corrfitter - Least-Squares Fit to Correlators

Introduction

This module contains tools that facilitate least-squares fits, as functions of time t, of simulation (or other statistical) data for 2-point and 3-point correlators of the form:

Gab(t)    =  <b(t) a(0)>
Gavb(t,T) =  <b(T) V(t) a(0)>

where T > t > 0. Each correlator is modeled using corrfitter.Corr2 for 2-point correlators, or corrfitter.Corr3 for 3-point correlators in terms of amplitudes for each source a, sink b, and vertex V, and the energies associated with each intermediate state. The amplitudes and energies are adjusted in the least-squares fit to reproduce the data; they are defined in a shared prior (typically a dictionary).

An object of type corrfitter.CorrFitter describes a collection of correlators and is used to fit multiple models to data simultaneously. Fitting multiple correlators simultaneously is important if there are statistical correlations between the correlators. Any number of correlators may be described and fit by a single corrfitter.CorrFitter object.

We now review the basic features of corrfitter. These features are also illustrated for real applications in a series of annotated examples following this section. Impatient readers may wish to jump directly to these examples.

Basic Fits

To illustrate, consider data for two 2-point correlators: Gaa with the same source and sink (a), and Gab which has source a and (different) sink b. The data are contained in a dictionary data, where data['Gaa'] and data['Gab'] are one-dimensional arrays containing values for Gaa(t) and Gab(t), respectively, with t=0,1,2...63. Each array element in data['Gaa'] and data['Gab'] is a Gaussian random variable of type gvar.GVar, and specifies the mean and standard deviation for the corresponding data point:

>>> print data['Gaa']
[0.1597910(41) 0.0542088(31) ... ]
>>> print data['Gab']
[0.156145(18) 0.102335(15) ... ]

gvar.GVars can also capture any statistical correlations between different pieces of data.

We want to fit this data to the following formulas:

Gaa(t,N) = sum_i=0..N-1  a[i]**2 * exp(-E[i]*t)
Gab(t,N) = sum_i=0..N-1  a[i]*b[i] * exp(-E[i]*t)

Our goal is to find values for the amplitudes, a[i] and b[i], and the energies, E[i], so that these formulas reproduce the average values for Gaa(t,N) and Gab(t,N) that come from the data, to within the data’s statistical errors. We use the same a[i]s and E[i]s in both formulas. The fit parameters used by the fitter are the a[i]s and b[i]s, as well as the differences dE[i]=E[i]-E[i-1] for i>0 and dE[0]=E[0]. The energy differences are usually positive by construction (see below) and are easily converted back to energies using:

E[i] = sum_j=0..i dE[j]

A typical code has the following structure:

from corrfitter import CorrFitter

data = make_data('mcfile')          # user-supplied routine
models = make_models()              # user-supplied routine
N = 4                               # number of terms in fit functions
prior = make_prior(N)               # user-supplied routine
fitter = CorrFitter(models=models)
fit = fitter.lsqfit(data=data, prior=prior)  # do the fit
print_results(fit, prior, data)     # user-supplied routine

We discuss each user-supplied routine in turn.

a) make_data

make_data('mcfile') creates the dictionary containing the data that is to be fit. Typically such data comes from a Monte Carlo simulation. Imagine that the simulation creates a file called 'mcfile' with layout

# first correlator: each line has Gaa(t) for t=0,1,2...63
Gaa  0.159774739530e+00 0.541793561501e-01 ...
Gaa  0.159751906801e+00 0.542054488624e-01 ...
Gaa  ...
.
.
.
# second correlator: each line has Gab(t) for t=0,1,2...63
Gab  0.155764170032e+00 0.102268808986e+00 ...
Gab  0.156248435021e+00 0.102341455176e+00 ...
Gab  ...
.
.
.

where each line is one Monte Carlo measurement for one or the other correlator, as indicated by the tags at the start of each line. (Lines for Gab may be interspersed with lines for Gaa since every line has a tag.) The data can be analyzed using the gvar.dataset module:

import gvar as gv

def make_data(filename):
    dset = gv.dataset.Dataset(filename)
    return gv.dataset.avg_data(dset)

This reads the data from file into a dataset object (type gvar.dataset.Dataset) and then computes averages for each correlator and t, together with a covariance matrix for the set of averages. Thus data = make_data('mcfile') creates a dictionary where data['Gaa'] is a 1-d array of gvar.GVars obtained by averaging over the Gaa data in the 'mcfile', and data['Gab'] is a similar array for the Gab correlator.

b) make_models

make_models() identifies which correlators in the fit data are to be fit, and specifies theoretical models (that is, fit functions) for these correlators:

from corrfitter import Corr2

def make_models():
    models = [ Corr2(datatag='Gaa', tdata=range(64), tfit=range(64),
                    a='a', b='a', dE='dE'),

               Corr2(datatag='Gab', tdata=range(64), tfit=range(64),
                    a='a', b='b', dE='dE')
             ]
    return models

For each correlator, we specify: the key used in the input data dictionary data for that correlator (datatag); the values of t for which results are given in the input data (tdata); the values of t to keep for fits (tfit, here the same as the range in the input data, but could be any subset); and fit-parameter labels for the source (a) and sink (b) amplitudes, and for the intermediate energy-differences (dE). Fit-parameter labels identify the parts of the prior, discussed below, corresponding to the actual fit parameters (the labels are dictionary keys). Here the two models, for Gaa and Gab, are identical except for the data tags and the sinks. make_models() returns a list of models; the only parts of the input fit data that are fit are those for which a model is specified in make_models().

Note that if there is data for Gba(t,N) in addition to Gab(t,N), and Gba = Gab, then the (weighted) average of the two data sets will be fit if models[1] is replace by:

Corr2(datatag='Gab', tdata=range(64), tfit=range(64),
     a=('a', None), b=('b', None), dE=('dE', None),
     othertags=['Gba'])

The additional argument othertags lists other data tags that correspond to the same physical quantity; the data for all equivalent data tags is averaged before fitting (using lsqfit.wavg()). Alternatively (and equivalently) one could add a third Corr2 to models for Gba, but it is more efficient to combine it with Gab in this way if they are equivalent.

c) make_prior

This routine defines the fit parameters that correspond to each fit-parameter label used in make_models() above. It also assigns a priori values to each parameter, expressed in terms of Gaussian random variables (gvar.GVars), with a mean and standard deviation. The prior is built using class gvar.BufferDict:

import gvar as gv

def make_prior(N):
    prior = gvar.BufferDict()       # prior = {}  works too
    prior['a'] = [gv.gvar(0.1, 0.5) for i in range(N)]
    prior['b'] = [gv.gvar(1., 5.) for i in range(N)]
    prior['dE'] = [gv.gvar(0.25, 0.25) for i in range(N)]
    return prior

(gvar.BufferDict can be replaced by an ordinary Python dictionary; it is used here because it remembers the order in which the keys are added.) make_prior(N) associates arrays of N Gaussian random variables (gvar.GVars) with each fit-parameter label, enough for N terms in the fit function. These are the a priori values for the fit parameters, and they can be retrieved using the label: setting prior=make_prior(N), for example, implies that prior['a'][i], prior['b'][i] and prior['dE'][i] are the a priori values for a[i], b[i] and dE[i] in the fit functions (see above). The a priori value for each a[i] here is set to 0.1±0.5, while that for each b[i] is 1±5:

>>> print prior['a']
[0.10(50) 0.10(50) 0.10(50) 0.10(50)]
>>> print prior['b']
[1.0(5.0) 1.0(5.0) 1.0(5.0) 1.0(5.0)]

Similarly the a priori value for each energy difference is 0.25±0.25. (See the lsqfit documentation for further information on priors.)

d) print_results

The actual fit is done by fit=fitter.lsqfit(...), which also prints out a summary of the fit results (this output can be suppressed if desired). Further results are reported by print_results(fit, prior, data): for example,

def print_results(fit, prior, data):
    a = fit.p['a']                              # array of a[i]s
    b = fit.p['b']                              # array of b[i]s
    dE = fit.p['dE']                            # array of dE[i]s
    E = [sum(dE[:i+1]) for i in range(len(dE))] # array of E[i]s
    print 'Best fit values:
    print '     a[0] =',a[0]
    print '     b[0] =',b[0]
    print '     E[0] =',E[0]
    print 'b[0]/a[0] =',b[0]/a[0]
    outputs = {'E0':E[0], 'a0':a[0], 'b0':b[0], 'b0/a0':b[0]/a[0]}
    inputs = {'a'=prior['a'], 'b'=prior['b'], 'dE'=prior['dE'],
              'data'=[data[k] for k in data])
    print fit.fmt_errorbudget(outputs, inputs)

The best-fit values from the fit are contained in fit.p and are accessed using the labels defined in the prior and the corrfitter.Corr2 models. Variables like a[0] and E[0] are gvar.GVar objects that contain means and standard deviations, as well as information about any correlations that might exist between different variables (which is relevant for computing functions of the parameters, like b[0]/a[0] in this example).

The last line of print_results(fit,prior,data) prints an error budget for each of the best-fit results for a[0], b[0], E[0] and b[0]/a[0], which are identified in the print output by the labels 'a0', 'b0', 'E0' and 'b0/a0', respectively. The error for any fit result comes from uncertainties in the inputs — in particular, from the fit data and the priors. The error budget breaks the total error for a result down into the components coming from each source. Here the sources are the a priori errors in the priors for the 'a' amplitudes, the 'b' amplitudes, and the 'dE' energy differences, as well as the errors in the fit data data. These sources are labeled in the print output by 'a', 'b', 'dE', and 'data', respectively. (See the gvar/lsqfit tutorial for further details on partial standard deviations and gvar.fmt_errorbudget().)

Plots of the fit data divided by the fit function, for each correlator, are displayed by calling fitter.display_plots() provided the matplotlib module is present.

Faster Fits

Good fits often require fit functions with several exponentials and many parameters. Such fits can be costly. One strategy that can speed things up is to use fits with fewer terms to generate estimates for the most important parameters. These estimates are then used as starting values for the full fit. The smaller fit is usually faster, because it has fewer parameters, but the fit is not adequate (because there are too few parameters). Fitting the full fit function is usually faster given reasonable starting estimates, from the smaller fit, for the most important parameters. Continuing with the example from the previous section, the code

data = make_data('mcfile')
fitter = CorrFitter(models=make_models())
p0 = None
for N in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]:
    prior = make_prior(N)
    fit = fitter.lsqfit(data=data, prior=prior, p0=p0)
    print_results(fit, prior, data)
    p0 = fit.pmean

does fits using fit functions with N=1...8 terms. Parameter mean-values fit.pmean from the fit with N exponentials are used as starting values p0 for the fit with N+1 exponentials, hopefully reducing the time required to find the best fit for N+1.

Faster Fits — Postive Parameters

Priors used in corrfitter.CorrFitter assign an a priori Gaussian/normal distribution to each parameter. It is possible instead to assign a log-normal distribution, which forces the corresponding parameter to be positive. Consider, for example, energy parameters labeled by 'dE' in the definition of a model (e.g., Corr2(dE='dE',...)). To assign log-normal distributions to these parameters, include their logarithms in the prior and label the logarithms with 'log(dE)': for example, in make_prior(N) use

prior['log(dE)'] = [gv.log(gv.gvar(0.25, 0.25)) for i in range(N)]

instead of prior['dE'] = [gv.gvar(0.25, 0.25) for i in range(N)]. The fitter then uses the logarithms as the fit parameters. The original 'dE' parameters are recovered (automatically) inside the fit function from exponentials of the 'log(dE)' fit parameters.

Using log-normal distributions where possible can significantly improve the stability of a fit. This is because otherwise the fit function typically has many symmetries that lead to large numbers of equivalent but different best fits. For example, the fit functions Gaa(t,N) and Gab(t,N) above are unchanged by exchanging a[i], b[i] and E[i] with a[j], b[j] and E[j] for any i and j. We can remove this degeneracy by using a log-normal distribution for the dE[i]s since this guarantees that all dE[i]s are positive, and therefore that E[0],E[1],E[2]... are ordered (in decreasing order of importance to the fit at large t).

Another symmetry of Gaa and Gab, which leaves both fit functions unchanged, is replacing a[i],b[i] by -a[i],-b[i]. Yet another is to add a new term to the fit functions with a[k],b[k],dE[k] where a[k]=0 and the other two have arbitrary values. Both of these symmetries can be removed by using a log-normal distribution for the a[i] priors, thereby forcing all a[i]>0.

The log-normal distributions for the a[i] and dE[i] are introduced into the code example above by changing the corresponding labels in make_prior(N), and taking logarithms of the corresponding prior values:

import gvar as gv

def make_models():                          # same as before
    models = [ Corr2(datatag='Gaa', tdata=range(64), tfit=range(64),
                     a='a', b='a', dE='dE'),

               Corr2(datatag='Gab', tdata=range(64), tfit=range(64),
                     a='a', b='b', dE='dE')
             ]
    return models

def make_prior(N):
    prior = gvar.BufferDict()               # prior = {}  works too
    prior['log(a)'] = [gv.log(gv.gvar(0.1, 0.5)) for i in range(N)]
    prior['b'] = [gv.gvar(1., 5.) for i in range(N)]
    prior['log(dE)'] = [gv.log(gv.gvar(0.25, 0.25)) for i in range(N)]
    return prior

This replaces the original fit parameters, a[i] and dE[i], by new fit parameters, log(a)[i] and log(dE)[i]. The a priori distributions for the logarithms are Gaussian/normal, with priors of log(0.1±0.5) and log(0.25±0.25) for the log(a)s and log(dE)s respectively.

Note that the labels are unchanged here in make_models(). It is unnecessary to change labels in the models; corrfitter.CorrFitter will automatically connect the modified terms in the prior with the appropriate terms in the models. This allows one to switch back and forth between log-normal and normal distributions without changing the models (or any other code) — only the names in the prior need be changed. corrfitter.CorrFitter also supports “sqrt-normal” distributions, which are indicated by 'sqrt' at the start of a parameter- name in the prior; the actual parameter in the fit function is the square of this fit- parameter, and so is again positive.

Finally note that another option for stabilizings fits involving many sources and sinks is to generate priors for the fit amplitudes and energies using corrfitter.EigenBasis.

Faster Fits — Marginalization

Often we care only about parameters in the leading term of the fit function, or just a few of the leading terms. The non-leading terms are needed for a good fit, but we are uninterested in the values of their parameters. In such cases the non-leading terms can be absorbed into the fit data, leaving behind only the leading terms to be fit (to the modified fit data) — non-leading parameters are, in effect, integrated out of the analysis, or marginalized. The errors in the modified data are adjusted to account for uncertainties in the marginalized terms, as specified by their priors. The resulting fit function has many fewer parameters, and so the fit can be much faster.

Continuing with the example in Faster Fits, imagine that Nmax=8 terms are needed to get a good fit, but we only care about parameter values for the first couple of terms. The code from that section can be modified to fit only the leading N terms where N<Nmax, while incorporating (marginalizing) the remaining, non-leading terms as corrections to the data:

Nmax = 8
data = make_data('mcfile')
models = make_models()
fitter = CorrFitter(models=make_models())
prior = make_prior(Nmax)        # build priors for Nmax terms
p0 = None
for N in [1,2,3]:
    fit = fitter.lsqfit(data=data, prior=prior, p0=p0, nterm=N) # fit N terms
    print_results(fit, prior, data)
    p0 = fit.pmean

Here the nterm parameter in fitter.lsqfit specifies how many terms are used in the fit functions. The prior specifies Nmax terms in all, but only parameters in nterm=N terms are varied in the fit. The remaining terms specified by the prior are automatically incorporated into the fit data by corrfitter.CorrFitter.

Remarkably this method is usually as accurate with N=1 or 2 as a full Nmax-term fit with the original fit data; but it is much faster. If this is not the case, check for singular priors, where the mean is much smaller than the standard deviation. These can lead to singularities in the covariance matrix for the corrected fit data. Such priors are easily fixed: for example, use gvar.gvar(0.1,1.) rather than gvar.gvar(0.0,1.). In some situations an svd cut (see below) can also help.

Faster Fits — Chained Fits

Large complicated fits, where lots of models and data are fit simultaneously, can take a very long time. This is especially true if there are strong correlations in the data. Such correlations can also cause problems from numerical roundoff errors when the inverse of the data’s covariance matrix is computed for the chi**2 function, requiring large svd cuts which can degrade precision (see below). An alternative approach is to use chained fits. In a chained fit, each model is fit by itself in sequence, but with the best-fit parameters from each fit serving as priors for fit parameters in the next fit. All parameters from one fit become fit parameters in the next, including those parameters that are not explicitly needed by the next fit (since they may be correlated with the input data for the next fit or with its priors). Statistical correlations between data/priors from different models are preserved throughout (approximately).

The results from a chained fit are identical to a standard simultaneous fit in the limit of large statistics (that is, in the Gaussian limit), but a chained fit never involves fitting more than a single correlator at a time. Single-correlator fits are usually much faster than simultaneous multi-correlator fits, and roundoff errors (and therefore svd cuts) are much less of a problem. Consequently chained fits can be more accurate in practice than conventional simultaneous fits, especially for high-statistics data.

Converting to chained fits is trivial: simply replace fitter.lsqfit(...) by fitter.chained_lsqfit(...). The output from this function represents the results for the entire chain of fits, and so can be used in exactly the same way as the output from fitter.lsqfit() (and is usually quite similar, to within statistical errors). Results from the different links in the chain — that is, from the fits for individual models — can be accessed after the fit using fitter.fit.fits[datatag] where datatag is the data tag for the model of interest.

Setting parameter parallel=True in fitter.chained_lsqfit(...) makes the fits for each model independent of each other. Each correlator is fit separately, but nothing is passed from one fit to the next. In particular, each fit uses the input prior. Parallel fits can be better than chained fits in situations where different models share few or no parameters.

It is sometimes useful to combine chained and parallel fits. This is done by using a nested list of models. For example, setting

models = [m1, m2, [m3a,m3b], m4]

with parallel=False (the default) in fitter.chained_lsqfit causes the following chain of fits:

m1 -> m2 -> (parallel fit of [m3a,m3b]) -> m4

Here the output from m1 is used in the prior for fit m2, and the output from m2 is used as the prior for a parallel fit of m3a and m3b together — that is, m3a and m3b are not chained, but rather are fit in parallel with each using a prior from fit m2. The result of the parallel fit of [m3a,m3b] is used as the prior for m4. Different levels of nesting in the list of models alternate between chained and parallel fits.

It is sometimes useful to follow a chained fit with an ordinary fit, but using the best-fit parameters from the chained fit as the prior for the ordinary fit: for example,

fit = fitter.chained_lsqfit(data=data, prior=prior)
fit = fitter.lsqfit(data=data, prior=fit.p)

The second fit should, in principle, have no effect on the results since it adds no new information. In some cases, however, it polishes the results by making small (compared to the errors) corrections that tighten up the overall fit. It is generally fairly fast since the prior (fit.p) is relatively narrow. It is also possible to polish fits using fitter.chained_lsqfit, with parameters parallel=True and flat=True, rather than using fitter.lsqfit. This can be faster for very large fits.

Variations

Any 2-point correlator can be turned into a periodic function of t by specifying the period through parameter tp. Doing so causes the replacement (for tp>0)

exp(-E[i]*t)   ->   exp(-E[i]*t) + exp(-E[i]*(tp-t))

in the fit function. If tp is negative, the function is replaced by an anti-periodic function with period abs(tp) and (for tp<0):

exp(-E[i]*t)   ->   exp(-E[i]*t) - exp(-E[i]*(abs(tp)-t))

Also (or alternatively) oscillating terms can be added to the fit by modifying parameter s and by specifying sources, sinks and energies for the oscillating pieces. For example, one might want to replace the sum of exponentials with two sums

sum_i a[i]**2 * exp(-E[i]*t) - sum_i ao[i]**2 (-1)**t * exp(-Eo[i]*t)

in a (nonperiodic) fit function. Then an appropriate model would be, for example,

Corr2(datatag='Gaa', tdata=range(64), tfit=range(64),
      a=('a','ao'), b=('a','ao'), dE=('dE','dEo'), s=(1,-1))

where ao and dEo refer to additional fit parameters describing the oscillating component. In general parameters for amplitudes and energies can be tuples with two components: the first describing normal states, and the second describing oscillating states. To omit one or the other, put None in place of a label. Parameter s[0] is an overall factor multiplying the non-oscillating terms, and s[1] is the corresponding factor for the oscillating terms.

Highly correlated data can lead to problems from numerical roundoff errors, particularly where the fit code inverts the covariance matrix when constructing the chi**2 function. Such problems show up as unexpectedly large chi**2 or fits that stall and appear never to converge. Such situations are usually improved by introducing an svd cut: for example,

fit = fitter.lsqfit(data=data, prior=prior, p0=p0, svdcut=1e-4)

Introducing an svd cut increases the effective errors and so is a conservative move. For more information about svd cuts see the lsqfit tutorial and documentation. Parameter svdcut is used to specify an svd cut.

Very Fast (But Limited) Fits

At large t, two-point correlators are dominated by the term with the smallest E, and often it is only the parameters in that leading term that are needed. In such cases there is a very fast analysis that is often almost as accurate as a full fit. Assuming a non-periodic correlator, for example, we want to calculate energy E[0] and amplitude A[0] where:

G(t) = sum_i=0,N-1 A[i] * exp(-E[i]*t)

This is done using the following code

from corrfitter import fastfit

# Gdata = array containing G(t) for t=0,1,2...
fit = fastfit(Gdata, ampl='0(1)', dE='0.5(5)', tmin=3, nterm=N)
print('E[0] =', fit.E)                  # E[0]
print('A[0] =', fit.ampl)               # A[0]
print('chi2/dof =', fit.E.chi2/fit.dof) # good fit if of order 1 or less
print('Q =', fit.E.Q)                   # good fit if Q > 0.05-0.1

where G is an array containing a two-point correlator, ampl is a prior for the amplitudes A[i], dE is a prior for energy differences E[i]-E[i-1], and tmin is the minimum time used in the analysis.

fastfit is fast because it does not attempt to determine any parameters in G(t) other than E[0] and A[0]. It does this by using the priors for the amplitudes and energy differences to remove (marginalize) all terms from the correlator other than the E[0] term: so the data Gdata(t) for the correlator are replaced by

Gdata(t) - sum_i=1..N-1  A[i] * exp(-E[i]*t)

where A[i] and E[i] for i>0 are replaced by priors given by ampl and (i+1) * dE, respectively. The modified correlator is then fit by a single term, A[0] * exp(-E[0]*t), which means that a fit is not actually necessary since the functional form is so simple. fastfit averages estimates for E[0] and A[0] from all ts larger than tmin. It is important to verify that these estimates agree with each other, by checking the chi**2 of the average. Try increasing tmin if the chi**2 is too large; or introduce an svd cut.

The energies from fastfit are closely related to standard effective masses. The key difference is fastfit’s marginalization of terms from excited states (i>0 above). This allows fastfit to use information from much smaller ts than otherwise, increasing precision. It also quantifies the uncertainty caused by the existence of excited states, and gives a simple criterion for how small tmin can be (the chi**2). Results are typically as accurate as results obtained from a full multi-exponential fit that uses the same priors for A[i] and E[i], and the same tmin. fastfit can also be used for periodic and anti-periodic correlators, as well as for correlators that contain terms that oscillate in sign from one t to the next.

fastfit is a special case of the more general marginalization strategy discussed in Faster Fits, above.

3-Point Correlators

Correlators Gavb(t,T) = <b(T) V(t) a(0)> can also be included in fits as functions of t. In the illustration above, for example, we might consider additional Monte Carlo data describing a form factor with the same intermediate states before and after V(t). Assuming the data is tagged by aVbT15 and describes T=15, the corresponding entry in the collection of models might then be:

Corr3(datatag='aVbT15', T=15, tdata=range(16), tfit=range(16),
    Vnn='Vnn',                # parameters for V
    a='a', dEa='dE',          # parameters for a->V
    b='b', dEb='dE',          # parameters for V->b
    )

This models the Monte Carlo data for the 3-point function using the following formula:

sum_i,j a[i] * exp(-Ea[i]*t) * Vnn[i,j] * b[j] * exp(-Eb[j]*t)

where the Vnn[i,j]s are new fit parameters related to a->V->b form factors. Obviously multiple values of T can be studied by including multiple corrfitter.Corr3 models, one for each value of T. Either or both of the initial and final states can have oscillating components (include sa and/or sb), or can be periodic (include tpa and/or tpb). If there are oscillating states then additional Vs must be specified: Vno connecting a normal state to an oscillating state, Von connecting oscillating to normal states, and Voo connecting oscillating to oscillating states.

There are two cases that require special treatment. One is when simultaneous fits are made to a->V->b and b->V->a. Then the Vnn, Vno, etc. for b->V->a are the (matrix) transposes of the the same matrices for a->V->b. In this case the models for the two would look something like:

models = [
    ...
    Corr3(datatag='aVbT15', T=15, tdata=range(16), tfit=range(16),
        Vnn='Vnn', Vno='Vno', Von='Von', Voo='Voo',
        a=('a','ao'), dEa=('dE','dEo'), sa=(1,-1), # a->V
        b=('b','bo'), dEb=('dE','dEo'), sb=(1,-1)  # V->b
        ),
    Corr3(datatag='bVaT15', T=15, tdata=range(16), tfit=range(16),
        Vnn='Vnn', Vno='Vno', Von='Von', Voo='Voo', transpose_V=True,
        a=('b','bo'), dEa=('dE','dEo'), sa=(1,-1), # b->V
        b=('a','ao'), dEb=('dE','dEo'), sb=(1,-1)  # V->a
        ),
    ...
]

The same Vs are specified for the second correlator, but setting transpose_V=True means that the transpose of each matrix is used in the fit for that correlator.

The second special case is for fits to a->V->a where source and sink are the same. In that case, Vnn and Voo are symmetric matrices, and Von is the transpose of Vno. The model for such a case would look like:

Corr3(datatag='aVbT15', T=15, tdata=range(16), tfit=range(16),
    Vnn='Vnn', Vno='Vno', Von='Vno', Voo='Voo', symmetric_V=True,
    a=('a','ao'), dEa=('dE', 'dEo'), sa=(1, -1), # a->V
    b=('a','ao'), dEb=('dE', 'dEo'), sb=(1, -1)  # V->a
    )

Here Vno and Von are set equal to the same matrix, but specifying symmetric_V=True implies that the transpose will be used for Von. Furthermore Vnn and Voo are symmetric matrices when symmetric_V==True and so only the upper part of each matrix is needed. In this case Vnn and Voo are treated as one-dimensional arrays with N(N+1)/2 elements corresponding to the upper parts of each matrix, where N is the number of exponentials (that is, the number of a[i]s).

Testing Fits with Simulated Data

Large fits are complicated and often involve nontrivial choices about algorithms (e.g., chained fits versus regular fits), priors, and svd cuts — choices that affect the values and errors for the fit parameters. In such situations it is often a good idea to test the fit protocol that has been selected. This can be done by fitting simulated data. Simulated data looks almost identical to the original fit data but has means that have been adjusted to correspond to fluctuations around a correlator with known (before the fit) parameter values: p=pexact. The corrfitter.CorrFitter iterator simulated_data_iter creates any number of different simulated data sets of this kind. Fitting any of these with a particular fit protocol tests the reliability of that protocol since the fit results should agree with pexact to within the (simulated) fit’s errors. One or two fit simulations of this sort are usually enough to establish the validity of a protocol. It is also easy to compare the performance of different fit options by applying these in fits of simulated data, again because we know the correct answers (pexact) ahead of time.

Typically one obtains reasonable values for pexact from a fit to the real data. Assuming these have been dumped into a file named "pexact_file" (using, for example, fit.dump_pmean("pexact_file")), a testing script might look something like:

import gvar as gv
import lsqfit
import corrfitter

def main():
    dataset = gv.dataset.Dataset(...)       # from original fit code
    fitter = corrfitter.CorrFitter(         # from original fit code
        models = make_models(...),
        prior = make_prior(...),
        ...
        )
    n = 2                                   # number of simulations
    pexact = lsqfit.nonlinear_fit.load_parameters("pexact_file")
    for sdata in fitter.simulated_data_iter(n, dataset, pexact=pexact):
        # sfit = fit to the simulated data sdata
        sfit = fitter.lsqfit(data=sdata, p0=pexact, prior=prior, svdcut=..., ...)
        ... check that sfit.p values agree with pexact to within sfit.psdev ...

Simulated fits provide an alternative to a bootstrap analysis (see next section). By collecting results from many simulated fits, one can test whether or not fit results are distributed in Gaussian distributions around pexact, with widths that equal the standard deviations from the fit (fit.psdev or sfit.psdev).

Fit simulations are particularly useful for setting svd cuts. Given a set of approximate parameter values to use for pexact, it is easy to run fits with a range of svd cuts to see how small svdcut can be made before the parameters of interest deviate too far from pexact.

Bootstrap Analyses

A bootstrap analysis gives more robust error estimates for fit parameters and functions of fit parameters than the conventional fit when errors are large, or fluctuations are non-Gaussian. A typical code looks something like:

import gvar as gv
import gvar.dataset as ds
from corrfitter import CorrFitter
# fit
dset = ds.Dataset('mcfile')
data = ds.avg_data(dset)            # create fit data
fitter = Corrfitter(models=make_models())
N = 4                               # number of terms in fit function
prior = make_prior(N)
fit = fitter.lsqfit(prior=prior, data=data)  # do standard fit
print 'Fit results:'
print 'a', fit.p['a']               # fit results for 'a' amplitudes
print 'dE', fit.p['dE']             # fit results for 'dE' energies
...
...
# bootstrap analysis
print 'Bootstrap fit results:'
nbootstrap = 10                     # number of bootstrap iterations
bs_datalist = (ds.avg_data(d) for d in ds.bootstrap_iter(dset, nbootstrap))
bs = ds.Dataset()                   # bootstrap output stored in bs
for bs_fit in fitter.bootstrap_iter(bs_datalist): # bs_fit = lsqfit output
    p = bs_fit.pmean    # best fit values for current bootstrap iteration
    bs.append('a', p['a']))         # collect bootstrap results for a[i]
    bs.append('dE', p['dE'])        # collect results for dE[i]
    ...                             # include other functions of p
    ...
bs = ds.avg_data(bs, bstrap=True)   # medians + error estimate
print 'a', bs['a']                  # bootstrap result for 'a' amplitudes
print 'dE', bs['dE']                # bootstrap result for 'dE' energies
....

This code first prints out the standard fit results for the 'a' amplitudes and 'dE' energies. It then makes 10 bootstrap copies of the original input data, and fits each using the best-fit parameters from the original fit as the starting point for the bootstrap fit. The variation in the best-fit parameters from fit to fit is an indication of the uncertainty in those parameters. This example uses a gvar.dataset.Dataset object bs to accumulate the results from each bootstrap fit, which are computed using the best-fit values of the parameters (ignoring their standard deviations). Other functions of the fit parameters could be included as well. At the end avg_data(bs, bstrap=True) finds median values for each quantity in bs, as well as a robust estimate of the uncertainty (to within 30% since nbootstrap is only 10).

The list of bootstrap data sets bs_datalist can be omitted in this example in situations where the input data has high statistics. Then the bootstrap copies are generated internally by fitter.bootstrap_iter() from the means and covariance matrix of the input data (assuming Gaussian statistics).

Implementation

corrfitter.CorrFitter allows models to specify how many exponentials to include in the fit function (using parameters nterm, nterma and ntermb). If that number is less than the number of exponentials specified by the prior, the extra terms are incorporated into the fit data before fitting. The default procedure is to multiply the data by G(t,p,N)/G(t,p,max(N,Nmax)) where: G(p,t,N) is the fit function with N terms for parameters p and time t; N is the number of exponentials specified in the models; Nmax is the number of exponentials specified in the prior; and here parameters p are set equal to their values in the prior (correlated gvar.GVars).

An alternative implementation for the data correction is to add G(t,p,N)-G(t,p,max(N,Nmax)) to the data. This implementation is selected when parameter ratio in corrfitter.CorrFitter is set to False. Results are similar to the other implementation.

Background information on the some of the fitting strategies used by corrfitter.CorrFitter can be found by doing a web searches for “hep-lat/0110175”, “arXiv:1111.1363”, and ”:arXiv:1406.2279” (appendix). These are papers by G.P. Lepage and collaborators whose published versions are: G.P. Lepage et al, Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl. 106 (2002) 12-20; K. Hornbostel et al, Phys.Rev. D85 (2012) 031504; and C. Bouchard et al, ...

Correlator Model Objects

Correlator objects describe theoretical models that are fit to correlator data by varying the models’ parameters.

A model object’s parameters are specified through priors for the fit. A model assigns labels to each of its parameters (or arrays of related parameters), and these labels are used to identify the corresponding parameters in the prior. Parameters can be shared by more than one model object.

A model object also specifies the data that it is to model. The data is identified by the data tag that labels it in the input file or gvar.dataset.Dataset.

class corrfitter.Corr2(datatag, tdata, tfit, a, b, dE, s=1.0, tp=None, othertags=None)

Two-point correlators Gab(t) = <b(t) a(0)>.

corrfitter.Corr2 models the t dependence of a 2-point correlator Gab(t) using

Gab(t) = sn * sum_i an[i]*bn[i] * fn(En[i], t)
       + so * sum_i ao[i]*bo[i] * fo(Eo[i], t)

where sn and so are typically -1, 0, or 1 and

fn(E, t) =  exp(-E*t) + exp(-E*(tp-t)) # tp>0 -- periodic
       or   exp(-E*t) - exp(-E*(-tp-t))# tp<0 -- anti-periodic
       or   exp(-E*t)                  # if tp is None (nonperiodic)

fo(E, t) = (-1)**t * fn(E, t)

The fit parameters for the non-oscillating piece of Gab (first term) are an[i], bn[i], and dEn[i] where:

dEn[0] = En[0] > 0
dEn[i] = En[i]-En[i-1] > 0     (for i>0)

and therefore En[i] = sum_j=0..i dEn[j]. The fit parameters for the oscillating pied are defined analogously: ao[i], bo[i], and dEo[i].

The fit parameters are specified by the keys corresponding to these parameters in a dictionary of priors supplied by corrfitter.CorrFitter. The keys are strings and are also used to access fit results. Any key that begins with “log” is assumed to refer to the logarithm of the parameter in question (that is, the exponential of the fit-parameter is used in the formula for Gab(t).) This is useful for forcing an, bn and/or dE to be positive.

When tp is not None and positive, the correlator is assumed to be symmetrical about tp/2, with Gab(t)=Gab(tp-t). Data from t>tp/2 is averaged with the corresponding data from t<tp/2 before fitting. When tp is negative, the correlator is assumed to be anti-symetrical about -tp/2.

Parameters:

• datatag (string) – Key used to access correlator data in the input data dictionary (see corrfitter.CorrFitter). data[self.datatag] is (1-d) array containing the correlator values (gvar.GVars) if data is the input data.
• a (string, or two-tuple of strings and/or None) – Key identifying the fit parameters for the source amplitudes an in the dictionary of priors provided by corrfitter.CorrFitter; or a two-tuple of keys for the source amplitudes (an, ao). The corresponding values in the dictionary of priors are (1-d) arrays of prior values with one term for each an[i] or ao[i]. Replacing either key by None causes the corresponding term to be dropped from the fit function. These keys are used to label the corresponding parameter arrays in the fit results as well as in the prior.
• b (string, or two-tuple of strings and/or None) – Same as self.a but for the sinks (bn, bo) instead of the sources (an, ao).
• dE (string, or two-tuple of strings and/or None) – Key identifying the fit parameters for the energy differences dEn in the dictionary of priors provided by corrfitter.CorrFitter; or a two-tuple of keys for the energy differences (dEn, dEo). The corresponding values in the dictionary of priors are (1-d) arrays of prior values with one term for each dEn[i] or dEo[i]. Replacing either key by None causes the corresponding term to be dropped from the fit function. These keys are used to label the corresponding parameter arrays in the fit results as well as in the prior.
• s (number or two-tuple of numbers) – Overall factor sn, or two-tuple of overall factors (sn, so).
• tdata (list of integers) – The ts corresponding to data entries in the input data. Note that len(self.tdata) == len(data[self.datatag]) is required if data is the input data dictionary.
• tfit (list of integers) – List of ts to use in the fit. Only data with these ts (all of which should be in tdata) is used in the fit.
• tp (integer or None) – If not None and positive, the correlator is assumed to be periodic with Gab(t)=Gab(tp-t). If negative, the correlator is assumed to be anti-periodic with Gab(t)=-Gab(-tp-t). Setting tp=None implies that the correlator is not periodic, but rather continues to fall exponentially as t is increased indefinitely.
• othertags (sequence of strings) – List of additional data tags for data to be averaged with the self.datatag data before fitting.

builddata(data)

Assemble fit data from dictionary data.

Extracts parts of array data[self.datatag] that are needed for the fit, as specified by self.tp and self.tfit. The entries in the (1-D) array data[self.datatag] are assumed to be gvar.GVars and correspond to the t``s in ``self.tdata.

buildprior(prior, nterm)

Create fit prior by extracting relevant pieces of prior.

This routine does two things: 1) discard parts of prior that are not needed in the fit; and 2) determine whether any of the parameters has a log-normal/sqrt-normal prior, in which case the logarithm/sqrt of the parameter appears in prior, rather than the parameter itself.

The number of terms kept in each part of the fit is specified using nterm = (n, no) where n is the number of non-oscillating terms and no is the number of oscillating terms. Setting nterm = None keeps all terms.

fitfcn(p, nterm=None, t=None)

Return fit function for parameters p.

class corrfitter.Corr3(datatag, T, tdata, tfit, Vnn, a, b, dEa, dEb, sa=1.0, sb=1.0, Vno=None, Von=None, Voo=None, transpose_V=False, symmetric_V=False, tpa=None, tpb=None, othertags=None)

Three-point correlators Gavb(t, T) = <b(T) V(t) a(0)>.

corrfitter.Corr3 models the t dependence of a 3-point correlator Gavb(t, T) using

Gavb(t, T) =
 sum_i,j san*an[i]*fn(Ean[i],t)*Vnn[i,j]*sbn*bn[j]*fn(Ebn[j],T-t)
+sum_i,j san*an[i]*fn(Ean[i],t)*Vno[i,j]*sbo*bo[j]*fo(Ebo[j],T-t)
+sum_i,j sao*ao[i]*fo(Eao[i],t)*Von[i,j]*sbn*bn[j]*fn(Ebn[j],T-t)
+sum_i,j sao*ao[i]*fo(Eao[i],t)*Voo[i,j]*sbo*bo[j]*fo(Ebo[j],T-t)

where

fn(E, t) =  exp(-E*t) + exp(-E*(tp-t)) # tp>0 -- periodic
       or   exp(-E*t) - exp(-E*(-tp-t))# tp<0 -- anti-periodic
       or   exp(-E*t)                  # if tp is None (nonperiodic)

fo(E, t) = (-1)**t * fn(E, t)

The fit parameters for the non-oscillating piece of Gavb (first term) are Vnn[i,j], an[i], bn[j], dEan[i] and dEbn[j] where, for example:

dEan[0] = Ean[0] > 0
dEan[i] = Ean[i]-Ean[i-1] > 0     (for i>0)

and therefore Ean[i] = sum_j=0..i dEan[j]. The parameters for the other terms are similarly defined.

Parameters:

• datatag (string) – Tag used to label correlator in the input gvar.dataset.Dataset.
• a (string, or two-tuple of strings or None) – Key identifying the fit parameters for the source amplitudes an, for a->V, in the dictionary of priors provided by corrfitter.CorrFitter; or a two-tuple of keys for the source amplitudes (an, ao). The corresponding values in the dictionary of priors are (1-d) arrays of prior values with one term for each an[i] or ao[i]. Replacing either key by None causes the corresponding term to be dropped from the fit function. These keys are used to label the corresponding parameter arrays in the fit results as well as in the prior.
• b (string, or two-tuple of strings or None) – Same as self.a except for sink amplitudes (bn, bo) for V->b rather than for (an, ao).
• dEa (string, or two-tuple of strings or None) – Fit-parameter label for a->V intermediate-state energy differences dEan, or two-tuple of labels for the differences (dEan,dEao). Each label represents an array of energy differences. Replacing either label by None causes the corresponding term in the correlator function to be dropped. These keys are used to label the corresponding parameter arrays in the fit results as well as in the prior.
• dEb (string, or two-tuple of strings or None) – Fit-parameter label for V->b intermediate-state energy differences dEbn, or two-tuple of labels for the differences (dEbn,dEbo). Each label represents an array of energy differences. Replacing either label by None causes the corresponding term in the correlator function to be dropped. These keys are used to label the corresponding parameter arrays in the fit results as well as in the prior.
• sa (number, or two-tuple of numbers) – Overall factor san for the non-oscillating a->V terms in the correlator, or two-tuple containing the overall factors (san,sao) for the non-oscillating and oscillating terms.
• sb (number, or two-tuple of numbers) – Overall factor sbn for the non-oscillating V->b terms in the correlator, or two-tuple containing the overall factors (sbn,sbo) for the non-oscillating and oscillating terms.
• Vnn (string or None) – Fit-parameter label for the matrix of current matrix elements Vnn[i,j] connecting non-oscillating states. Labels that begin with “log” indicate that the corresponding matrix elements are replaced by their exponentials; these parameters are logarithms of the corresponding matrix elements, which must then be positive.
• Vno (string or None) – Fit-parameter label for the matrix of current matrix elements Vno[i,j] connecting non-oscillating to oscillating states. Labels that begin with “log” indicate that the corresponding matrix elements are replaced by their exponentials; these parameters are logarithms of the corresponding matrix elements, which must then be positive.
• Von (string or None) – Fit-parameter label for the matrix of current matrix elements Von[i,j] connecting oscillating to non-oscillating states. Labels that begin with “log” indicate that the corresponding matrix elements are replaced by their exponentials; these parameters are logarithms of the corresponding matrix elements, which must then be positive.
• Voo (string or None) – Fit-parameter label for the matrix of current matrix elements Voo[i,j] connecting oscillating states. Labels that begin with “log” indicate that the corresponding matrix elements are replaced by their exponentials; these parameters are logarithms of the corresponding matrix elements, which must then be positive.
• transpose_V (boolean) – If True, the transpose V[j,i] is used in place of V[i,j] for each current matrix element in the fit function. This is useful for doing simultaneous fits to a->V->b and b->V->a, where the current matrix elements for one are the transposes of those for the other. Default value is False.
• symmetric_V (boolean) –

  If True, the fit function for a->V->b is unchanged (symmetrical) under the the interchange of a and b. Then Vnn and Voo are square, symmetric matrices with V[i,j]=V[j,i] and their priors are one-dimensional arrays containing only elements V[i,j] with j>=i in the following layout:

  [V[0,0],V[0,1],V[0,2]...V[0,N],
          V[1,1],V[1,2]...V[1,N],
                 V[2,2]...V[2,N],
                       .
                        .
                         .
                          V[N,N]]
  

  Furthermore the matrix specified for Von is transposed before being used by the fitter; normally the matrix specified for Von is the same as the matrix specified for Vno when the amplitude is symmetrical. Default value is False.

• tdata (list of integers) – The ts corresponding to data entries in the input gvar.dataset.Dataset.
• tfit (list of integers) – List of ts to use in the fit. Only data with these ts (all of which should be in tdata) is used in the fit.
• tpa (integer or None) – If not None and positive, the a->V correlator is assumed to be periodic with period tpa. If negative, the correlator is anti-periodic with period -tpa. Setting tpa=None implies that the correlators are not periodic.
• tpb (integer or None) – If not None and positive, the V->b correlator is assumed to be periodic with period tpb. If negative, the correlator is periodic with period -tpb. Setting tpb=None implies that the correlators are not periodic.

builddata(data)

Assemble fit data from dictionary data.

Extracts parts of array data[self.datatag] that are needed for the fit, as specified by self.tfit. The entries in the (1-D) array data[self.datatag] are assumed to be gvar.GVars and correspond to the t``s in ``self.tdata.

buildprior(prior, nterm)

Create fit prior by extracting relevant pieces of prior.

This routine does two things: 1) discard parts of prior that are not needed in the fit; and 2) determine whether any of the parameters has a log-normal/sqrt-normal prior, in which case the logarithm/sqrt of the parameter appears in prior, rather than the parameter itself.

The number of terms kept in each part of the fit is specified using nterm = (n, no) where n is the number of non-oscillating terms and no is the number of oscillating terms. Setting nterm = None keeps all terms.

fitfcn(p, nterm=None, t=None)

Return fit function for parameters p.

class corrfitter.BaseModel(datatag, othertags=[])

Base class for correlator models.

Derived classes must define methods fitfcn, buildprior, and builddata, all of which are described below. In addition they can have attributes:

datatag

corrfitter.CorrFitter builds fit data for the correlator by extracting the data in an input gvar.dataset.Dataset labelled by string datatag. This label is stored in the BaseModel and must be passed to its constructor.

all_datatags

Models can specify more than one set of fit data to use in fitting. The list of all the datatags used is self.all_datatags. The first entry is always self.datatag; the other entries are from othertags.

_abscissa

(Optional) Array of abscissa values used in plots of the data and fit corresponding to the model. Plots are not made for a model that doesn’t specify this attribute.

static basekey(prior, k)

Find base key in prior corresponding to k.

builddata(data)

Construct fit data.

Format of output must be same as format for fitfcn output.

Parameters:data (dictionary) – Dataset containing correlator data (see gvar.dataset).

buildprior(prior, nterm=None)

Extract fit prior from prior; resizing as needed.

If nterm is not None, the sizes of the priors may need adjusting so that they correspond to the values specified in nterm (for normal and oscillating pieces).

Parameters:

• prior (dictionary) – Dictionary containing a priori estimates of the fit parameters.
• nterm (tuple of None or integers) – Restricts the number of non-oscillating terms in the fit function to nterm[0] and oscillating terms to nterm[1]. Setting either (or both) to None implies that all terms in the prior are used.

fitfcn(p, nterm=None)

Compute fit function fit parameters p using nterm terms. “

Parameters:

• p (dictionary) – Dictionary of parameter values.
• nterm (tuple of None or integers) – Restricts the number of non-oscillating terms in the fit function to nterm[0] and oscillating terms to nterm[1]. Setting either (or both) to None implies that all terms in the prior are used.

corrfitter.CorrFitter Objects

corrfitter.CorrFitter objects are wrappers for lsqfit.nonlinear_fit() which is used to fit a collection of models to a collection of Monte Carlo data.

class corrfitter.CorrFitter(models, svdcut=1e-15, tol=1e-10, maxit=500, nterm=None, ratio=False, fast=False, processed_data=None)

Nonlinear least-squares fitter for a collection of correlators.

Parameters:

• models (list or other sequence) – Sequence of correlator models, such as corrfitter.Corr2 or corrfitter.Corr3, to use in fits of fit data. Individual models in the sequence can be replaced by sequences of models (and/or further sequences, recursively) for use by corrfitter.CorrFitter.chained_lsqfit(); such nesting is ignored by the other methods.
• svdcut (number or None) – If svdcut is positive, eigenvalues ev[i] of the correlation matrix that are smaller than svdcut*max(ev) are replaced by svdcut*max(ev). If svdcut is negative, eigenvalues less than |svdcut|*max(ev) are set to zero in the correlation matrix. The correlation matrix is left unchanged if svdcut is set equal to None (default).
• tol (number or tuple) – Tolerance used in lsqfit.nonlinear_fit() for the least-squares fits. Use a tuple to specify separate values for the relative and absolute tolerances: tol=(reltol, abstol); otherwise they are both set equal to tol (default=1e-10).
• maxit (integer) – Maximum number of iterations to use in least-squares fit (default=500).
• nterm (number or None; or two-tuple of numbers or None) – Number of terms fit in the non-oscillating parts of fit functions; or two-tuple of numbers indicating how many terms to fit for each of the non-oscillating and oscillating pieces in fits. If set to None, the number is specified by the number of parameters in the prior.
• ratio (boolean) – If True, use ratio corrections for fit data when the prior specifies more terms than are used in the fit. If False (the default), use difference corrections (see implementation notes, above).

bootstrap_fit_iter(datalist=None, n=None)

Iterator that creates bootstrap copies of a corrfitter.CorrFitter fit using bootstrap data from list data_list.

A bootstrap analysis is a robust technique for estimating means and standard deviations of arbitrary functions of the fit parameters. This method creates an interator that implements such an analysis of list (or iterator) datalist, which contains bootstrap copies of the original data set. Each data_list[i] is a different data input for self.lsqfit() (that is, a dictionary containing fit data). The iterator works its way through the data sets in data_list, fitting the next data set on each iteration and returning the resulting lsqfit.LSQFit fit object. Typical usage, for an corrfitter.CorrFitter object named fitter, would be:

for fit in fitter.bootstrap_iter(datalist):
    ... analyze fit parameters in fit.p ...

Parameters:

• data_list (sequence or iterator or None) – Collection of bootstrap data sets for fitter. If None, the data_list is generated internally using the means and standard deviations of the fit data (assuming gaussian statistics).
• n (integer) – Maximum number of iterations if n is not None; otherwise there is no maximum.

Returns:

Iterator that returns a lsqfit.LSQFit object containing results from the fit to the next data set in data_list.

bootstrap_iter(datalist=None, n=None)

Iterator that creates bootstrap copies of a corrfitter.CorrFitter fit using bootstrap data from list data_list.

A bootstrap analysis is a robust technique for estimating means and standard deviations of arbitrary functions of the fit parameters. This method creates an interator that implements such an analysis of list (or iterator) datalist, which contains bootstrap copies of the original data set. Each data_list[i] is a different data input for self.lsqfit() (that is, a dictionary containing fit data). The iterator works its way through the data sets in data_list, fitting the next data set on each iteration and returning the resulting lsqfit.LSQFit fit object. Typical usage, for an corrfitter.CorrFitter object named fitter, would be:

for fit in fitter.bootstrap_iter(datalist):
    ... analyze fit parameters in fit.p ...

Parameters:

• data_list (sequence or iterator or None) – Collection of bootstrap data sets for fitter. If None, the data_list is generated internally using the means and standard deviations of the fit data (assuming gaussian statistics).
• n (integer) – Maximum number of iterations if n is not None; otherwise there is no maximum.

Returns:

Iterator that returns a lsqfit.LSQFit object containing results from the fit to the next data set in data_list.

builddata(data, prior, nterm=None)

Build fit data, corrected for marginalized terms.

buildfitfcn(priorkeys)

Create fit function.

buildprior(prior, nterm=None, fast=False)

Build correctly sized prior for fit from prior.

Adjust the sizes of the arrays of amplitudes and energies in a copy of prior according to parameter nterm; return prior if both nterm and self.nterm are None.

chained_lsqfit(data, prior, p0=None, print_fit=True, nterm=None, svdcut=None, tol=None, maxit=None, parallel=False, flat=False, fast=None, **args)

Compute chained least-squares fit.

A chained fit fits data for each model in self.models sequentially, using the best-fit parameters (means and covariance matrix) of one fit to construct the prior for the fit parameters in the next fit: Correlators are fit one at a time, starting with the correlator for self.models[0]. The best-fit output from the fit for self.models[i] is fed, as a prior, into the fit for self.models[i+1]. The best-fit output from the last fit in the chain is the final result. Results from the individual fits can be found in dictionary self.fit.fits, which is indexed by the models[i].datatags.

Setting parameter parallel=True causes parallel fits, where each model is fit separately, using the original prior. Parallel fits make sense when models share few or no parameters; the results from the individual fits are combined using weighted averages of the best-fit values for each parameter from every fit. Parallel fits can require larger svd cuts.

Entries self.models[i] in the list of models can themselves be lists of models, rather than just an individual model. In such a chase, the models listed in self.models[i] are fit together using a parallel fit if parameter parallel is False or a chained fit otherwise. Grouping models in this ways instructs the fitter to alternate between chained and parallel fits. For example, setting

models = [ m1, m2, [m3a,m3b], m4]

with parallel=False causes the following chain of fits

m1 -> m2 -> [m3a,m3b] -> m4

where: 1) the output from m1 is used as the prior for m2; 2) the output from m2 is used as the prior for for a parallel fit of m3a and m3b together; 3) the output from the parallel fit of [m3a,m3b] is used as the prior for m4; and, finally, 4) the output from m4 is the final result of the entire chained fit.

A slightly more complicated example is

models = [ m1, m2, [m3a,[m3bx,m3by]], m4]

which leads to the chain of fits

m1 -> m2 -> [m3a, m3bx -> m3by] -> m4

where fits of m3bx and m3by are chained, in parallel with the fit to m3a. The fitter alternates between chained and parallel fits at each new level of grouping of models.

Parameters:

• data (dictionary) – Input data. The datatags from the correlator models are used as data labels, with data[datatag] being a 1-d array of gvar.GVars corresponding to correlator values.
• prior (dictionary) – Bayesian prior for the fit parameters used in the correlator models.
• p0 – A dictionary, indexed by parameter labels, containing initial values for the parameters in the fit. Setting p0=None implies that initial values are extracted from the prior. Setting p0="filename" causes the fitter to look in the file with name "filename" for initial values and to write out best-fit parameter values after the fit (for the next call to self.lsqfit()).
• parallel (bool) – If True, fit models in parallel using prior for each; otherwise chain the fits (default).
• flat (bool) – If True, flatten the list of models thereby chaining all fits (parallel==False) or doing them all in parallel (parallel==True); otherwise use self.models as is (default).
• fast – If True, use the smallest number of parameters needed in each fit; otherwise use all the parameters specified in prior in every fit. Omitting extra parameters can make fits go faster, sometimes much faster. Final results are unaffected unless prior contains strong correlations between different parameters, where only some of the correlated parameters are kept in individual fits. Default is False.
• print_fit – Print fit information to standard output if True; otherwise print nothing.

The following parameters overwrite the values specified in the corrfitter.CorrFitter constructor when set to anything other than None: nterm, svdcut, tol, and maxit. Any further keyword arguments are passed on to lsqfit.nonlinear_fit(), which does the fit.

collect_fitresults()

Collect results from last fit for plots, tables etc.

Returns:A dictionary with one entry per correlator model, containing (t,G,dG,Gth,dGth) — arrays containing:

t       = times
G(t)    = data averages for correlator at times t
dG(t)   = uncertainties in G(t)
Gth(t)  = fit function for G(t) with best-fit parameters
dGth(t) = uncertainties in Gth(t)

display_plots(save=False)

Show plots of data/fit-function for each correlator.

Assumes matplotlib is installed (to make the plots). Plots are shown for one correlator at a time. Press key n to see the next correlator; press key p to see the previous one; press key q to quit the plot and return control to the calling program; press a digit to go directly to one of the first ten plots. Zoom, pan and save using the window controls.

Copies of all the plots can be saved by setting parameter save=prefix where prefix is a string used to create file names: the file name for the plot corresponding to datatag k is prefix.format(corr=k). It is important that the filename end with a suffix indicating the type of plot file desired: e.g., '.pdf'.

lsqfit(data, prior, p0=None, print_fit=True, nterm=None, svdcut=None, tol=None, maxit=None, fast=None, **args)

Compute least-squares fit of the correlator models to data.

Parameters:

• data (dictionary) – Input data. The datatags from the correlator models are used as data labels, with data[datatag] being a 1-d array of gvar.GVars corresponding to correlator values.
• prior (dictionary) – Bayesian prior for the fit parameters used in the correlator models.
• p0 – A dictionary, indexed by parameter labels, containing initial values for the parameters in the fit. Setting p0=None implies that initial values are extracted from the prior. Setting p0="filename" causes the fitter to look in the file with name "filename" for initial values and to write out best-fit parameter values after the fit (for the next call to self.lsqfit()).
• print_fit – Print fit information to standard output if True; print nothing if False. Alternatively, print_fit can be a dictionary containing arguments for lsqfit.nonlinear_fit.format().
• fast – If True, remove parameters from prior that are not needed by the correlator models; otherwise keep all parameters in prior as fit parameters (default). Ignoring extra parameters usually makes fits go faster. This has no other effect unless there are correlations between the fit parameters needed by the models and the other parameters in prior that are ignored.

The following parameters overwrite the values specified in the corrfitter.CorrFitter constructor when set to anything other than None: nterm, svdcut, tol, and maxit. Any further keyword arguments are passed on to lsqfit.nonlinear_fit(), which does the fit.

simulated_data_iter(n, dataset, pexact=None, rescale=1.0)

Create iterator that returns simulated fit data from dataset.

Simulated fit data has the same covariance matrix as data=gvar.dataset.avg_data(dataset), but mean values that fluctuate randomly, from copy to copy, around the value of the fitter’s fit function evaluated at p=pexact. The fluctuations are generated from averages of bootstrap copies of dataset.

The best-fit results from a fit to such simulated copies of data should agree with the numbers in pexact to within the errors specified by the fits (to the simulated data) — pexact gives the “correct” values for the parameters. Knowing the correct value for each fit parameter ahead of a fit allows us to test the reliability of the fit’s error estimates and to explore the impact of various fit options (e.g., fitter.chained_fit versus fitter.lsqfit, choice of svd cuts, omission of select models, etc.)

Typically one need examine only a few simulated fits in order to evaluate fit reliability, since we know the correct values for the parameters ahead of time. Consequently this method is much faster than traditional bootstrap analyses. More thorough testing would involve running many simulations and examining the distribution of fit parameters or functions of fit parameters around their exact values (from pexact). This is overkill for most problems, however.

pexact is usually taken from the last fit done by the fitter (self.fit.pmean) unless overridden in the function call. Typical usage is as follows:

dataset = gvar.dataset.Dataset(...)
data = gvar.dataset.avg_data(dataset)
...
fit = fitter.lsqfit(data=data, ...)
...
for sdata in fitter.simulated_bootstrap_data_iter(n=4, dataset):
    # redo fit 4 times with different simulated data each time
    # here pexact=fit.pmean is set implicitly
    sfit = fitter.lsqfit(data=sdata, ...)
    ... check that sfit.p (or functions of it) agrees ...
    ... with pexact=fit.pmean to within sfit.p's errors      ...

Parameters:

• n (integer) – Maximum number of simulated data sets made by iterator.
• dataset (gvar.dataset.Dataset) – Dataset containing Monte Carlo copies of the correlators.
• pexact (dictionary of numbers) – Correct parameter values for fits to the simulated data — fit results should agree with pexact to within errors. If None, uses self.fit.pmean from the last fit.
• rescale (positive number) – Rescale errors in simulated data by rescale (i.e., multiply covariance matrix by rescale ** 2). Default is one, which implies no rescaling.

corrfitter.EigenBasis Objects

corrfitter.EigenBasis objects are useful for analyzing two-point and three-point correlators with multiplle sources and sinks. The current interface for EigenBasis is experimental. It may change in the near future, as experience accumulates from its use.

class corrfitter.EigenBasis(data, srcs, t, keyfmt='{s1}.{s2}', tdata=None)

Eigen-basis of correlator sources/sinks.

Given sources/sinks and the matrix of 2-point correlators created from every combination of source and sink, we can define a new basis of sources that makes the matrix correlator approximately diagonal. Each source in the new basis is associated with an eigenvector defined by the matrix equation

for some . As increase, fewer and fewer states couple to . In the limit where only states couple, the correlator

becomes diagonal, and each diagonal element couples to only a single state.

In practice, this condition is only approximate: that is, is approximately diagonal, with diagonal elements that overlap strongly with the lowest lying states, but somewhat with other states. These new sources are nevertheless useful for fits because there is an obvious prior for their amplitudes: prior[a][b] approximately equal to one when b==a, approximately zero when b!=a and b<N, and order one otherwise.

Such a prior can significantly enhance the stability of a multi-source fit, making it easier to extract reliable results for excited states. It encodes the fact that only a small number of states couple strongly to by time , without being overly prescriptive about what their energies are. We can easilty project our correlator onto the new eigen-basis (using EigenBasis.apply()) in order to use this prior, but this is unnecessary. EigenBasis.make_prior() creates a prior of this type in the eigen-basis and then transforms it back to the original basis, thereby creating an equivalent prior for the amplitudes corresponding to the original sources.

Typical usage is straightforward. For example,

basis = EigenBasis(
    data,                           # data dictionary
    keyfmt='G.{s1}.{s2}',           # key format for dictionary entries
    srcs=['local', 'smeared'],      # names of sources/sinks
    t=(5, 7),                       # t0, t1 used for diagonalization
    )
prior = basis.make_prior(nterm=4, keyfmt='m.{s1}')

creates an eigen-prior that is optimized for fitting the 2-by-2 matrix correlator given by

[[data['G.local.local'],     data['G.local.smeared']]
 [data['G.smeared.local'],   data['G.smeared.smeared']]]

where data is a dictionary containing all the correlators. Parameter t specifies the times used for the diagonalization: and . Parameter nterm specifies the number of terms in the fit. basis.make_prior(...) creates priors prior['m.local'] and prior['m.smeared'] for the amplitudes corresponding to the local and smeared source, and a prior prior[log(m.dE)] for the logarithm of the energy differences between successive levels.

The amplitudes prior['m.local'] and prior['m.smeared'] are complicated, with strong correlations between local and smeared entries for the same state. Projecting the prior unto the eigen-basis, however, reveals its underlying structure:

p_eig = basis.apply(prior)

implies

p_eig['m.0'] = [1.0(3), 0.0(1), 0(1), 0(1)]
p_eig['m.1'] = [0.0(1), 1.0(3), 0(1), 0(1)]

where the different entries are now uncorrelated. This structure registers our expectation that the 'm.0' source in the eigen-basis overlaps strongly with the ground state, but almost not at all with the first excited state; and vice versa for the 'm.1' source. Amplitude p_eig is noncommittal about higher states. This structure is built into prior['m.local'] and prior['smeared'].

It is easy to check that fit results are consistent with the underlying prior. This can be done by projecting the best-fit parameters unto the eigen-basis using p_eig = basis.apply(fit.p). Alternatively, a table listing the amplitudes in the new eigen-basis, together with the energies, is printed by:

print(basis.tabulate(fit.p, keyfmt='m.{s1}', eig_srcs=True))

The prior can be adjusted, if needed, using the dEfac, ampl, and states arguments in EigenBasis.make_prior().

EigenBasis.tabulate() is also useful for printing the amplitudes for the original sources:

print(basis.tabulate(fit.p, keyfmt='m.{s1}'))

corrfitter.EigenBasis requires the scipy library in Python.

The parameters for creating an eigen-basis are:

Parameters:

• data – Dictionary containing the matrix correlator using the original basis of sources and sinks.
• keyfmt – Format string used to generate the keys in dictionary data corresponding to different components of the matrix of correlators. The key for is assumed to be keyfmt.format(s1=i, s2=j) where i and j are drawn from the list of sources, srcs.
• srcs – List of source names used with keyfmt to create the keys for finding correlator components in the data dictionary.
• t – t=(t0, t1) specifies the t values used to diagonalize the correlation function. Larger t values are better than smaller ones, but only if the statistics are adequate. When fitting staggered-quark correlators, with oscillating components, choose t values where the oscillating pieces are positive (typically odd t). If only one t is given, t=t0, then t1=t0+2 is used with it. Fits that use corrfitter.EigenBasis typically depend only weakly on the choice of t.
• tdata – Array containing the times for which there is correlator data. tdata is set equal to numpy.arange(len(G_ij)) if it is not specified (or equals None).

The interface for EigenBasis is experimental. It may change in the near future, as experience accumulates from its use.

In addition to keyfmt, srcs, t and tdata above, the main attributes are:

E

Array of approximate energies obtained from the eigenanalysis.

eig_srcs

List of labels for the sources in the eigen-basis: '0', '1' ...

svdcorrection

The sum of the SVD corrections added to the data by the last call to EigenBasis.svd().

svdn

The number of degrees of freedom modified by the SVD correction in the last call to EigenBasis.svd().

v

v[a] is the eigenvector corresponding to source a in the new basis, where a=0,1....

v_inv

v_inv[i] is the inverse-eigenvector for transforming from the new basis back to the original basis.

The main methods are:

apply(data, keyfmt='{s1}')

Transform data to the eigen-basis.

The data to be transformed is data[k] where key k equals keyfmt.format(s1=s1) for vector data, or keyfmt.format(s1=s1, s2=s2) for matrix data with sources s1 and s2 drawn from self.srcs. A dictionary containing the transformed data is returned using the same keys but with the sources replaced by '0', '1' ... (from basis.eig_srcs).

If keyfmt is an array of formats, the transformation is applied for each format and a dictionary containing all of the results is returned. This is useful when the same sources and sinks are used for different types of correlators (e.g., in both two-point and three-point correlators).

make_prior(nterm, keyfmt='{s1}', dEfac='1(1)', ampl=('1.0(3)', '0.03(10)', '0.2(1.0)'), states=None, eig_srcs=False)

Create prior from eigen-basis.

Parameters:

• keyfmt – Format string usded to generate keys for amplitudes and energies in the prior (a dictionary): keys are obtained from keyfmt.format(s1=a) where a is one of the original sources, self.srcs, if eig_srcs=False (default), or one of the eigen-sources, self.eig_srcs, if eig_srcs=True. The key for the energy differences is generated by 'log({})'.format(keyfmt.format(s1='dE')). The default is keyfmt={s1}.
• dEfac (string or gvar.GVar) – A string or gvar.GVar from which the priors for energy differences dE[i] are constructed. The mean value for dE[0] is set equal to the lowest energy obtained from the diagonalization. The mean values for the other dE[i]s are set equal to the difference between the lowest two energies from the diagonalization (or to the lowest energy if there is only one). These central values are then multiplied by gvar.gvar(dEfac). The default value, 1(1), sets the width equal to the mean value. The prior is the logarithm of the resulting values.
• ampl – A 3-tuple of strings or gvar.GVars from which priors are contructed for amplitudes corresponding to the eigen-sources. gvar.gvar(ampl[0]) is used for for source components where the overlap with a particular state is expected to be large; 1.0(3) is the default value. gvar.gvar(ampl[1]) is used for states that are expected to have little overlap with the source; 0.03(10) is the default value. gvar.gvar(ampl[2]) is used where there is nothing known about the overlap of a state with the source; 0(1) is the default value.
• states – A list of the states in the correlator corresponding to successive eigen-sources, where states[i] is the state corresponding to i-th source. The correspondence between sources and states is strong for the first sources, but can decay for subsequent sources, depending upon the quality of the data being used and the t values used in the diagonalization. In such situations one might specify fewer states than there are sources by making the length of states smaller than the number of sources. Setting states=[] assigns broad priors to the every component of every source. Parameter states can also be used to deal with situations where the order of later sources is not aligned with that of the actual states: for example, states=[0,1,3] connects the eigen-sources with the first, second and fourth states in the correlator. The default value, states=[0, 1 ... N-1] where N is the number of sources, assumes that sources and states are aligned.

svd(data, keyfmt=None, svdcut=1e-15)

Apply SVD cut to data in the eigen-basis.

The SVD cut is applied to data[k] where key k equals keyfmt.format(s1=s1) for vector data, or keyfmt.format(s1=s1, s2=s2) for matrix data with sources s1 and s2 drawn from self.srcs. The data are transformed to the eigen-basis of sources/sinks before the cut is applied and then transformed back to the original basis of sources. Results are returned in a dictionary containing the modified correlators.

If keyfmt is a list of formats, the SVD cut is applied to the collection of data formed from each format. The defaul value for keyfmt is self.keyfmt.

tabulate(p, keyfmt='{s1}', nterm=None, nsrcs=None, eig_srcs=False, indent=' ')

Create table containing energies and amplitudes for nterm states.

Given a correlator-fit result fit and a corresponding EigenBasis object basis, a table listing the energies and amplitudes for the first N states in correlators can be printed using

print basis.tabulate(fit.p)

where N is the number of sources and basis is an EigenBasis object. The amplitudes are tabulated for the original sources unless parameter eig_srcs=True, in which case the amplitudes are projected onto the the eigen-basis defined by basis.

Parameters:

• p – Dictionary containing parameters values.
• keyfmt – Parameters are p[k] where keys k are obtained from keyfmt.format(s1=s) where s is one of the original sources (basis.srcs) or one of the eigen-sources (basis.eig_srcs). The default definition is '{s1}'.
• nterm – The number of states from the fit tabulated. The default sets nterm equal to the number of sources in the basis.
• nsrcs – The number of sources tabulated. The default causes all sources to be tabulated.
• eig_srcs – Amplitudes for the eigen-sources are tabulated if eigen_srcs=True; otherwise amplitudes for the original basis of sources are tabulated (default).
• indent – A string prepended to each line of the table. Default is 4 * ' '.

unapply(data, keyfmt='{s1}')

Transform data from the eigen-basis to the original basis.

The data to be transformed is data[k] where key k equals keyfmt.format(s1=s1) for vector data, or keyfmt.format(s1=s1, s2=s2) for matrix data with sources s1 and s2 drawn from self.eig_srcs. A dictionary containing the transformed data is returned using the same keys but with the original sources (from self.srcs).

If keyfmt is an array of formats, the transformation is applied for each format and a dictionary containing all of the results is returned. This is useful when the same sources and sinks are used for different types of correlators (e.g., in both two-point and three-point correlators).

Fast Fit Objects

class corrfitter.fastfit(G, ampl='0(1)', dE='1(1)', E=None, s=(1, -1), tp=None, tmin=6, svdcut=1e-06, osc=False, nterm=10)

Fast fit of a two-point correlator.

This function class estimates E=En[0] and ampl=an[0]*bn[0] for a two-point correlator modeled by

Gab(t) = sn * sum_i an[i]*bn[i] * fn(En[i], t)
       + so * sum_i ao[i]*bo[i] * fo(Eo[i], t)

where (sn, so) is typically (1, -1) and

fn(E, t) =  exp(-E*t) + exp(-E*(tp-t)) # tp>0 -- periodic
       or   exp(-E*t) - exp(-E*(-tp-t))# tp<0 -- anti-periodic
       or   exp(-E*t)                  # if tp is None (nonperiodic)

fo(E, t) = (-1)**t * fn(E, t)

Prior estimates for the amplitudes and energies of excited states are used to remove (that is, marginalize) their contributions to give a corrected correlator Gc(t) that includes uncertainties due to the terms removed. Estimates of E are given by:

Eeff(t) = arccosh(0.5 * (Gc(t+1) + Gc(t-1)) / Gc(t)),

The final estimate is the weighted average Eeff_avg of the Eeff(t)s for different ts. Similarly, an estimate for the amplitude ampl is obtained from the weighted average of

Aeff(t) = Gc(t) / fn(Eeff_avg, t).

If osc=True, an estimate is returned for Eo[0] rather than En[0], and ao[0]*bo[0] rather than an[0]*bn[0]. These estimates are reliable when Eo[0] is smaller than En[0] (and so dominates at large t), but probably not otherwise.

Examples

The following code examines a periodic correlator (period 64) at large times (t >= tmin), where estimates for excited states don’t matter much:

>>> import corrfitter as cf
>>> print(G)
[0.305808(29) 0.079613(24) ... ]
>>> fit = cf.fastfit(G, tmin=24, tp=64)
>>> print('E =', fit.E, ' ampl =', fit.ampl)
E = 0.41618(13)  ampl = 0.047686(95)

Smaller tmin values can be used if (somewhat) realistic priors are provided for the amplitudes and energy gaps:

>>> fit = cf.fastfit(G, ampl='0(1)', dE='0.5(5)', tmin=3, tp=64)
>>> print('E =', fit.E, ' ampl =', fit.ampl)
E = 0.41624(11)  ampl = 0.047704(71)

The result here is roughly the same as from the larger tmin, but this would not be true for a correlator whose signal to noise ratio falls quickly with increasing time.

corrfitter.fastfit estimates the amplitude and energy at all times larger than tmin and then averages to get its final results. The chi-squared of the average (e.g., fit.E.chi2) gives an indication of the consistency of the estimates from different times. The chi-squared per degree of freedom is printed out for both the energy and the amplitude using

>>> print(fit)
E: 0.41624(11) ampl: 0.047704(71) chi2/dof [dof]: 0.9 0.8 [57] Q: 0.8 0.9

Large values for chi2/dof indicate an unreliable results. In such cases the priors should be adjusted, and/or tmin increased, and/or an svd cut introduced. The averages in the example above have good values for chi2/dof.

Parameters:

• G – An array of gvar.GVars containing the two-point correlator. G[j] is assumed to correspond to time t=j, where j=0....
• ampl – A gvar.GVar or its string representation giving an estimate for the amplitudes of the ground state and the excited states. Use ampl=(ampln, amplo) when the correlator contains oscillating states; ampln is the estimate for non-oscillating states, and amplo for oscillating states; setting one or the other to None causes the corresponding terms to be dropped. Default value is '0(1)'.
• dE – A gvar.GVar or its string representation giving an estimate for the energy separation between successive states. This estimate is also used to provide an estimate for the lowest energy when parameter E is not specified. Use dE=(dEn, dEo) when the correlator contains oscillating states: dEn is the estimate for non-oscillating states, and dEo for oscillating states; setting one or the other to None causes the corresponding terms to be dropped. Default value is '1(1)'.
• E – A gvar.GVar or its string representation giving an estimate for the energy of the lowest-lying state. Use E=(En, Eo) when the correlator contains oscillating states: En is the estimate for the lowest non-oscillating state, and Eo for lowest oscillating state. Setting E=None causes E to be set equal to dE. Default value is None.
• s – A tuple containing overall factors (sn, so) multiplying contributions from the normal and oscillating states. Default is (1,-1).
• tp (int or None) – When not None, the correlator is periodic with period tp when tp>0, or anti-periodic with period -tp when tp<0. Setting tp=None implies that the correlator is neither periodic nor anti-periodic. Default is None.
• tmin (int) – Only G(t) with t >= tmin are used. Default value is 6.
• svdcut (float or None) – svd cut used in the weighted average of results from different times. (See the corrfitter.CorrFitter documentation for a discussion of svd cuts.) Default is 1e-6.
• osc (bool) – Set osc=True if the lowest-lying state is an oscillating state. Default is False.

Note that specifying a single gvar.GVar g (as opposed to a tuple) for any of parameters ampl, dE, or E is equivalent to specifying the tuple (g, None) when osc=False, or the tuple (None, g) when osc=True. A similar rule applies to parameter s.

corrfitter.fastfit objects have the following attributes:

E

Energy of the lowest-lying state (gvar.GVar).

ampl

Amplitude of the lowest-lying state (gvar.GVar).

Both E and ampl are obtained by averaging results calculated for each time larger than tmin. These are averaged to produce a final result. The consistency among results from different times is measured by the chi-squared of the average. Each of E and ampl has the following extra attributes:

chi2

chi-squared for the weighted average.

dof

The effective number of degrees of freedom in the weighted average.

Q

The probability that the chi-squared could have been larger, by chance, assuming that the data are all Gaussain and consistent with each other. Values smaller than 0.05 or 0.1 suggest inconsistency. (Also called the p-factor.)

An easy way to inspect these attributes is to print the fit object fit using print(fit), which lists the values of the energy and amplitude, the chi2/dof for each of these, the number of degrees of freedom, and the Q for each.