accessed on instances, not if they are
accessed on the class itself:

```py
# error: [unresolved-attribute]
CustomGetAttr.whatever
```

### Type of the `name` parameter

If the `name` parameter of the `__getattr__` method is annotated with a (union of) literal type(s),
we only consider the attribute access to be valid if the accessed attribute is one of them:

```py
from typing import Literal

class Date:
    def __getattr__(self, name: Literal["day", "month", "year"]) -> int:
        return 0

date = Date()

reveal_type(date.day)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(date.month)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(date.year)  # revealed: int

# error: [unresolved-attribute] "Object of type `Date` has no attribute `century`"
reveal_type(date.century)  # revealed: Unknown
```

### `argparse.Namespace`

A standard library example of a class with a custom `__getattr__` method is `argparse.Namespace`:

```py
import argparse

def _(ns: argparse.Namespace):
    reveal_type(ns.whatever)  # revealed: Any
```

## Classes with custom `__getattribute__` methods

If a type provides a custom `__getattribute__`, we use its return type as the type for unknown
attributes. Note that this behavior differs from runtime, where `__getattribute__` is called
unconditionally, even for known attributes. The rationale for doing this is that it allows users to
specify more precise types for specific attributes, such as `x: str` in the example below. This
behavior matches other type checkers such as mypy and pyright.

```py
from typing import Any

class Foo:
    x: str
    def __getattribute__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
        return 42

reveal_type(Foo().x)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(Foo().y)  # revealed: Any
```

A standard library example for a class with a custom `__getattribute__` method is `SimpleNamespace`:

```py
from types import SimpleNamespace

sn = SimpleNamespace(a="a")

reveal_type(sn.a)  # revealed: Any
```

`__getattribute__` takes precedence over `__getattr__`:

```py
class C:
    def __getattribute__(self, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> str:
        return "a"

c = C()

reveal_type(c.x)  # revealed: int
```

Like all dunder methods, `__getattribute__` is not looked up on instances:

```py
def external_getattribute(name) -> int:
    return 1

class ThisFails:
    def __init__(self):
        # error: [invalid-assignment]
        self.__getattribute__ = external_getattribute

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
ThisFails().x
```

## Metaclasses with custom `__getattr__` methods

A class is an instance of its metaclass. When attribute lookup on a class fails, Python falls back
to `type(cls).__getattr__`, the metaclass's `__getattr__` method. This is analogous to how instance
attribute access falls back to the class's `__getattr__`.

### Basic

```py
class Meta(type):
    def __getattr__(cls, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

class Foo(metaclass=Meta): ...

reveal_type(Foo.whatever)  # revealed: int
```

### Class attributes take precedence

If the class defines the attribute directly, it takes precedence over the metaclass `__getattr__`:

```py
class Meta(type):
    def __getattr__(cls, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

class Foo(metaclass=Meta):
    x: str = "hello"

reveal_type(Foo.x)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(Foo.unknown)  # revealed: int
```

### Instance `__getattr__` is separate

A `__getattr__` defined on the class itself applies to instance attribute access, not class
attribute access. A `__getattr__` on the metaclass applies to class attribute access:

```py
class Meta(type):
    def __getattr__(cls, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

class Foo(metaclass=Meta):
    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> str:
        return "a"

# Class access uses the metaclass __getattr__
reveal_type(Foo.unknown)  # revealed: int

# Instance access uses the class __getattr__
reveal_type(Foo().unknown)  # revealed: str
```

### Possibly unbound class attributes

If a class attribute is possibly unbound, the type is unioned with the metaclass `__getattr__`
return type:

```py
def flag() -> bool:
    return True

class Meta(type):
    def __getattr__(cls, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

class Foo(metaclass=Meta):
    if flag():
        maybe: str = "hello"

reveal_type(Foo.maybe)  # revealed: str | int
```

### Inherited from a base metaclass

`__getattr__` defined on a base metaclass is found via the metaclass MRO:

```py
class BaseMeta(type):
    def __getattr__(cls, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

class Meta(BaseMeta): ...
class Foo(metaclass=Meta): ...

reveal_type(Foo.whatever)  # revealed: int
```

## Metaclasses with custom `__getattribute__` methods

If a metaclass provides a custom `__getattribute__`, we use its return type for unknown attributes
on the class. Known class attributes still take precedence, matching the behavior of type checkers
like mypy and pyright.

### Basic

```py
class Meta(type):
    def __getattribute__(cls, name: str, /) -> int:
        return 1

class Foo(metaclass=Meta): ...

reveal_type(Foo.whatever)  # revealed: int
```

### Class attributes take precedence

```py
class Meta(type):
    def __getattribute__(cls, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

class Foo(metaclass=Meta):
    x: str = "hello"

reveal_type(Foo.x)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(Foo.unknown)  # revealed: int
```

### `__getattribute__` takes precedence over `__getattr__`

```py
class Meta(type):
    def __getattribute__(cls, name: str) -> int:
        return 1

    def __getattr__(cls, name: str) -> str:
        return "a"

class Foo(metaclass=Meta): ...

reveal_type(Foo.x)  # revealed: int
```

## Classes with custom `__setattr__` methods

### Basic

If a type provides a custom `__setattr__` method, we use the parameter type of that method as the
type to validate attribute assignments. Consider the following `CustomSetAttr` class:

```py
class CustomSetAttr:
    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: int) -> None:
        pass
```

We can set arbitrary attributes on instances of this class:

```py
c = CustomSetAttr()

c.whatever = 42
```

### Type of the `name` parameter

If the `name` parameter of the `__setattr__` method is annotated with a (union of) literal type(s),
we only consider the attribute assignment to be valid if the assigned attribute is one of them:

```py
from typing import Literal

class Date:
    # error: [invalid-method-override]
    def __setattr__(self, name: Literal["day", "month", "year"], value: int) -> None:
        pass

date = Date()
date.day = 8
date.month = 4
date.year = 2025

# error: [unresolved-attribute] "Cannot assign object of type `Literal["UTC"]` to attribute `tz` on type `Date` with custom `__setattr__` method."
date.tz = "UTC"
```

### Return type of `__setattr__`

If the return type of the `__setattr__` method is `Never`, we do not allow any attribute assignments
on instances of that class:

```py
from typing_extensions import Never

class Frozen:
    existing: int = 1

    def __setattr__(self, name, value) -> Never:
        raise AttributeError("Attributes cannot be modified")

instance = Frozen()
instance.non_existing = 2  # error: [invalid-assignment] "Cannot assign to unresolved attribute `non_existing` on type `Frozen`"
instance.existing = 2  # error: [invalid-assignment] "Cannot assign to attribute `existing` on type `Frozen` whose `__setattr__` method returns `Never`/`NoReturn`"
```

### `__setattr__` on `object`

`object` has a custom `__setattr__` implementation, but we still emit an error if a non-existing
attribute is assigned on an `object` instance.

```py
obj = object()
obj.non_existing = 1  # error: [unresolved-attribute]
```

### Setting attributes on `Never` / `Any`

Setting attributes on `Never` itself should be allowed (even though it has a `__setattr__` attribute
of type `Never`):

```py
from typing_extensions import Never, Any

def _(never: Never):
    reveal_type(never.__setattr__)  # revealed: Never

def _(never: Never):
    # No error:
    never.non_existing = 1
```

And similarly for `Any`:

```py
def _(a: Any):
    reveal_type(a.__setattr__)  # revealed: Any

    # No error:
    a.non_existing = 1
```

### Possibly unbound `__setattr__` method

If a `__setattr__` method is only partially bound, the behavior is still the same:

```py
from typing_extensions import Never

def flag() -> bool:
    return True

class Frozen:
    if flag():
        def __setattr__(self, name, value) -> Never:
            raise AttributeError("Attributes cannot be modified")

instance = Frozen()
instance.non_existing = 2  # error: [invalid-assignment]
instance.existing = 2  # error: [invalid-assignment]
```

### `argparse.Namespace`

A standard library example of a class with a custom `__setattr__` method is `argparse.Namespace`:

```py
import argparse

def _(ns: argparse.Namespace):
    ns.whatever = 42
```

### `__setattr__` is a fallback for explicitly defined attributes

When a class has both a custom `__setattr__` method and explicitly defined attributes, the
`__setattr__` method is treated as a fallback. The type of the explicit attribute takes precedence
over the `__setattr__` parameter type.

This matches the behavior of other type checkers and reflects the common pattern in libraries like
PyTorch, where `__setattr__` may have a narrow type signature but forwards to
`super().__setattr__()` for attributes that don't match.

```py
from typing import Union

class Tensor: ...

class Module:
    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Union[Tensor, "Module"]) -> None:
        super().__setattr__(name, value)

class MyModule(Module):
    some_param: int  # Explicit attribute with type `int`

def use_module(m: MyModule, param: int) -> None:
    # This is allowed because `some_param` is explicitly defined with type `int`,
    # even though `__setattr__` only accepts `Union[Tensor, Module]`.
    m.some_param = param

    # But assigning to an attribute that's not explicitly defined will still
    # use `__setattr__` for validation.
    # error: [unresolved-attribute] "Cannot assign object of type `int` to attribute `undefined_param` on type `MyModule` with custom `__setattr__` method."
    m.undefined_param = param
```

### `__setattr__` returning `Never` blocks all assignments

When `__setattr__` returns `Never` (indicating an immutable class), all attribute assignments are
blocked, even if the value type doesn't match `__setattr__`'s parameter type.

```py
from typing import NoReturn

class Immutable:
    x: float

    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: int) -> NoReturn:
        raise AttributeError("Immutable")

def _(obj: Immutable) -> None:
    # Even though `"foo"` doesn't match `__setattr__`'s `value: int` parameter,
    # we still detect that `__setattr__` returns `Never` and block the assignment.
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Cannot assign to attribute `x` on type `Immutable` whose `__setattr__` method returns `Never`/`NoReturn`"
    obj.x = "foo"

    # Same for assignments that would match `__setattr__`'s parameter type.
    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Cannot assign to attribute `x` on type `Immutable` whose `__setattr__` method returns `Never`/`NoReturn`"
    obj.x = 42
```

## Objects of all types have a `__class__` method

The type of `x.__class__` is the same as `x`'s meta-type. `x.__class__` is always the same value as
`type(x)`.

```py
import typing_extensions

reveal_type(typing_extensions.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'ModuleType'>
reveal_type(type(typing_extensions))  # revealed: <class 'ModuleType'>

a = 42
reveal_type(a.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'int'>
reveal_type(type(a))  # revealed: <class 'int'>

b = "42"
reveal_type(b.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'str'>

c = b"42"
reveal_type(c.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'bytes'>

d = True
reveal_type(d.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'bool'>

e = (42, 42)
reveal_type(e.__class__)  # revealed: type[tuple[Literal[42], Literal[42]]]

def f(a: int, b: typing_extensions.LiteralString, c: int | str, d: type[str]):
    reveal_type(a.__class__)  # revealed: type[int]
    reveal_type(type(a))  # revealed: type[int]

    reveal_type(b.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'str'>
    reveal_type(type(b))  # revealed: <class 'str'>

    reveal_type(c.__class__)  # revealed: type[int | str]
    reveal_type(type(c))  # revealed: type[int | str]

    # `type[type]`, a.k.a., either the class `type` or some subclass of `type`.
    # It would be incorrect to infer `Literal[type]` here,
    # as `c` could be some subclass of `str` with a custom metaclass.
    # All we know is that the metaclass must be a (non-strict) subclass of `type`.
    reveal_type(d.__class__)  # revealed: type[type]

reveal_type(f.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'FunctionType'>

class Foo: ...

reveal_type(Foo.__class__)  # revealed: <class 'type'>
```

## Module attributes

### Basic

`mod.py`:

```py
global_symbol: str = "a"
```

```py
import mod

reveal_type(mod.global_symbol)  # revealed: str
mod.global_symbol = "b"

# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to attribute `global_symbol` of type `str`"
mod.global_symbol = 1

# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to attribute `global_symbol` of type `str`"
_, mod.global_symbol = (..., 1)

# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[2]` is not assignable to attribute `global_symbol` of type `str`"
[_, mod.global_symbol] = [
    1,
    2,
]

# error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `int` is not assignable to attribute `global_symbol` of type `str`"
for mod.global_symbol in range(3):
    pass
```

### Nested module attributes

`outer/__init__.py`:

```py
```

`outer/nested/__init__.py`:

```py
```

`outer/nested/inner.py`:

```py
class Outer:
    class Nested:
        class Inner:
            attr: int = 1
```

```py
import outer.nested.inner

reveal_type(outer.nested.inner.Outer.Nested.Inner.attr)  # revealed: int

# error: [invalid-assignment]
outer.nested.inner.Outer.Nested.Inner.attr = "a"
```

### Unions of module attributes

`mod1.py`:

```py
global_symbol: str = "a"
```

`mod2.py`:

```py
global_symbol: str = "a"
```

```py
import mod1
import mod2

def _(flag: bool):
    if flag:
        mod = mod1
    else:
        mod = mod2

    mod.global_symbol = "b"

    # error: [invalid-assignment] "Object of type `Literal[1]` is not assignable to attribute `global_symbol` on type `<module 'mod1'> | <module 'mod2'>`"
    mod.global_symbol = 1
```

## Literal types

### Function-literal attributes

Most attribute accesses on function-literal types are delegated to `types.FunctionType`, since all
functions are instances of that class:

```py
def f(): ...

reveal_type(f.__defaults__)  # revealed: tuple[Any, ...] | None
reveal_type(f.__kwdefaults__)  # revealed: dict[str, Any] | None
```

Some attributes are special-cased, however:

```py
import types
from ty_extensions import static_assert
from ty_extensions._internal import TypeOf, is_subtype_of

reveal_type(f.__get__)  # revealed: <method-wrapper '__get__' of function 'f'>
reveal_type(f.__call__)  # revealed: <method-wrapper '__call__' of function 'f'>
static_assert(is_subtype_of(TypeOf[f.__get__], types.MethodWrapperType))
static_assert(is_subtype_of(TypeOf[f.__call__], types.MethodWrapperType))
```

### Int-literal attributes

Most attribute accesses on int-literal types are delegated to `builtins.int`, since all literal
integers are instances of that class:

```py
reveal_type((2).bit_length)  # revealed: bound method Literal[2].bit_length() -> int
reveal_type((2).denominator)  # revealed: Literal[1]
```

Some attributes are special-cased, however:

```py
reveal_type((2).numerator)  # revealed: Literal[2]
reveal_type((2).real)  # revealed: Literal[2]
```

### Bool-literal attributes

Most attribute accesses on bool-literal types are delegated to `builtins.bool`, since all literal
bools are instances of that class:

```py
# revealed: Overload[(value: bool, /) -> bool, (value: int, /) -> int]
reveal_type(True.__and__)
# revealed: Overload[(value: bool, /) -> bool, (value: int, /) -> int]
reveal_type(False.__or__)
```

Some attributes are special-cased, however:

```py
reveal_type(True.numerator)  # revealed: Literal[1]
reveal_type(False.real)  # revealed: Literal[0]
```

### Bytes-literal attributes

All attribute access on literal `bytes` types is currently delegated to `builtins.bytes`:

```py
# revealed: bound method Literal[b"foo"].join(iterable_of_bytes: Iterable[Buffer], /) -> bytes
reveal_type(b"foo".join)
# revealed: bound method Literal[b"foo"].endswith(suffix: Buffer | tuple[Buffer, ...], start: SupportsIndex | None = None, end: SupportsIndex | None = None, /) -> bool
reveal_type(b"foo".endswith)
```

## Instance attribute edge cases

### Assignment to attribute that does not correspond to the instance

```py
class Other:
    x: int = 1

class C:
    def __init__(self, other: Other) -> None:
        other.x = 1

def f(c: C):
    # error: [unresolved-attribute]
    reveal_type(c.x)  # revealed: Unknown
```

### Nested classes

```py
class Outer:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x: int = 1

    class Middle:
        # has no 'x' attribute

        class Inner:
            def __init__(self):
                self.x: str = "a"

reveal_type(Outer().x)  # revealed: int

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
Outer.Middle().x

reveal_type(Outer.Middle.Inner().x)  # revealed: str
```

### Shadowing of `self`

```py
class Other:
    x: int = 1

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        # Redeclaration of self. `self` does not refer to the instance anymore.
        self: Other = Other()
        self.x: int = 1

# TODO: this should be an error
C().x
```

### Walrus reassignment of `self`

```py
class Other:
    x: int = 1

class C:
    def __init__(self, other: Other) -> None:
        (self := other).x = 1

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C(Other()).x)  # revealed: Unknown
```

### Assignment to `self` after nested function

```py
class Other:
    x: str = "a"

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        def nested_function(self: Other):
            self.x = "b"
        self.x: int = 1

reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int
```

### Assignment to `self` from nested function

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        def set_attribute(value: str):
            self.x: str = value
        set_attribute("a")

# TODO: ideally, this would be `str`. Mypy supports this, pyright does not.
# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: Unknown
```

### Non-receiver annotated assignments from nested functions

```py
class Other:
    x: str

receiver = Other()

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        def set_shadowed(self: Other, value: str) -> None:
            # error: [invalid-type-form]
            self.x: str = value

    @staticmethod
    def set_static(self: Other) -> None:
        def nested(value: str) -> None:
            # error: [invalid-type-form]
            self.x: str = value

    def set_global(receiver) -> None:
        def nested(value: str) -> None:
            global receiver
            # error: [invalid-type-form]
            receiver.x: str = value
```

### Accessing attributes on `Never`

Arbitrary attributes can be accessed on `Never` without emitting any errors:

```py
from typing_extensions import Never

def f(never: Never):
    reveal_type(never.arbitrary_attribute)  # revealed: Never

    # Assigning `Never` to an attribute on `Never` is also allowed:
    never.another_attribute = never
```

### Cyclic implicit attributes

Inferring types for undeclared implicit attributes can be cyclic:

```py
class C:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1

    def copy(self, other: "C"):
        self.x = other.x

reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int
```

If the only assignment to a name is cyclic, we infer `Divergent` for that attribute:

```py
class D:
    def copy(self, other: "D"):
        self.x = other.x

reveal_type(D().x)  # revealed: Divergent
```

If there is an annotation for a name, we don't try to infer any type from the RHS of assignments to
that name, so these cases don't trigger any cycle:

```py
class E:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x: int = 1

    def copy(self, other: "E"):
        self.x = other.x

reveal_type(E().x)  # revealed: int

class F:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1

    def copy(self, other: "F"):
        self.x: int = other.x

reveal_type(F().x)  # revealed: int

class G:
    def copy(self, other: "G"):
        self.x: int = other.x

reveal_type(G().x)  # revealed: int
```

We can even handle cycles involving multiple classes:

```py
class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1

    def copy(self, other: "B"):
        self.x = other.x

class B:
    def copy(self, other: "A"):
        self.x = other.x

reveal_type(B().x)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(A().x)  # revealed: int

class Base:
    def flip(self) -> "Sub":
        return Sub()

class Sub(Base):
    # error: [invalid-method-override]
    def flip(self) -> "Base":
        return Base()

class C2:
    def __init__(self, x: Sub):
        self.x = x

    def replace_with(self, other: "C2"):
        self.x = other.x.flip()

reveal_type(C2(Sub()).x)  # revealed: Base

class C3:
    def __init__(self, x: Sub):
        self.x = [x]

    def replace_with(self, other: "C3"):
        self.x = [self.x[0].flip()]

# TODO: should be `list[Sub] | list[Base]`
reveal_type(C3(Sub()).x)  # revealed: list[Sub] | list[Divergent]
```

And cycles between many attributes:

```py
class ManyCycles:
    def __init__(self: "ManyCycles"):
        self.x1 = 0
        self.x2 = 0
        self.x3 = 0
        self.x4 = 0
        self.x5 = 0
        self.x6 = 0
        self.x7 = 1

    def f1(self: "ManyCycles"):
        self.x1 = self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x2 = self.x1 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x3 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x4 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x5 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x6 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x7
        self.x7 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6

    def f2(self: "ManyCycles"):
        self.x1 = self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x2 = self.x1 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x3 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x4 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x5 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x6 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x7
        self.x7 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6

    def f3(self: "ManyCycles"):
        self.x1 = self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x2 = self.x1 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x3 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x4 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x5 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x5 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x6 + self.x7
        self.x6 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x7
        self.x7 = self.x1 + self.x2 + self.x3 + self.x4 + self.x5 + self.x6

        reveal_type(self.x1)  # revealed: int
        reveal_type(self.x2)  # revealed: int
        reveal_type(self.x3)  # revealed: int
        reveal_type(self.x4)  # revealed: int
        reveal_type(self.x5)  # revealed: int
        reveal_type(self.x6)  # revealed: int
        reveal_type(self.x7)  # revealed: int

class ManyCycles2:
    def __init__(self: "ManyCycles2"):
        self.x1 = [0]
        self.x2 = [1]
        self.x3 = [1]

    def f1(self: "ManyCycles2"):
        reveal_type(self.x3)  # revealed: list[int] | list[Divergent] | Unknown | list[Unknown]

        self.x1 = [self.x2] + [self.x3]
        self.x2 = [self.x1] + [self.x3]
        self.x3 = [self.x1] + [self.x2]

    def f2(self: "ManyCycles2"):
        self.x1 = self.x2 + self.x3
        self.x2 = self.x1 + self.x3
        self.x3 = self.x1 + self.x2

    def f3(self: "ManyCycles2"):
        self.x1 = self.x2 + self.x3
        self.x2 = self.x1 + self.x3
        self.x3 = self.x1 + self.x2
```

This case additionally tests our union/intersection simplification logic:

```py
class H:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1

    def copy(self, other: "H"):
        self.x = other.x or self.x
```

An attribute definition can be guarded by a condition involving that attribute. This is a regression
test for <https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/692>:

```py
from typing import Literal

def check(x) -> Literal[False]:
    return False

class Toggle:
    def __init__(self: "Toggle"):
        if not self.x:
            self.x: Literal[True] = True
        if check(self.y):
            self.y = True

# Literal[True] or undefined
reveal_type(Toggle().x)  # revealed: Unknown | Literal[True]
reveal_type(Toggle().y)  # revealed: bool
```

Make sure that the growing union of literals `Literal[0, 1, 2, ...]` collapses to `int` during
fixpoint iteration. This is a regression test for <https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/660>.

```py
class Counter:
    def __init__(self: "Counter"):
        self.count = 0

    def increment(self: "Counter"):
        self.count = self.count + 1

reveal_type(Counter().count)  # revealed: int
```

We also handle infinitely nested generics:

```py
class NestedLists:
    def __init__(self: "NestedLists"):
        self.x = 1

    def f(self: "NestedLists"):
        self.x = [self.x]

reveal_type(NestedLists().x)  # revealed: int | list[Divergent]

class NestedMixed:
    def f(self: "NestedMixed"):
        self.x = [self.x]

    def g(self: "NestedMixed"):
        self.x = {self.x}

reveal_type(NestedMixed().x)  # revealed: list[Divergent] | set[Divergent]
```

And cases where the types originate from annotations:

```py
from typing import TypeVar

T = TypeVar("T")

def make_list(value: T) -> list[T]:
    return [value]

class NestedLists2:
    def f(self: "NestedLists2"):
        self.x = make_list(self.x)

reveal_type(NestedLists2().x)  # revealed: list[Divergent]
```

During fixpoint iteration, overloads may fail to resolve correctly and be treated as `Unknown`. Even
in this case, `Divergent` is propagated, guaranteeing the convergence of type inference. Here is the
regression test for this scenario (<https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/3614>):

```py
from typing import Any

class NestedListsConcat:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = [0]
        self.y = [0]

    def f(self, y: list[Any]):
        # The overload that fails to resolve is `list.__add__` in both of these cases.
        self.x = [self.x] + []
        self.y = [self.y].__add__(y)

reveal_type(NestedListsConcat().x)  # revealed: list[int] | list[Divergent] | Unknown
reveal_type(NestedListsConcat().y)  # revealed: list[int] | list[Divergent] | Unknown
```

### Builtin types attributes

This test can probably be removed eventually, but we currently include it because we do not yet
understand generic bases and protocols, and we want to make sure that we can still use builtin types
in our tests in the meantime. See the corresponding TODO in `Type::static_member` for more
information.

```py
class C:
    a_int: int = 1
    a_str: str = "a"
    a_bytes: bytes = b"a"
    a_bool: bool = True
    a_float: float = 1.0
    a_complex: complex = 1 + 1j
    a_tuple: tuple[int] = (1,)
    a_range: range = range(1)
    a_slice: slice = slice(1)
    a_type: type = int
    a_none: None = None

reveal_type(C.a_int)  # revealed: int
reveal_type(C.a_str)  # revealed: str
reveal_type(C.a_bytes)  # revealed: bytes
reveal_type(C.a_bool)  # revealed: bool
reveal_type(C.a_float)  # revealed: int | float
reveal_type(C.a_complex)  # revealed: int | float | complex
reveal_type(C.a_tuple)  # revealed: tuple[int]
reveal_type(C.a_range)  # revealed: range
# TODO: revealed: slice[Any, Literal[1], Any]
reveal_type(C.a_slice)  # revealed: slice[Any, Any, Any]
reveal_type(C.a_type)  # revealed: type
reveal_type(C.a_none)  # revealed: None
```

### Generic methods

We also detect implicit instance attributes on methods that are themselves generic. We have an extra
test for this because generic functions have an extra type-params scope in between the function body
scope and the outer scope, so we need to make sure that our implementation can still recognize `f`
as a method of `C` here:

```toml
[environment]
python-version = "3.12"
```

```py
class C:
    def f[T](self, t: T) -> T:
        self.x: int = 1
        return t

reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int
```

### Attributes defined in methods with unknown decorators

When an attribute is defined in a method that is decorated with an unknown decorator, the method is
treated as a regular instance method. The attribute is accessible on instances but not on the class
itself. We don't assume that an unknown decorator might be an alias for `@classmethod`, because that
would cause the attribute to pollute class-level lookups and potentially override instance-level
declarations.

```py
# error: [unresolved-import]
from unknown_library import unknown_decorator

class C:
    @unknown_decorator
    def f(self):
        self.x: int = 1

# error: [unresolved-attribute]
reveal_type(C.x)  # revealed: Unknown
reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: int

class D:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x: int = 1

    @unknown_decorator
    def f(self):
        self.x = 2

reveal_type(D().x)  # revealed: int
```

### Attributes declared in `__init__` but also assigned in a decorated method

When an attribute is declared with a type annotation in `__init__`, and then assigned (without
annotation) in a method decorated with a known decorator like `@cache`, we should respect the
declared type from `__init__`. The decorated method's assignment should not cause the type to
include `Unknown`.

```py
from functools import cache

class C:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.x: int = 0

    @cache
    def method(self) -> None:
        self.x = 1

def f(c: C) -> None:
    reveal_type(c.x)  # revealed: int
```

### Attributes defined in a property

Instance attributes can be defined in a `@property` getter. Properties are still instance methods
that take `self`, so attribute assignments in them should be recognized.

```py
class C:
    @property
    def prop(self) -> int:
        self.x: int = 1
        return self.x

def f(c: C) -> None:
    reveal_type(c.x)  # revealed: int
```

## Enum classes

```py
import enum

reveal_type(enum.Enum.__members__)  # revealed: MappingProxyType[str, Enum]

class Answer(enum.Enum):
    NO = 0
    YES = 1

reveal_type(Answer.NO)  # revealed: Literal[Answer.NO]
reveal_type(Answer.NO.value)  # revealed: Literal[0]
reveal_type(Answer.__members__)  # revealed: MappingProxyType[str, Answer]
```

## Divergent inferred implicit instance attribute types

If an implicit attribute is defined recursively and type inference diverges, the divergent part is
filled in with the dynamic type `Divergent`. Types containing `Divergent` can be seen as "cheap"
recursive types: they are not true recursive types based on recursive type theory, so no unfolding
is performed when you use them.

```py
class C:
    def f(self, other: "C"):
        self.x = (other.x, 1)

reveal_type(C().x)  # revealed: tuple[Divergent, int]
reveal_type(C().x[0])  # revealed: Divergent
```

This also works if the tuple is not constructed directly:

```py
from typing import TypeVar, Literal

T = TypeVar("T")

def make_tuple(x: T) -> tuple[T, Literal[1]]:
    return (x, 1)

class D:
    def f(self, other: "D"):
        self.x = make_tuple(other.x)

reveal_type(D().x)  # revealed: tuple[Divergent, Literal[1]]
```

The tuple type may also expand exponentially "in breadth":

```py
def duplicate(x: T) -> tuple[T, T]:
    return (x, x)

class E:
    def f(self: "E"):
        self.x = duplicate(self.x)

reveal_type(E().x)  # revealed: tuple[Divergent, Divergent]
```

And it also works for homogeneous tuples:

```py
def make_homogeneous_tuple(x: T) -> tuple[T, ...]:
    return (x, x)

class F:
    def f(self, other: "F"):
        self.x = make_homogeneous_tuple(other.x)

reveal_type(F().x)  # revealed: tuple[Divergent, ...]
```

## Attributes of standard library modules that aren't yet defined

For attributes of stdlib modules that exist in future versions, we can give better diagnostics.

```toml
[environment]
python-version = "3.10"
```

`main.py`:

```py
import datetime

# snapshot: unresolved-attribute
reveal_type(datetime.UTC)  # revealed: Unknown
```

```snapshot
error[unresolved-attribute]: Module `datetime` has no member `UTC`
 --> src/main.py:4:13
  |
4 | reveal_type(datetime.UTC)  # revealed: Unknown
  |             ^^^^^^^^^^^^
  |
info: The member may be available on other Python versions or platforms
info: Python 3.10 was assumed when resolving the `UTC` attribute because it was specified on the command line
```

If an attribute doesn't exist at all, we still give the same error as before:

`wrong.py`:

```py
import datetime

# snapshot: unresolved-attribute
reveal_type(datetime.fakenotreal)  # revealed: Unknown
```

```snapshot
error[unresolved-attribute]: Module `datetime` has no member `fakenotreal`
 --> src/wrong.py:4:13
  |
4 | reveal_type(datetime.fakenotreal)  # revealed: Unknown
  |             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  |
```

## Unimported submodule incorrectly accessed as attribute

We give special diagnostics for this common case too:

`foo/__init__.py`:

```py
```

`foo/bar.py`:

```py
```

`baz/bar.py`:

```py
```

`foo_importer.py`:

```py
import foo

# snapshot: possibly-missing-submodule
reveal_type(foo.bar)  # revealed: Unknown
```

```snapshot
warning[possibly-missing-submodule]: Submodule `bar` might not have been imported
 --> src/foo_importer.py:4:13
  |
4 | reveal_type(foo.bar)  # revealed: Unknown
  |             ^^^^^^^
  |
help: Consider explicitly importing `foo.bar`
```

`baz_importer.py`:

```py
import baz

# snapshot: possibly-missing-submodule
reveal_type(baz.bar)  # revealed: Unknown
```

```snapshot
warning[possibly-missing-submodule]: Submodule `bar` might not have been imported
 --> src/baz_importer.py:4:13
  |
4 | reveal_type(baz.bar)  # revealed: Unknown
  |             ^^^^^^^
  |
help: Consider explicitly importing `baz.bar`
```

## Diagnostic for function attribute accessed on `Callable` type

We show a special help message here that explains that not all callables are functions.

```toml
[environment]
python-version = "3.14"
```

```py
from typing import Any, Callable

def f(x: Callable[..., Any]):
    x.__name__  # snapshot: unresolved-attribute
```

```snapshot
error[unresolved-attribute]: Object of type `(...) -> Any` has no attribute `__name__`
 --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:4:5
  |
4 |     x.__name__  # snapshot: unresolved-attribute
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^
  |
help: Function objects have a `__name__` attribute, but not all callable objects are functions
help: See this FAQ for more information: <https://docs.astral.sh/ty/reference/typing-faq/#why-does-ty-say-callable-has-no-attribute-__name__>
```

```py
def g(x: Callable[..., Any]):
    x.__annotate__  # snapshot: unresolved-attribute
```

```snapshot
error[unresolved-attribute]: Object of type `(...) -> Any` has no attribute `__annotate__`
 --> src/mdtest_snippet.py:6:5
  |
6 |     x.__annotate__  # snapshot: unresolved-attribute
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  |
help: Function objects have an `__annotate__` attribute, but not all callable objects are functions
help: See this FAQ for more information: <https://docs.astral.sh/ty/reference/typing-faq/#why-does-ty-say-callable-has-no-attribute-__name__>
```

## References

Some of the tests in the *Class and instance variables* section draw inspiration from
[pyright's documentation] on this topic.

[descriptor protocol tests]: descriptor_protocol.md
[pyright's documentation]: https://microsoft.github.io/pyright/#/type-concepts-advanced?id=class-and-instance-variables
[typing spec on `classvar`]: https://typing.python.org/en/latest/spec/class-compat.html#classvar
[`typing.classvar`]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.ClassVar
