pulse2percept.implants.retina.argus

ArgusI, ArgusII

Classes

ArgusI([z, eye, preprocess, safe_mode, ...])	Create an Argus I array
ArgusII([z, eye, preprocess, safe_mode, ...])	Create an Argus II array

class pulse2percept.implants.retina.argus.ArgusI(z=0, eye='right', preprocess=True, safe_mode=False, use_legacy_names=False)

Create an Argus I array

Electrode coordinates are device-local, centered on (0, 0).

Argus I is a modified cochlear implant containing 16 electrodes in a 4x4 array with a center-to-center separation of 800 um, and two electrode diameters (250 um and 500 um) arranged in a checkerboard pattern [Yue2020].

The array is oriented in the visual field as shown in Fig. 1 of [Horsager2009]; that is, if placed in (0,0), the top two rows will lie in the lower retina (upper visual field):

  -->x    A1 B1 C1 D1                     260 520 260 520
  |       A2 B2 C2 D2   where electrode   520 260 520 260
  v       A3 B3 C3 D3   diameters are:    260 520 260 520
   y      A4 B4 C4 D4                     520 260 520 260

Electrode order is: A1, B1, C1, D1, A2, B2, …, D4.

If use_legacy_names is True, electrode order is: L6, L2, M8, M4, …

An electrode can be addressed by name, row/column index, or integer index (into the flattened array).

Note

Column order is reversed in a left-eye implant.

Parameters:

• z (float, list, or Quantity, optional) – Electrode height (um) above the array’s own plane: a scalar applies to every electrode, a list of 16 entries gives each its own. May be given as unitful quantities (e.g. z=100 * um); see pulse2percept.units.

• eye ({'right', 'left'}, optional) – Eye in which array is implanted.

• preprocess (bool or callable, optional) – Either True/False to indicate whether to execute the implant’s default preprocessing method whenever a stimulus is prepared, or a custom function (callable).

• safe_mode (bool, optional) – If safe mode is enabled, only charge-balanced stimuli are allowed.

• use_legacy_names (bool, optional) – If True, uses L/M based electrode names from older papers (e.g., L6, L2) instead of A1-A16.

Examples

Create an Argus I array:

>>> from pulse2percept.implants.retina import ArgusI
>>> ArgusI()
ArgusI(electrode_array=ElectrodeGrid, eye='right', preprocess=True,
       safe_mode=False, shape=(4, 4))

Get access to electrode ‘B1’, either by name or by row/column index:

>>> argus = ArgusI()
>>> argus['B1']
DiskElectrode(activated=True, name='B1', radius=250.0,
              x=-400.0, y=-1200.0, z=0.0)
>>> argus[0, 1]
DiskElectrode(activated=True, name='B1', radius=250.0,
              x=-400.0, y=-1200.0, z=0.0)

placement = 'epiretinal'

Where the device sits relative to the tissue it stimulates, where the literature is unambiguous about it; None where it is not, or where the class describes a family rather than a device.

property eye

Implanted eye

A RetinalImplant can be implanted either in a left eye (‘left’) or right eye (‘right’). Models such as AxonMapModel will treat left and right eyes differently (for example, adjusting the location of the optic disc).

Examples

Implant Argus II in a left eye:

>>> from pulse2percept.implants.retina import ArgusII
>>> implant = ArgusII(eye='left')

property electrode_array

Electrode array

check_stim(stim)

Quality-check the stimulus

This method is executed every time a stimulus is prepared (see prepare_stim()).

If safe_mode is set to True, this function will only allow stimuli that are charge-balanced. If max_current is set, it will only allow stimuli whose total instantaneous current stays within it.

Both are questions about electricity, and neither can be answered about a stimulus that is not a current, so each raises a DimensionMismatchError on one. In the ordinary flow this cannot happen: prepare_stim() has already checked the stimulus against stimulus_unit. check_stim is public, though, and may be handed anything.

The user can define their own checks in implants that inherit from Implant.

Parameters:

stim (Stimulus source type) – A valid source type for the Stimulus object (e.g., scalar, NumPy array, pulse train).

Raises:

• DimensionMismatchError – If an electrical check was requested and stim is not measured in units of current.

• .. versionchanged: – 0.10.0: The electrical checks verify that the stimulus really is electrical, instead of reading whatever numbers it holds as microamps.

property electrode_names

Return a list of all electrode names in the electrode array

property electrode_objects

Return a list of all electrode objects in the array

property electrodes

Return all electrode names and objects in the electrode array

Internally, electrodes are stored in an ordered dictionary. You can iterate over different electrodes in the array as follows:

for name, electrode in implant.electrodes.items():
    print(name, electrode)

You can access an individual electrode by indexing directly into the implant, e.g. implant['A1'] or implant[0], and ask how many there are with len(implant).

property encoder

Stimulus encoder used for image or video input.

Must be an ImplantEncoder. Model-aware encoders such as TraceEncoder are called directly instead. If None, dimensionless image/video stimuli are not encoded automatically.

Assigning an unbound encoder (encoder.implant is None) binds it to this implant. An encoder bound to a different implant is rejected with a ValueError.

family = None

Named device family, if applicable, e.g. 'PRIMA'. .. versionadded:: 0.11.0

property max_current

Total instantaneous current (uA) the stimulator can source

property n_electrodes

Number of electrodes in the array

This is equivalent to calling electrode_array.n_electrodes.

plot(annotate=False, autoscale=True, ax=None, stim=None, stim_cmap=False)

Plot the device in its local coordinate frame.

Use model.plot(show_implant=True) to show model-side placement.

Parameters:

• annotate (bool, optional) – Whether to label electrodes.

• autoscale (bool, optional) – Whether to adjust the x,y limits of the plot to fit the implant

• ax (matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot, optional) – A Matplotlib axes object. If None, will either use the current axes (if exists) or create a new Axes object.

• stim (Stimulus source type, optional) –

  What is presented to the device. Prepared through prepare_stim(), so the colors show what the electrodes actually deliver. Required by stim_cmap.

  Added in version 0.11.0.

• stim_cmap (bool, str, or matplotlib colormap, optional) – If not false, the fill color of the plotted electrodes will vary based on maximum stimulus amplitude on each electrode. The chosen colormap will be used if provided

Returns:

ax – Returns the axis object of the plot

Return type:

matplotlib.axes.Axes

prepare_stim(source)

Turn a source into stimulation the implant can deliver.

Preparation applies preprocessing, converts the source to a Stimulus, encodes dimensionless visual input when an encoder is present, reshapes it to the electrode array, removes deactivated electrodes, applies threshold calibration, and runs safety checks. The input is not modified and the result is not stored.

Prepared stimuli use the implant’s stimulus_unit (electrical current for most devices; irradiance for PRIMA).

Images and videos require an encoder unless preprocessing already converts them to the implant’s stimulus_unit.

Added in version 0.11.0: Replaces the stateful stim property.

Parameters:

source (Stimulus source type) – Any source accepted by Stimulus, including electrical stimulation and image or video input for the implant encoder.

Returns:

stim – Stimulation delivered by the implant, or None for an empty source.

Return type:

Stimulus or None

Examples

>>> from pulse2percept.implants import DiskElectrode, Implant
>>> from pulse2percept.stimuli import BiphasicPulse
>>> implant = Implant(DiskElectrode(0, 0, 0, 100))
>>> stim = implant.prepare_stim(BiphasicPulse(30, 0.45))

Stimulate Electrode B7 in Argus II with 13 uA:

>>> from pulse2percept.implants.retina import ArgusII
>>> stim = ArgusII().prepare_stim({'B7': 13})

Argus II includes an encoder, so it can prepare an image directly:

>>> from pulse2percept.stimuli import samples
>>> ArgusII().prepare_stim(samples.logo_bvl()).unit
uA

preprocess_stim(stim)

Preprocess the stimulus

This method is executed every time a stimulus is prepared.

No preprocessing is performed by default, but the user can define their own method in implants that inherit from return stim Implant.

A custom method must return a Stimulus object with the correct number of electrodes for the implant.

Parameters:

stim (Stimulus source type) – A valid source type for the Stimulus object (e.g., scalar, NumPy array, pulse train).

Returns:

stim_out

Return type:

Stimulus object

property raster

Raster pattern used to schedule stimulation across electrodes.

Assigning a raster binds it to this implant.

property scene_input_frame

Coordinate frame used to register scene input.

'eye' means gaze changes which scene content reaches the implant; 'head' means scene input is fixed relative to the head.

Defaults to default_scene_input_frame. Setting to None restores that default.

Added in version 0.11.0.

stimulus_unit = uA

Unit used by prepared stimuli. Defaults to electrical current.

technology = None

Stimulation technology, e.g. 'photovoltaic'. .. versionadded:: 0.11.0

property thresholds

Perceptual threshold current (uA) for each electrode.

Assign a single current for the whole array, a per-electrode dict, or None to clear the calibration. Threshold-relative pulse trains are calibrated against whatever is in force at the moment prepare_stim() runs.

Added in version 0.10.0.

Changed in version 0.11.0: Changing thresholds affects the next stimulus prepared, rather than rewriting one the implant was holding.

class pulse2percept.implants.retina.argus.ArgusII(z=0, eye='right', preprocess=True, safe_mode=False, encoder=<object object>, raster=<object object>, thresholds=None)

Create an Argus II array

Electrode coordinates are device-local, centered on (0, 0).

Argus II contains 60 electrodes of 225 um diameter arranged in a 6 x 10 grid (575 um center-to-center separation) [Yue2020].

The array is oriented upright in the visual field, such that an array with center (0,0) has the top three rows lie in the lower retina (upper visual field), as shown below:

          A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10
  -- x    B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10
  |       C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10
  v       D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
   y      E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10
          F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10

Electrode order is: A1, A2, …, A10, B1, B2, …, F10.

An electrode can be addressed by name, row/column index, or integer index (into the flattened array).

Note

Column order is reversed in a left-eye implant.

Parameters:

• z (float, list, or Quantity, optional) – Electrode height (um) above the array’s own plane: a scalar applies to every electrode, a list of 60 entries gives each its own. May be given as unitful quantities (e.g. z=100 * um); see pulse2percept.units.

• eye ({'right', 'left'}, optional) – Eye in which array is implanted.

• preprocess (bool or callable, optional) – Either True/False to indicate whether to execute the implant’s default preprocessing method whenever a stimulus is prepared, or a custom function (callable).

• safe_mode (bool, optional) – If safe mode is enabled, only charge-balanced stimuli are allowed.

• encoder (ImplantEncoder, optional) –

  How the device turns a picture into stimulation. Defaults to a fresh AmplitudeEncoder at 6 Hz, which is the rate Argus II runs its video at. Pass encoder=None to switch automatic encoding off, so that an image or video input is refused rather than encoded.

  Added in version 0.10.0.

• raster (Raster, optional) –

  How the stimulator takes turns between electrodes. Defaults to a fresh SequentialRaster of six groups 2 ms apart, i.e. one row of ten electrodes at a time. Pass raster=None to drive every electrode at once.

  Added in version 0.10.0.

• thresholds (float, Quantity, or dict, optional) –

  Perceptual threshold current (uA) of the participant this device is modeling, used to calibrate threshold-relative (xTh) stimuli. A scalar applies to every electrode; a dict calibrates the named electrodes only. See thresholds.

  Added in version 0.11.0.

Examples

Create an Argus II array:

>>> from pulse2percept.implants.retina import ArgusII
>>> ArgusII()
ArgusII(electrode_array=ElectrodeGrid, encoder=AmplitudeEncoder,
        eye='right', preprocess=True, raster=SequentialRaster,
        safe_mode=False, shape=(6, 10))

Get access to electrode ‘E7’, either by name or by row/column index:

>>> argus = ArgusII()
>>> argus['E7']
DiskElectrode(activated=True, name='E7', radius=112.5,
              x=862.5, y=862.5, z=0.0)
>>> argus[4, 6]
DiskElectrode(activated=True, name='E7', radius=112.5,
              x=862.5, y=862.5, z=0.0)

Because the device brings its own encoder, a picture can be presented directly and comes back as current:

>>> from pulse2percept.stimuli import samples
>>> ArgusII().prepare_stim(samples.logo_bvl()).unit
uA

placement = 'epiretinal'

Where the device sits relative to the tissue it stimulates, where the literature is unambiguous about it; None where it is not, or where the class describes a family rather than a device.

property electrode_array

Electrode array

property encoder

Stimulus encoder used for image or video input.

Must be an ImplantEncoder. Model-aware encoders such as TraceEncoder are called directly instead. If None, dimensionless image/video stimuli are not encoded automatically.

Assigning an unbound encoder (encoder.implant is None) binds it to this implant. An encoder bound to a different implant is rejected with a ValueError.

property raster

Raster pattern used to schedule stimulation across electrodes.

Assigning a raster binds it to this implant.

property eye

Implanted eye

A RetinalImplant can be implanted either in a left eye (‘left’) or right eye (‘right’). Models such as AxonMapModel will treat left and right eyes differently (for example, adjusting the location of the optic disc).

Examples

Implant Argus II in a left eye:

>>> from pulse2percept.implants.retina import ArgusII
>>> implant = ArgusII(eye='left')

property thresholds

Perceptual threshold current (uA) for each electrode.

Assign a single current for the whole array, a per-electrode dict, or None to clear the calibration. Threshold-relative pulse trains are calibrated against whatever is in force at the moment prepare_stim() runs.

Added in version 0.10.0.

Changed in version 0.11.0: Changing thresholds affects the next stimulus prepared, rather than rewriting one the implant was holding.

check_stim(stim)

Quality-check the stimulus

This method is executed every time a stimulus is prepared (see prepare_stim()).

If safe_mode is set to True, this function will only allow stimuli that are charge-balanced. If max_current is set, it will only allow stimuli whose total instantaneous current stays within it.

Both are questions about electricity, and neither can be answered about a stimulus that is not a current, so each raises a DimensionMismatchError on one. In the ordinary flow this cannot happen: prepare_stim() has already checked the stimulus against stimulus_unit. check_stim is public, though, and may be handed anything.

The user can define their own checks in implants that inherit from Implant.

Parameters:

stim (Stimulus source type) – A valid source type for the Stimulus object (e.g., scalar, NumPy array, pulse train).

Raises:

• DimensionMismatchError – If an electrical check was requested and stim is not measured in units of current.

• .. versionchanged: – 0.10.0: The electrical checks verify that the stimulus really is electrical, instead of reading whatever numbers it holds as microamps.

property electrode_names

Return a list of all electrode names in the electrode array

property electrode_objects

Return a list of all electrode objects in the array

property electrodes

Return all electrode names and objects in the electrode array

Internally, electrodes are stored in an ordered dictionary. You can iterate over different electrodes in the array as follows:

for name, electrode in implant.electrodes.items():
    print(name, electrode)

You can access an individual electrode by indexing directly into the implant, e.g. implant['A1'] or implant[0], and ask how many there are with len(implant).

family = None

Named device family, if applicable, e.g. 'PRIMA'. .. versionadded:: 0.11.0

property max_current

Total instantaneous current (uA) the stimulator can source

property n_electrodes

Number of electrodes in the array

This is equivalent to calling electrode_array.n_electrodes.

plot(annotate=False, autoscale=True, ax=None, stim=None, stim_cmap=False)

Plot the device in its local coordinate frame.

Use model.plot(show_implant=True) to show model-side placement.

Parameters:

• annotate (bool, optional) – Whether to label electrodes.

• autoscale (bool, optional) – Whether to adjust the x,y limits of the plot to fit the implant

• ax (matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot, optional) – A Matplotlib axes object. If None, will either use the current axes (if exists) or create a new Axes object.

• stim (Stimulus source type, optional) –

  What is presented to the device. Prepared through prepare_stim(), so the colors show what the electrodes actually deliver. Required by stim_cmap.

  Added in version 0.11.0.

• stim_cmap (bool, str, or matplotlib colormap, optional) – If not false, the fill color of the plotted electrodes will vary based on maximum stimulus amplitude on each electrode. The chosen colormap will be used if provided

Returns:

ax – Returns the axis object of the plot

Return type:

matplotlib.axes.Axes

prepare_stim(source)

Turn a source into stimulation the implant can deliver.

Preparation applies preprocessing, converts the source to a Stimulus, encodes dimensionless visual input when an encoder is present, reshapes it to the electrode array, removes deactivated electrodes, applies threshold calibration, and runs safety checks. The input is not modified and the result is not stored.

Prepared stimuli use the implant’s stimulus_unit (electrical current for most devices; irradiance for PRIMA).

Images and videos require an encoder unless preprocessing already converts them to the implant’s stimulus_unit.

Added in version 0.11.0: Replaces the stateful stim property.

Parameters:

source (Stimulus source type) – Any source accepted by Stimulus, including electrical stimulation and image or video input for the implant encoder.

Returns:

stim – Stimulation delivered by the implant, or None for an empty source.

Return type:

Stimulus or None

Examples

>>> from pulse2percept.implants import DiskElectrode, Implant
>>> from pulse2percept.stimuli import BiphasicPulse
>>> implant = Implant(DiskElectrode(0, 0, 0, 100))
>>> stim = implant.prepare_stim(BiphasicPulse(30, 0.45))

Stimulate Electrode B7 in Argus II with 13 uA:

>>> from pulse2percept.implants.retina import ArgusII
>>> stim = ArgusII().prepare_stim({'B7': 13})

Argus II includes an encoder, so it can prepare an image directly:

>>> from pulse2percept.stimuli import samples
>>> ArgusII().prepare_stim(samples.logo_bvl()).unit
uA

preprocess_stim(stim)

Preprocess the stimulus

This method is executed every time a stimulus is prepared.

No preprocessing is performed by default, but the user can define their own method in implants that inherit from return stim Implant.

A custom method must return a Stimulus object with the correct number of electrodes for the implant.

Parameters:

stim (Stimulus source type) – A valid source type for the Stimulus object (e.g., scalar, NumPy array, pulse train).

Returns:

stim_out

Return type:

Stimulus object

property scene_input_frame

Coordinate frame used to register scene input.

'eye' means gaze changes which scene content reaches the implant; 'head' means scene input is fixed relative to the head.

Defaults to default_scene_input_frame. Setting to None restores that default.

Added in version 0.11.0.

stimulus_unit = uA

Unit used by prepared stimuli. Defaults to electrical current.

technology = None

Stimulation technology, e.g. 'photovoltaic'. .. versionadded:: 0.11.0