# Pushover and Dynamic Analyses of 2-Story Moment Frame with Panel Zones and RBS
Example posted by: Laura Eads, Stanford University
This example is an extension of the Pushover Analysis of 2-Story Moment Frame and Dynamic Analysis of 2-Story Moment Frame examples which illustrates the explicit modeling of shear distortions in panel zones and uses reduced beam sections (RBS) which are offset from the panel zones. Both pushover and dynamic analyses are performed in this example. The structure is the same 2-story, 1-bay steel moment resisting frame used in the other examples where the nonlinear behavior is represented using the concentrated plasticity concept with rotational springs. The rotational behavior of the plastic regions follows a bilinear hysteretic response based on the Modified Ibarra Krawinkler Deterioration Model (Ibarra et al. 2005, Lignos and Krawinkler 2009, 2010). For this example, all modes of cyclic deterioration are neglected. A leaning column carrying gravity loads is linked to the frame to simulate P-Delta effects.
The files needed to analyze this structure in OpenSees are included here:
Supporting procedure files
The acceleration history for the Canoga Park record
All files are available in a compressed format here: MRF_PanelZone_example.zip
The rest of this example describes the model and presents the analysis results. The OpenSees model is also compared to an equivalent model built and analyzed using the commercial program SAP2000 (http://www.csiberkeley.com/products_SAP.html).
The 2-story, 1-bay steel moment resisting frame is modeled with elastic beam-column elements connected by zeroLength elements which serve as rotational springs to represent the structure’s nonlinear behavior. The springs follow a bilinear hysteretic response based on the Modified Ibarra Krawinkler Deterioration Model. The panel zones are explicitly modeled with eight elastic beam-column elements and one zeroLength element which serves as rotational spring to represent shear distortions in the panel zone. A leaning column with gravity loads is linked to the frame by truss elements to simulate P-Delta effects. An idealized schematic of the model is presented in Figure 1.
A detailed description of this model is provided in Pushover Analysis of 2-Story Moment Frame. This section merely highlights the important differences in this model, namely the inclusion of panel zones and reduced beam sections (RBS) which are offset from the panel zones.
The units of the model are kips, inches, and seconds.
The panel zone is the joint region where beams and columns intersect. In this model it consists of the rectangular area of the column web that lies between the flanges of the connecting beam(s). The panel zone deforms primarily in shear due to the opposing moments in the beams and columns. To capture these deformations, the panel zone is explicitly modeled using the approach of Gupta and Krawinkler (1999) as a rectangle composed of eight very stiff elastic beam-column elements with one zeroLength element which serves as rotational spring to represent shear distortions in the panel zone (see Figure 2). At the three corners of the panel zone without a spring, the elements are joined by a simple pin connection which is achieved by using the equalDOF command to constrain both translational degrees of freedom. The eight elastic beam-column elements each have an area of 1,000.0 in<sup>2</sup> and a moment of inertia equal to 10,000.0 in<sup>4</sup> in order to give them high axial and flexural stiffness, respectively. The elements are defined in elemPanelZone2D.tcl. The spring has a trilinear backbone which is created with the Hysteretic material in rotPanelZone2D.tcl. This procedure also constrains the translational degrees of freedom at the corners of the panel zone. The spring’s backbone curve is derived using the principle of virtual work applied to a deformed configuration of the panel zone (Gupta and Krawinkler 1999).
Using an RBS which is offset from the beam-column joint ensures that the beam’s plastic hinge forms away from the column and thus protects the column’s integrity. In this model, the decrease in moment of inertia at the RBS is neglected; however, the yield moment at the RBS is calculated based on the reduced section properties. The plastic hinge is modeled by a rotational spring placed at the center of the RBS. An elastic beam-column element is used to connect the spring and the panel zone. Since this element is not part of the spring-elastic element-beam subassembly described in the “Stiffness Modifications to Elastic Frame Elements” section of the Pushover Analysis of 2-Story Moment Frame example, its moment of inertia and stiffness proportional damping coefficient are not modified by an “n” factor.
Since loads cannot be applied at the center of the beam-column joint, gravity loads are applied at the top node of the panel zone where it meets the column (node xy7 in Figure 2). Both masses and lateral loads are applied at the centerline of the floor level along the right side of the panel zone (node xy05 in Figure 2).
The pushover analysis is identical to the analysis performed in the Pushover Analysis of 2-Story Moment Frame example where the structure is pushed to 10% roof drift, or 32.4”.
The dynamic analysis is identical to the analysis performed in the Dynamic Analysis of 2-Story Moment Frame example where the structure is subjected to the 1994 Northridge Canoga Park record.
The first and second mode periods of the structure obtained from an eigenvalue analysis are T<sub>1</sub> = 0.81 s and T<sub>2</sub> = 0.18 s, respectively. These values agree with the SAP2000 model which had periods of T<sub>1</sub> = 0.81 s and T<sub>2</sub> = 0.20 s.
The periods of this OpenSees model are slightly smaller than the periods of the structure used in Pushover Analysis of 2-Story Moment Frame which had periods of T<sub>1</sub> = 0.83 s and T<sub>2</sub> = 0.22 s. This is expected because the including the panel zone regions makes the structure stiffer.
A comparison of the pushover results from the OpenSees and SAP2000 models is shown in Figure 3. As demonstrated by this figure, the results are nearly identical.
The floor displacement histories from the dynamic analysis are shown in Figure 4. The top graph shows the ground acceleration history while the middle and bottom graphs show the displacement time histories of the 3rd floor (roof) and 2nd floor, respectively