# English function words (closed-class words)
the
a
an
is
was
were
be
been
being
have
has
had
do
does
did
will
would
shall
should
may
might
can
could
must
of
in
to
for
with
on
at
by
from
as
into
through
during
before
after
above
below
between
about
against
among
around
behind
beside
beyond
despite
down
except
inside
like
near
off
onto
opposite
outside
over
past
since
than
toward
towards
under
underneath
unlike
until
up
upon
via
within
without
and
but
or
nor
so
yet
both
either
neither
not
only
very
also
just
then
thus
hence
therefore
however
moreover
furthermore
nevertheless
nonetheless
otherwise
instead
meanwhile
accordingly
consequently
finally
subsequently
likewise
similarly
still
already
even
rather
quite
too
almost
enough
else
perhaps
indeed
anyway
besides
certainly
definitely
exactly
merely
simply
specifically
i
me
my
mine
myself
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
himself
she
her
hers
herself
it
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
this
that
these
those
which
who
whom
whose
what
where
when
how
why
all
each
every
few
many
much
some
any
no
other
another
such
if
because
although
though
while
whereas
unless
whether
once
whenever
wherever
