noncoaxial op• Data kinds: table → image2d
• Call: import fullseye as fs; fs.ledger.ghost_image(system, coatings=None, field=None, size=128, extent_mm=None, rings=12, pixel_mm=None, log=True) (to call the implementation directly, import raytrace3d; raytrace3d.ghost_image(system, coatings=None, field=None, size=128, extent_mm=None, rings=12, pixel_mm=None, log=True); from the registry, opsoptics.get("ghost_image"))
Image-plane irradiance of the image plus all two-reflection ghosts of a point source (image2d).
Every ray of the nominal bundle and of each ghost path is binned into a size × size grid spanning ±extent_mm (default: 1.2 × the largest ghost radius) around the chief ray, weighted by the path's energy ratio (ghost_analysis). The grid is normalised so the brightest ghost pixel is compared on the same scale as the image: values are relative to the image's peak pixel; with *log* the result is log10 of that ratio (floored at −12).
Every optics op validates its input before computing (nothing slips through silently):
• Units are baked into the argument name — _mm / _um / _deg / _mrad. Confusing mm with µm does not crash; it yields a plausible-looking wrong answer, so the name prevents it. Nothing here guesses the unit from the magnitude.
• Strings raise ValueError — float('50') succeeds, so an unparsed configuration value would slip through as a length (measured: thin_lens('50', '200') returned a plausible 66.667 mm). bool is refused too, as the implicit promotion True == 1.
• complex / masked arrays raise ValueError (real-valued slots only; silently dropping the imaginary part or peeling off the mask is refused). NaN/Inf raises ValueError on every input.
• Division by zero and its relatives are refused by name: focal length 0, radius of curvature 0, refractive index <= 0, a fully opaque aperture (all zeros, so the normalisation is 0/0), a PSF whose sum is <= 0, a Stokes vector with S0 = 0, and an object sitting at the front focal point (the image is at infinity).
• Only two ops return a non-finite value, and both state it as a contract: depth_of_field returns far_mm = inf beyond the hyperfocal distance (that is what the hyperfocal distance means), and gaussian_beam returns wavefront_radius_mm = inf at the waist (the radius of curvature of a plane wavefront). Both also return a finite companion (far_is_infinite / curvature_per_mm). Any other silent NaN/Inf is detected internally and raises ValueError — "float64 overflowed" and "the answer is infinite" are different claims, so the first is never returned wearing the face of the second.
• Size caps: generated grids are capped by optics.MAX_GRID (4096); supplied fields/PSFs/apertures by optics.MAX_FIELD_ELEMENTS (2^24); ABCD element chains by optics.MAX_SYSTEM_ELEMENTS (1024); Zernike by MAX_ZERNIKE_TERMS (512) / MAX_ZERNIKE_ORDER (40) / MAX_ZERNIKE_BASIS (2^25). This closes, fail-closed, the paths where a small argument triggers a huge internal allocation (measured: n_max=40 × 4096² needs 108 GB).
• Physically impossible states are refused too: a Stokes vector with degree of polarisation > 1, negative transmittance, negative intensity, and invalid Zernike indices such as n-|m| odd.
• Sample-data catalog (download URLs / licences) — 2-D uses skimage.data (BSD/public domain) plus synthetic images; 3-D lists download URLs for real data sources (Stanford, PDS, …).
• Operator provenance and references — the sources of the research/methods this op family came from.
• The canonical algorithm (author, year) and its uses are named in the family usage guide above.
• poc_noncoaxial_optics — py -3.11 examples/poc_noncoaxial_optics.py
image2d as input)fraunhofer_pattern · pupil_psf · pupil_blur · psf_to_mtf · edge_spread · veiling_glare_index · emva_pair_statistics · emva_defect_pixels
noncoaxial)noncoaxial_system · noncoaxial_example · noncoaxial_layout · noncoaxial_trace · noncoaxial_spot · image_orientation · beamsplitter_branches · tilted_plate_shift
*Provenance: raytrace3d.py — OPTICS operator registry. This per-op note is generated by tools/opdocs.py md (do not hand-edit).*
© 2026 Kazufumi Furuse — Fullseye operator documentation. Licensed under Apache-2.0.