# Bibliography

This page lists all bibliographic sources cited in the language JSON data files,
grouped by language family. Sources are referenced via the `sources` array in each
language's JSON spec (see `data/SCHEMA.md` for the schema).

---

## Germanic

### English

- **wells1982_vol1** — Wells, J.C. (1982). *Accents of English, Vol. 1: An Introduction*. Cambridge University Press.
- **wells1982_vol2** — Wells, J.C. (1982). *Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles*. Cambridge University Press.
- **wells1982_vol3** — Wells, J.C. (1982). *Accents of English, Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles*. Cambridge University Press.
- **roach2009** — Roach, P. (2009). *English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course* (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- **gimson2014** — Cruttenden, A. (ed.) (2014). *Gimson's Pronunciation of English* (8th ed.). Routledge.
- **ladefoged1999_ame** — Ladefoged, P. (1999). American English. In: *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association*. Cambridge University Press.
- **cox_palethorpe2007** — Cox, F. & Palethorpe, S. (2007). Australian English. *Journal of the International Phonetic Association*, 37(3), 341–350.
- **stuartsmith2003** — Stuart-Smith, J. (2003). Glasgow. In: Upton, C. (ed.), *Urban Voices*. Arnold.

### German

- **wiese1996** — Wiese, R. (1996). *The Phonology of German*. Oxford University Press.
- **hall2003** — Hall, T.A. (2003). *Phonologie des Deutschen: eine Einführung*. de Gruyter.
- **mangold2005** — Mangold, M. (2005). *Duden Aussprachewörterbuch* (6th ed.). Dudenverlag.
- **muhr_schrodt1997** — Muhr, R. & Schrodt, R. (1997). *Österreichisches Deutsch und andere nationale Varietäten plurizentrischer Sprachen in Europa*. Daedalus.
- **christen1998** — Christen, H. (1998). *Convergenz und Divergenz in der schweizerdeutschen Gegenwartsdialekte*. Francke.

### Dutch

- **gussenhoven1999** — Gussenhoven, C. (1999). Dutch. In: *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association*. Cambridge University Press.
- **vdHulst_ritter1999** — van der Hulst, H. & Ritter, N.A. (eds.) (1999). *The Syllable: Views and Facts*. Mouton de Gruyter.

### Scandinavian

- **riad2014** — Riad, T. (2014). *The Phonology of Swedish*. Oxford University Press.
- **engstrand1999** — Engstrand, O. (1999). Swedish. In: *Handbook of the International Phonetic Association*. Cambridge University Press.
- **haugen1976** — Haugen, E. (1976). *The Scandinavian Languages: An Introduction to their History*. Faber and Faber.
- **kristoffersen2000** — Kristoffersen, G. (2000). *The Phonology of Norwegian*. Oxford University Press.
- **basboll2005** — Basbøll, H. (2005). *The Phonology of Danish*. Oxford University Press.
- **gronnum2005** — Grønnum, N. (2005). *Fonetik og fonologi: Almen og dansk*. Akademisk Forlag.
- **einarsson1945** — Einarsson, S. (1945). *Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary*. Johns Hopkins Press.
- **arnason2011** — Árnason, K. (2011). *The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese*. Oxford University Press.

### Afrikaans and Low German

- **donaldson1993** — Donaldson, B.C. (1993). *A Grammar of Afrikaans*. Mouton de Gruyter.
- **stellmacher1990** — Stellmacher, D. (1990). *Niederdeutsche Sprache: Eine Einführung*. Peter Lang.

### Historical Germanic

- **mosse1952** — Mossé, F. (1952). *A Handbook of Middle English*. Johns Hopkins Press.
- **jordan1974** — Jordan, R. (1974). *Handbook of Middle English Grammar: Phonology*. Mouton.
- **hogg1992** — Hogg, R.M. (1992). *A Grammar of Old English, Vol. 1: Phonology*. Blackwell.
- **campbell1959** — Campbell, A. (1959). *Old English Grammar*. Oxford University Press.
- **noreen1923** — Noreen, A. (1923). *Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik* (4th ed.). Max Niemeyer.
- **gordon1957** — Gordon, E.V. (1957). *An Introduction to Old Norse* (2nd ed., rev. Taylor, A.R.). Oxford University Press.
- **gallee1910** — Gallée, J.H. (1910). *Altsächsische Grammatik* (2nd ed.). Max Niemeyer.
- **braune2004** — Braune, W. (rev. Heidermanns, F.) (2004). *Althochdeutsche Grammatik I: Laut- und Formenlehre* (15th ed.). Max Niemeyer.
- **schatz1927** — Schatz, J. (1927). *Althochdeutsche Grammatik*. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

### Proto-Germanic

- **fortson2010** — Fortson IV, B.W. (2010). *Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction* (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
- **ringe2006** — Ringe, D. (2006). *From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic*. Oxford University Press.

---

## Semitic

### Levantine Arabic

- **almbark2015** — Almbark, R. & Hellmuth, S. (2015). *Acoustic analysis of the Syrian Arabic vowel system.* Proceedings of ICPhS 2015 (paper 0612), Glasgow. [PDF](https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2015/Papers/ICPHS0612.pdf) — read in full.
- **cotter2016** — Cotter, W.M. (2016). *One Piece of the Puzzle: Notes on the Historic Interdental Fricatives /θ, ð, ðˤ/ in the Arabic Dialect of Gaza City.* Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 16:149–162. [PDF](https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/jais/volume/docs/vol16/v16_05_cotter_149-162.pdf) — read in full.
- **alwer2020** — Al-Wer, E. (2020). *New-dialect formation: The Amman dialect.* In C. Lucas & S. Manfredi (eds.), *Arabic and contact-induced change*, 551–566. Berlin: Language Science Press. [Open access](https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/235) — read in full.
- **fadda2016** — Fadda, H. (2016). *Language Variation in Western Amman.* MA thesis, Canada Institute of Linguistics. [PDF](https://www.canil.ca/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Fadda-Language-Variation-in-Western-Amman.pdf) — phonology chapter read.
- **cowell1964** — Cowell, M.W. (1964). *A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic (Based on the Dialect of Damascus).* Georgetown University Press. Not obtained (Internet Archive borrow-only); cited only as reported/re-tested by Almbark & Hellmuth (2015).
- **watson2002** — Watson, J.C.E. (2002). *The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic.* Oxford University Press. Cited for emphasis-spreading.

---

*This page grows alongside the language specs: each spec's `sources` array is the authoritative record, and every family with cited specs is listed here.*

---

**Navigation:** [Docs home](index.md) · [Getting started](getting_started.md) · [Architecture](architecture.md) · [Languages](languages/index.md) · [Scoreboard](scoreboard.md)

*Related: [Linguistic accuracy](linguistic_accuracy.md) · [IPA reference](ipa_reference.md) · [Benchmarks](benchmarks.md)*
