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sqlglot.dialects.snowflake

   1from __future__ import annotations
   2
   3import typing as t
   4
   5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
   6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
   7    Dialect,
   8    NormalizationStrategy,
   9    binary_from_function,
  10    date_delta_sql,
  11    date_trunc_to_time,
  12    datestrtodate_sql,
  13    build_formatted_time,
  14    if_sql,
  15    inline_array_sql,
  16    max_or_greatest,
  17    min_or_least,
  18    rename_func,
  19    timestamptrunc_sql,
  20    timestrtotime_sql,
  21    var_map_sql,
  22)
  23from sqlglot.helper import flatten, is_float, is_int, seq_get
  24from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
  25
  26if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
  27    from sqlglot._typing import E
  28
  29
  30# from https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_timestamp.html
  31def _build_datetime(
  32    name: str, kind: exp.DataType.Type, safe: bool = False
  33) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.Func]:
  34    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
  35        value = seq_get(args, 0)
  36        int_value = value is not None and is_int(value.name)
  37
  38        if isinstance(value, exp.Literal):
  39            # Converts calls like `TO_TIME('01:02:03')` into casts
  40            if len(args) == 1 and value.is_string and not int_value:
  41                return exp.cast(value, kind)
  42
  43            # Handles `TO_TIMESTAMP(str, fmt)` and `TO_TIMESTAMP(num, scale)` as special
  44            # cases so we can transpile them, since they're relatively common
  45            if kind == exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP:
  46                if int_value:
  47                    return exp.UnixToTime(this=value, scale=seq_get(args, 1))
  48                if not is_float(value.this):
  49                    return build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake")(args)
  50
  51        if kind == exp.DataType.Type.DATE and not int_value:
  52            formatted_exp = build_formatted_time(exp.TsOrDsToDate, "snowflake")(args)
  53            formatted_exp.set("safe", safe)
  54            return formatted_exp
  55
  56        return exp.Anonymous(this=name, expressions=args)
  57
  58    return _builder
  59
  60
  61def _build_object_construct(args: t.List) -> t.Union[exp.StarMap, exp.Struct]:
  62    expression = parser.build_var_map(args)
  63
  64    if isinstance(expression, exp.StarMap):
  65        return expression
  66
  67    return exp.Struct(
  68        expressions=[
  69            exp.PropertyEQ(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(expression.keys, expression.values)
  70        ]
  71    )
  72
  73
  74def _build_datediff(args: t.List) -> exp.DateDiff:
  75    return exp.DateDiff(
  76        this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0))
  77    )
  78
  79
  80def _build_date_time_add(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
  81    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
  82        return expr_type(
  83            this=seq_get(args, 2),
  84            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
  85            unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
  86        )
  87
  88    return _builder
  89
  90
  91# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/div0
  92def _build_if_from_div0(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
  93    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
  94    true = exp.Literal.number(0)
  95    false = exp.Div(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
  96    return exp.If(this=cond, true=true, false=false)
  97
  98
  99# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
 100def _build_if_from_zeroifnull(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
 101    cond = exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Null())
 102    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Literal.number(0), false=seq_get(args, 0))
 103
 104
 105# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
 106def _build_if_from_nullifzero(args: t.List) -> exp.If:
 107    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
 108    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Null(), false=seq_get(args, 0))
 109
 110
 111def _regexpilike_sql(self: Snowflake.Generator, expression: exp.RegexpILike) -> str:
 112    flag = expression.text("flag")
 113
 114    if "i" not in flag:
 115        flag += "i"
 116
 117    return self.func(
 118        "REGEXP_LIKE", expression.this, expression.expression, exp.Literal.string(flag)
 119    )
 120
 121
 122def _build_convert_timezone(args: t.List) -> t.Union[exp.Anonymous, exp.AtTimeZone]:
 123    if len(args) == 3:
 124        return exp.Anonymous(this="CONVERT_TIMEZONE", expressions=args)
 125    return exp.AtTimeZone(this=seq_get(args, 1), zone=seq_get(args, 0))
 126
 127
 128def _build_regexp_replace(args: t.List) -> exp.RegexpReplace:
 129    regexp_replace = exp.RegexpReplace.from_arg_list(args)
 130
 131    if not regexp_replace.args.get("replacement"):
 132        regexp_replace.set("replacement", exp.Literal.string(""))
 133
 134    return regexp_replace
 135
 136
 137def _show_parser(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[Snowflake.Parser], exp.Show]:
 138    def _parse(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> exp.Show:
 139        return self._parse_show_snowflake(*args, **kwargs)
 140
 141    return _parse
 142
 143
 144DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
 145    "Y": "YEAR",
 146    "YY": "YEAR",
 147    "YYY": "YEAR",
 148    "YYYY": "YEAR",
 149    "YR": "YEAR",
 150    "YEARS": "YEAR",
 151    "YRS": "YEAR",
 152    "MM": "MONTH",
 153    "MON": "MONTH",
 154    "MONS": "MONTH",
 155    "MONTHS": "MONTH",
 156    "D": "DAY",
 157    "DD": "DAY",
 158    "DAYS": "DAY",
 159    "DAYOFMONTH": "DAY",
 160    "WEEKDAY": "DAYOFWEEK",
 161    "DOW": "DAYOFWEEK",
 162    "DW": "DAYOFWEEK",
 163    "WEEKDAY_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
 164    "DOW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
 165    "DW_ISO": "DAYOFWEEKISO",
 166    "YEARDAY": "DAYOFYEAR",
 167    "DOY": "DAYOFYEAR",
 168    "DY": "DAYOFYEAR",
 169    "W": "WEEK",
 170    "WK": "WEEK",
 171    "WEEKOFYEAR": "WEEK",
 172    "WOY": "WEEK",
 173    "WY": "WEEK",
 174    "WEEK_ISO": "WEEKISO",
 175    "WEEKOFYEARISO": "WEEKISO",
 176    "WEEKOFYEAR_ISO": "WEEKISO",
 177    "Q": "QUARTER",
 178    "QTR": "QUARTER",
 179    "QTRS": "QUARTER",
 180    "QUARTERS": "QUARTER",
 181    "H": "HOUR",
 182    "HH": "HOUR",
 183    "HR": "HOUR",
 184    "HOURS": "HOUR",
 185    "HRS": "HOUR",
 186    "M": "MINUTE",
 187    "MI": "MINUTE",
 188    "MIN": "MINUTE",
 189    "MINUTES": "MINUTE",
 190    "MINS": "MINUTE",
 191    "S": "SECOND",
 192    "SEC": "SECOND",
 193    "SECONDS": "SECOND",
 194    "SECS": "SECOND",
 195    "MS": "MILLISECOND",
 196    "MSEC": "MILLISECOND",
 197    "MILLISECONDS": "MILLISECOND",
 198    "US": "MICROSECOND",
 199    "USEC": "MICROSECOND",
 200    "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND",
 201    "NS": "NANOSECOND",
 202    "NSEC": "NANOSECOND",
 203    "NANOSEC": "NANOSECOND",
 204    "NSECOND": "NANOSECOND",
 205    "NSECONDS": "NANOSECOND",
 206    "NANOSECS": "NANOSECOND",
 207    "EPOCH": "EPOCH_SECOND",
 208    "EPOCH_SECONDS": "EPOCH_SECOND",
 209    "EPOCH_MILLISECONDS": "EPOCH_MILLISECOND",
 210    "EPOCH_MICROSECONDS": "EPOCH_MICROSECOND",
 211    "EPOCH_NANOSECONDS": "EPOCH_NANOSECOND",
 212    "TZH": "TIMEZONE_HOUR",
 213    "TZM": "TIMEZONE_MINUTE",
 214}
 215
 216
 217@t.overload
 218def _map_date_part(part: exp.Expression) -> exp.Var:
 219    pass
 220
 221
 222@t.overload
 223def _map_date_part(part: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 224    pass
 225
 226
 227def _map_date_part(part):
 228    mapped = DATE_PART_MAPPING.get(part.name.upper()) if part else None
 229    return exp.var(mapped) if mapped else part
 230
 231
 232def _date_trunc_to_time(args: t.List) -> exp.DateTrunc | exp.TimestampTrunc:
 233    trunc = date_trunc_to_time(args)
 234    trunc.set("unit", _map_date_part(trunc.args["unit"]))
 235    return trunc
 236
 237
 238def _build_timestamp_from_parts(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
 239    if len(args) == 2:
 240        # Other dialects don't have the TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS(date, time) concept,
 241        # so we parse this into Anonymous for now instead of introducing complexity
 242        return exp.Anonymous(this="TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS", expressions=args)
 243
 244    return exp.TimestampFromParts.from_arg_list(args)
 245
 246
 247def _unqualify_unpivot_columns(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 248    """
 249    Snowflake doesn't allow columns referenced in UNPIVOT to be qualified,
 250    so we need to unqualify them.
 251
 252    Example:
 253        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
 254        >>> expr = parse_one("SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (m_sales.jan, feb, mar, april))")
 255        >>> print(_unqualify_unpivot_columns(expr).sql(dialect="snowflake"))
 256        SELECT * FROM m_sales UNPIVOT(sales FOR month IN (jan, feb, mar, april))
 257    """
 258    if isinstance(expression, exp.Pivot) and expression.unpivot:
 259        expression = transforms.unqualify_columns(expression)
 260
 261    return expression
 262
 263
 264def _flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
 265    assert isinstance(expression, exp.Create)
 266
 267    def _flatten_structured_type(expression: exp.DataType) -> exp.DataType:
 268        if expression.this in exp.DataType.NESTED_TYPES:
 269            expression.set("expressions", None)
 270        return expression
 271
 272    props = expression.args.get("properties")
 273    if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Schema) and not (props and props.find(exp.IcebergProperty)):
 274        for schema_expression in expression.this.expressions:
 275            if isinstance(schema_expression, exp.ColumnDef):
 276                column_type = schema_expression.kind
 277                if isinstance(column_type, exp.DataType):
 278                    column_type.transform(_flatten_structured_type, copy=False)
 279
 280    return expression
 281
 282
 283class Snowflake(Dialect):
 284    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
 285    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
 286    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
 287    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
 288    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 289    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 290    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
 291    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
 292    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 293
 294    TIME_MAPPING = {
 295        "YYYY": "%Y",
 296        "yyyy": "%Y",
 297        "YY": "%y",
 298        "yy": "%y",
 299        "MMMM": "%B",
 300        "mmmm": "%B",
 301        "MON": "%b",
 302        "mon": "%b",
 303        "MM": "%m",
 304        "mm": "%m",
 305        "DD": "%d",
 306        "dd": "%-d",
 307        "DY": "%a",
 308        "dy": "%w",
 309        "HH24": "%H",
 310        "hh24": "%H",
 311        "HH12": "%I",
 312        "hh12": "%I",
 313        "MI": "%M",
 314        "mi": "%M",
 315        "SS": "%S",
 316        "ss": "%S",
 317        "FF": "%f",
 318        "ff": "%f",
 319        "FF6": "%f",
 320        "ff6": "%f",
 321    }
 322
 323    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
 324        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
 325        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
 326        if (
 327            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
 328            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
 329            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
 330        ):
 331            return expression  # type: ignore
 332
 333        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
 334
 335    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 336        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
 337
 338        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
 339            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
 340            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
 341        }
 342
 343        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
 344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
 345
 346        FUNCTIONS = {
 347            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 348            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list,
 349            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
 350            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
 351            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
 352                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
 353            ),
 354            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
 355                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
 356                start=seq_get(args, 0),
 357                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
 358                step=seq_get(args, 2),
 359            ),
 360            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
 361            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
 362            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
 363            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
 364            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
 365            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
 366            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
 367            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
 368            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
 369            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
 370            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
 371                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
 372            ),
 373            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
 374            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
 375                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
 376            ),
 377            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 378            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
 379                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
 380            ),
 381            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
 382            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
 383            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
 384            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
 385            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
 386            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 387            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
 388            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
 389            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
 390            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
 391            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
 392            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
 393            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
 394            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
 395            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
 396                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 397                format=seq_get(args, 1),
 398                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
 399                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
 400            ),
 401            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
 402            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
 403            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
 404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
 405            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
 406            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
 407            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
 408        }
 409
 410        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 411            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 412            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
 413            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
 414        }
 415        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
 416
 417        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
 418
 419        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 420            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 421            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
 422            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
 423        }
 424
 425        ALTER_PARSERS = {
 426            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
 427            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
 428            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
 429                exp.Set,
 430                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
 431                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
 432                unset=True,
 433            ),
 434            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
 435        }
 436
 437        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 438            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 439            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
 440        }
 441
 442        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
 443            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
 444            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location_property(),
 445        }
 446
 447        SHOW_PARSERS = {
 448            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
 449            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
 450            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
 451            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
 452            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
 453            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
 454            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
 455            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
 456            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
 457            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
 458            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
 459            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
 460            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
 461            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
 462            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
 463            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
 464            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
 465            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
 466            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
 467        }
 468
 469        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
 470            TokenType.DOT,
 471            TokenType.MOD,
 472            TokenType.SLASH,
 473        }
 474
 475        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
 476
 477        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
 478
 479        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 480            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
 481
 482            casts = []
 483            json_path = []
 484
 485            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
 486                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
 487
 488                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
 489                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
 490                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
 491                    casts.append(path.to)
 492                    path = path.this
 493
 494                if path:
 495                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
 496
 497            if json_path:
 498                this = self.expression(
 499                    exp.JSONExtract,
 500                    this=this,
 501                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
 502                )
 503
 504                while casts:
 505                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
 506
 507            return this
 508
 509        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
 510        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
 511        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 512            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
 513
 514            if not this:
 515                return None
 516
 517            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 518            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
 519            this = _map_date_part(this)
 520            name = this.name.upper()
 521
 522            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
 523                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
 524                    scale = 10**3
 525                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
 526                    scale = 10**6
 527                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
 528                    scale = 10**9
 529                else:
 530                    scale = None
 531
 532                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
 533                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
 534
 535                if scale:
 536                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
 537
 538                return to_unix
 539
 540            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
 541
 542        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 543            if is_map:
 544                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
 545                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
 546                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
 547                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
 548
 549            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
 550
 551        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
 552            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
 553            if not lateral:
 554                return lateral
 555
 556            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
 557                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
 558                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
 559                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
 560                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
 561                elif not table_alias:
 562                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
 563
 564            return lateral
 565
 566        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
 567            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
 568            index = self._index
 569            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
 570                this = self._prev.text.upper()
 571                kind = (
 572                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
 573                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
 574                    and self._prev.text.upper()
 575                )
 576                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
 577
 578                if expression:
 579                    self._match_r_paren()
 580                    when = self.expression(
 581                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
 582                    )
 583                    table.set("when", when)
 584                else:
 585                    self._retreat(index)
 586
 587            return table
 588
 589        def _parse_table_parts(
 590            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
 591        ) -> exp.Table:
 592            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
 593            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
 594                table = self._parse_string()
 595            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
 596                table = self._parse_location_path()
 597            else:
 598                table = None
 599
 600            if table:
 601                file_format = None
 602                pattern = None
 603
 604                wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
 605                while self._curr and wrapped and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
 606                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
 607                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
 608                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
 609                        )
 610                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
 611                        pattern = self._parse_string()
 612                    else:
 613                        break
 614
 615                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 616
 617                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
 618            else:
 619                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
 620
 621            return self._parse_at_before(table)
 622
 623        def _parse_id_var(
 624            self,
 625            any_token: bool = True,
 626            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 627        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 628            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
 629                identifier = (
 630                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 631                    or self._parse_string()
 632                )
 633                self._match_r_paren()
 634                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
 635
 636            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 637
 638        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
 639            scope = None
 640            scope_kind = None
 641
 642            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
 643            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
 644            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
 645
 646            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
 647
 648            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
 649
 650            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
 651                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
 652                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
 653                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
 654                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
 655                    if self._curr:
 656                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
 657                elif self._curr:
 658                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
 659                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
 660
 661            return self.expression(
 662                exp.Show,
 663                **{
 664                    "terse": terse,
 665                    "this": this,
 666                    "history": history,
 667                    "like": like,
 668                    "scope": scope,
 669                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
 670                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
 671                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
 672                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
 673                },
 674            )
 675
 676        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
 677            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
 678            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
 679
 680        def _parse_location_property(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
 681            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 682            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
 683
 684        def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 685            # Parse either a subquery or a staged file
 686            return (
 687                self._parse_select(table=True)
 688                if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
 689                else self._parse_table_parts()
 690            )
 691
 692        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
 693            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
 694
 695            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
 696            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator, as well as closing paren
 697            # in case of subqueries
 698            while self._is_connected() and not self._match_set(
 699                (TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.R_PAREN), advance=False
 700            ):
 701                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
 702
 703            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
 704
 705    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 706        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
 707        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
 708        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
 709        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
 710
 711        KEYWORDS = {
 712            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 713            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
 714            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 715            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 716            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
 717            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
 718            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
 719            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
 720            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
 721            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
 722            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 723            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 724            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
 725            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
 726            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
 727            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
 728            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
 729            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 730            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
 731            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 732            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 733        }
 734
 735        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
 736            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
 737            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
 738        }
 739
 740        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
 741
 742        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
 743
 744    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 745        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
 746        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
 747        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
 748        JOIN_HINTS = False
 749        TABLE_HINTS = False
 750        QUERY_HINTS = False
 751        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
 752        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
 753        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
 754        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
 755        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
 756        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
 757        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
 758        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
 759        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 760
 761        TRANSFORMS = {
 762            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 763            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
 764            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
 765            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
 766            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
 767            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
 768            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
 769            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
 770                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
 771            ),
 772            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
 773            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
 774            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 775            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 776            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 777            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
 778            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
 779            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
 780            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
 781            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
 782            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
 783                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
 784            ),
 785            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
 786                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
 787            ),
 788            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
 789            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
 790            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
 791            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
 792                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
 793            ),
 794            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
 795            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
 796            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
 797            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
 798            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 799            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 800            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 801            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
 802            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
 803                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
 804            ),
 805            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
 806                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
 807            ),
 808            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
 809            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
 810            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
 811            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 812                [
 813                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 814                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
 815                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 816                ]
 817            ),
 818            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
 819            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 820            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
 821            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 822                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 823            ),
 824            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
 825            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
 826            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
 827            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
 828                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
 829            ),
 830            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
 831            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
 832            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
 833                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
 834            ),
 835            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
 836            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
 837            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
 838            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
 839            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 840            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 841            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
 842                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
 843            ),
 844            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
 845            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 846            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
 847            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
 848        }
 849
 850        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 851            exp.JSONPathKey,
 852            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 853            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 854        }
 855
 856        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 857            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 858            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
 859            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
 860        }
 861
 862        STAR_MAPPING = {
 863            "except": "EXCLUDE",
 864            "replace": "RENAME",
 865        }
 866
 867        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 868            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 869            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 870            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 871        }
 872
 873        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
 874            exp.Map,
 875            exp.StarMap,
 876            exp.Struct,
 877            exp.VarMap,
 878        }
 879
 880        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
 881            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
 882                values_as_table = False
 883
 884            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
 885
 886        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
 887            expressions = expression.expressions
 888            if (
 889                expressions
 890                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
 891                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
 892            ):
 893                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
 894                return "OBJECT"
 895
 896            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
 897
 898        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
 899            return self.func(
 900                "TO_NUMBER",
 901                expression.this,
 902                expression.args.get("format"),
 903                expression.args.get("precision"),
 904                expression.args.get("scale"),
 905            )
 906
 907        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
 908            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
 909            if milli is not None:
 910                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
 911                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
 912
 913            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
 914
 915        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
 916            value = expression.this
 917
 918            if value.type is None:
 919                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
 920
 921                value = annotate_types(value)
 922
 923            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
 924                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
 925
 926            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
 927            return self.cast_sql(expression)
 928
 929        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
 930            if not expression.expression:
 931                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
 932
 933            return super().log_sql(expression)
 934
 935        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
 936            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 937            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
 938
 939            columns = [
 940                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
 941                exp.to_identifier("key"),
 942                exp.to_identifier("path"),
 943                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
 944                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
 945                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
 946                exp.to_identifier("this"),
 947            ]
 948
 949            if unnest_alias:
 950                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
 951            else:
 952                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
 953
 954            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
 955            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
 956            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
 957            return f"{explode}{alias}"
 958
 959        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
 960            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
 961            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
 962            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
 963            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
 964
 965            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
 966            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
 967
 968            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
 969            if scope_kind:
 970                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
 971
 972            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
 973            if starts_with:
 974                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
 975
 976            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
 977
 978            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
 979            if from_:
 980                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
 981
 982            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
 983
 984        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
 985            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
 986            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
 987            group = expression.args.get("group")
 988            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
 989            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
 990            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
 991
 992            return self.func(
 993                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
 994                expression.this,
 995                expression.expression,
 996                position,
 997                occurrence,
 998                parameters,
 999                group,
1000            )
1001
1002        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
1003            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1004                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1005            return super().except_op(expression)
1006
1007        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
1008            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1009                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1010            return super().intersect_op(expression)
1011
1012        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
1013            # Default to table if kind is unknown
1014            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
1015            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
1016            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1017            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
1018            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
1019            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
1020
1021        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
1022            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
1023        ) -> str:
1024            start = expression.args.get("start")
1025            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
1026            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
1027            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
1028            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
1029
1030        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
1031            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1032            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
1033
1034        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
1035            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
1036
1037        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
1038            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
1039
1040        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
1041            keys = []
1042            values = []
1043
1044            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
1045                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
1046                    keys.append(
1047                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
1048                    )
1049                    values.append(e.expression)
1050                else:
1051                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
1052                    values.append(e)
1053
1054            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))
1055
1056        def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str:
1057            option = self.sql(expression, "this").upper()
1058            if option == "FILE_FORMAT":
1059                values = self.expressions(expression, key="expression", flat=True, sep=" ")
1060                return f"{option} = ({values})"
1061
1062            return super().copyparameter_sql(expression)
1063
1064        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
1065            if expression.args.get("weight") or expression.args.get("accuracy"):
1066                self.unsupported(
1067                    "APPROX_PERCENTILE with weight and/or accuracy arguments are not supported in Snowflake"
1068                )
1069
1070            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
DATE_PART_MAPPING = {'Y': 'YEAR', 'YY': 'YEAR', 'YYY': 'YEAR', 'YYYY': 'YEAR', 'YR': 'YEAR', 'YEARS': 'YEAR', 'YRS': 'YEAR', 'MM': 'MONTH', 'MON': 'MONTH', 'MONS': 'MONTH', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'D': 'DAY', 'DD': 'DAY', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'DAYOFMONTH': 'DAY', 'WEEKDAY': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DOW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DOW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'YEARDAY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DOY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'W': 'WEEK', 'WK': 'WEEK', 'WEEKOFYEAR': 'WEEK', 'WOY': 'WEEK', 'WY': 'WEEK', 'WEEK_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEARISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEAR_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'Q': 'QUARTER', 'QTR': 'QUARTER', 'QTRS': 'QUARTER', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'H': 'HOUR', 'HH': 'HOUR', 'HR': 'HOUR', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'HRS': 'HOUR', 'M': 'MINUTE', 'MI': 'MINUTE', 'MIN': 'MINUTE', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'MINS': 'MINUTE', 'S': 'SECOND', 'SEC': 'SECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'SECS': 'SECOND', 'MS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'US': 'MICROSECOND', 'USEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'NS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECOND': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECONDS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSECS': 'NANOSECOND', 'EPOCH': 'EPOCH_SECOND', 'EPOCH_SECONDS': 'EPOCH_SECOND', 'EPOCH_MILLISECONDS': 'EPOCH_MILLISECOND', 'EPOCH_MICROSECONDS': 'EPOCH_MICROSECOND', 'EPOCH_NANOSECONDS': 'EPOCH_NANOSECOND', 'TZH': 'TIMEZONE_HOUR', 'TZM': 'TIMEZONE_MINUTE'}
class Snowflake(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect):
 284class Snowflake(Dialect):
 285    # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/identifiers-syntax
 286    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE
 287    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_large"
 288    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
 289    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 290    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
 291    PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True
 292    TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True
 293    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 294
 295    TIME_MAPPING = {
 296        "YYYY": "%Y",
 297        "yyyy": "%Y",
 298        "YY": "%y",
 299        "yy": "%y",
 300        "MMMM": "%B",
 301        "mmmm": "%B",
 302        "MON": "%b",
 303        "mon": "%b",
 304        "MM": "%m",
 305        "mm": "%m",
 306        "DD": "%d",
 307        "dd": "%-d",
 308        "DY": "%a",
 309        "dy": "%w",
 310        "HH24": "%H",
 311        "hh24": "%H",
 312        "HH12": "%I",
 313        "hh12": "%I",
 314        "MI": "%M",
 315        "mi": "%M",
 316        "SS": "%S",
 317        "ss": "%S",
 318        "FF": "%f",
 319        "ff": "%f",
 320        "FF6": "%f",
 321        "ff6": "%f",
 322    }
 323
 324    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
 325        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
 326        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
 327        if (
 328            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
 329            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
 330            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
 331        ):
 332            return expression  # type: ignore
 333
 334        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)
 335
 336    class Parser(parser.Parser):
 337        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
 338
 339        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
 340            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
 341            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
 342        }
 343
 344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
 345        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
 346
 347        FUNCTIONS = {
 348            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 349            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list,
 350            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
 351            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
 352            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
 353                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
 354            ),
 355            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
 356                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
 357                start=seq_get(args, 0),
 358                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
 359                step=seq_get(args, 2),
 360            ),
 361            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
 362            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
 363            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
 364            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
 365            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
 366            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
 367            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
 368            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
 369            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
 370            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
 371            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
 372                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
 373            ),
 374            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
 375            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
 376                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
 377            ),
 378            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 379            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
 380                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
 381            ),
 382            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
 383            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
 384            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
 385            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
 386            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
 387            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
 388            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
 389            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
 390            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
 391            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
 392            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
 393            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
 394            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
 395            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
 396            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
 397                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 398                format=seq_get(args, 1),
 399                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
 400                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
 401            ),
 402            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
 403            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
 404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
 405            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
 406            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
 407            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
 408            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
 409        }
 410
 411        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 412            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 413            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
 414            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
 415        }
 416        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
 417
 418        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
 419
 420        RANGE_PARSERS = {
 421            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
 422            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
 423            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
 424        }
 425
 426        ALTER_PARSERS = {
 427            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
 428            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
 429            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
 430                exp.Set,
 431                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
 432                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
 433                unset=True,
 434            ),
 435            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
 436        }
 437
 438        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
 439            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
 440            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
 441        }
 442
 443        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
 444            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
 445            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location_property(),
 446        }
 447
 448        SHOW_PARSERS = {
 449            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
 450            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
 451            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
 452            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
 453            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
 454            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
 455            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
 456            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
 457            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
 458            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
 459            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
 460            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
 461            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
 462            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
 463            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
 464            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
 465            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
 466            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
 467            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
 468        }
 469
 470        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
 471            TokenType.DOT,
 472            TokenType.MOD,
 473            TokenType.SLASH,
 474        }
 475
 476        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
 477
 478        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
 479
 480        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 481            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
 482
 483            casts = []
 484            json_path = []
 485
 486            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
 487                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
 488
 489                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
 490                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
 491                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
 492                    casts.append(path.to)
 493                    path = path.this
 494
 495                if path:
 496                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
 497
 498            if json_path:
 499                this = self.expression(
 500                    exp.JSONExtract,
 501                    this=this,
 502                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
 503                )
 504
 505                while casts:
 506                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
 507
 508            return this
 509
 510        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
 511        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
 512        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 513            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
 514
 515            if not this:
 516                return None
 517
 518            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 519            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
 520            this = _map_date_part(this)
 521            name = this.name.upper()
 522
 523            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
 524                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
 525                    scale = 10**3
 526                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
 527                    scale = 10**6
 528                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
 529                    scale = 10**9
 530                else:
 531                    scale = None
 532
 533                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
 534                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
 535
 536                if scale:
 537                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
 538
 539                return to_unix
 540
 541            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
 542
 543        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 544            if is_map:
 545                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
 546                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
 547                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
 548                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
 549
 550            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
 551
 552        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
 553            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
 554            if not lateral:
 555                return lateral
 556
 557            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
 558                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
 559                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
 560                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
 561                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
 562                elif not table_alias:
 563                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
 564
 565            return lateral
 566
 567        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
 568            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
 569            index = self._index
 570            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
 571                this = self._prev.text.upper()
 572                kind = (
 573                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
 574                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
 575                    and self._prev.text.upper()
 576                )
 577                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
 578
 579                if expression:
 580                    self._match_r_paren()
 581                    when = self.expression(
 582                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
 583                    )
 584                    table.set("when", when)
 585                else:
 586                    self._retreat(index)
 587
 588            return table
 589
 590        def _parse_table_parts(
 591            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
 592        ) -> exp.Table:
 593            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
 594            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
 595                table = self._parse_string()
 596            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
 597                table = self._parse_location_path()
 598            else:
 599                table = None
 600
 601            if table:
 602                file_format = None
 603                pattern = None
 604
 605                wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
 606                while self._curr and wrapped and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
 607                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
 608                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
 609                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
 610                        )
 611                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
 612                        pattern = self._parse_string()
 613                    else:
 614                        break
 615
 616                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
 617
 618                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
 619            else:
 620                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
 621
 622            return self._parse_at_before(table)
 623
 624        def _parse_id_var(
 625            self,
 626            any_token: bool = True,
 627            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 628        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 629            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
 630                identifier = (
 631                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 632                    or self._parse_string()
 633                )
 634                self._match_r_paren()
 635                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
 636
 637            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
 638
 639        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
 640            scope = None
 641            scope_kind = None
 642
 643            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
 644            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
 645            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
 646
 647            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
 648
 649            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
 650
 651            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
 652                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
 653                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
 654                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
 655                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
 656                    if self._curr:
 657                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
 658                elif self._curr:
 659                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
 660                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
 661
 662            return self.expression(
 663                exp.Show,
 664                **{
 665                    "terse": terse,
 666                    "this": this,
 667                    "history": history,
 668                    "like": like,
 669                    "scope": scope,
 670                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
 671                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
 672                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
 673                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
 674                },
 675            )
 676
 677        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
 678            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
 679            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
 680
 681        def _parse_location_property(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
 682            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
 683            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
 684
 685        def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 686            # Parse either a subquery or a staged file
 687            return (
 688                self._parse_select(table=True)
 689                if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
 690                else self._parse_table_parts()
 691            )
 692
 693        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
 694            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
 695
 696            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
 697            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator, as well as closing paren
 698            # in case of subqueries
 699            while self._is_connected() and not self._match_set(
 700                (TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.R_PAREN), advance=False
 701            ):
 702                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
 703
 704            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))
 705
 706    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
 707        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
 708        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
 709        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
 710        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
 711
 712        KEYWORDS = {
 713            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
 714            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
 715            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 716            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 717            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
 718            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
 719            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
 720            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
 721            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
 722            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
 723            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 724            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
 725            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
 726            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
 727            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
 728            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
 729            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
 730            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
 731            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
 732            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
 733            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
 734        }
 735
 736        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
 737            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
 738            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
 739        }
 740
 741        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
 742
 743        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
 744
 745    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 746        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
 747        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
 748        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
 749        JOIN_HINTS = False
 750        TABLE_HINTS = False
 751        QUERY_HINTS = False
 752        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
 753        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
 754        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
 755        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
 756        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
 757        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
 758        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
 759        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
 760        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 761
 762        TRANSFORMS = {
 763            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 764            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
 765            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
 766            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
 767            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
 768            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
 769            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
 770            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
 771                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
 772            ),
 773            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
 774            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
 775            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 776            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 777            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 778            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
 779            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
 780            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
 781            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
 782            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
 783            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
 784                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
 785            ),
 786            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
 787                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
 788            ),
 789            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
 790            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
 791            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
 792            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
 793                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
 794            ),
 795            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
 796            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
 797            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
 798            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
 799            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 800            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 801            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 802            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
 803            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
 804                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
 805            ),
 806            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
 807                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
 808            ),
 809            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
 810            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
 811            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
 812            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 813                [
 814                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 815                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
 816                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 817                ]
 818            ),
 819            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
 820            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 821            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
 822            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 823                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 824            ),
 825            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
 826            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
 827            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
 828            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
 829                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
 830            ),
 831            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
 832            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
 833            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
 834                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
 835            ),
 836            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
 837            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
 838            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
 839            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
 840            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 841            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 842            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
 843                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
 844            ),
 845            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
 846            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 847            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
 848            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
 849        }
 850
 851        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 852            exp.JSONPathKey,
 853            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 854            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 855        }
 856
 857        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 858            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 859            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
 860            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
 861        }
 862
 863        STAR_MAPPING = {
 864            "except": "EXCLUDE",
 865            "replace": "RENAME",
 866        }
 867
 868        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 869            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 870            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 871            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 872        }
 873
 874        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
 875            exp.Map,
 876            exp.StarMap,
 877            exp.Struct,
 878            exp.VarMap,
 879        }
 880
 881        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
 882            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
 883                values_as_table = False
 884
 885            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
 886
 887        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
 888            expressions = expression.expressions
 889            if (
 890                expressions
 891                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
 892                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
 893            ):
 894                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
 895                return "OBJECT"
 896
 897            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
 898
 899        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
 900            return self.func(
 901                "TO_NUMBER",
 902                expression.this,
 903                expression.args.get("format"),
 904                expression.args.get("precision"),
 905                expression.args.get("scale"),
 906            )
 907
 908        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
 909            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
 910            if milli is not None:
 911                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
 912                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
 913
 914            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
 915
 916        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
 917            value = expression.this
 918
 919            if value.type is None:
 920                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
 921
 922                value = annotate_types(value)
 923
 924            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
 925                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
 926
 927            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
 928            return self.cast_sql(expression)
 929
 930        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
 931            if not expression.expression:
 932                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
 933
 934            return super().log_sql(expression)
 935
 936        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
 937            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 938            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
 939
 940            columns = [
 941                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
 942                exp.to_identifier("key"),
 943                exp.to_identifier("path"),
 944                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
 945                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
 946                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
 947                exp.to_identifier("this"),
 948            ]
 949
 950            if unnest_alias:
 951                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
 952            else:
 953                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
 954
 955            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
 956            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
 957            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
 958            return f"{explode}{alias}"
 959
 960        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
 961            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
 962            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
 963            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
 964            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
 965
 966            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
 967            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
 968
 969            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
 970            if scope_kind:
 971                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
 972
 973            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
 974            if starts_with:
 975                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
 976
 977            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
 978
 979            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
 980            if from_:
 981                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
 982
 983            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
 984
 985        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
 986            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
 987            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
 988            group = expression.args.get("group")
 989            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
 990            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
 991            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
 992
 993            return self.func(
 994                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
 995                expression.this,
 996                expression.expression,
 997                position,
 998                occurrence,
 999                parameters,
1000                group,
1001            )
1002
1003        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
1004            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1005                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1006            return super().except_op(expression)
1007
1008        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
1009            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1010                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1011            return super().intersect_op(expression)
1012
1013        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
1014            # Default to table if kind is unknown
1015            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
1016            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
1017            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1018            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
1019            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
1020            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
1021
1022        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
1023            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
1024        ) -> str:
1025            start = expression.args.get("start")
1026            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
1027            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
1028            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
1029            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
1030
1031        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
1032            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1033            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
1034
1035        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
1036            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
1037
1038        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
1039            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
1040
1041        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
1042            keys = []
1043            values = []
1044
1045            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
1046                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
1047                    keys.append(
1048                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
1049                    )
1050                    values.append(e.expression)
1051                else:
1052                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
1053                    values.append(e)
1054
1055            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))
1056
1057        def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str:
1058            option = self.sql(expression, "this").upper()
1059            if option == "FILE_FORMAT":
1060                values = self.expressions(expression, key="expression", flat=True, sep=" ")
1061                return f"{option} = ({values})"
1062
1063            return super().copyparameter_sql(expression)
1064
1065        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
1066            if expression.args.get("weight") or expression.args.get("accuracy"):
1067                self.unsupported(
1068                    "APPROX_PERCENTILE with weight and/or accuracy arguments are not supported in Snowflake"
1069                )
1070
1071            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.UPPERCASE: 'UPPERCASE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_large'

Default NULL ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last"

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Whether SEMI or ANTI joins are supported.

PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN = True

Some dialects, such as Snowflake, allow you to reference a CTE column alias in the HAVING clause of the CTE. This flag will cause the CTE alias columns to override any projection aliases in the subquery.

For example, WITH y(c) AS ( SELECT SUM(a) FROM (SELECT 1 a) AS x HAVING c > 0 ) SELECT c FROM y;

will be rewritten as

WITH y(c) AS (
    SELECT SUM(a) AS c FROM (SELECT 1 AS a) AS x HAVING c > 0
) SELECT c FROM y;
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = True

Whether a size in the table sample clause represents percentage.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'YYYY': '%Y', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'yy': '%y', 'MMMM': '%B', 'mmmm': '%B', 'MON': '%b', 'mon': '%b', 'MM': '%m', 'mm': '%m', 'DD': '%d', 'dd': '%-d', 'DY': '%a', 'dy': '%w', 'HH24': '%H', 'hh24': '%H', 'HH12': '%I', 'hh12': '%I', 'MI': '%M', 'mi': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'ss': '%S', 'FF': '%f', 'ff': '%f', 'FF6': '%f', 'ff6': '%f'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

def quote_identifier(self, expression: ~E, identify: bool = True) -> ~E:
324    def quote_identifier(self, expression: E, identify: bool = True) -> E:
325        # This disables quoting DUAL in SELECT ... FROM DUAL, because Snowflake treats an
326        # unquoted DUAL keyword in a special way and does not map it to a user-defined table
327        if (
328            isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier)
329            and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Table)
330            and expression.name.lower() == "dual"
331        ):
332            return expression  # type: ignore
333
334        return super().quote_identifier(expression, identify=identify)

Adds quotes to a given identifier.

Arguments:
  • expression: The expression of interest. If it's not an Identifier, this method is a no-op.
  • identify: If set to False, the quotes will only be added if the identifier is deemed "unsafe", with respect to its characters and this dialect's normalization strategy.
UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (\n) to its unescaped version ( ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Snowflake.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Snowflake.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Snowflake.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {'y': {'y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {'M': {'M': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'm': {'m': {'m': {'m': {0: True}}, 0: True}, 'o': {'n': {0: True}}, 'i': {0: True}}, 'D': {'D': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}, 'd': {'d': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'h': {'h': {'2': {'4': {0: True}}, '1': {'2': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'F': {'F': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}, 'f': {'f': {0: True, '6': {0: True}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%Y': 'yyyy', '%y': 'yy', '%B': 'mmmm', '%b': 'mon', '%m': 'mm', '%d': 'DD', '%-d': 'dd', '%a': 'DY', '%w': 'dy', '%H': 'hh24', '%I': 'hh12', '%M': 'mi', '%S': 'ss', '%f': 'ff6'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'Y': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}}, 'a': {0: True}, 'w': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}}}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = "x'"
HEX_END: Optional[str] = "'"
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class Snowflake.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser):
336    class Parser(parser.Parser):
337        IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
338
339        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
340            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
341            TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
342        }
343
344        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS | {TokenType.WINDOW}
345        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS.discard(TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION)
346
347        FUNCTIONS = {
348            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
349            "APPROX_PERCENTILE": exp.ApproxQuantile.from_arg_list,
350            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
351            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
352            "ARRAY_CONTAINS": lambda args: exp.ArrayContains(
353                this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=seq_get(args, 0)
354            ),
355            "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE": lambda args: exp.GenerateSeries(
356                # ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE has an exlusive end; we normalize it to be inclusive
357                start=seq_get(args, 0),
358                end=exp.Sub(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(1)),
359                step=seq_get(args, 2),
360            ),
361            "BITXOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
362            "BIT_XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
363            "BOOLXOR": binary_from_function(exp.Xor),
364            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": _build_convert_timezone,
365            "DATE": _build_datetime("DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
366            "DATE_TRUNC": _date_trunc_to_time,
367            "DATEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
368            "DATEDIFF": _build_datediff,
369            "DIV0": _build_if_from_div0,
370            "FLATTEN": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
371            "GET_PATH": lambda args, dialect: exp.JSONExtract(
372                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=dialect.to_json_path(seq_get(args, 1))
373            ),
374            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
375            "LAST_DAY": lambda args: exp.LastDay(
376                this=seq_get(args, 0), unit=_map_date_part(seq_get(args, 1))
377            ),
378            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
379            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
380                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
381            ),
382            "NULLIFZERO": _build_if_from_nullifzero,
383            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": _build_object_construct,
384            "REGEXP_REPLACE": _build_regexp_replace,
385            "REGEXP_SUBSTR": exp.RegexpExtract.from_arg_list,
386            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
387            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
388            "TIMEADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.TimeAdd),
389            "TIMEDIFF": _build_datediff,
390            "TIMESTAMPADD": _build_date_time_add(exp.DateAdd),
391            "TIMESTAMPDIFF": _build_datediff,
392            "TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
393            "TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS": _build_timestamp_from_parts,
394            "TRY_TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TRY_TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE, safe=True),
395            "TO_DATE": _build_datetime("TO_DATE", exp.DataType.Type.DATE),
396            "TO_NUMBER": lambda args: exp.ToNumber(
397                this=seq_get(args, 0),
398                format=seq_get(args, 1),
399                precision=seq_get(args, 2),
400                scale=seq_get(args, 3),
401            ),
402            "TO_TIME": _build_datetime("TO_TIME", exp.DataType.Type.TIME),
403            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
404            "TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ),
405            "TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
406            "TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ": _build_datetime("TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ", exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ),
407            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
408            "ZEROIFNULL": _build_if_from_zeroifnull,
409        }
410
411        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
412            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
413            "DATE_PART": lambda self: self._parse_date_part(),
414            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL": lambda self: self._parse_json_object(),
415        }
416        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
417
418        TIMESTAMPS = parser.Parser.TIMESTAMPS - {TokenType.TIME}
419
420        RANGE_PARSERS = {
421            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
422            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
423            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: parser.binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
424        }
425
426        ALTER_PARSERS = {
427            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,
428            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_set(tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG")),
429            "UNSET": lambda self: self.expression(
430                exp.Set,
431                tag=self._match_text_seq("TAG"),
432                expressions=self._parse_csv(self._parse_id_var),
433                unset=True,
434            ),
435            "SWAP": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_swap(),
436        }
437
438        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
439            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
440            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
441        }
442
443        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
444            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
445            "LOCATION": lambda self: self._parse_location_property(),
446        }
447
448        SHOW_PARSERS = {
449            "SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
450            "TERSE SCHEMAS": _show_parser("SCHEMAS"),
451            "OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
452            "TERSE OBJECTS": _show_parser("OBJECTS"),
453            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
454            "TERSE TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
455            "VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
456            "TERSE VIEWS": _show_parser("VIEWS"),
457            "PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
458            "TERSE PRIMARY KEYS": _show_parser("PRIMARY KEYS"),
459            "IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
460            "TERSE IMPORTED KEYS": _show_parser("IMPORTED KEYS"),
461            "UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
462            "TERSE UNIQUE KEYS": _show_parser("UNIQUE KEYS"),
463            "SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
464            "TERSE SEQUENCES": _show_parser("SEQUENCES"),
465            "COLUMNS": _show_parser("COLUMNS"),
466            "USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
467            "TERSE USERS": _show_parser("USERS"),
468        }
469
470        STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {
471            TokenType.DOT,
472            TokenType.MOD,
473            TokenType.SLASH,
474        }
475
476        FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ["SEQ", "KEY", "PATH", "INDEX", "VALUE", "THIS"]
477
478        SCHEMA_KINDS = {"OBJECTS", "TABLES", "VIEWS", "SEQUENCES", "UNIQUE KEYS", "IMPORTED KEYS"}
479
480        def _parse_column_ops(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
481            this = super()._parse_column_ops(this)
482
483            casts = []
484            json_path = []
485
486            while self._match(TokenType.COLON):
487                path = super()._parse_column_ops(self._parse_field(any_token=True))
488
489                # The cast :: operator has a lower precedence than the extraction operator :, so
490                # we rearrange the AST appropriately to avoid casting the 2nd argument of GET_PATH
491                while isinstance(path, exp.Cast):
492                    casts.append(path.to)
493                    path = path.this
494
495                if path:
496                    json_path.append(path.sql(dialect="snowflake", copy=False))
497
498            if json_path:
499                this = self.expression(
500                    exp.JSONExtract,
501                    this=this,
502                    expression=self.dialect.to_json_path(exp.Literal.string(".".join(json_path))),
503                )
504
505                while casts:
506                    this = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=this, to=casts.pop())
507
508            return this
509
510        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
511        # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
512        def _parse_date_part(self: Snowflake.Parser) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
513            this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
514
515            if not this:
516                return None
517
518            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
519            expression = self._parse_bitwise()
520            this = _map_date_part(this)
521            name = this.name.upper()
522
523            if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
524                if name == "EPOCH_MILLISECOND":
525                    scale = 10**3
526                elif name == "EPOCH_MICROSECOND":
527                    scale = 10**6
528                elif name == "EPOCH_NANOSECOND":
529                    scale = 10**9
530                else:
531                    scale = None
532
533                ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
534                to_unix: exp.Expression = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
535
536                if scale:
537                    to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
538
539                return to_unix
540
541            return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
542
543        def _parse_bracket_key_value(self, is_map: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
544            if is_map:
545                # Keys are strings in Snowflake's objects, see also:
546                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/data-types-semistructured
547                # - https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/object_construct
548                return self._parse_slice(self._parse_string())
549
550            return self._parse_slice(self._parse_alias(self._parse_conjunction(), explicit=True))
551
552        def _parse_lateral(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Lateral]:
553            lateral = super()._parse_lateral()
554            if not lateral:
555                return lateral
556
557            if isinstance(lateral.this, exp.Explode):
558                table_alias = lateral.args.get("alias")
559                columns = [exp.to_identifier(col) for col in self.FLATTEN_COLUMNS]
560                if table_alias and not table_alias.args.get("columns"):
561                    table_alias.set("columns", columns)
562                elif not table_alias:
563                    exp.alias_(lateral, "_flattened", table=columns, copy=False)
564
565            return lateral
566
567        def _parse_at_before(self, table: exp.Table) -> exp.Table:
568            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/at-before
569            index = self._index
570            if self._match_texts(("AT", "BEFORE")):
571                this = self._prev.text.upper()
572                kind = (
573                    self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
574                    and self._match_texts(self.HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND)
575                    and self._prev.text.upper()
576                )
577                expression = self._match(TokenType.FARROW) and self._parse_bitwise()
578
579                if expression:
580                    self._match_r_paren()
581                    when = self.expression(
582                        exp.HistoricalData, this=this, kind=kind, expression=expression
583                    )
584                    table.set("when", when)
585                else:
586                    self._retreat(index)
587
588            return table
589
590        def _parse_table_parts(
591            self, schema: bool = False, is_db_reference: bool = False, wildcard: bool = False
592        ) -> exp.Table:
593            # https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/querying-stage
594            if self._match(TokenType.STRING, advance=False):
595                table = self._parse_string()
596            elif self._match_text_seq("@", advance=False):
597                table = self._parse_location_path()
598            else:
599                table = None
600
601            if table:
602                file_format = None
603                pattern = None
604
605                wrapped = self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN)
606                while self._curr and wrapped and not self._match(TokenType.R_PAREN):
607                    if self._match_text_seq("FILE_FORMAT", "=>"):
608                        file_format = self._parse_string() or super()._parse_table_parts(
609                            is_db_reference=is_db_reference
610                        )
611                    elif self._match_text_seq("PATTERN", "=>"):
612                        pattern = self._parse_string()
613                    else:
614                        break
615
616                    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
617
618                table = self.expression(exp.Table, this=table, format=file_format, pattern=pattern)
619            else:
620                table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema, is_db_reference=is_db_reference)
621
622            return self._parse_at_before(table)
623
624        def _parse_id_var(
625            self,
626            any_token: bool = True,
627            tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
628        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
629            if self._match_text_seq("IDENTIFIER", "("):
630                identifier = (
631                    super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
632                    or self._parse_string()
633                )
634                self._match_r_paren()
635                return self.expression(exp.Anonymous, this="IDENTIFIER", expressions=[identifier])
636
637            return super()._parse_id_var(any_token=any_token, tokens=tokens)
638
639        def _parse_show_snowflake(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
640            scope = None
641            scope_kind = None
642
643            # will identity SHOW TERSE SCHEMAS but not SHOW TERSE PRIMARY KEYS
644            # which is syntactically valid but has no effect on the output
645            terse = self._tokens[self._index - 2].text.upper() == "TERSE"
646
647            history = self._match_text_seq("HISTORY")
648
649            like = self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.LIKE) else None
650
651            if self._match(TokenType.IN):
652                if self._match_text_seq("ACCOUNT"):
653                    scope_kind = "ACCOUNT"
654                elif self._match_set(self.DB_CREATABLES):
655                    scope_kind = self._prev.text.upper()
656                    if self._curr:
657                        scope = self._parse_table_parts()
658                elif self._curr:
659                    scope_kind = "SCHEMA" if this in self.SCHEMA_KINDS else "TABLE"
660                    scope = self._parse_table_parts()
661
662            return self.expression(
663                exp.Show,
664                **{
665                    "terse": terse,
666                    "this": this,
667                    "history": history,
668                    "like": like,
669                    "scope": scope,
670                    "scope_kind": scope_kind,
671                    "starts_with": self._match_text_seq("STARTS", "WITH") and self._parse_string(),
672                    "limit": self._parse_limit(),
673                    "from": self._parse_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
674                },
675            )
676
677        def _parse_alter_table_swap(self) -> exp.SwapTable:
678            self._match_text_seq("WITH")
679            return self.expression(exp.SwapTable, this=self._parse_table(schema=True))
680
681        def _parse_location_property(self) -> exp.LocationProperty:
682            self._match(TokenType.EQ)
683            return self.expression(exp.LocationProperty, this=self._parse_location_path())
684
685        def _parse_file_location(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
686            # Parse either a subquery or a staged file
687            return (
688                self._parse_select(table=True)
689                if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False)
690                else self._parse_table_parts()
691            )
692
693        def _parse_location_path(self) -> exp.Var:
694            parts = [self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True)]
695
696            # We avoid consuming a comma token because external tables like @foo and @bar
697            # can be joined in a query with a comma separator, as well as closing paren
698            # in case of subqueries
699            while self._is_connected() and not self._match_set(
700                (TokenType.COMMA, TokenType.R_PAREN), advance=False
701            ):
702                parts.append(self._advance_any(ignore_reserved=True))
703
704            return exp.var("".join(part.text for part in parts if part))

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>}
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function _date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <function _build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <function _build_timestamp_from_parts>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'APPROX_PERCENTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'BITXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BIT_XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'BOOLXOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function _build_convert_timezone>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'DIV0': <function _build_if_from_div0>, 'GET_PATH': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'IFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'MEDIAN': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULLIFZERO': <function _build_if_from_nullifzero>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT': <function _build_object_construct>, 'REGEXP_SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'RLIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SQUARE': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMEADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TIMEDIFF': <function _build_datediff>, 'TIMESTAMPADD': <function _build_date_time_add.<locals>._builder>, 'TRY_TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DATE': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIME': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ': <function _build_datetime.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_VARCHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'ZEROIFNULL': <function _build_if_from_zeroifnull>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_PART': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
TIMESTAMPS = {<TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>}
ALTER_PARSERS = {'ADD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ALTER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DELETE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DROP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RENAME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNSET': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SWAP': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>: <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BACKUP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ICEBERG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INHERITS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Snowflake.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHARING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNLOGGED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>}
SHOW_PARSERS = {'SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SCHEMAS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE OBJECTS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE VIEWS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE PRIMARY KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE IMPORTED KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE UNIQUE KEYS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE SEQUENCES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'COLUMNS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'TERSE USERS': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>}
STAGED_FILE_SINGLE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>}
FLATTEN_COLUMNS = ['SEQ', 'KEY', 'PATH', 'INDEX', 'VALUE', 'THIS']
SCHEMA_KINDS = {'VIEWS', 'TABLES', 'OBJECTS', 'UNIQUE KEYS', 'IMPORTED KEYS', 'SEQUENCES'}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'TERSE': {'SCHEMAS': {0: True}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}, 'OBJECTS': {0: True}, 'TABLES': {0: True}, 'VIEWS': {0: True}, 'PRIMARY': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'IMPORTED': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'UNIQUE': {'KEYS': {0: True}}, 'SEQUENCES': {0: True}, 'COLUMNS': {0: True}, 'USERS': {0: True}}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
INTERVAL_VARS
ALIAS_TOKENS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
BITWISE
TERM
FACTOR
EXPONENT
TIMES
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
COLUMN_OPERATORS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
UNION_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
class Snowflake.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer):
706    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
707        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
708        HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
709        RAW_STRINGS = ["$$"]
710        COMMENTS = ["--", "//", ("/*", "*/")]
711
712        KEYWORDS = {
713            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
714            "BYTEINT": TokenType.INT,
715            "CHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
716            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
717            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
718            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
719            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
720            "MATCH_CONDITION": TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION,
721            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
722            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
723            "NCHAR VARYING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
724            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
725            "REMOVE": TokenType.COMMAND,
726            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
727            "RM": TokenType.COMMAND,
728            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
729            "SQL_DOUBLE": TokenType.DOUBLE,
730            "SQL_VARCHAR": TokenType.VARCHAR,
731            "STORAGE INTEGRATION": TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
732            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
733            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
734        }
735
736        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
737            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
738            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
739        }
740
741        VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {"$"}
742
743        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
HEX_STRINGS = [("x'", "'"), ("X'", "'")]
RAW_STRINGS = ['$$']
COMMENTS = ['--', '//', ('/*', '*/')]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'BYTEINT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'CHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'EXCLUDE': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'ILIKE ANY': <TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: 'ILIKE_ANY'>, 'LIKE ANY': <TokenType.LIKE_ANY: 'LIKE_ANY'>, 'MATCH_CONDITION': <TokenType.MATCH_CONDITION: 'MATCH_CONDITION'>, 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE': <TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE: 'MATCH_RECOGNIZE'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'NCHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'PUT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REMOVE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'SQL_DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'SQL_VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'STORAGE INTEGRATION': <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, 'TIMESTAMP_TZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS = {'$'}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>}
class Snowflake.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator):
 745    class Generator(generator.Generator):
 746        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
 747        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
 748        SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
 749        JOIN_HINTS = False
 750        TABLE_HINTS = False
 751        QUERY_HINTS = False
 752        AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
 753        SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
 754        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
 755        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
 756        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
 757        INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE INTO"
 758        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
 759        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
 760        COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
 761
 762        TRANSFORMS = {
 763            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
 764            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
 765            exp.ArgMax: rename_func("MAX_BY"),
 766            exp.ArgMin: rename_func("MIN_BY"),
 767            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
 768            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
 769            exp.ArrayContains: lambda self, e: self.func("ARRAY_CONTAINS", e.expression, e.this),
 770            exp.AtTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
 771                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), e.this
 772            ),
 773            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("BITXOR"),
 774            exp.Create: transforms.preprocess([_flatten_structured_types_unless_iceberg]),
 775            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
 776            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 777            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
 778            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
 779            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
 780            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
 781            exp.Explode: rename_func("FLATTEN"),
 782            exp.Extract: rename_func("DATE_PART"),
 783            exp.FromTimeZone: lambda self, e: self.func(
 784                "CONVERT_TIMEZONE", e.args.get("zone"), "'UTC'", e.this
 785            ),
 786            exp.GenerateSeries: lambda self, e: self.func(
 787                "ARRAY_GENERATE_RANGE", e.args["start"], e.args["end"] + 1, e.args.get("step")
 788            ),
 789            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
 790            exp.If: if_sql(name="IFF", false_value="NULL"),
 791            exp.JSONExtract: lambda self, e: self.func("GET_PATH", e.this, e.expression),
 792            exp.JSONExtractScalar: lambda self, e: self.func(
 793                "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT", e.this, e.expression
 794            ),
 795            exp.JSONObject: lambda self, e: self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT_KEEP_NULL", *e.expressions),
 796            exp.JSONPathRoot: lambda *_: "",
 797            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
 798            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
 799            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 800            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
 801            exp.Min: min_or_least,
 802            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
 803            exp.PercentileCont: transforms.preprocess(
 804                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
 805            ),
 806            exp.PercentileDisc: transforms.preprocess(
 807                [transforms.add_within_group_for_percentiles]
 808            ),
 809            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([_unqualify_unpivot_columns]),
 810            exp.RegexpILike: _regexpilike_sql,
 811            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
 812            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
 813                [
 814                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
 815                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
 816                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
 817                ]
 818            ),
 819            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
 820            exp.StarMap: rename_func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 821            exp.StartsWith: rename_func("STARTSWITH"),
 822            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
 823                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
 824            ),
 825            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
 826            exp.Stuff: rename_func("INSERT"),
 827            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_sql("TIMEADD"),
 828            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
 829                "TIMESTAMPDIFF", e.unit, e.expression, e.this
 830            ),
 831            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
 832            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
 833            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
 834                "TO_CHAR", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP), self.format_time(e)
 835            ),
 836            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
 837            exp.ToArray: rename_func("TO_ARRAY"),
 838            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
 839            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
 840            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD", cast=True),
 841            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
 842            exp.TsOrDsToDate: lambda self, e: self.func(
 843                "TRY_TO_DATE" if e.args.get("safe") else "TO_DATE", e.this, self.format_time(e)
 844            ),
 845            exp.UnixToTime: rename_func("TO_TIMESTAMP"),
 846            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
 847            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
 848            exp.Xor: rename_func("BOOLXOR"),
 849        }
 850
 851        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
 852            exp.JSONPathKey,
 853            exp.JSONPathRoot,
 854            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
 855        }
 856
 857        TYPE_MAPPING = {
 858            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
 859            exp.DataType.Type.NESTED: "OBJECT",
 860            exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT: "OBJECT",
 861        }
 862
 863        STAR_MAPPING = {
 864            "except": "EXCLUDE",
 865            "replace": "RENAME",
 866        }
 867
 868        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
 869            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
 870            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 871            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
 872        }
 873
 874        UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {
 875            exp.Map,
 876            exp.StarMap,
 877            exp.Struct,
 878            exp.VarMap,
 879        }
 880
 881        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
 882            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
 883                values_as_table = False
 884
 885            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
 886
 887        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
 888            expressions = expression.expressions
 889            if (
 890                expressions
 891                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
 892                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
 893            ):
 894                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
 895                return "OBJECT"
 896
 897            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
 898
 899        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
 900            return self.func(
 901                "TO_NUMBER",
 902                expression.this,
 903                expression.args.get("format"),
 904                expression.args.get("precision"),
 905                expression.args.get("scale"),
 906            )
 907
 908        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
 909            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
 910            if milli is not None:
 911                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
 912                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
 913
 914            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
 915
 916        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
 917            value = expression.this
 918
 919            if value.type is None:
 920                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
 921
 922                value = annotate_types(value)
 923
 924            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
 925                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
 926
 927            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
 928            return self.cast_sql(expression)
 929
 930        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
 931            if not expression.expression:
 932                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
 933
 934            return super().log_sql(expression)
 935
 936        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
 937            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
 938            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
 939
 940            columns = [
 941                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
 942                exp.to_identifier("key"),
 943                exp.to_identifier("path"),
 944                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
 945                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
 946                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
 947                exp.to_identifier("this"),
 948            ]
 949
 950            if unnest_alias:
 951                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
 952            else:
 953                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
 954
 955            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
 956            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
 957            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
 958            return f"{explode}{alias}"
 959
 960        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
 961            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
 962            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
 963            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
 964            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
 965
 966            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
 967            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
 968
 969            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
 970            if scope_kind:
 971                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
 972
 973            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
 974            if starts_with:
 975                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
 976
 977            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
 978
 979            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
 980            if from_:
 981                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
 982
 983            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
 984
 985        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
 986            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
 987            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
 988            group = expression.args.get("group")
 989            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
 990            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
 991            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
 992
 993            return self.func(
 994                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
 995                expression.this,
 996                expression.expression,
 997                position,
 998                occurrence,
 999                parameters,
1000                group,
1001            )
1002
1003        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
1004            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1005                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1006            return super().except_op(expression)
1007
1008        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
1009            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1010                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1011            return super().intersect_op(expression)
1012
1013        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
1014            # Default to table if kind is unknown
1015            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
1016            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
1017            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1018            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
1019            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
1020            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
1021
1022        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
1023            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
1024        ) -> str:
1025            start = expression.args.get("start")
1026            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
1027            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
1028            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
1029            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
1030
1031        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
1032            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1033            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
1034
1035        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
1036            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
1037
1038        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
1039            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
1040
1041        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
1042            keys = []
1043            values = []
1044
1045            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
1046                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
1047                    keys.append(
1048                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
1049                    )
1050                    values.append(e.expression)
1051                else:
1052                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
1053                    values.append(e)
1054
1055            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))
1056
1057        def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str:
1058            option = self.sql(expression, "this").upper()
1059            if option == "FILE_FORMAT":
1060                values = self.expressions(expression, key="expression", flat=True, sep=" ")
1061                return f"{option} = ({values})"
1062
1063            return super().copyparameter_sql(expression)
1064
1065        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
1066            if expression.args.get("weight") or expression.args.get("accuracy"):
1067                self.unsupported(
1068                    "APPROX_PERCENTILE with weight and/or accuracy arguments are not supported in Snowflake"
1069                )
1070
1071            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = True
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = False
COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
INSERT_OVERWRITE = ' OVERWRITE INTO'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = True
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromTimeZone'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function _regexpilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function Snowflake.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.NESTED: 'NESTED'>: 'OBJECT', <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>: 'OBJECT'}
STAR_MAPPING = {'except': 'EXCLUDE', 'replace': 'RENAME'}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>}
def values_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
881        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str:
882            if expression.find(*self.UNSUPPORTED_VALUES_EXPRESSIONS):
883                values_as_table = False
884
885            return super().values_sql(expression, values_as_table=values_as_table)
def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str:
887        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
888            expressions = expression.expressions
889            if (
890                expressions
891                and expression.is_type(*exp.DataType.STRUCT_TYPES)
892                and any(isinstance(field_type, exp.DataType) for field_type in expressions)
893            ):
894                # The correct syntax is OBJECT [ (<key> <value_type [NOT NULL] [, ...]) ]
895                return "OBJECT"
896
897            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
def tonumber_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber) -> str:
899        def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str:
900            return self.func(
901                "TO_NUMBER",
902                expression.this,
903                expression.args.get("format"),
904                expression.args.get("precision"),
905                expression.args.get("scale"),
906            )
def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
908        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
909            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
910            if milli is not None:
911                milli_to_nano = milli.pop() * exp.Literal.number(1000000)
912                expression.set("nano", milli_to_nano)
913
914            return rename_func("TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS")(self, expression)
def trycast_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str:
916        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
917            value = expression.this
918
919            if value.type is None:
920                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
921
922                value = annotate_types(value)
923
924            if value.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES, exp.DataType.Type.UNKNOWN):
925                return super().trycast_sql(expression)
926
927            # TRY_CAST only works for string values in Snowflake
928            return self.cast_sql(expression)
def log_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Log) -> str:
930        def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str:
931            if not expression.expression:
932                return self.func("LN", expression.this)
933
934            return super().log_sql(expression)
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str:
936        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
937            unnest_alias = expression.args.get("alias")
938            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
939
940            columns = [
941                exp.to_identifier("seq"),
942                exp.to_identifier("key"),
943                exp.to_identifier("path"),
944                offset.pop() if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression) else exp.to_identifier("index"),
945                seq_get(unnest_alias.columns if unnest_alias else [], 0)
946                or exp.to_identifier("value"),
947                exp.to_identifier("this"),
948            ]
949
950            if unnest_alias:
951                unnest_alias.set("columns", columns)
952            else:
953                unnest_alias = exp.TableAlias(this="_u", columns=columns)
954
955            explode = f"TABLE(FLATTEN(INPUT => {self.sql(expression.expressions[0])}))"
956            alias = self.sql(unnest_alias)
957            alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else ""
958            return f"{explode}{alias}"
def show_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Show) -> str:
960        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
961            terse = "TERSE " if expression.args.get("terse") else ""
962            history = " HISTORY" if expression.args.get("history") else ""
963            like = self.sql(expression, "like")
964            like = f" LIKE {like}" if like else ""
965
966            scope = self.sql(expression, "scope")
967            scope = f" {scope}" if scope else ""
968
969            scope_kind = self.sql(expression, "scope_kind")
970            if scope_kind:
971                scope_kind = f" IN {scope_kind}"
972
973            starts_with = self.sql(expression, "starts_with")
974            if starts_with:
975                starts_with = f" STARTS WITH {starts_with}"
976
977            limit = self.sql(expression, "limit")
978
979            from_ = self.sql(expression, "from")
980            if from_:
981                from_ = f" FROM {from_}"
982
983            return f"SHOW {terse}{expression.name}{history}{like}{scope_kind}{scope}{starts_with}{limit}{from_}"
def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract) -> str:
 985        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
 986            # Other dialects don't support all of the following parameters, so we need to
 987            # generate default values as necessary to ensure the transpilation is correct
 988            group = expression.args.get("group")
 989            parameters = expression.args.get("parameters") or (group and exp.Literal.string("c"))
 990            occurrence = expression.args.get("occurrence") or (parameters and exp.Literal.number(1))
 991            position = expression.args.get("position") or (occurrence and exp.Literal.number(1))
 992
 993            return self.func(
 994                "REGEXP_SUBSTR",
 995                expression.this,
 996                expression.expression,
 997                position,
 998                occurrence,
 999                parameters,
1000                group,
1001            )
def except_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Except) -> str:
1003        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
1004            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1005                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1006            return super().except_op(expression)
def intersect_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Intersect) -> str:
1008        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
1009            if not expression.args.get("distinct"):
1010                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
1011            return super().intersect_op(expression)
def describe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Describe) -> str:
1013        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
1014            # Default to table if kind is unknown
1015            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
1016            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
1017            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1018            expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
1019            expressions = f" {expressions}" if expressions else ""
1020            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}{expressions}"
def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str:
1022        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
1023            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
1024        ) -> str:
1025            start = expression.args.get("start")
1026            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
1027            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
1028            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
1029            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"
def swaptable_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable) -> str:
1031        def swaptable_sql(self, expression: exp.SwapTable) -> str:
1032            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
1033            return f"SWAP WITH {this}"
def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str:
1035        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
1036            return self.properties(properties, wrapped=False, prefix=self.seg(""), sep=" ")
def cluster_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cluster) -> str:
1038        def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str:
1039            return f"CLUSTER BY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})"
def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct) -> str:
1041        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
1042            keys = []
1043            values = []
1044
1045            for i, e in enumerate(expression.expressions):
1046                if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ):
1047                    keys.append(
1048                        exp.Literal.string(e.name) if isinstance(e.this, exp.Identifier) else e.this
1049                    )
1050                    values.append(e.expression)
1051                else:
1052                    keys.append(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
1053                    values.append(e)
1054
1055            return self.func("OBJECT_CONSTRUCT", *flatten(zip(keys, values)))
def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CopyParameter) -> str:
1057        def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str:
1058            option = self.sql(expression, "this").upper()
1059            if option == "FILE_FORMAT":
1060                values = self.expressions(expression, key="expression", flat=True, sep=" ")
1061                return f"{option} = ({values})"
1062
1063            return super().copyparameter_sql(expression)
def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
1065        def approxquantile_sql(self, expression: exp.ApproxQuantile) -> str:
1066            if expression.args.get("weight") or expression.args.get("accuracy"):
1067                self.unsupported(
1068                    "APPROX_PERCENTILE with weight and/or accuracy arguments are not supported in Snowflake"
1069                )
1070
1071            return self.func("APPROX_PERCENTILE", expression.this, expression.args.get("quantile"))
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
EXPLICIT_UNION
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_FETCH
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
NVL2_SUPPORTED
VALUES_AS_TABLE
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
RESERVED_KEYWORDS
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_parts
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
transformcolumnconstraint_sql
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
createable_sql
create_sql
sequenceproperties_sql
clone_sql
heredoc_sql
prepend_ctes
with_sql
cte_sql
tablealias_sql
bitstring_sql
hexstring_sql
bytestring_sql
unicodestring_sql
rawstring_sql
datatypeparam_sql
directory_sql
delete_sql
drop_sql
except_sql
fetch_sql
filter_sql
hint_sql
indexparameters_sql
index_sql
identifier_sql
inputoutputformat_sql
national_sql
partition_sql
properties_sql
root_properties
properties
locate_properties
property_name
property_sql
likeproperty_sql
fallbackproperty_sql
journalproperty_sql
freespaceproperty_sql
checksumproperty_sql
mergeblockratioproperty_sql
datablocksizeproperty_sql
blockcompressionproperty_sql
isolatedloadingproperty_sql
partitionboundspec_sql
partitionedofproperty_sql
lockingproperty_sql
withdataproperty_sql
withsystemversioningproperty_sql
insert_sql
intersect_sql
introducer_sql
kill_sql
pseudotype_sql
objectidentifier_sql
onconflict_sql
returning_sql
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
withtablehint_sql
indextablehint_sql
historicaldata_sql
table_parts
table_sql
tablesample_sql
pivot_sql
version_sql
tuple_sql
update_sql
var_sql
into_sql
from_sql
group_sql
having_sql
connect_sql
prior_sql
join_sql
lambda_sql
lateral_op
lateral_sql
limit_sql
offset_sql
setitem_sql
set_sql
pragma_sql
lock_sql
literal_sql
escape_str
loaddata_sql
null_sql
boolean_sql
order_sql
withfill_sql
distribute_sql
sort_sql
ordered_sql
matchrecognizemeasure_sql
matchrecognize_sql
query_modifiers
queryoption_sql
offset_limit_modifiers
after_limit_modifiers
select_sql
schema_sql
schema_columns_sql
star_sql
parameter_sql
sessionparameter_sql
placeholder_sql
subquery_sql
qualify_sql
set_operations
union_sql
union_op
prewhere_sql
where_sql
window_sql
partition_by_sql
windowspec_sql
withingroup_sql
between_sql
bracket_offset_expressions
bracket_sql
all_sql
any_sql
exists_sql
case_sql
constraint_sql
nextvaluefor_sql
extract_sql
trim_sql
convert_concat_args
concat_sql
concatws_sql
check_sql
foreignkey_sql
primarykey_sql
if_sql
matchagainst_sql
jsonkeyvalue_sql
jsonpath_sql
json_path_part
formatjson_sql
jsonobject_sql
jsonobjectagg_sql
jsonarray_sql
jsonarrayagg_sql
jsoncolumndef_sql
jsonschema_sql
jsontable_sql
openjsoncolumndef_sql
openjson_sql
in_sql
in_unnest_op
interval_sql
return_sql
reference_sql
anonymous_sql
paren_sql
neg_sql
not_sql
alias_sql
pivotalias_sql
aliases_sql
atindex_sql
attimezone_sql
fromtimezone_sql
add_sql
and_sql
or_sql
xor_sql
connector_sql
bitwiseand_sql
bitwiseleftshift_sql
bitwisenot_sql
bitwiseor_sql
bitwiserightshift_sql
bitwisexor_sql
cast_sql
currentdate_sql
currenttimestamp_sql
collate_sql
command_sql
comment_sql
mergetreettlaction_sql
mergetreettl_sql
transaction_sql
commit_sql
rollback_sql
altercolumn_sql
alterdiststyle_sql
altersortkey_sql
renametable_sql
renamecolumn_sql
altertable_sql
add_column_sql
droppartition_sql
addconstraint_sql
distinct_sql
ignorenulls_sql
respectnulls_sql
havingmax_sql
intdiv_sql
dpipe_sql
div_sql
overlaps_sql
distance_sql
dot_sql
eq_sql
propertyeq_sql
escape_sql
glob_sql
gt_sql
gte_sql
ilike_sql
ilikeany_sql
is_sql
like_sql
likeany_sql
similarto_sql
lt_sql
lte_sql
mod_sql
mul_sql
neq_sql
nullsafeeq_sql
nullsafeneq_sql
slice_sql
sub_sql
try_sql
use_sql
binary
function_fallback_sql
func
format_args
too_wide
format_time
expressions
op_expressions
naked_property
tag_sql
token_sql
userdefinedfunction_sql
joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
merge_sql
tochar_sql
dictproperty_sql
dictrange_sql
dictsubproperty_sql
oncluster_sql
clusteredbyproperty_sql
anyvalue_sql
querytransform_sql
indexconstraintoption_sql
checkcolumnconstraint_sql
indexcolumnconstraint_sql
nvl2_sql
comprehension_sql
columnprefix_sql
opclass_sql
predict_sql
forin_sql
refresh_sql
operator_sql
toarray_sql
tsordstotime_sql
tsordstotimestamp_sql
tsordstodate_sql
unixdate_sql
lastday_sql
dateadd_sql
arrayany_sql
generateseries_sql
partitionrange_sql
truncatetable_sql
convert_sql
credentials_sql
copy_sql
semicolon_sql