glassbody op• Data kinds: points × points → points
• Call: import fullseye as fs; fs.ledger.refract_rays(directions, normals, n1=1.0, n2=1.5) (to call the implementation directly, import glassmirror; glassmirror.refract_rays(directions, normals, n1=1.0, n2=1.5); from the registry, opsoptics.get("refract_rays"))
• Return value through the ledger: fullseye.ledger.refract_rays(...) returns only the declared out type points (the underlying function also returns auxiliary values). When you need what was dropped, use fullseye.ledger.refract_rays.raw(...) or call glassmirror.refract_rays directly.
The vector form of Snell refraction. Total internal reflection is decided per ray; returns (direction, TIR mask).
directions: (..., 3) incident directions (toward the surface). normals: (..., 3) outward normals on the incident side. n1 / n2: refractive index of the incident / transmitted side.
Returns: (refracted (...,3), tir (...,)) —— for TIR rays the direction is filled with the specular reflection, and the mask is set to True (no NaN is returned: rather than letting a downstream renderer silently punch holes, returning the physically correct "totally reflected" direction is more useful).
★ Difference from match3d.refract: there, "if even 1 ray is TIR, the whole batch is None". For image-sized batches, total internal reflection at 1 pixel would make everything vanish, so this was changed to per-ray.
Every optics op validates its input before computing (nothing slips through silently):
• Units are baked into the argument name — _mm / _um / _deg / _mrad. Confusing mm with µm does not crash; it yields a plausible-looking wrong answer, so the name prevents it. Nothing here guesses the unit from the magnitude.
• Strings raise ValueError — float('50') succeeds, so an unparsed configuration value would slip through as a length (measured: thin_lens('50', '200') returned a plausible 66.667 mm). bool is refused too, as the implicit promotion True == 1.
• complex / masked arrays raise ValueError (real-valued slots only; silently dropping the imaginary part or peeling off the mask is refused). NaN/Inf raises ValueError on every input.
• Division by zero and its relatives are refused by name: focal length 0, radius of curvature 0, refractive index <= 0, a fully opaque aperture (all zeros, so the normalisation is 0/0), a PSF whose sum is <= 0, a Stokes vector with S0 = 0, and an object sitting at the front focal point (the image is at infinity).
• Only two ops return a non-finite value, and both state it as a contract: depth_of_field returns far_mm = inf beyond the hyperfocal distance (that is what the hyperfocal distance means), and gaussian_beam returns wavefront_radius_mm = inf at the waist (the radius of curvature of a plane wavefront). Both also return a finite companion (far_is_infinite / curvature_per_mm). Any other silent NaN/Inf is detected internally and raises ValueError — "float64 overflowed" and "the answer is infinite" are different claims, so the first is never returned wearing the face of the second.
• Size caps: generated grids are capped by optics.MAX_GRID (4096); supplied fields/PSFs/apertures by optics.MAX_FIELD_ELEMENTS (2^24); ABCD element chains by optics.MAX_SYSTEM_ELEMENTS (1024); Zernike by MAX_ZERNIKE_TERMS (512) / MAX_ZERNIKE_ORDER (40) / MAX_ZERNIKE_BASIS (2^25). This closes, fail-closed, the paths where a small argument triggers a huge internal allocation (measured: n_max=40 × 4096² needs 108 GB).
• Physically impossible states are refused too: a Stokes vector with degree of polarisation > 1, negative transmittance, negative intensity, and invalid Zernike indices such as n-|m| odd.
• Sample-data catalog (download URLs / licences) — 2-D uses skimage.data (BSD/public domain) plus synthetic images; 3-D lists download URLs for real data sources (Stanford, PDS, …).
• Operator provenance and references — the sources of the research/methods this op family came from.
• The canonical algorithm (author, year) and its uses are named in the family usage guide above.
• glass_and_mirror_optics — py -3.11 examples/glass_and_mirror_optics.py
points as input)reflect_rays · trace_rays · illumination_visibility · env_studio · env_lightbox
glassbody)beer_lambert_transmittance · slab_transmittance · prism_min_deviation_deg
*Provenance: glassmirror.py — OPTICS operator registry. This per-op note is generated by tools/opdocs.py md (do not hand-edit).*
© 2026 Kazufumi Furuse — Fullseye operator documentation. Licensed under Apache-2.0.