Hot-keys on this page

r m x p   toggle line displays

j k   next/prev highlighted chunk

0   (zero) top of page

1   (one) first highlighted chunk

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812

813

814

815

816

817

818

819

820

821

822

823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

890

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

898

899

900

901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908

909

910

911

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

924

925

926

927

928

929

930

931

932

933

934

935

936

937

938

939

940

941

942

943

944

945

946

947

948

949

950

951

952

953

954

955

956

957

958

959

960

961

962

963

964

965

966

967

968

969

970

971

972

973

974

975

976

977

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

985

986

987

988

989

990

991

992

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008

1009

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020

1021

1022

1023

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1115

1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125

1126

1127

1128

1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

1147

1148

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

1180

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

1227

1228

1229

1230

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

1250

1251

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257

1258

1259

1260

1261

1262

1263

1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

1269

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304

1305

1306

1307

1308

1309

1310

1311

1312

1313

1314

1315

1316

1317

1318

1319

1320

1321

1322

1323

1324

1325

1326

1327

1328

1329

1330

1331

1332

1333

1334

1335

1336

1337

1338

1339

1340

1341

1342

r"""HTTP/1.1 client library 

 

<intro stuff goes here> 

<other stuff, too> 

 

HTTPConnection goes through a number of "states", which define when a client 

may legally make another request or fetch the response for a particular 

request. This diagram details these state transitions: 

 

    (null) 

      | 

      | HTTPConnection() 

      v 

    Idle 

      | 

      | putrequest() 

      v 

    Request-started 

      | 

      | ( putheader() )*  endheaders() 

      v 

    Request-sent 

      | 

      | response = getresponse() 

      v 

    Unread-response   [Response-headers-read] 

      |\____________________ 

      |                     | 

      | response.read()     | putrequest() 

      v                     v 

    Idle                  Req-started-unread-response 

                     ______/| 

                   /        | 

   response.read() |        | ( putheader() )*  endheaders() 

                   v        v 

       Request-started    Req-sent-unread-response 

                            | 

                            | response.read() 

                            v 

                          Request-sent 

 

This diagram presents the following rules: 

  -- a second request may not be started until {response-headers-read} 

  -- a response [object] cannot be retrieved until {request-sent} 

  -- there is no differentiation between an unread response body and a 

     partially read response body 

 

Note: this enforcement is applied by the HTTPConnection class. The 

      HTTPResponse class does not enforce this state machine, which 

      implies sophisticated clients may accelerate the request/response 

      pipeline. Caution should be taken, though: accelerating the states 

      beyond the above pattern may imply knowledge of the server's 

      connection-close behavior for certain requests. For example, it 

      is impossible to tell whether the server will close the connection 

      UNTIL the response headers have been read; this means that further 

      requests cannot be placed into the pipeline until it is known that 

      the server will NOT be closing the connection. 

 

Logical State                  __state            __response 

-------------                  -------            ---------- 

Idle                           _CS_IDLE           None 

Request-started                _CS_REQ_STARTED    None 

Request-sent                   _CS_REQ_SENT       None 

Unread-response                _CS_IDLE           <response_class> 

Req-started-unread-response    _CS_REQ_STARTED    <response_class> 

Req-sent-unread-response       _CS_REQ_SENT       <response_class> 

""" 

 

from array import array 

import os 

import socket 

from sys import py3kwarning 

from urlparse import urlsplit 

import warnings 

with warnings.catch_warnings(): 

    if py3kwarning: 

        warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", ".*mimetools has been removed", 

                                DeprecationWarning) 

    import mimetools 

 

try: 

    from cStringIO import StringIO 

except ImportError: 

    from StringIO import StringIO 

 

__all__ = ["HTTP", "HTTPResponse", "HTTPConnection", 

           "HTTPException", "NotConnected", "UnknownProtocol", 

           "UnknownTransferEncoding", "UnimplementedFileMode", 

           "IncompleteRead", "InvalidURL", "ImproperConnectionState", 

           "CannotSendRequest", "CannotSendHeader", "ResponseNotReady", 

           "BadStatusLine", "error", "responses"] 

 

HTTP_PORT = 80 

HTTPS_PORT = 443 

 

_UNKNOWN = 'UNKNOWN' 

 

# connection states 

_CS_IDLE = 'Idle' 

_CS_REQ_STARTED = 'Request-started' 

_CS_REQ_SENT = 'Request-sent' 

 

# status codes 

# informational 

CONTINUE = 100 

SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101 

PROCESSING = 102 

 

# successful 

OK = 200 

CREATED = 201 

ACCEPTED = 202 

NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203 

NO_CONTENT = 204 

RESET_CONTENT = 205 

PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206 

MULTI_STATUS = 207 

IM_USED = 226 

 

# redirection 

MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300 

MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301 

FOUND = 302 

SEE_OTHER = 303 

NOT_MODIFIED = 304 

USE_PROXY = 305 

TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307 

 

# client error 

BAD_REQUEST = 400 

UNAUTHORIZED = 401 

PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402 

FORBIDDEN = 403 

NOT_FOUND = 404 

METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405 

NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406 

PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407 

REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408 

CONFLICT = 409 

GONE = 410 

LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411 

PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412 

REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413 

REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414 

UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415 

REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416 

EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417 

UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY = 422 

LOCKED = 423 

FAILED_DEPENDENCY = 424 

UPGRADE_REQUIRED = 426 

 

# server error 

INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500 

NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501 

BAD_GATEWAY = 502 

SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503 

GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504 

HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505 

INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE = 507 

NOT_EXTENDED = 510 

 

# Mapping status codes to official W3C names 

responses = { 

    100: 'Continue', 

    101: 'Switching Protocols', 

 

    200: 'OK', 

    201: 'Created', 

    202: 'Accepted', 

    203: 'Non-Authoritative Information', 

    204: 'No Content', 

    205: 'Reset Content', 

    206: 'Partial Content', 

 

    300: 'Multiple Choices', 

    301: 'Moved Permanently', 

    302: 'Found', 

    303: 'See Other', 

    304: 'Not Modified', 

    305: 'Use Proxy', 

    306: '(Unused)', 

    307: 'Temporary Redirect', 

 

    400: 'Bad Request', 

    401: 'Unauthorized', 

    402: 'Payment Required', 

    403: 'Forbidden', 

    404: 'Not Found', 

    405: 'Method Not Allowed', 

    406: 'Not Acceptable', 

    407: 'Proxy Authentication Required', 

    408: 'Request Timeout', 

    409: 'Conflict', 

    410: 'Gone', 

    411: 'Length Required', 

    412: 'Precondition Failed', 

    413: 'Request Entity Too Large', 

    414: 'Request-URI Too Long', 

    415: 'Unsupported Media Type', 

    416: 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable', 

    417: 'Expectation Failed', 

 

    500: 'Internal Server Error', 

    501: 'Not Implemented', 

    502: 'Bad Gateway', 

    503: 'Service Unavailable', 

    504: 'Gateway Timeout', 

    505: 'HTTP Version Not Supported', 

} 

 

# maximal amount of data to read at one time in _safe_read 

MAXAMOUNT = 1048576 

 

# maximal line length when calling readline(). 

_MAXLINE = 65536 

 

class HTTPMessage(mimetools.Message): 

 

    def addheader(self, key, value): 

        """Add header for field key handling repeats.""" 

        prev = self.dict.get(key) 

        if prev is None: 

            self.dict[key] = value 

        else: 

            combined = ", ".join((prev, value)) 

            self.dict[key] = combined 

 

    def addcontinue(self, key, more): 

        """Add more field data from a continuation line.""" 

        prev = self.dict[key] 

        self.dict[key] = prev + "\n " + more 

 

    def readheaders(self): 

        """Read header lines. 

 

        Read header lines up to the entirely blank line that terminates them. 

        The (normally blank) line that ends the headers is skipped, but not 

        included in the returned list.  If a non-header line ends the headers, 

        (which is an error), an attempt is made to backspace over it; it is 

        never included in the returned list. 

 

        The variable self.status is set to the empty string if all went well, 

        otherwise it is an error message.  The variable self.headers is a 

        completely uninterpreted list of lines contained in the header (so 

        printing them will reproduce the header exactly as it appears in the 

        file). 

 

        If multiple header fields with the same name occur, they are combined 

        according to the rules in RFC 2616 sec 4.2: 

 

        Appending each subsequent field-value to the first, each separated 

        by a comma. The order in which header fields with the same field-name 

        are received is significant to the interpretation of the combined 

        field value. 

        """ 

        # XXX The implementation overrides the readheaders() method of 

        # rfc822.Message.  The base class design isn't amenable to 

        # customized behavior here so the method here is a copy of the 

        # base class code with a few small changes. 

 

        self.dict = {} 

        self.unixfrom = '' 

        self.headers = hlist = [] 

        self.status = '' 

        headerseen = "" 

        firstline = 1 

        startofline = unread = tell = None 

        if hasattr(self.fp, 'unread'): 

            unread = self.fp.unread 

        elif self.seekable: 

            tell = self.fp.tell 

        while True: 

            if tell: 

                try: 

                    startofline = tell() 

                except IOError: 

                    startofline = tell = None 

                    self.seekable = 0 

            line = self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) 

            if len(line) > _MAXLINE: 

                raise LineTooLong("header line") 

            if not line: 

                self.status = 'EOF in headers' 

                break 

            # Skip unix From name time lines 

            if firstline and line.startswith('From '): 

                self.unixfrom = self.unixfrom + line 

                continue 

            firstline = 0 

            if headerseen and line[0] in ' \t': 

                # XXX Not sure if continuation lines are handled properly 

                # for http and/or for repeating headers 

                # It's a continuation line. 

                hlist.append(line) 

                self.addcontinue(headerseen, line.strip()) 

                continue 

            elif self.iscomment(line): 

                # It's a comment.  Ignore it. 

                continue 

            elif self.islast(line): 

                # Note! No pushback here!  The delimiter line gets eaten. 

                break 

            headerseen = self.isheader(line) 

            if headerseen: 

                # It's a legal header line, save it. 

                hlist.append(line) 

                self.addheader(headerseen, line[len(headerseen)+1:].strip()) 

                continue 

            else: 

                # It's not a header line; throw it back and stop here. 

                if not self.dict: 

                    self.status = 'No headers' 

                else: 

                    self.status = 'Non-header line where header expected' 

                # Try to undo the read. 

                if unread: 

                    unread(line) 

                elif tell: 

                    self.fp.seek(startofline) 

                else: 

                    self.status = self.status + '; bad seek' 

                break 

 

class HTTPResponse: 

 

    # strict: If true, raise BadStatusLine if the status line can't be 

    # parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line.  By default it is 

    # false because it prevents clients from talking to HTTP/0.9 

    # servers.  Note that a response with a sufficiently corrupted 

    # status line will look like an HTTP/0.9 response. 

 

    # See RFC 2616 sec 19.6 and RFC 1945 sec 6 for details. 

 

    def __init__(self, sock, debuglevel=0, strict=0, method=None, buffering=False): 

        if buffering: 

            # The caller won't be using any sock.recv() calls, so buffering 

            # is fine and recommended for performance. 

            self.fp = sock.makefile('rb') 

        else: 

            # The buffer size is specified as zero, because the headers of 

            # the response are read with readline().  If the reads were 

            # buffered the readline() calls could consume some of the 

            # response, which make be read via a recv() on the underlying 

            # socket. 

            self.fp = sock.makefile('rb', 0) 

        self.debuglevel = debuglevel 

        self.strict = strict 

        self._method = method 

 

        self.msg = None 

 

        # from the Status-Line of the response 

        self.version = _UNKNOWN # HTTP-Version 

        self.status = _UNKNOWN  # Status-Code 

        self.reason = _UNKNOWN  # Reason-Phrase 

 

        self.chunked = _UNKNOWN         # is "chunked" being used? 

        self.chunk_left = _UNKNOWN      # bytes left to read in current chunk 

        self.length = _UNKNOWN          # number of bytes left in response 

        self.will_close = _UNKNOWN      # conn will close at end of response 

 

    def _read_status(self): 

        # Initialize with Simple-Response defaults 

        line = self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) 

        if len(line) > _MAXLINE: 

            raise LineTooLong("header line") 

        if self.debuglevel > 0: 

            print "reply:", repr(line) 

        if not line: 

            # Presumably, the server closed the connection before 

            # sending a valid response. 

            raise BadStatusLine(line) 

        try: 

            [version, status, reason] = line.split(None, 2) 

        except ValueError: 

            try: 

                [version, status] = line.split(None, 1) 

                reason = "" 

            except ValueError: 

                # empty version will cause next test to fail and status 

                # will be treated as 0.9 response. 

                version = "" 

        if not version.startswith('HTTP/'): 

            if self.strict: 

                self.close() 

                raise BadStatusLine(line) 

            else: 

                # assume it's a Simple-Response from an 0.9 server 

                self.fp = LineAndFileWrapper(line, self.fp) 

                return "HTTP/0.9", 200, "" 

 

        # The status code is a three-digit number 

        try: 

            status = int(status) 

            if status < 100 or status > 999: 

                raise BadStatusLine(line) 

        except ValueError: 

            raise BadStatusLine(line) 

        return version, status, reason 

 

    def begin(self): 

        if self.msg is not None: 

            # we've already started reading the response 

            return 

 

        # read until we get a non-100 response 

        while True: 

            version, status, reason = self._read_status() 

            if status != CONTINUE: 

                break 

            # skip the header from the 100 response 

            while True: 

                skip = self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) 

                if len(skip) > _MAXLINE: 

                    raise LineTooLong("header line") 

                skip = skip.strip() 

                if not skip: 

                    break 

                if self.debuglevel > 0: 

                    print "header:", skip 

 

        self.status = status 

        self.reason = reason.strip() 

        if version == 'HTTP/1.0': 

            self.version = 10 

        elif version.startswith('HTTP/1.'): 

            self.version = 11   # use HTTP/1.1 code for HTTP/1.x where x>=1 

        elif version == 'HTTP/0.9': 

            self.version = 9 

        else: 

            raise UnknownProtocol(version) 

 

        if self.version == 9: 

            self.length = None 

            self.chunked = 0 

            self.will_close = 1 

            self.msg = HTTPMessage(StringIO()) 

            return 

 

        self.msg = HTTPMessage(self.fp, 0) 

        if self.debuglevel > 0: 

            for hdr in self.msg.headers: 

                print "header:", hdr, 

 

        # don't let the msg keep an fp 

        self.msg.fp = None 

 

        # are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding? 

        tr_enc = self.msg.getheader('transfer-encoding') 

        if tr_enc and tr_enc.lower() == "chunked": 

            self.chunked = 1 

            self.chunk_left = None 

        else: 

            self.chunked = 0 

 

        # will the connection close at the end of the response? 

        self.will_close = self._check_close() 

 

        # do we have a Content-Length? 

        # NOTE: RFC 2616, S4.4, #3 says we ignore this if tr_enc is "chunked" 

        length = self.msg.getheader('content-length') 

        if length and not self.chunked: 

            try: 

                self.length = int(length) 

            except ValueError: 

                self.length = None 

            else: 

                if self.length < 0:  # ignore nonsensical negative lengths 

                    self.length = None 

        else: 

            self.length = None 

 

        # does the body have a fixed length? (of zero) 

        if (status == NO_CONTENT or status == NOT_MODIFIED or 

            100 <= status < 200 or      # 1xx codes 

            self._method == 'HEAD'): 

            self.length = 0 

 

        # if the connection remains open, and we aren't using chunked, and 

        # a content-length was not provided, then assume that the connection 

        # WILL close. 

        if not self.will_close and \ 

           not self.chunked and \ 

           self.length is None: 

            self.will_close = 1 

 

    def _check_close(self): 

        conn = self.msg.getheader('connection') 

        if self.version == 11: 

            # An HTTP/1.1 proxy is assumed to stay open unless 

            # explicitly closed. 

            conn = self.msg.getheader('connection') 

            if conn and "close" in conn.lower(): 

                return True 

            return False 

 

        # Some HTTP/1.0 implementations have support for persistent 

        # connections, using rules different than HTTP/1.1. 

 

        # For older HTTP, Keep-Alive indicates persistent connection. 

        if self.msg.getheader('keep-alive'): 

            return False 

 

        # At least Akamai returns a "Connection: Keep-Alive" header, 

        # which was supposed to be sent by the client. 

        if conn and "keep-alive" in conn.lower(): 

            return False 

 

        # Proxy-Connection is a netscape hack. 

        pconn = self.msg.getheader('proxy-connection') 

        if pconn and "keep-alive" in pconn.lower(): 

            return False 

 

        # otherwise, assume it will close 

        return True 

 

    def close(self): 

        if self.fp: 

            self.fp.close() 

            self.fp = None 

 

    def isclosed(self): 

        # NOTE: it is possible that we will not ever call self.close(). This 

        #       case occurs when will_close is TRUE, length is None, and we 

        #       read up to the last byte, but NOT past it. 

        # 

        # IMPLIES: if will_close is FALSE, then self.close() will ALWAYS be 

        #          called, meaning self.isclosed() is meaningful. 

        return self.fp is None 

 

    # XXX It would be nice to have readline and __iter__ for this, too. 

 

    def read(self, amt=None): 

        if self.fp is None: 

            return '' 

 

        if self._method == 'HEAD': 

            self.close() 

            return '' 

 

        if self.chunked: 

            return self._read_chunked(amt) 

 

        if amt is None: 

            # unbounded read 

            if self.length is None: 

                s = self.fp.read() 

            else: 

                try: 

                    s = self._safe_read(self.length) 

                except IncompleteRead: 

                    self.close() 

                    raise 

                self.length = 0 

            self.close()        # we read everything 

            return s 

 

        if self.length is not None: 

            if amt > self.length: 

                # clip the read to the "end of response" 

                amt = self.length 

 

        # we do not use _safe_read() here because this may be a .will_close 

        # connection, and the user is reading more bytes than will be provided 

        # (for example, reading in 1k chunks) 

        s = self.fp.read(amt) 

        if not s: 

            # Ideally, we would raise IncompleteRead if the content-length 

            # wasn't satisfied, but it might break compatibility. 

            self.close() 

        if self.length is not None: 

            self.length -= len(s) 

            if not self.length: 

                self.close() 

 

        return s 

 

    def _read_chunked(self, amt): 

        assert self.chunked != _UNKNOWN 

        chunk_left = self.chunk_left 

        value = [] 

        while True: 

            if chunk_left is None: 

                line = self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) 

                if len(line) > _MAXLINE: 

                    raise LineTooLong("chunk size") 

                i = line.find(';') 

                if i >= 0: 

                    line = line[:i] # strip chunk-extensions 

                try: 

                    chunk_left = int(line, 16) 

                except ValueError: 

                    # close the connection as protocol synchronisation is 

                    # probably lost 

                    self.close() 

                    raise IncompleteRead(''.join(value)) 

                if chunk_left == 0: 

                    break 

            if amt is None: 

                value.append(self._safe_read(chunk_left)) 

            elif amt < chunk_left: 

                value.append(self._safe_read(amt)) 

                self.chunk_left = chunk_left - amt 

                return ''.join(value) 

            elif amt == chunk_left: 

                value.append(self._safe_read(amt)) 

                self._safe_read(2)  # toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk 

                self.chunk_left = None 

                return ''.join(value) 

            else: 

                value.append(self._safe_read(chunk_left)) 

                amt -= chunk_left 

 

            # we read the whole chunk, get another 

            self._safe_read(2)      # toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk 

            chunk_left = None 

 

        # read and discard trailer up to the CRLF terminator 

        ### note: we shouldn't have any trailers! 

        while True: 

            line = self.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) 

            if len(line) > _MAXLINE: 

                raise LineTooLong("trailer line") 

            if not line: 

                # a vanishingly small number of sites EOF without 

                # sending the trailer 

                break 

            if line == '\r\n': 

                break 

 

        # we read everything; close the "file" 

        self.close() 

 

        return ''.join(value) 

 

    def _safe_read(self, amt): 

        """Read the number of bytes requested, compensating for partial reads. 

 

        Normally, we have a blocking socket, but a read() can be interrupted 

        by a signal (resulting in a partial read). 

 

        Note that we cannot distinguish between EOF and an interrupt when zero 

        bytes have been read. IncompleteRead() will be raised in this 

        situation. 

 

        This function should be used when <amt> bytes "should" be present for 

        reading. If the bytes are truly not available (due to EOF), then the 

        IncompleteRead exception can be used to detect the problem. 

        """ 

        # NOTE(gps): As of svn r74426 socket._fileobject.read(x) will never 

        # return less than x bytes unless EOF is encountered.  It now handles 

        # signal interruptions (socket.error EINTR) internally.  This code 

        # never caught that exception anyways.  It seems largely pointless. 

        # self.fp.read(amt) will work fine. 

        s = [] 

        while amt > 0: 

            chunk = self.fp.read(min(amt, MAXAMOUNT)) 

            if not chunk: 

                raise IncompleteRead(''.join(s), amt) 

            s.append(chunk) 

            amt -= len(chunk) 

        return ''.join(s) 

 

    def fileno(self): 

        return self.fp.fileno() 

 

    def getheader(self, name, default=None): 

        if self.msg is None: 

            raise ResponseNotReady() 

        return self.msg.getheader(name, default) 

 

    def getheaders(self): 

        """Return list of (header, value) tuples.""" 

        if self.msg is None: 

            raise ResponseNotReady() 

        return self.msg.items() 

 

 

class HTTPConnection: 

 

    _http_vsn = 11 

    _http_vsn_str = 'HTTP/1.1' 

 

    response_class = HTTPResponse 

    default_port = HTTP_PORT 

    auto_open = 1 

    debuglevel = 0 

    strict = 0 

 

    def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=None, 

                 timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None): 

        self.timeout = timeout 

        self.source_address = source_address 

        self.sock = None 

        self._buffer = [] 

        self.__response = None 

        self.__state = _CS_IDLE 

        self._method = None 

        self._tunnel_host = None 

        self._tunnel_port = None 

        self._tunnel_headers = {} 

 

        self._set_hostport(host, port) 

        if strict is not None: 

            self.strict = strict 

 

    def set_tunnel(self, host, port=None, headers=None): 

        """ Sets up the host and the port for the HTTP CONNECT Tunnelling. 

 

        The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers 

        to send with the CONNECT request. 

        """ 

        self._tunnel_host = host 

        self._tunnel_port = port 

        if headers: 

            self._tunnel_headers = headers 

        else: 

            self._tunnel_headers.clear() 

 

    def _set_hostport(self, host, port): 

        if port is None: 

            i = host.rfind(':') 

            j = host.rfind(']')         # ipv6 addresses have [...] 

            if i > j: 

                try: 

                    port = int(host[i+1:]) 

                except ValueError: 

                    if host[i+1:] == "":  # http://foo.com:/ == http://foo.com/ 

                        port = self.default_port 

                    else: 

                        raise InvalidURL("nonnumeric port: '%s'" % host[i+1:]) 

                host = host[:i] 

            else: 

                port = self.default_port 

            if host and host[0] == '[' and host[-1] == ']': 

                host = host[1:-1] 

        self.host = host 

        self.port = port 

 

    def set_debuglevel(self, level): 

        self.debuglevel = level 

 

    def _tunnel(self): 

        self._set_hostport(self._tunnel_host, self._tunnel_port) 

        self.send("CONNECT %s:%d HTTP/1.0\r\n" % (self.host, self.port)) 

        for header, value in self._tunnel_headers.iteritems(): 

            self.send("%s: %s\r\n" % (header, value)) 

        self.send("\r\n") 

        response = self.response_class(self.sock, strict = self.strict, 

                                       method = self._method) 

        (version, code, message) = response._read_status() 

 

        if code != 200: 

            self.close() 

            raise socket.error("Tunnel connection failed: %d %s" % (code, 

                                                                    message.strip())) 

        while True: 

            line = response.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1) 

            if len(line) > _MAXLINE: 

                raise LineTooLong("header line") 

            if not line: 

                # for sites which EOF without sending trailer 

                break 

            if line == '\r\n': 

                break 

 

 

    def connect(self): 

        """Connect to the host and port specified in __init__.""" 

        self.sock = socket.create_connection((self.host,self.port), 

                                             self.timeout, self.source_address) 

 

        if self._tunnel_host: 

            self._tunnel() 

 

    def close(self): 

        """Close the connection to the HTTP server.""" 

        if self.sock: 

            self.sock.close()   # close it manually... there may be other refs 

            self.sock = None 

        if self.__response: 

            self.__response.close() 

            self.__response = None 

        self.__state = _CS_IDLE 

 

    def send(self, data): 

        """Send `data' to the server.""" 

        if self.sock is None: 

            if self.auto_open: 

                self.connect() 

            else: 

                raise NotConnected() 

 

        if self.debuglevel > 0: 

            print "send:", repr(data) 

        blocksize = 8192 

        if hasattr(data,'read') and not isinstance(data, array): 

            if self.debuglevel > 0: print "sendIng a read()able" 

            datablock = data.read(blocksize) 

            while datablock: 

                self.sock.sendall(datablock) 

                datablock = data.read(blocksize) 

        else: 

            self.sock.sendall(data) 

 

    def _output(self, s): 

        """Add a line of output to the current request buffer. 

 

        Assumes that the line does *not* end with \\r\\n. 

        """ 

        self._buffer.append(s) 

 

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None): 

        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer. 

 

        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer. 

        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request. 

        """ 

        self._buffer.extend(("", "")) 

        msg = "\r\n".join(self._buffer) 

        del self._buffer[:] 

        # If msg and message_body are sent in a single send() call, 

        # it will avoid performance problems caused by the interaction 

        # between delayed ack and the Nagle algorithm. 

        if isinstance(message_body, str): 

            msg += message_body 

            message_body = None 

        self.send(msg) 

        if message_body is not None: 

            #message_body was not a string (i.e. it is a file) and 

            #we must run the risk of Nagle 

            self.send(message_body) 

 

    def putrequest(self, method, url, skip_host=0, skip_accept_encoding=0): 

        """Send a request to the server. 

 

        `method' specifies an HTTP request method, e.g. 'GET'. 

        `url' specifies the object being requested, e.g. '/index.html'. 

        `skip_host' if True does not add automatically a 'Host:' header 

        `skip_accept_encoding' if True does not add automatically an 

           'Accept-Encoding:' header 

        """ 

 

        # if a prior response has been completed, then forget about it. 

        if self.__response and self.__response.isclosed(): 

            self.__response = None 

 

 

        # in certain cases, we cannot issue another request on this connection. 

        # this occurs when: 

        #   1) we are in the process of sending a request.   (_CS_REQ_STARTED) 

        #   2) a response to a previous request has signalled that it is going 

        #      to close the connection upon completion. 

        #   3) the headers for the previous response have not been read, thus 

        #      we cannot determine whether point (2) is true.   (_CS_REQ_SENT) 

        # 

        # if there is no prior response, then we can request at will. 

        # 

        # if point (2) is true, then we will have passed the socket to the 

        # response (effectively meaning, "there is no prior response"), and 

        # will open a new one when a new request is made. 

        # 

        # Note: if a prior response exists, then we *can* start a new request. 

        #       We are not allowed to begin fetching the response to this new 

        #       request, however, until that prior response is complete. 

        # 

        if self.__state == _CS_IDLE: 

            self.__state = _CS_REQ_STARTED 

        else: 

            raise CannotSendRequest() 

 

        # Save the method we use, we need it later in the response phase 

        self._method = method 

        if not url: 

            url = '/' 

        hdr = '%s %s %s' % (method, url, self._http_vsn_str) 

 

        self._output(hdr) 

 

        if self._http_vsn == 11: 

            # Issue some standard headers for better HTTP/1.1 compliance 

 

            if not skip_host: 

                # this header is issued *only* for HTTP/1.1 

                # connections. more specifically, this means it is 

                # only issued when the client uses the new 

                # HTTPConnection() class. backwards-compat clients 

                # will be using HTTP/1.0 and those clients may be 

                # issuing this header themselves. we should NOT issue 

                # it twice; some web servers (such as Apache) barf 

                # when they see two Host: headers 

 

                # If we need a non-standard port,include it in the 

                # header.  If the request is going through a proxy, 

                # but the host of the actual URL, not the host of the 

                # proxy. 

 

                netloc = '' 

                if url.startswith('http'): 

                    nil, netloc, nil, nil, nil = urlsplit(url) 

 

                if netloc: 

                    try: 

                        netloc_enc = netloc.encode("ascii") 

                    except UnicodeEncodeError: 

                        netloc_enc = netloc.encode("idna") 

                    self.putheader('Host', netloc_enc) 

                else: 

                    try: 

                        host_enc = self.host.encode("ascii") 

                    except UnicodeEncodeError: 

                        host_enc = self.host.encode("idna") 

                    # Wrap the IPv6 Host Header with [] (RFC 2732) 

                    if host_enc.find(':') >= 0: 

                        host_enc = "[" + host_enc + "]" 

                    if self.port == self.default_port: 

                        self.putheader('Host', host_enc) 

                    else: 

                        self.putheader('Host', "%s:%s" % (host_enc, self.port)) 

 

            # note: we are assuming that clients will not attempt to set these 

            #       headers since *this* library must deal with the 

            #       consequences. this also means that when the supporting 

            #       libraries are updated to recognize other forms, then this 

            #       code should be changed (removed or updated). 

 

            # we only want a Content-Encoding of "identity" since we don't 

            # support encodings such as x-gzip or x-deflate. 

            if not skip_accept_encoding: 

                self.putheader('Accept-Encoding', 'identity') 

 

            # we can accept "chunked" Transfer-Encodings, but no others 

            # NOTE: no TE header implies *only* "chunked" 

            #self.putheader('TE', 'chunked') 

 

            # if TE is supplied in the header, then it must appear in a 

            # Connection header. 

            #self.putheader('Connection', 'TE') 

 

        else: 

            # For HTTP/1.0, the server will assume "not chunked" 

            pass 

 

    def putheader(self, header, *values): 

        """Send a request header line to the server. 

 

        For example: h.putheader('Accept', 'text/html') 

        """ 

        if self.__state != _CS_REQ_STARTED: 

            raise CannotSendHeader() 

 

        hdr = '%s: %s' % (header, '\r\n\t'.join([str(v) for v in values])) 

        self._output(hdr) 

 

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None): 

        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server. 

 

        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional 

        message_body argument can be used to pass a message body 

        associated with the request.  The message body will be sent in 

        the same packet as the message headers if it is string, otherwise it is 

        sent as a separate packet. 

        """ 

        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED: 

            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT 

        else: 

            raise CannotSendHeader() 

        self._send_output(message_body) 

 

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}): 

        """Send a complete request to the server.""" 

        self._send_request(method, url, body, headers) 

 

    def _set_content_length(self, body): 

        # Set the content-length based on the body. 

        thelen = None 

        try: 

            thelen = str(len(body)) 

        except TypeError, te: 

            # If this is a file-like object, try to 

            # fstat its file descriptor 

            try: 

                thelen = str(os.fstat(body.fileno()).st_size) 

            except (AttributeError, OSError): 

                # Don't send a length if this failed 

                if self.debuglevel > 0: print "Cannot stat!!" 

 

        if thelen is not None: 

            self.putheader('Content-Length', thelen) 

 

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers): 

        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers. 

        header_names = dict.fromkeys([k.lower() for k in headers]) 

        skips = {} 

        if 'host' in header_names: 

            skips['skip_host'] = 1 

        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names: 

            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1 

 

        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips) 

 

        if body is not None and 'content-length' not in header_names: 

            self._set_content_length(body) 

        for hdr, value in headers.iteritems(): 

            self.putheader(hdr, value) 

        self.endheaders(body) 

 

    def getresponse(self, buffering=False): 

        "Get the response from the server." 

 

        # if a prior response has been completed, then forget about it. 

        if self.__response and self.__response.isclosed(): 

            self.__response = None 

 

        # 

        # if a prior response exists, then it must be completed (otherwise, we 

        # cannot read this response's header to determine the connection-close 

        # behavior) 

        # 

        # note: if a prior response existed, but was connection-close, then the 

        # socket and response were made independent of this HTTPConnection 

        # object since a new request requires that we open a whole new 

        # connection 

        # 

        # this means the prior response had one of two states: 

        #   1) will_close: this connection was reset and the prior socket and 

        #                  response operate independently 

        #   2) persistent: the response was retained and we await its 

        #                  isclosed() status to become true. 

        # 

        if self.__state != _CS_REQ_SENT or self.__response: 

            raise ResponseNotReady() 

 

        args = (self.sock,) 

        kwds = {"strict":self.strict, "method":self._method} 

        if self.debuglevel > 0: 

            args += (self.debuglevel,) 

        if buffering: 

            #only add this keyword if non-default, for compatibility with 

            #other response_classes. 

            kwds["buffering"] = True; 

        response = self.response_class(*args, **kwds) 

 

        response.begin() 

        assert response.will_close != _UNKNOWN 

        self.__state = _CS_IDLE 

 

        if response.will_close: 

            # this effectively passes the connection to the response 

            self.close() 

        else: 

            # remember this, so we can tell when it is complete 

            self.__response = response 

 

        return response 

 

 

class HTTP: 

    "Compatibility class with httplib.py from 1.5." 

 

    _http_vsn = 10 

    _http_vsn_str = 'HTTP/1.0' 

 

    debuglevel = 0 

 

    _connection_class = HTTPConnection 

 

    def __init__(self, host='', port=None, strict=None): 

        "Provide a default host, since the superclass requires one." 

 

        # some joker passed 0 explicitly, meaning default port 

        if port == 0: 

            port = None 

 

        # Note that we may pass an empty string as the host; this will raise 

        # an error when we attempt to connect. Presumably, the client code 

        # will call connect before then, with a proper host. 

        self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, strict)) 

 

    def _setup(self, conn): 

        self._conn = conn 

 

        # set up delegation to flesh out interface 

        self.send = conn.send 

        self.putrequest = conn.putrequest 

        self.putheader = conn.putheader 

        self.endheaders = conn.endheaders 

        self.set_debuglevel = conn.set_debuglevel 

 

        conn._http_vsn = self._http_vsn 

        conn._http_vsn_str = self._http_vsn_str 

 

        self.file = None 

 

    def connect(self, host=None, port=None): 

        "Accept arguments to set the host/port, since the superclass doesn't." 

 

        if host is not None: 

            self._conn._set_hostport(host, port) 

        self._conn.connect() 

 

    def getfile(self): 

        "Provide a getfile, since the superclass' does not use this concept." 

        return self.file 

 

    def getreply(self, buffering=False): 

        """Compat definition since superclass does not define it. 

 

        Returns a tuple consisting of: 

        - server status code (e.g. '200' if all goes well) 

        - server "reason" corresponding to status code 

        - any RFC822 headers in the response from the server 

        """ 

        try: 

            if not buffering: 

                response = self._conn.getresponse() 

            else: 

                #only add this keyword if non-default for compatibility 

                #with other connection classes 

                response = self._conn.getresponse(buffering) 

        except BadStatusLine, e: 

            ### hmm. if getresponse() ever closes the socket on a bad request, 

            ### then we are going to have problems with self.sock 

 

            ### should we keep this behavior? do people use it? 

            # keep the socket open (as a file), and return it 

            self.file = self._conn.sock.makefile('rb', 0) 

 

            # close our socket -- we want to restart after any protocol error 

            self.close() 

 

            self.headers = None 

            return -1, e.line, None 

 

        self.headers = response.msg 

        self.file = response.fp 

        return response.status, response.reason, response.msg 

 

    def close(self): 

        self._conn.close() 

 

        # note that self.file == response.fp, which gets closed by the 

        # superclass. just clear the object ref here. 

        ### hmm. messy. if status==-1, then self.file is owned by us. 

        ### well... we aren't explicitly closing, but losing this ref will 

        ### do it 

        self.file = None 

 

try: 

    import ssl 

except ImportError: 

    pass 

else: 

    class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection): 

        "This class allows communication via SSL." 

 

        default_port = HTTPS_PORT 

 

        def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, 

                     strict=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, 

                     source_address=None): 

            HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout, 

                                    source_address) 

            self.key_file = key_file 

            self.cert_file = cert_file 

 

        def connect(self): 

            "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port." 

 

            sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), 

                                            self.timeout, self.source_address) 

            if self._tunnel_host: 

                self.sock = sock 

                self._tunnel() 

            self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file) 

 

    __all__.append("HTTPSConnection") 

 

    class HTTPS(HTTP): 

        """Compatibility with 1.5 httplib interface 

 

        Python 1.5.2 did not have an HTTPS class, but it defined an 

        interface for sending http requests that is also useful for 

        https. 

        """ 

 

        _connection_class = HTTPSConnection 

 

        def __init__(self, host='', port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, 

                     strict=None): 

            # provide a default host, pass the X509 cert info 

 

            # urf. compensate for bad input. 

            if port == 0: 

                port = None 

            self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, key_file, 

                                               cert_file, strict)) 

 

            # we never actually use these for anything, but we keep them 

            # here for compatibility with post-1.5.2 CVS. 

            self.key_file = key_file 

            self.cert_file = cert_file 

 

 

    def FakeSocket (sock, sslobj): 

        warnings.warn("FakeSocket is deprecated, and won't be in 3.x.  " + 

                      "Use the result of ssl.wrap_socket() directly instead.", 

                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) 

        return sslobj 

 

 

class HTTPException(Exception): 

    # Subclasses that define an __init__ must call Exception.__init__ 

    # or define self.args.  Otherwise, str() will fail. 

    pass 

 

class NotConnected(HTTPException): 

    pass 

 

class InvalidURL(HTTPException): 

    pass 

 

class UnknownProtocol(HTTPException): 

    def __init__(self, version): 

        self.args = version, 

        self.version = version 

 

class UnknownTransferEncoding(HTTPException): 

    pass 

 

class UnimplementedFileMode(HTTPException): 

    pass 

 

class IncompleteRead(HTTPException): 

    def __init__(self, partial, expected=None): 

        self.args = partial, 

        self.partial = partial 

        self.expected = expected 

    def __repr__(self): 

        if self.expected is not None: 

            e = ', %i more expected' % self.expected 

        else: 

            e = '' 

        return 'IncompleteRead(%i bytes read%s)' % (len(self.partial), e) 

    def __str__(self): 

        return repr(self) 

 

class ImproperConnectionState(HTTPException): 

    pass 

 

class CannotSendRequest(ImproperConnectionState): 

    pass 

 

class CannotSendHeader(ImproperConnectionState): 

    pass 

 

class ResponseNotReady(ImproperConnectionState): 

    pass 

 

class BadStatusLine(HTTPException): 

    def __init__(self, line): 

        if not line: 

            line = repr(line) 

        self.args = line, 

        self.line = line 

 

class LineTooLong(HTTPException): 

    def __init__(self, line_type): 

        HTTPException.__init__(self, "got more than %d bytes when reading %s" 

                                     % (_MAXLINE, line_type)) 

 

# for backwards compatibility 

error = HTTPException 

 

class LineAndFileWrapper: 

    """A limited file-like object for HTTP/0.9 responses.""" 

 

    # The status-line parsing code calls readline(), which normally 

    # get the HTTP status line.  For a 0.9 response, however, this is 

    # actually the first line of the body!  Clients need to get a 

    # readable file object that contains that line. 

 

    def __init__(self, line, file): 

        self._line = line 

        self._file = file 

        self._line_consumed = 0 

        self._line_offset = 0 

        self._line_left = len(line) 

 

    def __getattr__(self, attr): 

        return getattr(self._file, attr) 

 

    def _done(self): 

        # called when the last byte is read from the line.  After the 

        # call, all read methods are delegated to the underlying file 

        # object. 

        self._line_consumed = 1 

        self.read = self._file.read 

        self.readline = self._file.readline 

        self.readlines = self._file.readlines 

 

    def read(self, amt=None): 

        if self._line_consumed: 

            return self._file.read(amt) 

        assert self._line_left 

        if amt is None or amt > self._line_left: 

            s = self._line[self._line_offset:] 

            self._done() 

            if amt is None: 

                return s + self._file.read() 

            else: 

                return s + self._file.read(amt - len(s)) 

        else: 

            assert amt <= self._line_left 

            i = self._line_offset 

            j = i + amt 

            s = self._line[i:j] 

            self._line_offset = j 

            self._line_left -= amt 

            if self._line_left == 0: 

                self._done() 

            return s 

 

    def readline(self): 

        if self._line_consumed: 

            return self._file.readline() 

        assert self._line_left 

        s = self._line[self._line_offset:] 

        self._done() 

        return s 

 

    def readlines(self, size=None): 

        if self._line_consumed: 

            return self._file.readlines(size) 

        assert self._line_left 

        L = [self._line[self._line_offset:]] 

        self._done() 

        if size is None: 

            return L + self._file.readlines() 

        else: 

            return L + self._file.readlines(size)