HAT Package

Submodules

HAT.Hypergraph module

class HAT.Hypergraph.Hypergraph(im, ew=None, nw=None)

Bases: object

This is the base class representing a Hypergraph object. It is the primary entry point and provides an interface to functions implemented in HAT’s other modules. The underlying data structure of this class is an incidence matrix, but many methods exploit tensor representation of uniform hypergraphs.

Formally, a Hypergraph \(H=(V,E)\) is a set of vertices \(V\) and a set of edges \(E\) where each edge \(e\in E\) is defined \(e\subseteq V.\) In contrast to a graph, a hypergraph edge \(e\) can contain any number of vertices, which allows for efficient representation of multi-way relationships.

In a uniform Hypergraph, all edges contain the same number of vertices. Uniform hypergraphs are represnted as tensors, which precisely model multi-way interactions.

Parameters

• im – Incidence matrix

• ew – Edge weight vector

• nw – Node weight vector

draw(shadeRows=True, connectNodes=True, dpi=200, edgeColors=None)

This function draws the incidence matrix of the hypergraph object. It calls the function HAT.draw.incidencePlot, but is provided to generate the plot directly from the object.

Parameters

• shadeRows – shade rows (bool)

• connectNodes – connect nodes in each hyperedge (bool)

• dpi – the resolution of the image (int)

• edgeColors – The colors of edges represented in the incidence matrix. This is random by default

Returns

matplotlib axes with figure drawn on to it

dual()

The dual hypergraph is constructed.

Returns

Hypergraph object

Return type

Hypergraph

Let \(H=(V,E)\) be a hypergraph. In the dual hypergraph each original edge \(e\in E\) is represented as a vertex and each original vertex \(v\in E\) is represented as an edge. Numerically, the transpose of the incidence matrix of a hypergraph is the incidence matrix of the dual hypergraph.

References

1

Yang, Chaoqi, et al. “Hypergraph learning with line expansion.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.04843 (2020).

cliqueGraph()

The clique expansion graph is constructed.

Returns

Clique expanded graph

Return type

networkx.graph

The clique expansion algorithm constructs a graph on the same set of vertices as the hypergraph by defining an edge set where every pair of vertices contained within the same edge in the hypergraph have an edge between them in the graph. Given a hypergraph \(H=(V,E_h)\), then the corresponding clique graph is \(C=(V,E_c)\) where \(E_c\) is defined

\[E_c = \{(v_i, v_j) |\ \exists\ e\in E_h \text{ where } v_i, v_j\in e\}.\]

This is called clique expansion because the vertices contained in each \(h\in E_h\) forms a clique in \(C\). While the map from \(H\) to \(C\) is well-defined, the transformation to a clique graph is a lossy process, so the hypergraph structure of \(H\) cannot be uniquely recovered from the clique graph \(C\) alone [1].

References

*

Amit Surana, Can Chen, and Indika Rajapakse. Hypergraph similarity measures. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, pages 1-16, 2022.

†

Yang, Chaoqi, et al. “Hypergraph learning with line expansion.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.04843 (2020).

lineGraph()

The line graph, which is the clique expansion of the dual graph, is constructed.

Returns

Line graph

Return type

networkx.graph

References

1

Yang, Chaoqi, et al. “Hypergraph learning with line expansion.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.04843 (2020).

starGraph()

The star graph representation is constructed.

Returns

Star graph

Return type

networkx.graph

The star expansion of \({H}=({V},{E}_h)\) constructs a bipartite graph \({S}=\{{V}_s,{E}_s\}\) by introducing a new set of vertices \({V}_s={V}\cup {E}_h\) where some vertices in the star graph represent hyperedges of the original hypergraph. There exists an edge between each vertex \(v,e\in {V}_s\) when \(v\in {V}\), \(e\in {E}_h,\) and \(v\in e\). Each hyperedge in \({E}_h\) induces a star in \(S\). This is a lossless process, so the hypergraph structure of \(H\) is well-defined] given a star graph \(S\).

References

1

Yang, Chaoqi, et al. “Hypergraph learning with line expansion.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.04843 (2020).

laplacianMatrix(type='Bolla')

This function returns a version of the higher order Laplacian matrix of the hypergraph.

Parameters

type (str, optional) – Indicates which version of the Laplacin matrix to return. It defaults to Bolla [1], but Rodriguez [2,3] and Zhou [4] are valid arguments as well.

Returns

Laplacian matrix

Return type

ndarray

Several version of the hypergraph Laplacian are defined in [1-4]. These aim to capture the higher order structure as a matrix. This function serves as a wrapper to call functions that generate different specific Laplacians (See bollaLaplacian(), rodriguezLaplacian(), and zhouLaplacian()).

References

1

Bolla, M. (1993). Spectra, euclidean representations and clusterings of hypergraphs. Discrete Mathematics, 117. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012365X9390322K

2

Rodriguez, J. A. (2002). On the Laplacian eigenvalues and metric parameters of hypergraphs. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 50(1), 1-14. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03081080290011692

3

Rodriguez, J. A. (2003). On the Laplacian spectrum and walk-regular hypergraphs. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 51, 285–297. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0308108031000084374

4

Zhou, D., Huang, J., & Schölkopf, B. (2005). Beyond pairwise classification and clustering using hypergraphs. (Equation 3.3) https://dennyzhou.github.io/papers/hyper_tech.pdf

bollaLaplacian()

This function constructs the hypergraph Laplacian according to [1].

Returns

Bolla Laplacian matrix

Return type

ndarray

References

1

Bolla, M. (1993). Spectra, euclidean representations and clusterings of hypergraphs. Discrete Mathematics, 117. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012365X9390322K

rodriguezLaplacian()

This function constructs the hypergraph Laplacian according to [1, 2].

Returns

Rodriguez Laplacian matrix

Return type

ndarray

References

1

Rodriguez, J. A. (2002). On the Laplacian eigenvalues and metric parameters of hypergraphs. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 50(1), 1-14. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03081080290011692

2

Rodriguez, J. A. (2003). On the Laplacian spectrum and walk-regular hypergraphs. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 51, 285–297. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0308108031000084374

zhouLaplacian()

This function constructs the hypergraph Laplacian according to [1].

Returns

Zhou Laplacian matrix

Return type

ndarray

References

1

Zhou, D., Huang, J., & Schölkopf, B. (2005). Beyond pairwise classification and clustering using hypergraphs. (Equation 3.3) https://dennyzhou.github.io/papers/hyper_tech.pdf

adjTensor()

This constructs the adjacency tensor for uniform hypergraphs.

Returns

Adjacency Tensor

Return type

ndarray

The adjacency tensor \(A\) of a \(k-\) is the multi-way, hypergraph analog of the pairwise, graph adjacency matrix. It is defined as a \(k-\) mode tensor ( \(k-\) dimensional matrix):

\[\begin{split}A \in \mathbf{R}^{ \overbrace{n \times \dots \times n}^{k \text{ times}}} \text{ where }{A}_{j_1\dots j_k} = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{(k-1)!} & \text{if }(j_1,\dots,j_k)\in {E}_h \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases},\end{split}\]

as found in equation 8 of [1].

References

1

C. Chen and I. Rajapakse, Tensor Entropy for Uniform Hypergraphs, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2020) (Equation 8) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09624.pdf

degreeTensor()

This constructs the degree tensor for uniform hypergraphs.

Returns

Degree Tensor

Return type

ndarray

The degree tensor \(D\) is the hypergraph analog of the degree matrix. For a \(k-\) order hypergraph

\(H=(V,E)\) the degree tensor \(D\) is a diagonal supersymmetric tensor defined

\[D \in \mathbf{R}^{ \overbrace{n \times \dots \times n}^{k \text{ times}}} \text{ where }{D}_{i\dots i} = degree(v_i) \text{ for all } v_i\in V\]

References

1

C. Chen and I. Rajapakse, Tensor Entropy for Uniform Hypergraphs, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2020) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09624.pdf

laplacianTensor()

This constructs the Laplacian tensor for uniform hypergraphs.

Returns

Laplcian Tensor

Return type

ndarray

The Laplacian tensor is the tensor analog of the Laplacian matrix for graphs, and it is defined equivalently. For a hypergraph \(H=(V,E)\) with an adjacency tensor \(A\) and degree tensor \(D\), the Laplacian tensor is

\[L = D - A\]

References

1

C. Chen and I. Rajapakse, Tensor Entropy for Uniform Hypergraphs, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2020) (Equation 9) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09624.pdf

tensorEntropy()

Computes hypergraph entropy based on the singular values of the Laplacian tensor.

Returns

tensor entropy

Return type

float

Uniform hypergraph entropy is defined as the entropy of the higher order singular values of the Laplacian matrix [1].

References

1

C. Chen and I. Rajapakse, Tensor Entropy for Uniform Hypergraphs, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2020) (Definition 7, Algorithm 1) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09624.pdf

matrixEntropy(type='Rodriguez')

Computes hypergraph entropy based on the eigenvalues values of the Laplacian matrix.

Parameters

type (str, optional) – Type of hypergraph Laplacian matrix. This defaults to ‘Rodriguez’ and other choices inclue ‘Bolla’ and ‘Zhou’ (See: laplacianMatrix()).

Returns

Matrix based hypergraph entropy

Return type

float

Matrix entropy of a hypergraph is defined as the entropy of the eigenvalues of the hypergraph Laplacian matrix [1]. This may be applied to any version of the Laplacian matrix.

References

1

C. Chen and I. Rajapakse, Tensor Entropy for Uniform Hypergraphs, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2020) (Equation 1) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09624.pdf

avgDistance()

Computes the average pairwise distance between any 2 vertices in the hypergraph.

Returns

avgDist

Return type

float

The hypergraph is clique expanded to a graph object, and the average shortest path on the clique expanded graph is returned.

ctrbk(inputVxc)

Compute the reduced controllability matrix for \(k-\) uniform hypergraphs.

Parameters

inputVxc (ndarray) – List of vertices that may be controlled

Returns

Controllability matrix

Return type

ndarray

References

1

Chen C, Surana A, Bloch A, Rajapakse I. “Controllability of Hypergraphs.” IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, 2021. https://drive.google.com/file/d/12aReE7mE4MVbycZUxUYdtICgrAYlzg8o/view

bMatrix(inputVxc)

Constructs controllability \(B\) matrix commonly used in the linear control system

\[\frac{dx}{dt} = Ax+Bu\]

Parameters

inputVxc (ndarray) – a list of input control nodes

Returns

control matrix

Return type

ndarray

References

1

Can Chen, Amit Surana, Anthony M Bloch, and Indika Rajapakse. Controllability of hypergraphs. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, 8(2):1646–1657, 2021. https://drive.google.com/file/d/12aReE7mE4MVbycZUxUYdtICgrAYlzg8o/view

clusteringCoef()

Computes clustering average clustering coefficient of the hypergraph.

Returns

average clustering coefficient

Return type

float

For a uniform hypergraph, the clustering coefficient of a vertex \(v_i\) is defined as the number of edges the vertex participates in (i.e. \(deg(v_i)\)) divided by the number of \(k-\) and its neighbors (See equation 31 in [1]). This is written

\[C_i = \frac{deg(v_i)}{\binom{|N_i|}{k}}\]

where \(N_i\) is the set of neighbors or vertices adjacent to \(v_i\). The hypergraph clustering coefficient computed here is the average clustering coefficient for all vertices, written

\[C=\sum_{i=1}^nC_i\]

References

1

Surana, Amit, Can Chen, and Indika Rajapakse. “Hypergraph Similarity Measures.” IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering (2022). https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JUYIQ2_u9YX7ky0U7QptUbJyjEMSYNNR/view

centrality(tol=0.0001, maxIter=3000, model='LogExp', alpha=10)

Computes node and edge centralities.

Parameters

• tol (_type_, optional) – threshold tolerance for the convergence of the centrality measures, defaults to 1e-4

• maxIter (int, optional) – maximum number of iterations for the centrality measures to converge in, defaults to 3000

• model (str, optional) – the set of functions used to compute centrality. This defaults to ‘LogExp’, and other choices include ‘Linear’, ‘Max’ or a list of 4 custom function handles (See [1]).

• alpha (int, optional) – Hyperparameter used for computing centrality (See [1]), defaults to 10

Returns

vxcCentrality

Return type

ndarray containing centrality scores for each vertex in the hypergraph

Returns

edgeCentrality

Return type

ndarray containing centrality scores for each edge in the hypergraph

References

1

Tudisco, F., Higham, D.J. Node and edge nonlinear eigenvector centrality for hypergraphs. Commun Phys 4, 201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-021-00704-2

HAT.HAT module

HAT.HAT.directSimilarity(HG1, HG2, measure='Hamming')

This function computes the direct similarity between two uniform hypergraphs.

Parameters

• HG1 (Hypergraph) – Hypergraph 1

• HG2 (Hypergraph) – Hypergraph 2

• measure (str, optional) – This sepcifies which similarity measure to apply. It defaults to Hamming, and Spectral-S and Centrality are available as other options as well.

Returns

Hypergraph similarity

Return type

float

References

1

Amit Surana, Can Chen, and Indika Rajapakse. Hypergraph similarity measures. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, pages 1-16, 2022.

HAT.HAT.indirectSimilarity(G1, G2, measure='Hamming', eps=0.01)

This function computes the indirect similarity between two hypergraphs.

Parameters

• G1 (nx.Graph or ndarray) – Hypergraph 1 expansion

• G2 (nx.Graph or ndarray) – Hypergraph 2 expansion

• measure (str, optional) – This specifies which similarity measure to apply. It defaults to Hamming , and Jaccard , deltaCon , Spectral , and Centrality are provided as well. When Centrality is used as the similarity measure, G1 and G2 should ndarray s of centrality values; Otherwise G1 and G2 are nx.Graph*s or *ndarray* s as adjacency matrices.

• eps (float, optional) – a hyperparameter required for deltaCon similarity, defaults to 10e-3

Returns

similarity measure

Return type

float

References

1

Amit Surana, Can Chen, and Indika Rajapakse. Hypergraph similarity measures. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, pages 1-16, 2022.

HAT.HAT.multicorrelations(D, order, mtype='Drezner', idxs=None)

This function computes the multicorrelation among pairwise or 2D data.

Parameters

• D (ndarray) – 2D or pairwise data

• order (int) – order of the multi-way interactions

• mtype (str) – This specifies which multicorrelation measure to use. It defaults to Drezner [1], but Wang [2] and Taylor [3] are options as well.

• idxs (ndarray, optional) – specify which indices of D to compute multicorrelations of. The default is None, in which case all combinations of order indices are computed.

Returns

A vector of the multicorrelation scores computed and a vector of the column indices of D used to compute each multicorrelation.

Return type

(ndarray, ndarray)

References

1

Zvi Drezner. Multirelation—a correlation among more than two variables. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 19(3):283–292, 1995.

2

Jianji Wang and Nanning Zheng. Measures of correlation for multiple variables. arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.4827, 2014.

3

Benjamin M Taylor. A multi-way correlation coefficient. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.02561, 2020.

HAT.HAT.uniformErdosRenyi(v, e, k)

This function generates a uniform, random hypergraph.

Parameters

• v (int) – number of vertices

• e (int) – number of edges

• k (int) – order of hypergraph

Returns

Hypergraph

Return type

Hypergraph

HAT.draw module

HAT.draw.incidencePlot(H, shadeRows=True, connectNodes=True, dpi=200, edgeColors=None)

Plot the incidence matrix of a hypergraph.

Parameters

• H – a HAT.hypergraph object

• shadeRows – shade rows (bool)

• connectNodes – connect nodes in each hyperedge (bool)

• dpi – the resolution of the image (int)

• edgeColors – The colors of edges represented in the incidence matrix. This is random by default

Returns

matplotlib axes with figure drawn on to it

HAT.multilinalg module

HAT.multilinalg.hosvd(T, M=True, uniform=False, sym=False)

Higher Order Singular Value Decomposition

Parameters

• uniform – Indicates if T is a uniform tensor

• sym – Indicates if T is a super symmetric tensor

• M – Indicates if the factor matrices are required as well as the core tensor

Returns

The singular values of the core diagonal tensor and the factor matrices.

HAT.multilinalg.supersymHosvd(T)

Computes the singular values of a uniform, symetric tensor. See Algorithm 1 in [1].

Parameters

T – A uniform, symmetric multidimensional array

Returns

The singular values that compose the core tensor of the HOSVD on T.

References

1

3. Chen and I. Rajapakse, Tensor Entropy for Uniform Hypergraphs, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2020)

HAT.multilinalg.HammingSimilarity(A1, A2)

Computes the Spectral-S similarity of 2 Adjacency tensors [1].

Parameters

• A1 (ndarray) – adjacency tensor 1

• A2 (ndarray) – adjacency tensor 2

Returns

Hamming similarity measure

Return type

float

References

1

Amit Surana, Can Chen, and Indika Rajapakse. Hypergraph similarity measures. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, pages 1-16, 2022.

HAT.multilinalg.SpectralHSimilarity(L1, L2)

Computes the Spectral-S similarity of 2 Laplacian tensors [1].

Parameters

• L1 (ndarray) – Laplacian tensor 1

• L2 (ndarray) – Laplacian tensor 2

Returns

Spectral-S similarity measure

Return type

float

References

1

Amit Surana, Can Chen, and Indika Rajapakse. Hypergraph similarity measures. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, pages 1-16, 2022.

HAT.multilinalg.kronExponentiation(M, x)

Kronecker Product Exponential.

Parameters

• M (ndarray) – a matrix

• x (int) – power of exponentiation

Returns

Krnoecker Product exponentiation of M a total of x times

Return type

ndarray

This function performs the Kronecker Product on a matrix \(M\) a total of \(x\) times. The Kronecker product is defined for two matrices \(A\in\mathbf{R}^{l \times m}, B\in\mathbf{R}^{m \times n}\) as the matrix

\[\begin{split}A \bigotimes B= \begin{pmatrix} A_{1,1}B & A_{1,2}B & \dots & A_{1,m}B \\ A_{2,1}B & A_{2,2}B & \dots & A_{2,m}B \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ A_{l,1}B & A_{l,2}B & \dots & A_{l,n}B \end{pmatrix}\end{split}\]